RADIX토플 Blue RC2권 보안PDF 학생용

®
Radix Reading for the TOEFL iBT: Blue Label 2

Copyright © 2008 by Neungyule Education, Inc.
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Table of
CONTENTS
Introduction 004
Part A Identifying Details

Unit 01 Vocabulary 009
Unit 02 Reference 025
Unit 03 Fact & Negative Fact 041
Unit 04 Sentence Simplification 057
Actual Practice Test I 072
Part B Making Inference

Unit 05 Inference 079
Unit 06 Rhetorical Purpose 095
Actual Practice Test II 110
Part C Recognizing Organization

Unit 07 Insertion 117
Unit 08 Prose Summary 133
Unit 09 Schematic Table 149
Actual Practice Test III 164
Answer Keys 174

Introduction
TOEFL®: Test of English as a Foreign Language
The TOEFL is a standardized test developed to assess English language proficiency in an academic
setting. By achieving a high score on the TOEFL, you will demonstrate that your skills in English qualify
you for admission to a college or university where English is used as the language of instruction. Academic
institutions around the world will look at your performance on the TOEFL, so whether you are hoping to study in
North America, Australia, Europe, or Asia, this test is the key to your future educational career.
TOEFL Today: TOEFL iBT

The TOEFL Internet-based test (iBT) is the version currently administered in secure testing centers
worldwide. It tests reading, listening and writing proficiency, and speaking abilities.
Getting to Know the TOEFL iBT: Test Format

You will take all four sections of the test (Reading, Listening, Speaking, and Writing) on the same day. The
duration of the entire test is about four hours.
Test Section Description of Tasks Timing
3–5 passages, each approximately 700 words

Reading 60–100 minutes
12–14 questions on each passage
4–6 lectures, each 500–800 words, 6 questions on each

lecture
Listening 60–90 minutes
2–3 conversations, each around 3 minutes, 5 questions
on each conversation
BREAK 10 minutes
2 independent tasks – speak about personal knowledge

and experience
Speaking 20 minutes
2 integrated tasks – read-listen-speak
2 integrated tasks – listen-speak
1 independent task – write about personal knowledge

Writing and experience 50 minutes
1 integrated task – read-listen-write
Score Scales
You will receive a score between 0 and 30 for each section of the test. Your total score is the sum of these
four scores and will be between 0 and 120.
Registering for the TOEFL iBT

The most convenient way to register to take the TOEFL iBT is online by visiting the “Register for the TOEFL®
Test” section of the TOEFL website (www.ets.org/toefl). Here, you can check current listings of testing centers
and schedules. It is also possible to register for the test by phone and by mail. For more information, consult
the TOEFL iBT Bulletin, which can be downloaded or ordered from the TOEFL website. It is free and features
important information regarding the registration process.
GUIDE TO READING
Success in an English-speaking academic environment demands high-level reading comprehension skills.
The Reading Section of the TOEFL iBT requires you to understand and analyze texts similar to those used
at academic institutions across North America and throughout the world. Questions in the Reading Section
are designed to test:
1. Your ability to identify important details in an academic text, including the meaning of selected
vocabulary terms, the noun referred to by a pronoun or other reference word, the fundamental
meaning of complex sentences, and facts relevant to the main idea of a passage
2. Your ability to draw inferences regarding implied information, the intent or attitude of the author, and
the relationship between ideas in different parts of a passage
3. Your understanding of the organization of a passage, including how major points relate to the main
idea and how an individual sentence is connected to the sentences around it
Reading Section Content: Types of Passages

The material you will see in the Reading Section will include texts typical of college-level textbooks used in
introductory courses. Topics covered are quite varied, but no prior knowledge or expertise is required to
understand the material. You will be able to answer all the questions using only the information contained in
the passages.
Passages that appear in the Reading Section fall into three categories:
1. Exposition: a text that is factual in nature, with the primary purpose of providing an explanation of a topic
2. Argumentation: a text offering a specific point of view on an issue, with the primary purpose of
persuading readers through the presentation of evidence
3. Historical/Biographical: a text providing an account of a historical event or the life of a notable individual
Types of Questions
The questions found in the Reading Section can be divided into 9 categories.
Question Type Testing Point
Vocabulary The meaning of a highlighted word or phrase, determined by context
Reference The noun referred to by a pronoun or other reference word

Important details presented in the passage / An idea that is not factually
Fact & Negative Fact
correct according to the passage
Sentence Simplification The fundamental meaning of a complex sentence
Inference Information that is implied, rather than directly stated, in the passage
Rhetorical Purpose The author’s purpose for including certain information in the passage
Insertion The logical position at which to insert a given sentence into the passage
The completion of a summary of the passage by choosing the most relevant
Prose Summary
and important information
Schematic Table The correct categorization of information from the passage
Important Points to Keep in Mind

Questions appear only after you have scrolled to the end of the passage. After they appear, you will be
able to see the passage on the right side of the screen as you answer the questions on the left.
Certain words and phrases in the passages will have a “Glossary Feature” associated with them.
Clicking on these underlined words and phrases will produce a box containing a definition or explanation.
Tactics for the TOEFL iBT Reading Section

To strengthen your reading skills before taking the TOEFL iBT, it is essential to expose yourself frequently
to written English. Focus should be placed on texts that are academic in nature, but it is also important to
seek out material from diverse sources that cover a variety of topics.
During the test, remember to:

- write down brief notes about the organization, main idea, and key details of the passage
- pay attention to the flow of ideas in the passage and how they relate to one another
- think about the author’s motivation for writing the passage and presenting certain information
- determine the key words of answer choices and locate them in the passage to help you identify
the correct answer
HOW TO USE THIS BOOK
This book gives you instruction, practice, and strategies for performing well on the TOEFL iBT Reading
Section. It will familiarize you with the appearance and format of the TOEFL iBT and help you prepare for
the TOEFL test efficiently.
Each unit in the book corresponds to one of the nine question types in the Reading Section. Each unit
consists of the following:
An Introduction that provides basic information about the question type
Basic Drills that offer short passages with 1~3 questions designed to familiarize you with specific question
types
Reading Practice that involves longer passages with 3~4 questions so that you can master skills for
specific question types
iBT Practice that includes long passages with 6 questions to help you experience and practice a variety of
question types
A Vocabulary Review that offers a variety of activities to help you increase your vocabulary knowledge
In addition, this book contains three Actual Practice Tests to help you measure your progress, and these
appear after units 4, 6, and 9.
PART A
Identifying
Details
Unit 01 Vocabulary
Unit 02 Reference
Unit 03 Fact & Negative Fact
Unit 04 Sentence Simplification
Unit 01
Vocabulary
Vocabulary questions ask about the meaning of a word or phrase in the

passage.
Question Types
• The word in the passage is closest in meaning to
• The phrase in the passage is closest in meaning to
Basi
asicc D
Dril
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ls 01
Typically caused by earthquakes on seafloors, a
tsunami refers to a series of huge waves. The ocean
floor can rise or drop when an earthquake occurs, and
this causes the water above the area to be suddenly
displaced. As the water attempts to maintain balance, 5
waves are formed. These waves can travel quickly

across great distances without losing power. However, it can be difficult to detect a
tsunami in the deep ocean as the wave may only be one foot tall. Here, the wave
causes the sea surface to rise and fall slightly and slowly. A tsunami only becomes
hazardous as it approaches land. Waves drop in speed and become compressed as 10
they enter shallow water and come close to land. This causes them to grow in size,
sometimes to heights of over 100 feet. Their destructive force can remove sand from
beaches, uproot trees, and even crush buildings.
1. The word displaced in the passage is closest in meaning to

dried moved
raised disappeared
2. The word hazardous in the passage is closest in meaning to

loud large
visible dangerous
3. The word compressed in the passage is closest in meaning to

strong unstable
fastened concentrated
10
Unit 01 Vocabulary
Basi
asicc Dril
rills
ls 02
Sometimes, when people travel by car, boat, or plane, they
are affected by a condition known as motion sickness. It is a
thoroughly unpleasant experience, which may cause the sufferer
to feel dizzy or ill. In severe cases, it may lead to vomiting. Motion
sickness results from a situation where the body’s different 5
senses provide the brain with conflicting information. More

specifically, it has to do with the systems that control vision and balance. Both are
capable of detecting motion, providing the brain with the information it needs to control
the body’s actions. When the brain receives input from these systems that does not
match, motion sickness may occur. Imagine a situation in which you are seated inside 10
of a ship. Your balance system senses the rocking of the boat and concludes that you
are in motion. Visually, however, your body perceives that you are sitting motionless
indoors. Your senses are in disagreement about what is happening to your body; this
is what causes motion sickness.
1. The word thoroughly in the passage is closest in meaning to

usually surprisingly
completely understandably
2. The phrase has to do with in the passage is closest in meaning to

is related to is regarded as
compares with has influence on
3. The word perceives in the passage is closest in meaning to

orders admits
expects understands
11
Read
eading
ing Prac
ractic
tice
e 01
Thucydides: a True Historian
Thucydides was an ancient Greek historian and is considered to be the first true
journalist and historian. The date of Thucydides’ birth is unknown but probably fell in the
period between 460 and 455 BC. He was born into a rich family and became an influential
Athenian. During the Peloponnesian War, which began in 431 BC, he was named a
general. However, in 424 BC, after failing to prevent the fall of the strategically important 5
city of Amphipolis, Thucydides was forced to leave Greece for a period of twenty years.
While living abroad, he wrote his famous text, the History of the Peloponnesian War.
Through this remarkable book, Thucydides demonstrated his commitment to
“scientific history,” or the objective reporting of historical events. He gathered information
very carefully, reviewing written documents and interviewing people who experienced 10
the war. He especially valued reports based on the stories of soldiers who took part
in the war because they were accurate and detailed sources. To remain authentic,
he focused on detailed observations and wrote lengthy descriptions. Furthermore, in
providing analysis, he based his ideas on cause and effect and avoided guessing.
Unlike some other writers at the time, he did not suggest that events were caused by the 15
work of the gods. Ultimately, Thucydides hoped that his detailed and accurate accounts
would help future generations avoid events like the Peloponnesian War.
1. According to paragraph 1, Thucydides had to leave Greece because

his country lost the Peloponnesian War
he did not want to take part in the Peloponnesian War
he lost an important city during the Peloponnesian War
he wrote an inaccurate text about the Peloponnesian War
Paragraph 1 is marked with an arrow [ ].
12
Unit 01 Vocabulary
2. The word authentic in the passage is closest in meaning to
reliable
historical
important
descriptive
3. The word accounts in the passage is closest in meaning to

studies
pictures
theories
explanations
4. According to paragraph 2, which of the following is NOT true about Thucydides’ book,
the History of the Peloponnesian War?
It analyzed cause and effect.
It contained information reported by soldiers.
It reported on the war from an objective point of view.
It indicated that the gods were responsible for certain events.
Summary
Thucydides was a Greek general during the , which began in
431 BC. Failing to properly defend a major , he was forced to leave Greece
for years. During this time he wrote the History of the Peloponnesian
War, a book famous for its use of objective reporting. Thucydides carefully gathered
his facts, relying on stories of for their accuracy and detail. By paying
attention to actual and effect rather than attributing events to the will of
the gods, he created an accurate account of the war.
13
Read
eading
ing Prac
ractic
tice
e 02
The Ashcan School
The Ashcan School was an American artistic movement that arose in the early
twentieth century. The styles of individual Ashcan painters were diverse; however, they
were united by a common theme: representing life in the poor urban neighborhoods of
New York, Boston, and Philadelphia.
The movement was rebelling against prior trends in the art world that favored 5
beautiful natural landscapes. Ashcan painters attempted to reveal the true essence
of urban America. They portrayed the reality of city life, paying particular attention to
the circumstances of the poor and immigrant classes of American cities. Dirty, ugly
street scenes were often chosen as subject matter. Ashcan painters usually used dark
colors. They worked quickly and with thick layers of paint, a style that made individual 10
brushstrokes quite visible. This method of painting differed greatly from the refined
techniques of earlier artistic movements.
In general, people were shocked and disgusted by the art of the Ashcan School,
since the paintings seemed unpleasant and disagreeable. Some critics were offended
by the movement’s negative portrayal of American cities. They responded by insulting 15
the artists with the term “Ashcan School,” referring to the garbage cans sometimes
seen in their paintings. In 1907, due to their controversial work, Ashcan painters were
rejected from a prominent art exhibition. As a result, the artists determined to hold their
own show. Self-organized and without judges or prizes, the show was revolutionary at
the time and became a model for future shows. 20
1. The word portrayed in the passage is closest in meaning to

painted doubted
observed imagined
14
Unit 01 Vocabulary
2. According to paragraph 2, which of the following is true about Ashcan School
paintings?
They rarely showed people.
They featured thick layers of paint.
They generally did not include dark colors.
They were inspired by natural American landscapes.
3. Why does the author mention garbage cans?

To explain that the term “Ashcan School” was an insult
To show why Ashcan painters were considered revolutionary
To give an example of typical subject matter for Ashcan painters
To give a reason why Ashcan painters were rejected from exhibitions
4. The word controversial in the passage is closest in meaning to

unfamiliar low-quality
impressive questionable
Organization
• Ashcan School — an early 20th century art movement
• Characteristics portrayed urban scenes realistically
featured colors, layers of paint and
visible brushstrokes
• Critical and public reactions
the general public was shocked and began to use the term “Ashcan
School” as a(n)
after being rejected from a famous art exhibition, the painters organized their own
15
iBT Practice 01
Theories of Forgetting
The concept of forgetting has interested psychologists for more than a hundred years.
During that time, scholars have tried to figure out exactly what causes the human memory to
lose information over time. Three theories have been proposed to explain what might cause
people to forget.
The decay theory of forgetting is the oldest of the three theories. The theory says that 5
if the memory is not exercised every once in a while, memories will fade with time. However,
one flaw with this theory is that it is based on the belief that time always increases forgetting. It
does not explain why older memories are sometimes clearer than recent memories.
The decay theory fell out of favor when evidence for a new theory provided a better
explanation for forgetting. The interference theory argues that people forget because other 10
activities and information interfere with their ability to recall certain memories. In 1924, two
psychologists, John Jenkins and Karl Dallenbach, found support for this theory when they
performed an experiment. In the experiment, two students learned things either just before
going to bed or just after getting up, and then were tested after eight hours. The result showed
that people forget more when they are awake before the test than when they are asleep, 15
possibly due to interference from their waking activities.

The last theory is referred to as motivated forgetting, which was proposed in 1896 by
Sigmund Freud, the famous psychologist known for his theories about the human mind. This
theory explains the cause of forgetting as a desire to dismiss unpleasant or painful experiences
by pushing them into the unconscious mind. This phenomenon is called repression. Repression 20
can affect a range of memories, from annoying everyday experiences like going to the dentist
to extreme past events like experiencing an earthquake. According to the theory, memories
lost as a result of repression have not truly been forgotten and can be brought back to the
conscious mind.
16
Unit 01 Vocabulary
1. The word fade in the passage is closest in meaning to
break survive
change disappear
2. According to paragraph 2, what is the main problem with the decay theory?
It does not suggest ways of preventing forgetting.
It does not explain the possibility of voluntary forgetting.
It does not explain why new memories may be weaker than old memories.
It does not accept the fact that the elderly sometimes have excellent memories.
3. According to paragraph 3, which of the following is NOT true about the experiment of
1924?
It supported the interference theory of forgetting.
The result showed that sound sleep helped improve the memory.
Two subjects were tested eight hours after learning new information.
It analyzed how much subjects could remember after learning new information.
4. The word dismiss in the passage is closest in meaning to

develop recreate
give away drive away
5. Why does the author mention going to the dentist?

To suggest that intense experiences are easier to forget
To explain how Freud developed his theory of repression
To give an example of a minor detail people may repress
To point out how repressed memories can influence people’s behavior
17
6. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided
below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the
most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary
because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in
the passage.
Three theories attempt to explain what causes people to forget information.

•
•
•
Answer Choices
The oldest theory about forgetting says that lost memories can be brought back.
One theory suggests that activities interfere with one’s ability to recall events.
If someone has an unpleasant or terrible experience, they may repress that memory.
The theory of interference was proved by two psychologists when they performed an
experiment in 1924.
According to the decay theory, memories grow weaker over time.
Sigmund Freud, a famous psychologist, developed one of the theories of forgetting.
18
Unit 01 Vocabulary
iBT Practice 02
America’s Jury System
The United States Constitution gives citizens accused of a crime the right to present
their case to members of their community. This group of community members is called a jury
and is an essential part of the American justice system. It is the responsibility of the jury to
hear arguments presented by both sides in a case and make a judgment about the guilt or
innocence of the defendant. Based on the jury’s judgment, the judge then sets the penalty for 5
the defendant.
Jury members, called jurors, are selected at random from the population living in the area
covered by a particular court. Different cities, counties, and states have different methods
by which selections are made. Some choose names from a list of registered voters, while
others use driver’s license records and property ownership documents to select potential 10
jurors. Once chosen, a person must participate in the process unless he or she fails to meet
basic age, literacy, citizenship, and criminal history qualifications. Not everyone called to
jury duty will serve on a jury, however. The judge and lawyers in the case can reject anyone
they feel will be unable to fairly consider the facts in the trial.
After the trial begins, there are certain rules of behavior that jurors must follow. 15
For example, they are not allowed to ask questions of the witnesses or conduct their own
investigations in or out of the courtroom. Nor should they talk about the case with anyone
during the trial, including other jurors, the lawyers, or even strangers. Jurors must even be
careful not to listen to other people’s conversations on the topic. And in cases with a lot
of public interest, such as those involving celebrities or well-known events, jurors may be 20
instructed to avoid newspapers and news programs so that they will not hear anything about
the case from the outside world. To be completely fair, they must only consider the evidence
presented to them by the lawyers during the trial.
1. The word penalty in the passage is closest in meaning to

blame money
decision punishment
19
2. The word qualifications in the passage is closest in meaning to
systems abilities
preparations requirements
3. Look at the four squares [ ] that indicate where the following sentence could be added
to the passage.
If the person does not come to the court on the appointed day, he or she
must pay a fine.
Where would the sentence best fit?
4. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted
sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or
leave out essential information.
Jurors are asked to avoid news media at all times to ensure a fair trial.
Jurors are occasionally allowed to get information about a trial from news media.
Sometimes the jury must take care to avoid exposure to news stories about the case.
As more cases are covered in newspapers and on television, it is harder for jurors to
follow the rules.
5. According to paragraph 3, which of the following is NOT a rule the jury must follow
during a trial?
Investigate the case privately
Resist questioning the witnesses
Avoid conversations about the case
Use only the evidence provided by the lawyers
20
Unit 01 Vocabulary
the passage.
A jury is a group of citizens that plays an important role in the American justice
system.
•
•
•
Answer Choices
Only people who are able to judge the evidence in a case fairly are allowed to
become jurors.
Jury members are chosen from the general public depending on local rules and
individuals’ backgrounds.
Jury members need to have attained a certain standard of educational achievement
to qualify for jury duty.
Jurors must objectively consider the evidence presented to them and avoid being
influenced by the outside world.
Jurors who violate certain rules, such as talking about a case, will be removed.
A jury is responsible for considering the arguments of both sides in a case and
deciding whether a defendant is guilty of a crime.
21
Voca
ocabul
bulary
ary Revi
eview
ew
A. Choose the correct word for each definition.

severe disgusted flaw crush
conscious celebrity
1. one who is famous:

2. to destroy or break into pieces:
3. very serious or extreme in nature:
4. feeling sick or offended about something:
5. a problem that makes something imperfect:
B. Choose the best synonym for each pair of words.

investigation demonstrate detect prominent
insult potential
1. famous important :
2. illustrate show :
3. sense discover :
4. examination inquiry :
C. Fill in the blanks with the best answer.

objectively exposure immigrant shallow influential
1. The founder of the college was a(n) from Poland.

2. That text about fear was very in the field of psychology.
3. Please stay in the end of the pool when the lifeguard is not on duty.
4. Our parents believe that to other cultures and traditions is important.
22
Unit 01 Vocabulary
D. Choose the word that is closest in meaning to each highlighted word.
1. Because Mark violated company rules, he was fired.
copied doubted broke accepted
2. Emily thought the painting was a remarkable work of art.

colorful excellent confusing emotional
3. They were hoping to hire someone with prior experience in the industry.
practical long general earlier
4. The two spacecraft sent back conflicting reports about the planet’s atmosphere.
differing surprising detailed simple
E. Choose the opposite meaning of each highlighted word.

1. Participation in the company softball game will be voluntary.
easy exciting forced worthless
2. The population living in urban areas is expected to rise next year.

central coastal rich rural
3. Her innocence was eventually proved in court and she was set free.
lie guilt ugliness mistake
F. Choose the correct phrase to complete each sentence.

1. The monkeys could not (figure out / put up with) how to escape from the cage.
2. Five passengers were chosen (at random / on earth) for free upgrades to first class.
3. The manager was worried that the office party would (interfere with / combine with) the
day’s work.
23
PART A
Identifying
Details
Unit 01 Vocabulary
Unit 02 Reference
Unit 02
Reference
Reference questions ask you to find the word or phrase that a pronoun refers to.
Question Types
• The word in the passage refers to
• The phrase in the passage refers to
Basi
asicc D
Dril
rills
ls 01
Shaped like a doughnut, the Kuiper belt is an
area in space located in the outer zone of our solar
system. It was a Dutch-American astronomer, Gerard
P. Kuiper, who suggested its existence in 1951 and
later the region was named after him. The Kuiper belt 5
is situated from about 30 to over 50 AU (where 1 AU

equals the distance from the Earth to the Sun) from the Sun, past the planet Neptune.
This belt consists of a minimum of 70,000 bodies of ice and rock that slowly orbit the
Sun. These have come to be known as “Kuiper Belt Objects” or KBOs. Several hundred
KBOs have been discovered since the first KBO was discovered in 1992. They range 10
in size from chunks of ice and dust up to bodies larger than Pluto, with many having
diameters of more than 50 miles. Many short-period *comets, which take less than 200
years to orbit the Sun, are believed by astronomers to start their lives in the belt.
*comet: a bright object that has a long tail and travels around the Sun
1. The word its in the passage refers to

doughnut
Kuiper belt
outer zone
solar system
2. The word their in the passage refers to

several hundred KBOs
bodies larger than Pluto
short-period comets
astronomers
26
Unit 02 Reference
Basi
asicc Dril
rills
ls 02
Neurons are particular cells that make up the
body’s nervous system and are therefore also called
nerve cells. Resembling thin lines and varying
in diameter from 0.004 to 0.1 mm, neurons exist
everywhere in the body. Their role is to process and 5
send information from a certain part of the body to

another. One individual neuron has about 50,000 connections with the other neurons
in the body, and there is constant communication between them so that humans can
perceive and react to new environments. For instance, when your finger comes into
contact with a thorn, nerves in your finger send a message to other neurons in your 10
hand. Then, this message is sent to your arm, *spinal cord, and finally brain where it is
felt as pain. Your brain automatically sends it back to the neurons in your hand, telling
them to move away from the thorn. This whole process takes around one second.
*spinal cord: a cord of nerves inside the backbone that connects the brain to all parts of the
body
1. The word them in the passage refers to

connections
neurons
humans
environments
2. The word it in the passage refers to

message
arm
spinal cord
brain
27
Read
eading
ing Prac
ractic
tice
e 01
The Battle of Zama
From 264 to 146 BC, Rome and Carthage fought three big wars that came to be
known as the Punic Wars. At the commencement of these wars, Carthage was the
dominant power in the Western *Mediterranean. As the most rapidly growing power
in Italy, Rome decided to try to conquer Carthage’s territory to gain control over the
Western Mediterranean. It was at the battle at Zama, during the Second Punic War, that 5
Carthage finally began losing its power.

In 202 BC, the Romans invaded Carthage, led by the outstanding Roman general
Scipio. Hannibal, the famous Carthaginian leader, was waiting for the Roman forces
with 54,000 warriors and 80 elephants. As the two armies drew near to one another,
Hannibal let the elephants loose into the Roman troops. He thought they1) would 10
cause confusion and terrify the enemy, but Scipio knew how to deal with the elephants.
He commanded all the trumpeters in his army to blow their trumpets, a strategy that
proved effective. Most of the elephants were surprised by the unpleasant sound
of the instruments and scattered. As soon as the elephants had fled, the Roman
soldiers launched their attack. Although their army of 25,000 was smaller than that of 15
2)
the Carthaginians, they were stronger and better trained. Having lost all the elephants,
as well as their confidence, Hannibal’s army began to collapse and lost the battle.
After the victory at Zama, Rome placed strict conditions on Carthage, which
prevented the Carthaginians from attacking Rome again. It was not long until Carthage
was severely weakened and finally destroyed in 146 BC by the Romans in the Third 20
Punic War.
*the Mediterranean: the region that surrounds the Mediterranean Sea
1. The word they1) in the passage refers to

warriors elephants
two armies Roman troops
28
Unit 02 Reference
to the passage.
Some of them were so upset that they even turned away from the Romans
and crashed into their own army.
3. The word they2) in the passage refers to

instruments elephants
Roman soldiers Carthaginians
4. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the
highlighted sentence in the passage?
In 146 BC, the third conflict between Carthage and Rome finally ended.
Weakened, Carthage soon fell to the Romans during the Third Punic War.
Rome was defeated by Carthage in the Third Punic War, but completely destroyed
it in 146 BC.
Carthage eventually lost its status as the region’s dominant power just before the
Third Punic War.
Summary
Rome and Carthage fought for control of the Western Mediterranean beginning in
264 BC. The Battle of Zama was one of the most important battles they fought. It
started when the Romans invaded Carthage in BC under the command
of the general . As the two sides’ armies approached each other, the
Carthaginian leader released toward the Roman troops.
However, Scipio defended his troops by commanding his to create noise,
thus scattering the elephants. In the end, the better trained Roman troops defeated
their enemies, signaling the end of .
29
Read
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ractic
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e 02
McCarthyism
During the early years of the Cold War between the U.S. and the Soviet Union,
the Russians supported Communist governments throughout Europe and Asia, while
the Americans tried to prevent the spread of Communism. As the conflict grew, the
American people became more and more scared that Communists were trying to gain
access to the U.S. government in order to cause it to collapse. In the early 1950s, 5
Senator Joseph McCarthy used this fear to gain popularity for himself and his policies.
On February 9, 1950, McCarthy declared that over 200 employees of the American
government were Communists. Even though he never presented any evidence of this,
the public believed him because of their1) strong concerns about Communism. Over
the next few years, he led Congress in investigations of these and thousands of other 10
people accused of being Communists or supporting Communist ideals.

Many innocent victims were put in jail without fair trials, as lawyers, unwilling to
defend suspected Communists, refused to help them. Even more lost their jobs and were
unable to get new ones. Simply being questioned by Congress was enough to make
them dangerous in the eyes of the public and ruin their2) careers and reputations. 15
Then, in 1953, McCarthy claimed there were Communist soldiers in the U.S.
army and accused President Eisenhower of protecting them. Both the Senate and
the general public felt McCarthy had gone too far. Support for his ideas faded, and
his policies were blocked by Congress. However, it took much longer for the fearful
atmosphere of McCarthyism to disappear completely from the U.S., and it remains a 20
shameful period in American history.
1. Why does the author mention the Cold War?

To describe the origins of Communism
To suggest that Americans supported war against the Soviet Union
To show how the U.S. tried to block the spread of Communism
To explain why Americans were fearful of Communists in the 1950s
30
Unit 02 Reference
2. The word their1) in the passage refers to
employees of the American government
Communists
the public
thousands of other people
3. The word their2) in the passage refers to

victims
lawyers
Communists
the public
4. In paragraph 4, why does the author discuss McCarthy’s 1953 claim?

To describe why McCarthyism ended
To explain how influential McCarthyism was
To point out an achievement of Senator McCarthy
To emphasize that McCarthyism only lasted a few years
Organization
• Background of McCarthyism — American people feared that would
cause the U.S. government to collapse
• McCarthy’s policy and its victims
announced in 1950, without , that hundreds of government employees
were Communists
held of thousands of accused Communists and Communist supporters
innocent people were sent to jail, lost their jobs, and had their reputations ruined
• The end of McCarthyism — lost support of both the Senate and the in
1953
31
iBT Practice 01
Seed Dispersal
To guarantee their survival, plants have developed ways to ensure that their seeds are
carried far away from them. This is called seed dispersal. It is important to maintaining plant
populations because it minimizes competition between young plants, which, if they developed
close together, would have to compete with each other for light, water, nutrients, and space.
Some plants use animals to disperse their seeds. Burdock, for example, produces seeds 5
that have hooks. These seeds become stuck in the fur of animals as they move past the
plant. The seeds travel a long distance from the parent plant on the animal’s fur until they
eventually fall off or are scratched off by the animal. If conditions are suitable for the seeds,
they will *sprout into a new plant. Another way that animals can disperse seeds is by eating
the fruit that plants produce. While the soft, juicy fruit is digested, the hard seeds inside the 10
fruit pass through the stomach and eventually end up in the droppings of the animal several
miles away. Raspberry seeds are spread out by this method.
The wind is another way in which seeds are dispersed. Some plants have adapted to
allow the wind to carry their seeds. The dandelion, for example, produces many small, light
seeds that are easily released and stay in the air longer, thereby covering greater distances. 15
Such seeds have hair, feather-like structures, or even small wings, which help them glide more
easily in the wind.
The seeds of plants that live in and near the water are usually spread by water. These
plants produce seeds that can float. The seeds float downstream in the water and start to
grow when they reach land or become stuck in mud. The yellow water lily is a floating plant 20
that distributes its seeds by releasing them into the water, where they can be carried to a new
location and sprout.
*sprout: to begin to grow from a seed
32
Unit 02 Reference
sentence in paragraph 1? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or
Seed dispersal encourages plants to develop close together and share resources.
Light, water, nutrients, and space are extremely important to developing young plants.
Young plants must compete for resources such as light and nutrients for survival.
Seed dispersal decreases competition between plants for essential resources.
2. The word they in the passage refers to

plants
seeds
hooks
animals
to the passage.
To encourage animals to do so, many plants package their seeds inside

sweet fruit.
4. The word glide in the passage is closest in meaning to

fly
catch
spread
approach
33
sentence in paragraph 4? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or
Typically, seeds of the yellow water lily sprout on land near the water.
The seeds of the yellow water lily are carried in the water to a new location.
The seeds of some plants can be carried by water away from the parent plant.
The yellow water lily grows in water and produces many seeds that can float.
6. Directions: Complete the table by matching the phrases below. Select the appropriate
phrases from the answer choices and match them to the method of seed dispersal to
which they relate. TWO of the answer choices will NOT be used.
Answer Choices Seeds carried by animals
May have feather-like designs ▶

May be contained inside soft fruit ▶
May be covered in hooks Seeds carried by the wind
Begin to grow when stuck in mud
▶
Need more nutrients than the others to sprout
▶
Include the example of dandelions
Seeds carried by water
Can sprout with a small amount of water
▶
34
Unit 02 Reference
iBT Practice 02
Types of Artificial Satellites
Artificial satellites are man-made pieces of equipment that are sent into space to orbit
Earth, the moon, and other bodies in our solar system. The first was launched in 1957, and
thousands have been constructed since then. Currently, there are about 3,000 artificial
satellites circling our planet, each serving a specific purpose.
Some satellites are used by scientists to gather information for scientific analysis. 5
They are equipped with a variety of cameras, sensors, and other devices in order to execute
their missions. Their instruments allow them to do things such as measure Earth’s geologic
and atmospheric features. But scientific research satellites are also focused away from our
planet, monitoring other objects in the solar system, nearby stars, and more distant objects.
For example, the Hubble Space Telescope, put into orbit in 1990, collects valuable data about 10
faraway galaxies by capturing detailed images of them.

Communications satellites are used by countries and companies alike to broadcast
television and radio programs and direct telephone calls. They function by receiving a signal
from a relay station on the ground, strengthening it, and sending it to a relay station in a
different part of the world. This technology makes it possible for people to see and hear live 15
broadcasts from around the globe.

Artificial satellites are also used to both monitor and predict the weather. The instruments
on a weather satellite can measure temperature, air pressure, storm development, and much
more. Some satellites travel in an orbit close to Earth and collect very accurate information.
Others occupy a high-*altitude orbit, much farther from Earth, giving them a broad view of the 20
planet that is better for studying global weather patterns.

First developed by the military to help guide submarines and planes, navigational
satellites provide very precise location information. They work in networks to determine the
exact position of an object. Made up of dozens of navigational satellites, America’s GPS
(Global Positioning System) is the most widely used and is available to the general public. 25
By sending data that can be picked up by a receiver in a vehicle or handheld device, these
satellites help many people, from hikers to truck drivers, find their way.
*altitude: the height of something as measured from sea level
35
1. The word launched in the passage is closest in meaning to
shot up
designed
worked on
developed
2. The word execute in the passage is closest in meaning to

plan on
keep up
carry out
assist with

satellites
stars
data
faraway galaxies
4. According to paragraph 2, which of the following is true about scientific research

satellites?
They are the most common type of satellite.
Most of them gather data about Earth’s surface.
They are used to study a variety of objects in the universe.
They are based on the design of the Hubble Space Telescope.
36
Unit 02 Reference
A high-altitude orbit is one that takes satellites far away from the planet.
Global weather data is best studied by satellites that orbit at a high altitude.
Weather satellites in high orbits have a broad view of things happening on Earth.
Satellites occupying high orbits provide information on Earth’s weather patterns in
great detail.
6. According to paragraph 5, what was the original purpose of navigational satellites?

To find an enemy’s position during war
To direct the movement of military vehicles
To provide location information for the public
To create a network with other types of satellites
37
Voca
ocabul
bulary
ary Revi
eview
ew

territory conquer geologic submarine
chunk outer
1. a large piece of something:

2. to defeat through the use of force:
3. related to the structure of the Earth:
4. a ship designed to operate under water:
5. a region owned by a state or government:
B. Choose the best synonym for each pair of words or phrases.

broadcast orbit dominant monitor
function guarantee
1. circle go around :
2. watch observe :
3. ensure secure :
4. controlling ruling :

situated commencement faded minimize digested
1. The famous building is in Vancouver.

2. The plane was designed to wind resistance.
3. Her excitement when she realized how difficult the task would be.
4. A lot of people in the stadium awaited the of the opening show.
38
Unit 02 Reference
1. A population of destructive beetles invaded the pine forest.
attacked changed maintained destroyed
2. Our analysis of the star shows that it formed at the start of the universe.
proof study theory disagreement
3. Farmers perceive the effects of climate change more closely than other people.
question accept observe notice
4. There is a zone filled with small rocky objects in the solar system.
system planet gas region

1. The birds scattered at the sound of the helicopters.
fled appeared frightened gathered
2. Mr. Newton hoped that the Halloween mask he chose would terrify his students.
disturb imitate comfort displease
3. As punishment for his shameful behavior, Kenny was not allowed to have dessert.
lazy ordinary good careful

1. The animals (adapted to / divided into) extreme conditions in hot deserts.
2. A hacker tried to (gain access to / contribute to) the company’s computer files.
3. All rooms in our hotel (are equipped with / come into contact with) a mini bar, an air
conditioner, and a TV.
39
PART A
Identifying
Details
Unit 01 Vocabulary
Unit 02 Reference
Unit 03
Fact & Negative Fact
Factual Information
Factual Information questions ask about important details in the passage.
Negative Fact
Negative Fact questions ask you to identify information that is incorrect or is not
mentioned in the passage.
Question Types
Factual Information
• According to the passage, which of the following is true about X?
• According to paragraph _, when / why / how ...?
• According to paragraph _, X occurred because
Negative Fact
• According to the passage, which of the following is NOT true of X?
• Which of the following is NOT mentioned as X?
• All of the following are mentioned as X EXCEPT
Basi
asicc D
Dril
rills
ls 01
Jade is a type of precious green stone that
is often used in jewelry making. Though admired
for its beauty, jade is especially respected in
Chinese culture for its symbolic significance. It is
used to represent the concepts of love, nobility, 5
and perfection. But most importantly, jade is used in carrying out ritual events. *Artifacts
consisting of jade were used to show respect to ancestors, as well as to the gods of
Heaven and Earth. Specifically, jade artifacts known as bi and cong were designed for
such uses as early as 3000 BC. Bi were shaped like circles with holes in the middle,
while cong took the form of rectangular tubes. The shapes were symbolic, representing 10
Heaven and Earth respectively. Jade was also important in burial ceremonies. People
believed it could prevent the body from decaying. It was such a powerful symbol of
preservation that some Han Dynasty nobles were buried in suits made of thousands of
pieces of jade.
*artifact: a man-made object which is historically important
1. According to the passage, which of the following is true about bi and cong?
They were first produced before 3000 BC.
They were commonly used in Chinese houses.
They were used to honor the gods and ancestors.
They took the form of a circle with a hole representing Heaven.
2. According to the passage, why were nobles’ bodies buried in jade suits?
Because jade was thought to preserve bodies
Because nobles wanted to demonstrate their wealth
Because jade was believed to help people enter Heaven
Because nobles wanted to bring good fortune to their families
42
Basi
asicc Dril
rills
ls 02
Lithops are plants which grow in deserts in Africa.
They are sometimes referred to as “living stones”
because they bear such a close resemblance to rocks
or pebbles. Because their leaves are filled with water,
there are many desert animals that would eat them. 5
However, their stone-like appearance increases their

chances of survival by making them almost invisible to the animals. Lithops have other
adaptations that help them survive in desert climates. Only the very tops of their leaves
are exposed to the hot weather, while the rest of the leaves are safely buried underground.
Having most of the leaf surface underground is advantageous because the plant stays 10
cooler, loses less water, and is protected from winds that could dry it out. In addition,
their leaves are structured differently than most plants. Special transparent cells at the
top of their leaves allow light to filter deep into the plant so that there is enough sunlight
available to produce food even though most of the plant is underground.
1. According to the passage, what is an advantage of lithops’ stone-like appearance?

It enables them to minimize water loss.
It helps them protect themselves from desert winds.
It prevents them from being eaten by animals in the desert.
It exposes them to sunlight in order to produce enough food.
2. According to the passage, what do the transparent cells do?

They produce food from sunlight faster than most other plants.
They allow sunlight to reach parts of the plant that are underground.
They keep the exposed leaves from drying out in windy environments.
They act as a filter that prevents the leaves from losing too much water.
43
Read
eading
ing Prac
ractic
tice
e 01
A British Archeologist
A soldier for most of his life, Pitt Rivers had a long

and remarkable military career, yet, in spite of this, he is
currently known not for his success as an officer but for
his work as an archeologist. He has even been referred
to as the “Father of British Archeology.” 5
During the 1850s, Pitt Rivers’ career involved

researching and developing new guns for the military. This work required him to study
the history of weapons and technological artifacts from around the world. As a result,
he developed an interest in the evolution of human technology, becoming a collector of
ancient objects like weapons, masks, and shields. In 1880, after unexpectedly inheriting 10
an estate in England from his great-uncle, Pitt Rivers had the opportunity to arrange
a large-scale excavation. In 1882, he retired from the military and began a twenty-
year-long excavation of his new property, which contained ancient Roman and Saxon
ruins. His personal collection of artifacts eventually grew to include more than 20,000
pieces. 15
In addition to excavating valuable ancient artifacts, he revolutionized the

archeological method by developing a new way of classifying artifacts. The technique
was known as typology, and it organized archeological objects in a way that
demonstrated their development over time. Additionally, Pitt Rivers promoted a set of
basic principles about how excavations should be conducted. He emphasized the 20
importance of research, detailed records, thorough analysis, and public reporting of

findings.
44
Though a soldier, Pitt Rivers always longed to become an archeologist.
Pitt Rivers was a soldier who had a long and distinguished military career.
Pitt Rivers is known as an archeologist in spite of his successful military career.
Dividing his time between work and hobbies, Pitt Rivers was a soldier and an
archeologist.
2. According to paragraph 2, which of the following is NOT true about Pitt Rivers?
He left his job in the military in 1882.
He developed weapons for the military.
He specialized in ancient Roman history.
He inherited land that contained ancient ruins.
3. According to paragraph 3, how are artifacts classified using the typology method?
By their general function
By their order of development
By the materials they are made of
By the region where they were excavated
Summary
Pitt Rivers was a career soldier but is better known as the “Father of British Archeology.”
While in the military, he studied the history of weapons as part of his job developing
new . Becoming interested in the history of , he
began to collect . In 1880, he inherited a(n) .
Retiring from the military, he began digging up ancient Roman and Saxon ruins on his
property, finding many valuable artifacts. Rivers also created a new way of categorizing
artifacts, called , and developed a basic set of principles on conducting
excavations.
45
Read
eading
ing Prac
ractic
tice
e 02
Down Syndrome
Down syndrome is one of the commonest developmental disorders. It is present

all over the world and is not dependent on race, nationality, or economic status. Nor is it
typically seen as a genetic condition. Among the general population, around 1 in every
800 babies is born with Down syndrome.
A child is created when sperm carrying the father’s genetic information meets 5
an egg, which holds the mother’s genes. Normally, each parent gives 23 *chromosomes.
As a result, a child is born with a total of 46. Sometimes, though, for reasons that have
yet to be discovered, a child gets 47 chromosomes in total instead of 46. It is this extra
genetic material that causes Down syndrome.
Doctors can tell immediately whether a newborn baby has Down syndrome 10
due to some easily recognizable physical characteristics. The head is usually large
and oddly shaped, with a flat face, small ears, and an enlarged tongue. As babies
with Down syndrome age, they develop at a slower rate than other children and are at
increased risk of experiencing a number of serious medical conditions, including heart
diseases and hearing, vision, and breathing problems. 15
Down syndrome affects children’s mental capacity as well. Their slowed rate
of development means they have more trouble communicating, learning, and
accomplishing basic tasks than other children their age. Yet the degree of such mental
difficulties varies substantially. While some people with Down syndrome remain highly
dependent on care providers, others attend school in normal classes and lead lives with 20
a great degree of self-sufficiency.

*chromosome: a cell structure that decides genetic characteristics
1. The word disorders in the passage is closest in meaning to

stages illnesses
treatments difficulties
46
2. According to paragraph 2, what information about the cause of Down syndrome
remains unknown?
The process by which a child is created
The exact time when Down syndrome first occurs
The number of chromosomes affected children have
The reason why some children receive an extra chromosome
3. According to paragraph 3, which of the following is a characteristic of a child with Down

syndrome?
a broad face flat, large ears
a larger-than-normal tongue irregular muscle development
4. The word substantially in the passage is closest in meaning to

greatly frequently
unexpectedly from time to time
Organization
• Down syndrome — a common disorder
• The cause — some children are born with chromosomes instead of 46
• symptoms
include a large head, flat face, enlarged tongue, and small ears
develop physically at a(n) rate than other children
have a high risk of developing various health issues
• Mental symptoms develop mentally at a slower rate than other children
mental capacity varies from case to case
47
iBT Practice 01
The Human Liver
The liver, which is the largest internal organ in the body, is located on the right side of
the body under the ribs. Weighing about 1.5 kilograms, it is divided into right and left sections
which are called lobes. The liver has a rubbery texture and is reddish brown in color. It is made
up of millions of liver cells which undertake more processes of *metabolism than any other
group of cells in the human body. 5
The main function of the liver is to help the body digest food, and to absorb and store
important nutrients. The liver produces a fluid called bile and sends it to the digestive organs.
There, bile breaks down fat and absorbs nutrients like vitamins, which are essential for many
functions, including night vision, growing strong bones, and maintaining nerves. In addition,
the liver stores vitamins and minerals for the body to use later when the body needs an energy 10
boost.
Another important function of the liver is that it acts as a filter which removes harmful
chemicals and toxins from the blood stream. Liver cells called hepatocytes transform toxic
substances such as alcohol, bacteria, and caffeine into harmless ones so that clean blood
can circulate through the rest of the body. 15
The liver can also change the medicine we ingest into forms that the body can use. To
do so, it produces albumin, a type of blood protein that breaks down and transports medicine
through the blood. When the medicine is finished working, the liver removes it from the blood
with its filter system. Albumin is also essential when we cut or hurt ourselves and bleed.
Albumin helps to stop the bleeding by carrying substances that solidify blood. As a result, the 20
bleeding stops and a thin veil forms over a cut or wound to help it heal.
*metabolism: the efficient chemical processes in living cells by which energy is provided to one’s
body
48
1. According to paragraph 1, which of the following is NOT true about the liver?
It is divided into left and right lobes.
It can be found on the right side of the body.
It has more cells than any other internal organ.
It is larger than the body’s other internal organs.
2. According to paragraph 2, how does the liver contribute to the digestion process?
By protecting the digestive system from harmful bacteria
By providing energy that is used for the digestion process
By forming a substance that processes fats and absorbs nutrients
By producing nutrients that help the stomach grow stronger
3. Why does the author mention a filter?

To describe how the blood stream works
To outline an important role the liver plays
To mention the danger of toxins to the human body
To explain in detail how hepatocytes are formed
4. The word ingest in the passage is closest in meaning to

take in put off
set up come across

medicine liver
blood albumin
49
the passage.
The liver is a vital organ which plays important roles in the human metabolism.
•
•
•
Answer Choices
The liver produces albumin which removes medicine when it finishes working.
The liver creates bile to help the digestive process and stores nutrients for later use.
The liver helps with night vision and the maintenance of the nervous system.
The liver helps remove dangerous substances from the blood, thus improving
circulation.
The liver contains special cells which get rid of unnecessary blood.
The liver produces a blood protein that helps to control medicine flow and stop
bleeding.
50
iBT Practice 02
Three Branches of Government
The people who set up the U.S. government wanted to make sure that no single
person or group would have complete control over the country. To prevent this from happening,
they divided governmental functions into three branches, each with specific duties and
powers. These three branches are the legislative branch, the executive branch, and the
judicial branch. 5
Made up of representatives from every state in the U.S., the legislative branch is also
known as Congress. It is the job of the legislative branch to make up laws for the country.
Members of this branch are divided into two sections, the House of Representatives and the
Senate. Whenever one of these groups suggests a potential law (a bill), an approval process
begins: first the bill must be accepted by both the House and the Senate, and then it must 10
be approved by the president. Both groups are elected by people in their home states. The
number of Representatives for a state depends on the population, but the number of senators
for each state is always two.
In charge of enforcing the laws of the nation, the executive branch is headed by the
president. He or she suggests laws for Congress to consider approving and has the authority 15
to deny laws that Congress drafts. In addition to the president, the vice president and the
heads of 15 major departments, called Cabinet members, help direct the executive branch.
The vice president is elected along with the president, and Cabinet members are selected by
the president.
The third branch of government, the judicial branch, watches over the country’s court 20
system. It is responsible for interpreting laws and explaining the intentions of the Constitution,
the government’s guiding principles. The judicial branch is composed of federal courts and
the Supreme Court. The federal courts review cases related to the Constitution and federal
laws. The Supreme Court is the highest of the federal courts, and as such, it often deals
with *appeals, cases that have already been heard in lower courts. Once the Supreme Court 25
makes a ruling, its decision cannot be overturned. The president selects the judges of the
Supreme Court, but the Senate must approve his or her selections.
*appeal: a request for a higher court to review a ruling, in the hope of having that ruling changed
51
1. According to paragraph 1, why does the U.S. government have three separate branches?
To provide convenience for its citizens
To prevent any single group from obtaining too much power
To allow more people to participate in governing the country
To ensure that the country will function smoothly in an emergency
The president assists the House and the Senate as they draft new laws.
Potential laws suggested by the House and the Senate are referred to as bills.
Before a law is finalized, it must be approved by the House, the Senate, and the
president.
The president, the House, and the Senate are in charge of monitoring the law-
making process.
3. The word enforcing in the passage is closest in meaning to

changing improving
looking over carrying out
4. The phrase his or her in the passage refers to

vice president president
Supreme Court judge Senate
52
5. According to paragraph 4, what is the main job of the Supreme Court?
Selecting the judges that will serve in the court system
Creating new laws according to the rules of the Constitution
Approving the decisions made by the president and the Senate
Considering cases that have already been dealt with in lower courts
phrases from the answer choices and match them to the branch of government to which
they relate. TWO of the answer choices will NOT be used.
Answer Choices Legislative branch
Has the power to reject decisions made by the ▶

Supreme Court ▶
Includes the vice president and 15 Cabinet members
Executive branch
Is made up of elected representatives from every
state ▶
Is concerned with interpreting the Constitution
Judicial branch
Contains the Supreme Court
▶
Creates laws for the country
▶
Is headed by the Senate
53
Voca
ocabul
bulary
ary Revi
eview
ew

ancestor capacity inherit distinguished
oddly minimize
1. in an unusual way:
2. one’s ability:
3. to reduce to the smallest amount:
4. showing excellence in performance:
5. to receive something from a parent or other family member:

boost approval accomplish bear
filter intention
1. acceptance support :
2. have carry :
3. achieve realize :
4. purpose aim :

ruins longed overturned resemblance texture
1. I can’t find any between the two sisters.

2. The of the sushi was as unique as its taste.
3. The scientist discovered a fact that previous theories.
4. The tourists spent the whole day walking through the ancient .
54
1. The cold air quickly circulated through the hot office.
disappeared rose formed moved
2. He could not understand the significance of her words.

truth change meaning impact
3. After months of delay, the worker finally agreed to undertake the repairs.
complete observe perform check
4. I was disappointed that the star was invisible because of the cloudy weather.
hidden dim exploded small

1. He asked me to make an enlarged copy of the document.
unclear normal reduced necessary
2. When they entered the cave, they discovered a box full of precious jewels.
worthless small unexpected hidden
3. The graph showed that home prices had risen substantially in recent months.
slowly slightly strangely regularly

1. The more you chew, the easier it is to (break down / build up) the food you eat.
2. She was left (in charge of / at the sight of) the team during the boss’s absence.
3. If you have a problem (carrying out / leaving out) my instructions, please let me know.
55
PART A
Identifying
Details
Unit 01 Vocabulary
Unit 02 Reference
Unit 04
Sentence Simplification
Sentence Simplification questions ask you to choose the best summary of a

sentence from the passage.
Question Types
Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the
highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in
important ways or leave out essential information.
Basi
asicc D
Dril
rills
ls 01
Butterflies are cold-blooded creatures, which means their body temperature
changes with the temperature of their surroundings. This is because they are unable
to regulate their own body temperature. So, butterflies absorb the sun’s heat by resting
in sunlight so as to raise their body temperature to a desirable level (28~38℃). This
behavior is known as “basking,” which can be divided into three categories: dorsal, 5
lateral, and reflectance. In dorsal basking, the upper side of the body is exposed to
the sun with open wings. This is the usual way in which most butterflies bask. In lateral
basking, the body is turned sideways to the sun with closed wings. Dark sections on
the underside of butterflies’ wings absorb solar energy. Reflectance basking is more
common among white-winged butterflies, which make a “V-shape” with their wings to 10
reflect solar energy toward their bodies.
1. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the first
To keep warm, butterflies prefer temperatures around 30℃.
Butterflies must stay in warm climates in order to increase their body temperature.
To increase their body temperature to the appropriate level, butterflies absorb the
sun’s heat.
Most of the time, butterflies can be found resting in sunny places to get as much
sunlight as possible.
2. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the second
Butterflies sometimes form their wings into a V-shape when they bask in sunlight.
White-winged butterflies can often be found reflectance basking in sunlight with
their wings open wide.
Solar energy helps white-winged butterflies heat up their bodies.
When reflectance basking, white-winged butterflies make their wings V-shaped to
direct sunlight toward their bodies.
58
Unit 04 Sentence Simplification
Basi
asicc Dril
rills
ls 02
Jewelry is often created using *gemstones which
form beneath the earth’s surface. However, pearl
jewelry is an exception, for pearls actually form within
living organisms. Pearls start as nothing more than a
foreign substance, such as a small particle or animal 5
that has entered the oyster’s shell. This bothers the

oyster, which responds by enclosing the foreign substance in layers of nacre – the
material that covers the inside of its shell. In this way, the oyster protects itself from
the foreign substance. After a long time, layer upon layer of nacre creates the silky
object that we know as a pearl. Although pearls are commonly thought of as perfectly 10
round and smooth, in nature this is not often the case and many pearls created without
human help have irregular shapes or uneven surfaces.
*gemstone: a rare and beautiful stone that can be cut for jewelry
1. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the first
Oysters use layers of nacre to surround the foreign substance.
Oysters enclose the foreign substance and push it out of their shells.
To protect themselves from the foreign substances, oysters make nacre.
Nacre is a substance that is also found on the interior of an oyster’s shell.
2. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the second
People usually think that natural pearls are perfectly round.
Natural pearls are sometimes perfect, but this does not always happen.
Sometimes, human help is necessary to produce pearls that are round in shape.
With their imperfect shapes and surfaces, natural pearls rarely match our picture of
the ideal pearl.
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e 01
The Code of Hammurabi
The Code of Hammurabi is the earliest known system of laws. They were created
in around 1750 BC for the purpose of uniting the diverse groups of people who lived in
Mesopotamia as King Hammurabi established the kingdom of Babylonia. By proclaiming
certain standards for all citizens, he aimed to make the people feel like they belonged to
the new empire and accept the authority of the king. 5
The laws were inscribed in stone and decorated by pictures showing Hammurabi
receiving the divine laws from Shamash, the god usually associated with justice. The
Code started with a description of the time when Hammurabi became king. Then,
it listed 282 laws covering almost everything from public to private matters. For
instance, the laws related to such matters as commercial business, the role of public 10
officials, property rights, legal methods and of course, crime and punishment. Some
of the laws were based on the principle of “An eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth.”
This means that whoever commits a crime can be punished by the same crime they
committed.
The Code of Hammurabi is said to be remarkable because it differed greatly from 15
other civilizations’ laws at the time. For the first time, the Code offered protection to
everybody, including women and slaves. In addition, because it was placed in a public
place allowing everybody to see it, it could not be changed by those that ruled the
region.
highlighted sentence in paragraph 1?
Hammurabi created them to unite the different groups within his kingdom.
They were established by Hammurabi in order to make the people of Babylonia
obey him.
Hammurabi created the kingdom of Babylonia by conquering many different
countries in Mesopotamia.
They were created in 1750 BC in Babylonia before spreading to Mesopotamia.
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2. The word inscribed in the passage is closest in meaning to
built carved
placed painted
to the passage.
However, it contained no laws having to do with religion.
The laws were designed for common people, while rulers followed their own codes.
The rulers of the region could not change the laws as they were publicly displayed.
Ordinary citizens could see the laws because the rulers displayed them in public
places.
Each region had its own laws that were not allowed to be changed.
Summary
The Code of Hammurabi was in around 1750 BC by King Hammurabi
in Babylonia in order to unite the different peoples of his empire. The Code was a
set of laws that covered nearly everything, from public to matters. They
were extraordinary at the time because for the first time laws were made to protect
and prevent misuse of the law by rulers.
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ractic
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e 02
The Beginning of Romantic Ballet
The Romantic period in ballet began in 1832, with the opening of a revolutionary
work called La Sylphide. It was one of the earliest and most important Romantic ballets.
Unlike ballets of the past, Romantic ballets were influenced by modern literature, with
new subjects based on *supernatural and dreamlike worlds, and no longer featured
themes connected to the past, such as old stories from Greece and Rome. Accordingly, 5
the story of La Sylphide was modern, taking place in the 1830s. It was based on a
recent novel, Trilby, ou Le lutin d’Argail. It described a supernatural world, similar to
reality yet inhabited by dreamlike creatures.
As for techniques, La Sylphide featured a ballerina dancing on the tips of her
toes throughout the performance, a style that became standard in Romantic ballet. 10
This form, called pointe work, gave the impression of floating, as though the dancer
were a supernatural being visiting the Earth. The appearance of ballerinas floating like
angels gave women newfound superiority over men. Previously men had been the main
figures in ballet, but they became little more than porters whose main job was to lift the
ballerinas. 15
In addition, La Sylphide established new fashions for ballerinas. Unlike the heavy
dresses the ballerinas used to wear, the costumes in La Sylphide were light, white,
layered skirts that reached halfway between the knees and ankles. This costume, which
was called the Romantic tutu, gave ballerinas the effect of a ghost and allowed them to
move their legs more freely, resulting in more technical movements. 20
*supernatural: impossible to explain through the normal laws of nature
At the time, modern literature was departing from traditional Greek and Roman stories.
Ballets of the past were mainly written about Greek and Roman stories.
Supernatural and dreamlike worlds became the subject of most ballets written
during the Romantic period.
Previously, ballets were based on old stories, but contemporary literature
introduced supernatural themes to Romantic ballet.
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2. The word inhabited in the passage is closest in meaning to
built up lived in
governed discovered
3. According to paragraph 2, what change in ballet did pointe work bring about?
An increase in more realistic movements
An increase in the number of ballet dancers
A decline in the importance of male dancers
A shift toward the use of more romantic costumes
With the tutu, ballerinas began to perform more technical moves.
Romantic tutus made ballerinas seem more like ghosts.
New costumes made ballerinas more ghostly and enabled more difficult moves by
freeing their legs.
The difficulty of ballet moves increased after the introduction of the Romantic tutu,
which fit in with supernatural themes.
Organization
• The beginning of the Romantic ballet: started with La Sylphide in 1832
based on literature rather than classical works
featured a supernatural setting with creatures
• Pointe work a technique in which a ballerina dances on tips of her
made the dancer appear to be floating / reduced the role of men
• Changes in costume light, layered skirts called tutus replaced heavy dresses
created a ghostly appearance / allowed dancers to move
their legs more
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iBT Practice 01
Stockholm Syndrome
In a situation where someone threatens your life, it would seem natural for you to dislike
that person. Oftentimes, however, the opposite occurs. Victims in such circumstances easily
become emotionally attached to and even fall in love with those who are threatening them.
This phenomenon is often seen in *hostage situations and is known as Stockholm
syndrome, named after an event that took place in 1973. Two criminals tried to rob a bank in 5
Stockholm, Sweden, but their plan failed and they took four employees hostage. The hostages
were trapped in the bank, with dynamite strapped to their bodies, for six days. When police
attempted a rescue, however, the hostages resisted them and tried to defend their captors.
This behavior continued even after the four were freed. One hostage became engaged to
one of the bank robbers, and another raised funds to help the robbers pay their legal defense 10
fees.
Since this incident, Stockholm syndrome has been widely studied and is now
considered a natural reaction to hostage situations. According to psychologists, emotional
attachment to the captor becomes a strategy of survival for the victim. Since the victim’s well-
being is under threat from the captor and the victim feels escape is impossible, he or she tries 15
to keep the captor happy in order to escape harm. Then, if the victim witnesses what he or she
sees as an act of kindness on the part of the captor, even something as simple as providing
food, the victim will focus on that small positive act instead of the negative sides of the captor.
And finally, because the victim is kept isolated and is exposed only to the captor’s point of
view, the victim begins to see things from the captor’s perspective. Given enough time, he or 20
she will start to sympathize with the captor and develop Stockholm syndrome.
*hostage: a prisoner taken by a person or group in an attempt to have demands met or get money
1. The word strapped in the passage is closest in meaning to

left hung
given attached
64
four employees police
hostages captors
3. Why does the author mention funds?

To show that the Stockholm bank robbers had financial difficulties
To illustrate one of the effects of Stockholm syndrome on the bank employees
To describe a common behavior seen in people with Stockholm syndrome
To show how hard the bank employees’ lives were after being taken hostage
Oftentimes, if the captor simply offers food to the victim, this is seen as an act of
kindness.
In hostage situations, the victim only sees the goodness of the captor, denying the
negative part of the person.
Even though the captor may show the victim some small kindness, the victim tends
to ignore the positive side of the captor.
Any positive act by the captor, no matter how small, is focused on by the victim.
5. According to paragraph 3, which of the following is NOT a factor that contributes to

Stockholm syndrome?
Victims perceive that they are unable to escape.
Victims do not have access to the outside world.
Victims share their perspectives with the captors.
Victims are aware that the captors can harm them.
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the passage.
Strangely, victims in hostage situations often begin to care for their captors.
•
•
•
Answer Choices
Called Stockholm syndrome, this behavior was famously witnessed among bank
employees who were held hostage in Sweden.
Stockholm syndrome is an effective survival strategy, significantly raising the survival
rate of hostages who experience it.
After the Stockholm hostages were released, they remained close to their captors
and tried to help them.
Stockholm syndrome functions as a hostage’s survival strategy and is a normal
reaction to such situations.
As victims struggle to keep their captors happy, their minds emphasize things that
seem positive and begin to adopt the captors’ point of view.
Stockholm syndrome can only occur in cases where victims are held in isolation for
a long period of time.
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iBT Practice 02
The Invention of the Vacuum Cleaner
During the 1800s, the popularity of carpeted floors was on the rise in America and Europe.
New mass production techniques made carpets more affordable than ever before, and they
were installed in homes, offices, and government buildings everywhere. Many inventors
in the second half of the nineteenth century tried and failed to create a machine that could
effectively remove dust from a carpeted floor. It was not until 1901 that Hubert Booth, one 5
such inventor, succeeded in creating the first vacuum cleaner.

Prior to Booth’s invention, most carpet-cleaning devices worked by forcefully blowing
air onto a carpet. In this way, dust was blown out, and a container attached to the machine
would collect some of it. Much of the dust, however, simply flew around the room and landed
somewhere else. Booth based his design on the opposite idea, using *suction to pick up 10
dust and transfer it directly into a container. His machine included a motorized suction pump,
powered by gasoline. An attached hose was run over the carpet, sucking up dust and shooting
it into a container.
Booth’s vacuum cleaner was so large that it had to be mounted on a carriage, and it took
two people to operate. Furthermore, because it was very expensive to produce, consumers 15
could not afford it. So instead of selling his invention to the public, Booth started a door-to-door
cleaning service. The vacuum was carried to a house, and its hose was run through a window
to access the carpet. This service became very popular, with wealthy clients holding parties
so guests could see the device in action. Transparent tubes were used, allowing people to
watch as the dust was sucked up. Booth was even hired to clean the carpets for a British royal 20
event in 1902. Before long, new electrical technology made possible the creation of handheld
vacuum cleaners, but all of these machines, including the ones we use today, work on the
same principle as Booth’s 1901 invention.
*suction: a force caused by a difference in air pressure that can pull on and move objects
67
1. The word installed in the passage is closest in meaning to
sold made
shown placed
to the passage.
However, carpets were very difficult to clean by traditional methods, such as

sweeping.
3. According to paragraph 2, Booth’s carpet-cleaning device was different from earlier

models because it
contained a long hose included a larger dust trap
used gasoline as a fuel source sucked air instead of blowing it
4. The word Transparent in the passage is closest in meaning to

Large Lighted
See-through Brand-new
There have been few technological changes to the vacuum cleaner since Booth’s
invention.
Booth’s vacuum cleaner was quickly replaced by handheld devices.
It is still possible to buy vacuum cleaners that are the same as the one Booth
invented in 1901.
Although more advanced machines were invented soon after, they were all based on
Booth’s design.
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the passage.
Hubert Booth was the first person to successfully create a cleaning device for
carpets.
•
•
•
Answer Choices
The popularity of carpeted floors in the 1800s created the need for a machine that
could clean them efficiently.
Booth’s vacuum cleaner used a hose and suction pump to suck dust into a container.
One problem with Booth’s vacuum cleaner was that it tended to blow dust around
the room.
Booth started a home cleaning service, and it gained great popularity.
The public was so impressed by Booth’s machine that parties were held during its
operation.
Many people tried to invent a cleaning machine for carpeted floors, but they failed.
69
Voca
ocabul
bulary
ary Revi
eview
ew

particle revolutionary proclaim container
solar ankle
1. to announce officially:
2. relating to the sun:
3. a tiny piece of something:
4. totally new and having great changes:
5. an object which is used for holding or storing something:

tip incident foreign decorated
commit witness
1. end point :
2. perform carry out :
3. nonnative external :
4. event happening :

publicly trapped costume supernatural inscribed
1. There was a bird in the house.

2. The beautiful looked good on my mother.
3. The famous comedian announced his marriage yesterday.
4. The bright light in the sky was considered a(n) happening by some.
70
1. My brother attends a class on contemporary literature.
popular foreign romantic modern
2. The wind became stronger and furthermore, it started to rain heavily.

moreover strangely suddenly however
3. The hotel’s interior was much more elegant than we expected.

service reputation location inside
4. The superiority of the opposing team was clear from the start of the game.
dominance victory energy expectation

1. The army traveled slowly over the uneven land.
calm dusty dry smooth
2. They removed the carpet and exposed the beautiful wood floor.
covered found saw dirtied
3. He chose the small car because it was the most affordable option.
unexpected expensive difficult desirable

1. A water pipe broke, (resulting in / passing by) the flooding of the building.
2. The tornado (sucked up / turned out) the cars and threw them across the road.
3. All the presidents (putting up with / prior to) him failed to bring about economic growth.
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Actual Practice Test I
Actual Practice Test
Dividing the Atmosphere
Earth is enclosed by a ball of mixed gases called the atmosphere. Without the
atmosphere, no life could exist. It provides the oxygen we breathe and protects us from
dangerous solar radiation. Scientists have divided it into four layers based on the changes in
temperature that occur with increases in altitude.
The first layer, the troposphere, is the smallest but perhaps the most important to 5
humans. It extends from Earth’s surface up to an average of 11 km. Temperatures are highest
at the bottom of the troposphere, as heat from the sun reflects off the planet and warms the air.
Moving upward, the temperature drops uniformly as altitude increases, averaging -57ºC at the
top of the layer. Almost all of Earth’s weather phenomena form within the troposphere.
The stratosphere lies above the troposphere and stretches about four times as high. For 10
the first 10 km of this layer, air temperature remains constant with height. Then, starting at 20
km above Earth’s surface, it begins to warm. It continues to rise as altitude increases, reaching
up to -3ºC. This warming is caused by ozone, a gas composed of oxygen atoms and found
in large quantities in the stratosphere, which produces heat as it absorbs ultraviolet radiation
from the sun. The ozone layer is important because life on Earth could not survive the sun’s 15
radiation without its protection.

At 50 km above the surface, the stratosphere ends and the mesosphere begins. Again, the
bottom portion of this new layer possesses a constant temperature. Above that, temperatures
fall as altitude increases. This is because the decreased amount of ozone present at these
heights absorbs less ultraviolet radiation. Near the top of the mesosphere, 80 km above Earth, 20
the temperature is as low as -90ºC, making this the coldest atmospheric layer.
The final and highest layer is the thermosphere. By this point, the atmosphere’s gases
have thinned to nearly nothing. Strangely, though, temperatures are seen to rise as a result
of the powerful heat and radiation from the sun. The thermosphere continues until, hundreds
of kilometers above Earth, the last of the gases disappears. 25
Glossary
atom: the smallest unit of matter
74
1. The word enclosed in the passage is closest in meaning to
protected
separated
maintained
surrounded
2. According to paragraph 1, how is the atmosphere divided into four layers?

By the order of their formation
By the types of gases it contains
By measurements of solar radiation
By an analysis of temperature changes
3. The word uniformly in the passage is closest in meaning to

rapidly
formally
regularly
significantly
4. According to paragraph 2, which of the following is true of the troposphere?

It is the thickest of all the atmospheric layers.
It has warm temperatures near Earth’s surface.
It protects Earth from severe weather phenomena.
Air at the top of the layer is warmer than air at the bottom.
75
Large amounts of ozone gas, made of oxygen atoms, are known to exist in the
stratosphere.
Oxygen atoms come together to form ozone in the stratosphere, and create
ultraviolet radiation.
A gas in the stratosphere called ozone warms the layer by taking in ultraviolet
radiation.
The sun’s ultraviolet radiation heats up the oxygen-based gases in the stratosphere.

ultraviolet radiation
ozone layer
Earth
sun
7. Why does the author mention the amount of ozone in the mesosphere?
To show the composition of the layer
To suggest that the layer cannot support life
To explain a fall in temperatures within the layer
To describe a weather event that occurs in the layer
8. In what order does the author describe the layers of the atmosphere in the passage?
From the lowest to the highest
From the smallest to the largest
From the warmest to the coldest
From the least dense to the most dense
76
to the passage.
In fact, it can reach 2000°C within this layer.
Click on a square [ ] to add the sentence to the passage.
phrases from the answer choices and match them to the pair of atmospheric layers to
Drag your answer choices to the spaces where they belong. To remove an
answer choice, click on it. To review the passage, click on View Text.
Answer Choices Troposphere or Stratosphere
Contains gases that reflect ultraviolet radiation ▶

Possesses only small amounts of gases ▶
Receives heat that is generated beneath ▶
Earth’s surface
Includes the first 11 km of the atmosphere
Includes the coldest temperatures in the Mesosphere or Thermosphere
atmosphere
▶
Is responsible for protecting Earth from solar
▶
radiation
Is the place where the formation of Earth’s
weather events occur
77
PART B
Making
Inference
Unit 05 Inference
Unit 06 Rhetorical Purpose
Unit 05
Inference
Inference questions ask you about information that is suggested but not directly
stated in the passage.
Question Types
• From the passage, it can be inferred that
• What can be inferred from paragraph _ about X?
Basi
asicc D
Dril
rills
ls 01
All humans have a function, known as the
immune system, which recognizes and fights off
harmful substances such as viruses. People are born
with this system, so the human body already contains
certain cells that can recognize a virus and generate 5
*antibodies for it. Once produced, these antibodies

remain in the body so that the virus can be fought off if it attacks again. Sometimes,
however, the body needs help to fight off particular viruses, like measles and smallpox,
and therefore needs to be immunized. Immunization strengthens the immune system
to fight these diseases. This is usually done by way of a vaccine, which *injects a dead 10
or weakened form of a virus into the body so that it can produce antibodies. However,
the body suffers no, or few, symptoms of the disease as the injected virus is far weaker
than the original one.
*antibody: a protein produced in the body designed to fight against specific diseases
*inject: to put a substance into a person’s body using a needle
1. What can be inferred about immunization?

Antibodies become stronger when a vaccine is injected into the body.
Vaccines are used in immunization because they are the easiest method.
Its purpose is to ensure that people do not come into contact with viruses.
Once someone is immunized against a certain disease, he or she will not get sick
from it again.
2. What can be inferred about the human body?

It produces more antibodies at a younger age.
It is not naturally immune to all diseases.
It does not recognize a dead or weakened form of a virus.
It is usually better than any vaccine at fighting diseases.
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Unit 05 Inference
Basi
asicc Dril
rills
ls 02
During each year of a tree’s life, a new layer of wood forms immediately below the
bark. These growth rings make it possible to determine a tree’s age. Growth rings are
more obvious in the trees of *temperate regions because seasonal changes clearly
define each layer. These changes produce a light-colored section and a dark-colored
section within each layer. The light-colored portion forms during a period of rapid 5
growth in the spring. During the summer or autumn, as the growing season ends, the
denser, darker layer forms.
Just as seasonal changes affect the appearance of growth rings, environmental
conditions cause variations in the wood as well. Accordingly, wet weather and
long growing seasons produce wide growth rings, while dry weather, poor growing 10
conditions, and droughts leave behind narrow ones. Therefore, it is possible to piece
together a picture of past climates by studying the growth rings of old trees.
*temperate regions: places where there are mild seasonal differences between summer and
winter
1. What can be inferred from paragraph 2 about tree rings?

They do not form every single year.
The thickness of each tree ring is different.
The reason for their formation is not known.
The total number in a tree trunk depends on the amount of rainfall.
2. From the passage, it can be inferred that

if a year is rainy, the light-colored portion in a tree’s rings will not form
some trees develop only dark-colored portion in their rings
tropical trees do not produce growth-ring records in their trunks
trees in the same area generally have similar growth-ring patterns
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Read
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ractic
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e 01
European Music in the Classical Era
Although Western music’s Classical period lasted only 70 years, from about 1750
to 1820, it gave rise to many important changes that affected the course of later musical
development. Unlike the complex and artificial style of Baroque art, which was popular
in the previous era, Classical artistic expressions were made in a natural and simplistic
style so that all people could relate to and enjoy them. Composers such as Mozart, 5
Haydn, and Beethoven worked during this era.

Musical pieces in the Classical period took on very distinct forms, one of the
most important being the sonata. Sonatas were initially written for solo instruments, most
often the piano. They typically consisted of three sections, ordered in a specific way:
fast, slow, and *minuet or fast. However, later in the period, sonatas with four sections 10
were composed for orchestras, and this type of sonata was called a symphony. The four
sections in symphonies were fast, slow, minuet, and fast.
Another important development of the Classical period was the growth of the
public concert and the orchestra. In the Baroque era, composers had been heavily
influenced by aristocrats and the church, but now they were free to reflect the emotions 15
of the common person and to perform their work in open spaces for the general public.
Composers started organizing concerts featuring their own music, and they attracted
large audiences. This new demand for large-scale performances, combined with the
introduction of instruments such as the flute, oboe, and trumpet, contributed greatly to
the growth of the orchestra. Because of these and other innovations, the music of the 20
Classical era left a lasting impression on the art form and is still popular today.
*minuet: a slow and elegant piece of music used most often in dances in the 17th and 18th
centuries
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Unit 05 Inference
1. What can be inferred from paragraph 2 about sonatas in the Classical period?
The symphony was the most popular.
They had predictable structures.
Most of them were written for the same instrument.
Each section was the same length.
2. The author mentions the flute, oboe, and trumpet in order to

describe a typical orchestral performance
discuss the early makeup of the orchestra
list the most popular Classical instruments
offer one explanation for the rise of the orchestra
3. What can be inferred from paragraph 3 about composers in the Baroque era?
They possessed a high social status.
They earned much money and fame.
They disliked the orchestral music of the time.
They created music that aristocrats and the church favored.
Organization
• The period from about to
featured a simple style that appealed to common people
• Sonatas initially written for a instrument and divided into three
sections
changed into four sections and played by
• Results focus shifted from aristocrats and the to the public
orchestras and public concerts became more popular
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e 02
The Planet Saturn
Saturn, named after the Roman god of

agriculture, is the sixth planet from the Sun. It is the
second largest planet in the solar system with a
diameter measuring about 120,000 kilometers – nearly
ten times that of Earth. The composition of Saturn, 5
like the gas giants Jupiter, Uranus, and Neptune, is

a mixture of hydrogen and helium. Except for Jupiter, it rotates faster than any other
planet, taking only 10 hours and 39 minutes to spin around once. Due to the outward
force caused by this rapid rotation, the shape of the planet is not perfectly round – it
*bulges at its equator and flattens at its north and south poles. 10
Saturn can be distinguished from other planets because it is surrounded by

large and spectacular rings. Named alphabetically in the order of their discovery, there
are seven rings from A to G – A and B are known to be the brightest while F and G are
very faint. With a thickness of about 1 kilometer or less, they extend 300,000 kilometers
from the planet. Although the exact composition of the rings is not known, they are 15
composed mostly of water and ice in the form of billions of icebergs and snowballs.
In addition to its rings, Saturn is known to have many moons which orbit around
the planet. Saturn’s largest moon, called Titan, is the second largest moon in the solar
system, and is larger than the planet Mercury. Titan is also one of the few moons known
to have an atmosphere, and scientists believe that its surface is similar to Earth’s before 20
life began.
*bulge: to expand in size
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Unit 05 Inference
1. What can be inferred from paragraph 1 about other planets except Jupiter?
They are bigger in diameter than Earth.
They are more perfectly round-shaped than Saturn.
They are mainly composed of hydrogen and helium.
They rotate slower than Saturn because of their large size.
2. What can be inferred from paragraph 2 about Saturn’s rings?

Their existence led to the discovery of Saturn.
They are wider and thinner than other planets’ rings.
Their composition is unique among objects in the solar system.
The degree of their brightness probably affected the order of their discovery.
3. The word orbit in the passage is closest in meaning to

circle work
hang appear
Organization
• Saturn the largest planet in the solar system
composed of hydrogen and helium gases
has a rapid rotation rate
• Seven rings of Saturn named alphabetically in the order of their
composed primarily of water and
• Saturn’s moons — Titan: has an atmosphere and a surface that resembles ancient
85
iBT Practice 01
The Caste System in India
Caste systems are social structures that divide people into groups of different statuses.
India’s caste system was perhaps the most longstanding and well-known caste system in
the world. In the Indian caste system, social status was determined by one’s birth and rarely
changed. People were severely restricted in their choice of occupation and degree of social
participation. In addition, members of a caste were expected to eat and work with people of 5
their own caste and were not allowed to marry outside their caste.
The traditional organization of Indian castes included four categories plus a group of
outsiders known as the Untouchables. With the highest status in Indian society, the Brahmins
were a caste of priests and intellectuals. They were greatly respected and received financial
support from the lower castes. Below the Brahmins were the Kshatriyas, a ruling class of kings 10
and soldiers. They were expected to govern the community justly and protect the people.
Slightly lower in status were the Vaishyas, merchants and landowners whose role in their
communities was primarily economic. The lowest caste, the Shudras, were laborers and
farmers who worked for the castes above them. Although the Shudras occupied a low social
position, there was still a group of people with much less social status: the Untouchables. The 15
Untouchables were outcasts, people excluded from the caste system. With hardly any social
status, they lived in poverty, cleaning streets and toilets and handling dead bodies. Such
work caused them to be seen as polluted, so they were banned from social contact with other
castes and faced a lot of discrimination.
Throughout history, many people, including India’s influential leader Mohandas 20
Gandhi, struggled to eliminate the caste system in India. It was finally outlawed on January
26, 1950, when the Constitution of India made discrimination based on caste illegal. However,
evidence of the caste system remains quite visible in the villages of rural India, where about
70% of country’s population lives. There, caste discrimination is still common, and old caste
connections continue to influence politics, marriages, and job opportunities. 25
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Unit 05 Inference
1. The word occupied in the passage is closest in meaning to
found accepted
disliked possessed
2. According to paragraph 2, which of the following is NOT true about the four castes in
India?
The Brahmins received financial support from other castes.
The Kshatriyas were soldiers and religious leaders of the society.
The Vaishyas were mainly involved in the country’s commercial business.
The Shudras offered farm products to the society.
3. The word eliminate in the passage is closest in meaning to

end examine
criticize improve
4. The author mentions villages of rural India in order to

list some of the accomplishments of Mohandas Gandhi
argue that rural Indians benefited from the caste system
indicate that the caste system has not disappeared completely
compare caste discrimination with other types of discrimination
5. What can be inferred from paragraphs 2 and 3 about the Untouchables?

They could not own private property.
They mostly lived in rural areas instead of cities.
They led the campaign against the caste system.
They did jobs that no one else was willing to perform.
Paragraphs 2 and 3 are marked with arrows [ ].
87
the passage.
The caste system of India strictly controlled the country’s society.

•
•
•
Answer Choices
Certain members of Indian society were actually considered to be beneath the caste
system.
The caste system was composed of four castes and the Untouchables.
Caste affected what kinds of occupations were available to an individual and who
they were permitted to socialize with.
Mohandas Gandhi was influential in passing laws against caste discrimination.
In rural India especially, caste continues to influence Indian life even though the
system has been banned.
The Brahmins and the Kshatriyas, who were the highest castes, had certain privileges.
88
Unit 05 Inference
iBT Practice 02
Symbolism in the National Opera of China
In China, there are many forms of opera, but Beijing opera is more influential than all of
the others and is considered to be the national opera of China. It brings together numerous
art forms, such as theatre, music, pantomime, singing, and *martial arts. The most impressive
aspect of Beijing opera is its use of symbolism: nearly all the actors’ movements, facial paint,
and costumes are associated with symbolic meanings. 5
In Beijing opera, actors use symbolic movements to communicate with the audience.
For example, if a performer walks around in a large circle, that symbolizes traveling a long
distance. If a performer lifts a foot, it signals that he or she is stepping through a doorway.
By simply gesturing or moving their bodies in certain ways, actors can convey all kinds of
actions, like sewing, riding a horse, or rowing a boat. 10
Facial makeup in Beijing opera is an art. Actors paint their faces with various colors
that represent the personality of their character. This practice began more than a thousand
years ago, when actors used to wear masks. They started painting their faces instead because
it allowed the audience to see their expressions better. Over time, different colors of face paint
developed different symbolic meanings. Red implies that a character is bold and honorable, 15
while yellow indicates that a person is smart and ambitious. Rational, patient characters
appear in purple, and strong, honest individuals can often be recognized by their black facial
makeup.
Another important characteristic of Beijing opera is the elaborate costumes, which feature
brilliant colors and many details. Like the actors’ face paint and movements, their costumes 20
are abundant with meaning. They present such strong clues about a character’s social status
that it is possible for the audience to recognize an individual’s rank with one glance at his or
her clothing. Some typical colors include yellow to indicate royalty, red to represent members
of the upper class, and white to identify elderly officials. Sometimes the color pink may be
seen in the costumes of young characters. 25
*martial art: a sport that teaches traditional forms of fighting or defending oneself
89
to the passage.
Therefore, it is not necessary to use actual objects on stage to show that there is a
sewing needle, horse, or boat in the scene.
2. According to paragraph 2, it can be inferred that

male and female actors have different movement patterns
there is probably a set of rules to guide actors’ movements
the actors probably change their movements in response to the reactions of audiences
the stage is usually decorated with fancy scenery to better establish the setting
3. According to paragraph 3, why did actors start painting their faces instead of wearing
masks?
Because it took several days to produce a mask
Because they wanted to show various expressions
Because masks made it difficult for the actors to move freely
Because it enabled the audience to see their expressions better
4. The word abundant in the passage is closest in meaning to

rich simple
unique obvious
90
Unit 05 Inference
5. The author explains symbolism in Beijing opera by
listing all of the art forms that it includes
describing the details of its origin and development
explaining the features of some characters that frequently appear
discussing how it is expressed in the opera’s three main components

the passage.
Beijing opera is famous for its use of symbolic movement, facial makeup, and
costumes.
•
•
•
Answer Choices
Costumes and accessories play an important part of the opera’s dramatic stage
effects.
Actors use special gestures to represent certain actions to the audience.
Combining dance, theatre, and music, Beijing opera is a truly unique form of art.
Though each color of facial paint has a symbolic meaning, the rules are flexible.
Different colors of facial paint are used to suggest the personality of the characters.
Colorful costumes convey to the audience details of a character’s social status.
91
Voca
ocabul
bulary
ary Revi
eview
ew
glance bark variation feature

aristocrat spin
1. a difference in form:
2. to turn around quickly:
3. the outside layer of a tree:
4. a quick look:
5. a person in the highest social class:
represent primarily composition exclude

polluted distinct
1. dirty unclean :
2. reject leave out :
3. structure makeup :
4. obvious recognizable :

conveyed innovation flexible symptoms droughts
1. The slow song a feeling of sadness.

2. Decades of turned the valley into a desert.
3. We learned about the of malaria before traveling abroad.
4. The scientists’ research brought about a technological in the airline
industry.
92
Unit 05 Inference
1. She identified the man as a local newscaster.
recognized introduced supported met
2. Susan was served a bigger portion of cake than she wanted.

bread part decoration material
3. Some publishing companies worry that the era of books is coming to an end.
respect period popularity formation
4. My friend told me that the fireworks display last night was a spectacular sight.
unusual scary amazing interesting

1. The city banned the use of cell phones on the subway.
allowed questioned convinced discouraged
2. This recent economic crisis will have a lasting effect on our country.
unknown temporary slight doubtful
3. Because of the region’s poverty, many people require assistance.

wealth destruction stability cleanness

1. The lifestyles of celebrities are sometimes hard to (relate to / refer to).
2. Secret military research (rose up / gave rise to) many modern technologies.
3. Fossil evidence helped the scientists (join with / piece together) a picture of the ancient
species.
93
PART B
Making
Inference
Unit 05 Inference
Unit 06
Rhetorical Purpose
Rhetorical Purpose questions ask why the author includes certain information in
the passage.
Question Types
Question forms that ask about the author’s intent:
• Why does the author mention X in paragraph _?
• The author discusses X in paragraph _ in order to
Question forms that ask about the author’s method:

• How does the author explain the idea of X in paragraph _?
• In the passage, the author explains the concept of X by
Basi
asicc D
Dril
rills
ls 01
Like humans, sharks have five senses that allow
them to touch, taste, see, hear, and smell the world
they live in. Sharks, however, have an advantage that
humans do not, for they possess a sixth sense called
electroreception. This is the ability to detect electric 5
fields. The organs that make this sixth sense possible

are known as the “ampullae of Lorenzini.” They are basically a network of jelly-filled tubes
within a shark’s head that open into small holes on the surface of the skin. Because all
living animals emit faint electric fields, this ability is very useful to sharks. When sharks
hunt at night or in cloudy water, they can find the precise position of their prey without 10
relying on their vision. Perhaps the most remarkable aspect of sharks’ electroreception
is that it is extremely well-developed. They are known to be more sensitive than other
animals that have electroreception and can even detect movements of animals from
hundreds of meters away.
1. Why does the author mention hunting at night or in cloudy water?

To show how the ampullae of Lorenzini work
To indicate that many animals use electroreception
To describe the environment in which sharks prefer to live
To give examples of when electroreception is advantageous for sharks
2. The author mentions animals from hundreds of meters away in order to

show how dangerous sharks are to people
explain the strength of sharks’ electric fields
emphasize the limitations of using electroreception
show how sensitive the electroreception of sharks is
96
Basi
asicc Dril
rills
ls 02
Deciduous trees are those trees that lose their leaves in the fall. In spring and
summer, their leaves make food from water and carbon dioxide using sunlight. However,
during fall, when days are shorter and the weather is colder and drier, the leaves do not
receive enough sunlight or water. These changes result in the end of the leaves’ ability
to make food. As the leaves are no longer needed by the trees, in order to minimize the 5
loss of stored food, they fall off the trees.

When trees remove their leaves, a layer of cells known as the separation layer
plays a big role. This layer is located at the base of each leaf’s stem, where the stem
itself connects to the tree. During fall, the separation layer expands and forms a material
similar to cork that cuts off the flow of water and food between the leaf and the tree. 10
Then, the tissues that sustain the leaf are slowly destroyed as a seal is formed between
the leaf and the tree. Finally, the leaf begins to tear at the separation layer and fall from
the tree.
1. Why does the author mention the lack of water and sunlight in paragraph 1?
To describe why some trees are classified as deciduous
To show factors that affect the growth of deciduous trees
To explain why leaves of deciduous trees stop making food in the fall
To demonstrate that fall is a very hard time for deciduous trees to survive
2. The author mentions cork in order to

describe the flow of water and food in trees
explain the material that makes leaves fall off
show the changes that occur in leaf tissue in the fall
identify the process by which the separation layer forms
97
Read
eading
ing Prac
ractic
tice
e 01
Dyslexia
Dyslexia is the most common and widely known

learning disability and it is related to oral and written
language skills. Dyslexia does not have anything to
do with intelligence, race, or social background. In the
US alone, about 15% of the population is affected by 5
dyslexia to some degree.

Though symptoms vary in severity for each person, people with dyslexia have
several common symptoms: they cannot remember what they have just heard or read,
cannot comprehend written or spoken directions, and cannot spell words in the right
order. Furthermore, dyslexia can make people unable to express themselves clearly. 10
Many obstacles dyslexic people face can have a terrible effect on their self-image.
Children suffering from dyslexia, for example, face a lot of stress at school where their
schoolwork causes them to become frustrated and feel helpless. Sometimes, this results
in a loss of interest and motivation, which only worsens the situation.
Dyslexia is a lifelong condition, but its effects can be reduced by various 15
methods. Children are aided by special reading therapists to develop techniques to

identify the correct sounds and letters and to recognize words. They are also instructed
by professionals to practice reading and note-taking and to learn conversation skills.
Additionally, there is help for the emotional problems that are often the result of struggling
to overcome academic difficulties. Most importantly, early treatment is most effective for 20
people affected by dyslexia.
1. The author mentions intelligence, race, or social background in order to

suggest that ideas about dyslexia have changed over time
give an example of factors that make dyslexia difficult to detect
indicate that a large portion of the population is affected by dyslexia
explain that dyslexia is not related to certain characteristics of people
98
2. The word obstacles in the passage is closest in meaning to
barriers dangers
diseases situations
3. Why does the author mention schoolwork?

To suggest that dyslexia must be treated early in life
To show that dyslexia causes the patient to lose confidence
To explain why dyslexia can be more serious in young people
To give an example of a way that teachers can help dyslexic students
4. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in paragraph 3 as a way of treating dyslexia?

Providing students with instruction on conversation skills
Dealing with emotional problems caused by academic difficulties
Helping students learn the way to recognize correct sounds and letters
Teaching students to read using useful tools like pictures and computers
Summary
Dyslexia is a common disability that affects oral and written language
skills. While symptoms vary, they often include difficulty with memorizing,
comprehension, the inability to spell in the correct order, and problems
with self-expression. It can often lead to a poor self-image and students can lose
motivation and in their studies. Although dyslexia cannot be cured, it can
be treated. Therapists can teach children special methods of reading, speaking and
writing; related problems can be helped by specialists as well.
99
Read
eading
ing Prac
ractic
tice
e 02
Noise Pollution in the Oceans
Today’s oceans are becoming increasingly noisy places, filled with a roar of sound
produced by a variety of human activities. The loudest include the propellers of large
ships, powerful *sonar used during military exercises, and air guns that are fired into
the seafloor to search for oil and gas reserves. Because sound travels much farther and
faster underwater than on land, these activities affect marine animals over an immense 5
area.
There are several different ways in which noise pollution is negatively impacting
marine life. Many animals living in the oceans depend on their sense of hearing to
survive. For example, while migrating, whales remain in contact with their group by
producing “songs” that can be heard across hundreds of miles of ocean. But when 10
underwater noise is too loud, it is impossible for the whales to hear the songs and they
can easily become separated from each other and lose their way. This occurred in
2000, when three whales were seen off the coast of the Galapagos Islands, far from
their ordinary migration route. Scientists linked the sighting to a *seismic survey using
powerful air guns that was being conducted in the area. Even more serious is the fact 15
that animals can be severely injured or killed by intense undersea noise. Between 2001
and 2003, nine giant squids were found dead on Spain’s coast as a result of offshore
oil and gas surveys. They showed signs of ear damage and internal injuries which
scientists think were caused by the massive explosions set off by the survey team.
*sonar: a device that produces sound waves in order to determine ocean depth or the location
of an underwater object
*seismic: relating to an earthquake
1. The word immense in the passage is closest in meaning to

vast surface
specific sensitive
100
2. The author mentions a seismic survey in order to
show how animals can be killed by noise
explain the purpose of underwater air guns
indicate why three whales got lost near the Galapagos
describe a way to study the sound of whales’ songs
Massive explosions were involved in the survey team’s work.
Scientists believe the survey explosions harmed the animals.
Scientists sent the survey team to find out why the animals suffered injuries.
Some scientists think the animals’ deaths could have been prevented by the survey
team.
4. In paragraph 2, the author explains the seriousness of noise pollution by

suggesting that ocean animals are constantly dying
listing the human activities that create loud noise
describing specific incidents involving marine creatures
comparing the sensitivity to noise of marine animals with that of land animals
Summary
Loud noises caused by human activities are negatively affecting
. The sense of is important to the survival of many
marine animals. For instance, whales rely on their songs to remain in contact while
migrating across the ocean. Loud noises can cause individual whales to become
from their group. Other animals can actually be injured or killed by these
noises. Offshore oil and gas surveys have led to the deaths of several
off the coast of Spain, with loud causing injuries.
101
iBT Practice 01
The Components of Blood
Blood is made up of a watery light-colored liquid called plasma and three kinds of blood
cells: red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Plasma makes up about 55% of the total
composition of blood, and blood cells account for about 45%.
Plasma, which is composed primarily of water, transports blood cells throughout
the body. Similarly, it carries important nutrients, like sugars, fats, salts, and minerals, and 5
removes waste products that need to be taken away from the tissues. It also contains proteins
called clotting factors, which are used to stop bleeding.
Red blood cells are the most plentiful of the three types of blood cells. They are disc-
like in appearance and feature a gentle inward curve on the top and bottom side. The red
color for which they are named comes from a substance in red blood cells called hemoglobin. 10
Able to hold oxygen, hemoglobin makes it possible for red blood cells to deliver this essential
substance to all the tissues of the body. Hemoglobin also plays a small role in removing
carbon dioxide from the body’s tissues and transporting it to the lungs.
White blood cells have an irregular shape, and they work together to defend the body
against infection as a part of the body’s immune system. White blood cells are normally 15
dispersed throughout the body. However, when viruses, bacteria, or other organisms are found
in the body, white blood cells gather at the site of the infection and fight against the invading
organisms, operating like an army. They deal with invaders by surrounding them, destroying
them, and producing antibodies – special proteins that help the body get rid of them.
The third type of cells in blood, platelets, are pieces that have broken off of cells in 20
*bone marrow. Like plasma, they are also involved in the clotting process. They help prevent
excess blood loss by sticking together at the site of an injury to repair broken blood vessels.
In addition, platelets help stop the bleeding by releasing special substances that cause blood
to clot.
*bone marrow: the soft tissue found inside the center of bones
102
1. According to paragraph 2, which of the following is NOT true of plasma?
It helps control bleeding.
It carries blood cells all over the body.
It removes waste products from the tissues.
It has proteins that carry important nutrients.
to the passage.
Once delivered to the tissues, it is used to produce energy that the body needs.
3. According to paragraph 3, which of the following is true of hemoglobin?

It is produced by red blood cells.
It gives red blood cells their red color.
It removes oxygen from red blood cells.
Its primary job is to deal with carbon dioxide.
4. The word dispersed in the passage is closest in meaning to

carried
spread
located
produced
103
5. Why does the author mention an army?
To emphasize the role of antibodies
To describe the way white blood cells function
To show the number of white blood cells produced
To explain the danger caused by foreign organisms
6. According to paragraph 5, how do platelets keep the body from losing too much blood?
By storing and producing important clotting factors
By fighting invading organisms before they cause damage to blood vessels
By joining together to seal wounds and using chemicals that cause blood to clot
By breaking away from the bone marrow and traveling to the broken blood vessel
104
iBT Practice 02
Old Italian Comedy
Popular in Italy during the sixteenth century, Commedia dell’arte was a form of humorous
theatre. It was performed by traveling groups of actors who set up temporary stages in the
street and in marketplaces. There, they entertained audiences by dancing, tumbling, playing
music, and delivering amusing dialog.
There was a set group of characters that consistently appeared in the Commedia dell’arte. 5
These characters were humorous images of different social groups – arrogant soldiers, clever
servants, and greedy merchants. They were part of the tradition of the Commedia dell’arte
and could be easily recognized by their costumes, masks, and gestures. One of the most
popular characters was Arlecchino, a servant. He wore a tight jacket and pants with colorful
diamond-shaped patches. His mask resembled a cat’s face, with small round eyes and curved 10
eyebrows. He was constantly in motion, and instead of walking in a straight line, he stepped
from side to side as though he were waltzing. Arlecchino’s master, Pantalone, was another
typical character. He was a merchant who usually appeared in red pants, a red hat, and a
black cloak, with a money purse on his belt. His mask had small eyes, a mustache, and a long,
downward-curving nose. He walked with his back bent, partly because he was an old man, 15
but mostly to protect his money purse.

Another characteristic of the Commedia dell’arte was that it involved a great deal
of *improvisation. Before going on stage, the actors developed a basic outline of each scene.
However, these outlines were just simple stage directions telling the actors, for example, when
to enter the scene or do something humorous. Therefore, actors made up the details as they 20
went along, reacting to the audience and to each other. In addition, every once in a while,
actors paused the scene to do something funny, like pantomiming, juggling, or wrestling.
These humorous interruptions were known as lazzi and were an important part of the play.
Most of the time, they had nothing to do with the plot and were just intended to make the
audience laugh. 25
*improvisation: a type of performance that involves little preparation and is mainly made up in front
of an audience
105
1. The word consistently in the passage is closest in meaning to
formally generally
regularly humorously
2. Why does the author mention waltzing?

To describe the movement of Arlecchino
To explain what people thought of certain social groups
To compare the characters of Arlecchino and Pantalone
To indicate that dance was important in the Commedia dell’arte
3. The word interruptions in the passage is closest in meaning to

breaks actions
changes settings
4. What can be inferred from paragraph 3 about the Commedia dell’arte?

People in the audience often got up on stage with the actors.
The basic storyline was passed down through spoken language.
Compared to other types of theatre at the time, it was relatively formal.
Every performance was different in spite of having the same storyline.
5. According to paragraph 3, which of the following is true of lazzi?

They were humorous but generally pointless.
They played an important role in the development of the story.
They entertained the audience before the start of a performance.
They were carefully planned beforehand to make the audience laugh.
106
the passage.
Commedia dell’arte was a popular form of theatre in Italy during the sixteenth
century.
•
•
•
Answer Choices
A standard set of characters appeared in the Commedia dell’arte with typical
costumes, masks, and movements.
Most of the time, the Commedia dell’arte was staged on the street and in
marketplaces instead of in performance halls.
Relying on basic stage directions, a large part of the Commedia dell’arte was made
up during the performance.
Lazzi appeared in the Commedia dell’arte to make the show funny.
Characters in the Commedia dell’arte represented different social groups.
The style of the Commedia dell’arte greatly affected European theatre of the
seventeenth century.
107
Voca
ocabul
bulary
ary Revi
eview
ew
emit sighting intense motivation

struggle faint
1. not bright or strong:

2. to give off or release:
3. strongly felt or experienced:
4. a reason for performing an action:
5. to try very hard to deal with a difficulty:
amusing plentiful frustrated sustain

stem instruct
1. support maintain :
2. funny humorous :
3. discouraged disappointed :
4. teach educate :

worsen minerals massive whales comprehend
1. Today’s heavy rainfall is certain to the flood.

2. His family couldn’t why he wanted to move so far from home.
3. At sea, it is sometimes possible to hear the singing of the .
4. Listing all the library’s magazines was a(n) project.
108
1. The oral portion of the test was the most difficult.
unexpected spoken primary last
2. The newly built dam helped minimize the flood damage.

reduce create prevent predict
3. We had excess money, so we decided to buy some cake for dessert.

much little extra hidden
4. Some organisms can survive at the bottom of the ocean without sunlight.
plants diseases divers creatures

1. People don’t like him because of his arrogant attitude.
humble kind diligent positive
2. The new medicine proved effective for curing the illness.

weak unsuccessful remarkable ordinary
3. Jake was hired by the company as a temporary employee.

first experienced permanent old

1. The soldier (took off / set off) the bomb by mistake.
2. My mom opened the window to (get rid of / cover up) the bad smell in my room.
3. I spilt water on my desk, so the pages in my book (stuck together / broke apart).
109
Actual Practice Test II
The Earliest Newspapers
For ages, newspapers have been used to spread world news to the masses. Historians
have traced the origins of the newspaper back more than 2,000 years to Ancient Rome. In
59 BC, the Romans introduced the Acta Diurna, or “daily events,” which was the earliest
recorded newspaper. Julius Caesar, the ruler of Rome at that time, felt that the public should
be informed about local affairs and news from the rest of the empire. He ordered the Acta 5
Diurna, which were carved in stone or metal tablets, to be posted in markets, bathhouses, and
other public places.
The Chinese also created a type of newssheet, called tipao, during the Han Dynasty
(206 BC – 220 AD). Handwritten on silk, they were circulated only among government officials.
At some point during the Tang Dynasty (618 – 907 AD), the Chinese used carved wooden 10
blocks to print tipao and began producing the first printed newspapers in history. Although
they were never published frequently or widely, they survived for about a dozen centuries.
Johannes Gutenberg’s creation of the printing press in around 1450 advanced
the technology of newspapers in the Western world. With the aid of his machine, printing
multiple copies of a text became far more efficient and less labor-intensive than ever before. 15
European officials soon took advantage of the printing press, using the device to publish
news books. In these brief pamphlets were announcements about important events such
as royal weddings and military battles. Unlike modern newspapers, however, news books
did not have a regular publication schedule.
The first city to publish newspapers according to a consistent schedule was Venice, 20
Italy, where, during the 16th century, the Notizie Scritte reported monthly on events from other
parts of Italy and Europe. As early newspapers began to appear in other cities, they adopted
the same format and style as the Notizie Scritte. A series of short news items was given, with
the location and date of origin listed above each entry.
Starting in the 17th century, newspapers quickly spread throughout Europe, gaining 25
popularity. Major publications included Germany’s Relation (established in 1605), France’s

La Gazette (established in 1631), and England’s London Gazette (established in 1666). These
periodicals focused on international rather than domestic issues, reporting on news from
around Europe and occasionally America and Asia as well.
112
1. The word traced in the passage is closest in meaning to
believed followed
supported explained
2. Why does the author mention Julius Caesar?

To explain who wrote the content that was included in the Acta Diurna
To name the person responsible for introducing an early form of newspaper
To describe life in Ancient Rome before there was a method for sharing news
To show that there was strong opposition to placing the Acta Diurna in public
locations
3. According to paragraph 2, the Chinese were the first to

create a regularly released newspaper
use print technology to report the news
distribute newspapers to a wide audience
publish government information in newssheets
4. The word advanced in the passage is closest in meaning to

changed provided
improved introduced
5. The word device in the passage is closest in meaning to

idea tool
form means
113
6. According to paragraph 3, what did Gutenberg’s printing press reduce?
The expense required to print copies
The need for foreign newspapers in Europe
The amount of work needed to reproduce texts
The time it took to manufacture a printing press
The Notizie Scritte of Italy reported on events from other parts of Europe.
Though only published monthly, the Notizie Scritte was Italy’s most important source
of news in the 16th century.
Venice’s Notizie Scritte was the first regularly produced newspaper, and it covered
stories from around Europe.
The first regularly published newspaper was introduced in Venice, Italy.
8. According to paragraph 4, which is a characteristic of the Notizie Scritte?

It only dealt with domestic issues.
It was published every other week.
It was influenced by other European papers.
It named the locations where its news items were written.
to the passage.
They were usually only distributed when authorities wanted the public to know
about certain issues or events.
114
the passage.
Historians consider the Acta Diurna of Ancient Rome to be the earliest example of a
newspaper.
•
•
•
Answer Choices
The Acta Diurna was written on tablets of either stone or metal and displayed in
public areas.
Although a type of newssheet existed in China for many centuries, its production
and distribution were limited.
The innovation of Gutenberg’s printing press made possible a new age of
newspapers in the Western world.
Early European news books often contained information about the royal family.
Beginning with the Notizie Scritte in the 1500s, newspapers sharing a similar style
began appearing in nations across Europe.
Major European newspapers of the 17th century covered a variety of domestic news
stories, but international issues were not usually discussed.
115
PART C
Recognizing
Organization
Unit 07 Insertion
Unit 08 Prose Summary
Unit 09 Schematic Table
Unit 07
Insertion
Insertion questions ask you to choose where a given sentence fits best in the
passage.
Question Types
Look at the four squares [ ] that indicate where the following sentence could be
added to the passage.
[A sentence in bold will appear here.]

Basi
asicc D
Dril
rills
ls 01
On August 20, 1977, the unmanned spacecraft Voyager 2 began a long journey of
discovery through the solar system. Its mission was to send information about Jupiter
and Saturn back to Earth. 1A
In 1979, Voyager 2 neared Jupiter, making its closest approach on July 9. 1B
Close-up studies of the planet revealed that the huge red spot on Jupiter, which 5
scientists discovered from the Earth, was not a solid surface feature but a huge storm
in the atmosphere. 1C In addition, it observed eight active volcanoes on Io, one of
Jupiter’s moons. 1D After examining Jupiter, Voyager 2 flew on toward Saturn for
two years. 2A Just 100,800 kilometers away from the planet, Voyager 2 was able to
capture detailed images of winds and storms in the atmosphere. 2B The spacecraft 10
used its instruments to test the temperature of the atmosphere. 2C The test measured
a low temperature of -203℃ and a high temperature of -130℃. 2D Though its missions
to Jupiter and Saturn have been completed, Voyager 2 continues traveling through
space, unveiling its secrets.
to the passage.
Because it completed its mission successfully, it is often considered as the

most productive spacecraft ever.
to the passage.
Its closest approach occurred on August 25, 1981.
118
Unit 07 Insertion
Basi
asicc Dril
rills
ls 02
One of the earliest examples of a device to measure ocean depth was a line of rope
with a heavy object attached, which was lowered from a ship until it touched the ocean
floor. 1A When the object hit the seafloor, the line loosened and the rope was marked
where it met the water’s surface. 1B The ocean’s depth was calculated by measuring
the distance between the mark and the object. 1C However, the movement of the 5
ship and sea waves often prevented the line entering the sea straight, which made the
ocean seem deeper. 1D
In the 20th century, echo sounding replaced the method using a rope and a heavy
object. This system works on the principle that sound waves move through water at a
constant speed and then bounce off the ocean floor, returning to their point of origin 10
as an echo. 2A Once a ship’s transmitter sends the sound wave into the ocean, a
receiver detects the echo. 2B A computer calculates the period between the sound
pulse reaching the bottom and returning. 2C The quicker it returns, the more shallow
the water’s depth. 2D
to the passage.
Moreover, it was hard to know precisely when the line reached the ocean
floor.
to the passage.
Ships with echo sounding systems come with a transmitter and a receiver.
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Autism
Autism is a developmental disease that some people are born with. It was first
noted in the 1940s by an American psychologist, Leo Kanner, and an Austrian doctor,
Hans Asperger. They identified a similar set of symptoms in the children they were
studying. Although they worked independently of each other, they both used the word
autism, which derives from the Greek word for “self,” to describe children who isolated 5
themselves and had difficulty communicating and socializing.

People with autism usually show abnormal functioning in three areas:
communication, social interaction, and repetitive motions. First of all, most autistic
people are uncommunicative. They rarely talk, gesture, or make facial expressions,
and when they speak, they may not vary their pitch – like a single note played on a 10
piano. On the other hand, others may talk too much, unable to interpret cues about
appropriate topics and length of conversation. Secondly, people with autism find it
difficult to make friends because they cannot interpret facial expressions and do not
make eye contact. Finally, they enjoy repetitive actions such as spinning objects and
turning on and off lights. They resist any change in their actions, so when it is interrupted, 15
even in small ways, they can become very upset.

Doctors do not know for sure what causes autism. However, it is widely believed
that it is caused by abnormal brain structure and function. It is also believed that
genetics play a role in autism. For example, families who have one child with autism
have a higher risk of having another child with autism. 20
1. Look at the four squares [ ] in paragraph 2 that indicate where the following sentence
could be added to the passage.
When there are significant difficulties in all three areas, it may be possible
to identify the condition of autism.
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Unit 07 Insertion
2. Why does the author mention a single note played on a piano?
To explain the speech of people with autism
To give an example of activities that people with autism prefer
To show why people with autism do not speak much
To suggest that people with autism are not able to play musical instruments
3. The word cues in the passage is closest in meaning to

hints
ideas
situations
requirements
Images of the brain show that autistic children have brains that feature a
different shape and structure than those of normal children.
Organization
• Autism developmental disease acquired at birth
first identified in the
• Symptoms poor communication
inability to make
abnormal attraction to small actions
• The exact of autism have not been identified
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Estuaries
Found along the coast where land and sea

meet, estuaries are places where fresh water from rivers
and streams mixes with salty ocean water. They have
a close relationship with the sea, but they are partly
enclosed by land, so they have unique characteristics 5
that set them apart from the open ocean. Firstly, the salt
content of estuaries changes daily with the flow of rivers and tides. Secondly, estuaries
are somewhat protected from ocean forces like waves, wind, and storms by the land
that surrounds them.
From an environmental viewpoint, estuaries are important because they support 10
diverse ecosystems. Many kinds of marine species make their homes in the calm waters
of estuaries. There is plenty of food available and there are few marine predators, making
estuaries the perfect habitat for reproduction. In fact, they are sometimes referred to as
“nurseries of the sea.” Estuaries offer migratory birds a place to feed and rest during
their long journeys. They are important to humans as well, for they help improve water 15
quality. The vegetation found in estuaries functions as a filter, removing pollutants in

rivers and streams before they exit into oceans.
In addition to serving such environmental functions, estuaries are beneficial in
an economic sense. Commercial fishing industries rely heavily on estuaries, as about
75% of their catch comes from this habitat alone. Furthermore, recreational activities 20
that draw people to the coast, such as bird watching, fishing, and boating, represent
another economic benefit of estuaries.
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Unit 07 Insertion
1. According to paragraph 1, estuaries are not fully affected by waves and storms because
they are partly surrounded by land
they are not located near the coast
they always contain the same amount of water
they have more vegetation than the open ocean
However, animals are not the only ones that benefit from estuaries.
Through tourism and recreation, estuaries yield billions of dollars per year
in the United States.
Summary
Estuaries are unique physical formations in which from
rivers meets seawater. They are environmentally important as they contain
ecosystems, providing a source of food and shelter to many animals. In addition,
is improved via the filtering system they provide, thus
benefiting humans. Finally, estuaries are beneficial to the economy as a whole,
especially with regards to the industry and leisure activities.
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iBT Practice 01
The Nutria
There are many nonnative species threatening North America’s ecosystems, but the nutria
is among the most damaging. Similar in appearance to a beaver, the nutria is a large *rodent
that has brown fur, a long rounded tail, and orange-colored front teeth. Originally inhabiting
southern South America, nutria were brought to the United States in the early 1900s by
businesspeople hoping to build a national fur industry. However, when fur prices dropped 5
in the 1940s, the animals were set loose into the wild, leading to a number of environmental
problems in the southeastern U.S.
Two primary characteristics of the nutria explain why they have caused such destruction.
The first is their incredible birth rate. Nutria can begin breeding at just four months of age and
then reproduce throughout the year. Females give birth to up to forty babies annually, creating 10
a population explosion.
Nutria also have huge appetites, devouring a wide range of plant species. They have
been called “eating machines” and consume a quarter of their body weight every day. Their
heavy feeding has serious consequences, especially in coastal wetland areas. Nutria dig into
the wet soil and feed on the root systems of many marsh grasses. With the grasses gone, 15
there is nothing to hold the soil together, and entire sections of wetland can be quickly washed
away by tidal currents and wave action. This wetland loss removes both food and habitat that
many native animal species depend on to survive.
A number of methods have been introduced in recent decades to control nutria
populations. In some wetland areas, government-run experiments have tested the effectiveness 20
of different types of traps and have successfully removed the nutria. In addition, officials
elsewhere are attempting to develop a market for nutria fur and meat. They hope that if
demand for these products rises, private businesses will engage in trapping and reduce the
nutria population.
*rodent: a small animal with large, sharp front teeth, such as the mouse
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Unit 07 Insertion
1. The phrase set loose in the passage is closest in meaning to
removed released
cut down sent back
to the passage.
Nutria fur farms enjoyed some success.
3. Why does the author mention a quarter of their body weight?

To contrast nutria with native wetland animals
To suggest a possible benefit of nutria populations
To correct a common misunderstanding about nutria
To emphasize how much plant life nutria can consume
4. The phrase engage in in the passage is closest in meaning to

end up give up
go over participate in
5. According to paragraph 4, which of the following has been effective in removing nutria?
Selling their meat to the public
Moving them to non-wetland areas
Setting various kinds of traps for them
Raising them on privately owned fur farms
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the passage.
The nutria is a nonnative rodent species threatening some of America’s ecosystems.

•
•
•
Answer Choices
The South American nutria is often mistaken for a beaver.
Nutria were introduced into the wild in North America after the fur industry failed in
the 1940s.
The high birth rate and extraordinary appetite of the nutria have destroyed much of
the Southeast’s sensitive wetland areas.
Nutria prefer to eat the root systems of marsh grasses, digging through the wetland
soil to reach them.
The efforts to control the nutria have been successful, so their population is now
decreasing rapidly.
In order to limit nutria populations, many methods are currently being explored.
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Unit 07 Insertion
iBT Practice 02
Classifying Galaxies by Their Shape
Galaxies are very large areas of space that hold a dense collection of gas, dust, and
millions or trillions of stars. There are hundreds of billions of galaxies scattered throughout
the universe. Although they vary greatly in size, shape, and brightness, galaxies can be
classified into three categories based on their shape: spiral, elliptical, or irregular. This method
of classification was suggested by Edwin Hubble in 1936 and is referred to as the Hubble 5
sequence.
Spiral galaxies are composed of a round center called the “bulge” and long, curving
arms that wrap around it. They are two dimensional, like a compact disc, so when viewed
from the side they look thin and flat. Filled with large amounts of dust and gas, which are
required for star formation, the circular arms of spiral galaxies are a birthplace for new stars. 10
Young, hot stars that originate there glow brilliantly enough to make spiral galaxies some
of the brightest and most visible galaxies in the universe. The category of spiral galaxies
includes Earth’s own Milky Way galaxy.
Elliptical galaxies are believed to be the most common type of galaxy. Their shape
resembles a ball, though not all of them are perfectly round; some are slightly flattened, like 15
an egg, or even a cigar. They are brightest at the very center and gradually become fainter
toward the edges. Unlike spiral galaxies, elliptical galaxies lack gas and dust. As a result, new
stars rarely form in elliptical galaxies, and the stars they contain are old.
The third category of galaxy is very diverse and has no regular shape. Neither spiral
nor elliptical in form, these irregular galaxies have few defining characteristics as a group. 20
Containing a mix of both young and old stars, irregular galaxies are disorganized compared to
the other two categories. Also, irregular galaxies are typically smaller than spiral and elliptical
galaxies.
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1. The word scattered in the passage is closest in meaning to
created
identified
distributed
researched
2. Why does the author mention a compact disc?

To explain the shape of spiral galaxies
To illustrate the variety among spiral galaxies
To compare the size of spiral and other galaxies
To suggest that stars in a spiral galaxy are close together
3. The word glow in the passage is closest in meaning to

move
shine
appear
develop
to the passage.
As a result, about 77% of the observed galaxies are spiral galaxies, even
though they are not the most common type of galaxy.
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Unit 07 Insertion
5. According to paragraph 3, which of the following is true of elliptical galaxies?
Their centers are birthplaces for stars.
They all have exactly the same shape.
They contain many young, bright stars.
Their centers are brighter than their edges.
phrases from the answer choices and match them to the type of galaxy to which they
relate. TWO of the answer choices will NOT be used.
Answer Choices Spiral galaxies
May be shaped like an egg or a cigar ▶

Contain a bulge at the center ▶
Contain significant amounts of dust and gas
Are more common than other galaxies Elliptical galaxies
Are typically found near the Milky Way galaxy ▶

Are smaller than other kinds of galaxies ▶
Contain billions of stars
Irregular galaxies
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Voca
ocabul
bulary
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flatten pollutant vegetation commercial

habitat constant
1. steady or unchanging in nature:

2. plants in a particular region:
3. for the purpose of trade or business:
4. the place where an animal or plant lives:
5. a substance that makes the air or water dirty or harmful:
classify explosion reproduce originate

repetitive abnormal
1. unusual strange :
2. boom increase :
3. categorize sort :
4. breed give birth :

predator damaging pulse explored disorganized
1. Juan Ponce de Leon parts of Florida and the Caribbean.

2. The sun has been shown to have a(n) effect on human skin.
3. The lion is a(n) that hunts a wide variety of plant-eating animals.
4. You wouldn’t lose so many things if you weren’t so all the time.
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Unit 07 Insertion
D. Choose the word or phrase that is closest in meaning to each highlighted word.
1. This year’s crop yielded more rice than usual.
cost planted produced lost
2. She devoured her sandwich and turned to her bowl of ice cream.
looked at put down ate made
3. Around here, pine trees grow in dense forests on the mountain slopes.
thick wet tall tropical
4. From the government’s viewpoint, promoting economic growth is the most important
issue.
history perspective plan achievement

1. Our company plans to unveil its new product line on November 1st.
stop hide reduce construct
2. In the heavy rain, we lowered a boat to find survivors.

destroyed raised lost borrowed
3. While analyzing their research, they discovered a significant change in recent weather
patterns.
minor predicted specific understandable

1. The ball (bounced off / let off) the goal post behind him.
2. When the bird healed, it was (set loose / given off) into the wild.
3. Many medical terms (derive from / make up for) Greek and Latin.
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PART C
Recognizing
Organization
Unit 07 Insertion
Unit 08
Prose Summary
Prose Summary questions ask you to complete a summary of the passage

by choosing the three sentences that best represent the information in the
passage.
Question Types
Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage
is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer
choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences
do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not
presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage.
Basi
asicc D
Dril
rills
ls 01
It was Horace Walpole’s The Castle of Otranto: A Gothic Story (1764) that paved
the way for the popularity of a new genre of romantic fiction. This genre, the “Gothic
novel,” was named after the title.
The main aim of the Gothic novel was to scare readers by outlining mysterious
and supernatural events. A few common techniques were used to achieve this goal. 5
Typically, the locations of these stories were wild landscapes, with old castles containing
secret passageways and long stairways. Also, there were usually two main characters
– a woman being held against her will and an evil man possessing some power over
her. Often, the man’s power convinced the woman to commit some criminal or evil act,
but ultimately, the evil man was destroyed. The plot usually included extraordinary 10
events, such as ghosts or monsters appearing or everyday objects coming to life. In

some books, the happenings were explained logically, whereas in others, the story was
truly supernatural.

below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express
the most important ideas in the passage.
Beginning with The Castle of Otranto, the Gothic novel was a popular romantic genre
of fiction which had several characteristics.
•
•
•
Answer Choices
The main characters generally included a woman in captivity and an evil man who
threatened her.
The basic plot of Gothic novels changed slightly over time.
The evil man had power to control the woman, but in the end he was destroyed.
The settings of the stories were usually wild landscapes with a dark atmosphere.
Unusual events happened in the stories and sometimes they were not explained
logically.
The stories often developed in a deserted castle where a terrible crime took place.
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Basi
asicc Dril
rills
ls 02
Biomass is organic matter from plant and animal sources that can be used as a
renewable source of energy. Sawdust, *manure, crops, and leaves are a few examples
of biomass. Traditionally, biomass such as sawdust, wood pieces, or leaves has been
burned to produce energy for cooking and heating. One of the benefits of using
biomass in this way is that it solves waste disposal problems, burning materials that 5
would otherwise go to *landfills.

Modern uses of biomass involve changing it into energy sources like methane
and ethanol. Methane is released when manure from domestic animals and agricultural
waste decays. Some landfills and large farms have a system for collecting this gas and
use it to generate electricity. This reduces the amount of methane in the air, which is 10
one of the greenhouse gases, so it is beneficial for the environment. On the other hand,
ethanol is made from sugar in agricultural crops like corn and used as a transportation
fuel. Ethanol has the advantage of releasing fewer air pollutants than fossil fuels when
burned.
*manure: solid and liquid waste produced by animals
*landfill: a place where trash is dumped

Biomass is organic material that is useful as a source of renewable energy.

•
•
•
Answer Choices
By producing a greenhouse gas, biomass contributes to global warming.
Because fossil fuels produce more pollutants, they are being replaced by ethanol.
Burning biomass produces energy and helps solve waste disposal problems.
Methane from agricultural waste can be used to generate electricity, reducing the
amount of greenhouse gas.
Some examples of biomass include common materials like leaves and sawdust.
Made from sugar, ethanol is a cleaner-burning fuel than fossil fuels.
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Dioxins: Dangerous Chemicals
Dioxins are chemicals that are very dangerous and toxic. These chemicals are
produced in many ways, and nearly all are linked to human activities. They are typically
created unintentionally during the manufacture of plastics, paper, and *pesticides, as
well as during the burning of household waste. Unfortunately, as our use of these items
has expanded in the recent past, the levels of dioxins in our environment have increased 5
as well.
Dioxins can enter the environment through the air, water, and soil. They are carried
in the ash from waste-burning facilities, pumped into rivers and lakes with factory
wastewater, and buried in the ground along with solid waste. Because dioxin chemicals
have a very stable structure, they last for a long time, and they may eventually be 10
absorbed into the human body. This happens through direct contact with a harmful site
or product and through the consumption of food, especially meat and milk products,
that contains dioxins. Once in the body, the dioxins are stored in fat cells and can
remain there for many years.
Human health can be severely impacted by even small amounts of dioxins. The 15
effects include a weakened immune system, organ problems, and an increased risk
of developing heart trouble and cancer. Unborn children are especially sensitive, as
their growth in the *womb can be disrupted by dioxin exposure. Because of these
dangers, the World Health Organization has labeled dioxins a serious threat to public
health. 20
*pesticide: a chemical substance used to kill harmful insects

*womb: the area in a woman’s body where her baby forms and grows before birth
1. The author mentions meat and milk products in order to

show the effects of dioxins on animals
name foods that can expose humans to dioxins
explain a common way in which dioxins are created
describe how dioxins are stored in the fat cells of the body
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to the passage.
Moreover, if the mother is carrying large amounts of the chemicals, she can
pass them along to her child through her breast milk.

Dioxins are highly toxic and are a threat to humans and the environment.
•
•
•
Answer Choices
Dioxins are produced as a result of many manufacturing and waste processing
activities.
The levels of dioxins in the environment have been increasing for the past several
years.
Through various channels, dioxins enter the environment, increasing the risk of
human exposure.
Once dioxins enter the environment, they remain for a long time.
Unborn children are at the highest risk from dioxins, as their growth processes can
be easily disrupted.
Dioxins can cause severe health problems in humans.
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The Brown-headed Cowbird
Brown-headed cowbirds have a terrible reputation

because of their unique *reproductive strategy. They do
not build nests of their own, and lay their eggs in other
birds’ nests instead of caring for their own young. This
process begins with finding other birds’ nests, known 5
as host nests, by carefully observing female birds and

following them to their nests. Once the nest location is known, the cowbird visits the nest
again during the egg-laying season. While it is unguarded, the cowbird drops her egg
into the nest and takes off.
Different species of birds have different reactions to the addition of a cowbird egg 10
to their nest. Some species recognize the unwanted egg and get rid of it. If they have
difficulty removing it from the nest, they may rebuild the nest to cover the cowbird egg or
abandon the nest. However, a number of host species accept the cowbird egg as their
own. The reason why they accept the cowbird egg is unclear, but this may be because
the birds cannot tell their own eggs apart from the cowbird egg. 15
Once cowbird eggs are accepted, they cause problems for their host species.
Because cowbird young hatch before host eggs and grow more rapidly, they dominate
the nest and receive more food than host young. Sometimes, cowbird young even push
host young out of the nest completely. Moreover, cowbirds produce a relatively large
number of eggs: 30 – 40 eggs during the two-month breeding season. Depositing one 20
cowbird egg per host nest, a single female cowbird disturbs 30 – 40 host nests in a
season. As a result, cowbirds’ reproductive behavior is believed to have contributed
to the reduction of certain host species’ populations, including Kirtland’s Warblers and
Grasshopper Sparrows.
*reproductive: relating to producing babies, or new organisms
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1. The word Depositing in the passage is closest in meaning to
Hiding Placing Expecting Discovering
2. In paragraph 3, why does the author mention the number of eggs that cowbirds produce?
To compare the life cycle of cowbirds with the life cycles of host species
To explain how the reproductive behavior of cowbirds differs from other birds
To show how cowbirds are able to push host young out of their nests
To support the idea that cowbirds are a serious problem for host species

Brown-headed cowbirds are well-known for their reproductive strategy.

•
•
•
Answer Choices
Before the breeding season begins, cowbirds watch potential female hosts and
learn the location of their nests.
Some species reject cowbird eggs in their nests, but other species end up raising
cowbird young as their own.
Each species has its own way of removing unwanted cowbird eggs.
Because brown-headed cowbirds produce a lot of eggs during the breeding
season, their populations grow quickly.
Brown-headed cowbirds put their eggs into other species’ nests instead of raising
their own young.
Cowbirds have reduced some species’ populations with their aggressive
reproductive strategy.
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iBT Practice 01
An Extraordinary Female Journalist
In 1880, an offensive article appeared in the Pittsburgh Dispatch, a local newspaper. It

suggested women were incapable of anything more than housework. Angered by the article,
a young Elizabeth Cochrane sent a letter to the editor of the Dispatch with an argument of her
own. In it, she stated that women deserved the opportunity to have the same jobs as men with
the same pay. The editor was impressed by Cochrane’s writing skills and offered her a position 5
as a journalist. She accepted the offer and started to use the pen name Nellie Bly.
Early in her career, Bly’s main concern was the working conditions of local industries.
She began to collect information by becoming a real employee at her targeted institution, hiding
her identity as a journalist. For example, to investigate a Pittsburgh factory, Bly took a job as
a factory worker. There, she discovered employees were working in unsafe environments for 10
long hours and low wages. She wrote about the difficulties of factory workers’ lives and used
her writing to speak out against industries that treated their workers unfairly.
In 1887, she moved to New York City and received an assignment from the New York
World that again sent her to a local institution – this time, an *insane asylum. Pretending to be
mad, Bly was admitted to an insane asylum on Blackwell’s Island in New York. During a ten- 15
day stay, she was horrified by the staff’s mistreatment of patients. They received spoiled food,
were bathed in ice-cold water, and were beaten by the staff. Bly’s brave investigation raised
public awareness of problems in the asylum and eventually caused legal changes, earning
her a reputation as a talented journalist.
In 1894, Bly married a millionaire named Robert Seaman and retired. However, she 20
returned to journalism later in life, covering World War I in Europe, even though war reporting
was an unusual occupation for a woman at that time. With a rare and energetic approach, Bly
established a remarkable career that made her an important female role model in the field of
journalism.
*insane asylum: a place that specializes in caring for mentally disturbed people
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1. The word offensive in the passage is closest in meaning to
unusual insulting
incorrect unbelievable
to the passage.
This way, she could secretly write about firsthand experiences.
Bly made a strong protest against the unfair treatment of local factory workers.
Bly clearly described the difficulties faced by factory workers in her writings.
Bly spent her life writing about the injustices she experienced while working at a
factory.
Bly’s reporting featured the hard lives of factory employees and criticized industries’
unjust practices.
4. The author mentions legal changes in order to

explain why Bly wrote about an insane asylum
emphasize the importance of Bly’s investigation
suggest that Bly’s methods were unique for a reporter
indicate that Bly was a popular reporter during her time
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5. According to paragraph 3, all of the following are mentioned as abuses committed in the
insane asylum EXCEPT
spoiled food for asylum patients
use of freezing water to bathe patients
holding of asylum patients against their will
physical mistreatment of patients by asylum staff

the passage.
Nellie Bly was a journalist famous for her energetic method of reporting.
•
•
•
Answer Choices
Bly spent time in an insane asylum and wrote about problems the public had been
unaware of.
By reporting on World War I, Bly became widely known all over the world.
Early in her life, Bly obtained a journalism job by writing an angry letter to an editor.
After working in a Pittsburgh factory, Bly described the unfair treatment employees
received.
Although Bly retired from journalism at a young age, she later returned to journalism.
As a reporter for the New York World, she started to investigate the insane asylum on
Blackwell’s Island.
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iBT Practice 02
The Pleistocene Extinction Event
Around 15,000 years ago, the Earth was experiencing an ice age that covered much of
the globe with glaciers. It was a period that we now refer to as the *Pleistocene epoch. During
this era, something that scientists still have trouble fully understanding happened: almost all
of the large mammals in North America were suddenly killed off by some unknown cause, yet
small mammal species were generally unaffected. 5
Scientists offer two theories that could potentially account for these mass extinctions.
Emphasizing that North America was undergoing a period of rapid climate change, one theory
suggests that environmental causes pushed North American mammals toward extinction.
Near the end of the Pleistocene era, temperatures were warming. This caused glaciers
covering portions of what would have been Canada and the Midwestern United States to 10
melt. Also, differences between summer and winter temperatures began to increase, and the
amount of rainfall changed. These climate shifts brought about the destruction of habitats and
fundamental changes in the ecosystem. As a result, large mammals, which were particularly
ill-prepared for such changes, ran out of space.
The second theory about the Pleistocene extinctions places the blame on humans. 15
This is because the decline of North America’s large mammals happened at the same time
human hunter-gatherers arrived from Asia. Supporters of this theory argue that over-hunting
by humans may have led to the Pleistocene extinctions. They destroyed animal populations
so efficiently and rapidly that they could not recover. However, some doubt that human over-
hunting was the direct cause, and they suggest that hunters were only indirectly responsible. 20
They argue that the extinctions happened because humans hunted keystone species – animals
with an especially important role in their ecosystems. The death of these key species may
have caused a wave of extinctions.
For now, the climate-change theory and the overkill theory are nothing more than
hypotheses, both currently impossible to prove. The truth is, we may never know what caused 25
the mass extinctions of the Pleistocene epoch.
*Pleistocene epoch: the geological time period that began about 2 million years ago and ended
around 10,000 years ago
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Scientists are looking for the main factor in the death of many of Earth’s large
mammals.
In the Pleistocene era, mammals in North America nearly died out completely.
Scientists still do not know why most large mammals in North America became
extinct.
Scientists think that small mammals had a much easier time surviving in North
America during the Pleistocene era.
2. The phrase account for in the passage is closest in meaning to

test report
predict explain
3. From the climate-change theory, it can be concluded that

the arrival of glaciers caused mammals’ habitats to disappear
small animals were capable of adapting to environmental changes
mammals of all sizes needed a large amount of space in order to survive
large mammals could not adapt to the extremely cold weather of the ice age
4. Why does the author mention keystone species?

To show a feature of the Pleistocene ecosystem
To give an example of some of the species that survived the Pleistocene extinctions
To explain why humans may have been indirectly responsible for mass extinctions
To point out that there is stronger evidence for the overkill theory than the climate-
change theory
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5. According to paragraph 3, why do some people think that humans were responsible for
the Pleistocene extinctions?
Because climate changes caused humans to hunt mammals in large numbers
Because humans from Asia were more skillful and efficient than any other predator
Because humans destroyed mammals’ habitats as they settled in North America
Because animals began to die out when humans arrived in North America

the passage.
Scientists have proposed two theories to explain the mass extinctions that occurred
in North America 15,000 years ago.
•
•
•
Answer Choices
What made the large mammals in North America become extinct is still a mystery.
Humans may have caused mass extinctions through general over-hunting or by
hunting keystone species.
Large mammals disappeared because warm temperatures melted glaciers.
According to the climate-change theory, cold temperatures made it impossible for
animals to reproduce.
Habitat loss and changes to the ecosystem brought about by climate change may
have caused large mammals to die off.
It is unlikely that hunter-gatherers would have been efficient enough to destroy entire
populations of animals.
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Voca
ocabul
bulary
ary Revi
eview
ew
fiction retire consumption assignment

investigate hatch
1. the act of eating food:

2. to come out of an egg:
3. to research or find information about something:
4. a story or piece of writing not based on fact:
5. to leave a job, especially when a person has reached a certain age:
spoiled extraordinary mass facility

toxic generate
1. incredible unbelievable :
2. large-scale extensive :
3. poisonous harmful :
4. produce make :

stable abandoned institution protest organ
1. She never her dream to travel all around the world.

2. There was a large anti-war in the capital city yesterday.
3. Paul decided to apply for a job at the large company to get a(n) income.
4. My dream is to establish an educational for poor children.
146
1. He became horrified by the terrible living conditions in the country.
interested quiet upset confused
2. The door closed suddenly because of a shift of the wind’s direction.

change strength development influence
3. Our dog was very energetic as a puppy, but she is much less so now.
difficult friendly active clever
4. There were many options to consider, but she ultimately chose the school that was the
least expensive.
immediately eventually unusually especially

1. The mother bird got more aggressive as we neared her nest.
amused calm friendly patient
2. The new law will probably be beneficial to companies in our industry.

positive harmful strict avoidable
3. The program raised children’s awareness about the importance of the ecosystem.
ignorance disagreement concern anger

1. Because the twins look so much alike, I cannot (tell them apart / keep them in mind)
from one another.
2. Emily (ran out of / paved the way for) a new generation of young female authors.
3. They said they were (tired of / impressed by) your essay and thought you might have a
chance at receiving the scholarship.
147
PART C
Recognizing
Organization
Unit 07 Insertion
Unit 09
Schematic Table
Schematic Table questions ask you to put information from the passage into
categories.
Question Types
Directions: Complete the table by matching the phrases/statements below.
Select the appropriate phrases/statements from the answer choices and match
them to the category to which they relate. TWO of the answer choices will NOT
be used.
Basi
asicc D
Dril
rills
ls 01
Grasslands are one of the Earth’s major habitats,
as they cover approximately a quarter of the planet’s
land. Grasslands are dominated by grasses rather than
large trees, and are becoming larger as climates get
hotter and drier worldwide. There are two main types 5
of grasslands: tropical grasslands and temperate

grasslands.
Tropical grasslands, or savannas, are generally found near the equator and have
warm or hot temperatures year-round. With an annual rainfall between about 50 and
120 centimeters, they receive enough precipitation to support some scattered trees, but 10
long seasonal droughts prevent the growth of forests. More than 200 species of plants
are found in tropical grasslands.
Temperate grasslands, or steppes, are found at greater distances from the equator
in cooler climates that have hot summers and cold winters. On average, they receive
much less rainfall than tropical grasslands, only about 25 to 50 centimeters a year. 15
Accordingly, they contain only grasses, no trees. There are about 50 plant species living
in temperate grasslands.
1. Directions: Select the appropriate phrases from the answer choices and match
them to the type of grassland to which they relate. TWO of the answer choices will
NOT be used.
Answer Choices Tropical grasslands
Have hot summers and cold winters ▶

Are located close to the equator ▶
Do not contain any trees

Are growing smaller over time Temperate grasslands
Support more than 200 plant species ▶
Support grasses which grow to be two to three feet tall ▶
Have an annual rainfall of below 50 centimeters ▶
150
Basi
asicc Dril
rills
ls 02
When heat passes through an object or from one object to another object in direct
contact, this transfer is referred to as conduction. Heat has a natural tendency to flow
from a warmer area to a cooler one. Therefore, when an object is heated, molecules in
the warmer area of the object pass some of their energy to nearby molecules, raising
their temperature as a result. Eventually, all of the molecules within an object will be the 5
same temperature. The same process occurs if another object is in contact with the
heated object. Imagine a metal pot on a gas range with a spoon in it. First, the bottom of
the pot becomes hot. Heat passes through the pot, eventually heating the handle and
the spoon.
A second method of heat transfer is convection, which takes place in a fluid, like air 10
or water. In a fluid, as warm molecules rise and cool molecules sink, a circular pattern is
created. The distribution of heat by means of the circular movement of molecules is what
we call convection. To understand convection better, one can return to the example of a
pot on a gas range. This time, the pot is filled with water. Water at the bottom of the pot
becomes hot and rises, while cool water at the top sinks. In this way, heat is transferred 15
through all of the water.
1. Directions: Select the appropriate phrases from the answer choices and match them
to the method of heat transfer to which they relate. TWO of the answer choices will
NOT be used.
Answer Choices Conduction
Distributes heat in a circular motion ▶

Is the reason water reaches a uniform temperature ▶
when heated
Takes longer to heat all the molecules in an object
Can happen between two objects in direct contact Convection
Occurs when an object reaches a certain temperature ▶

Happens in fluids like air or water ▶
Occurs when molecules in an object give away some ▶
of their energy
151
Read
eading
ing Prac
ractic
tice
e 01
The Formation of Fog
Fog and clouds form the same way. Both

result from weather conditions in which the air
temperature cools to its dew point – the point at which
the atmosphere can no longer hold all of its water
vapor. Once this temperature is reached, water vapor 5
*condenses to form water droplets. We call it a cloud

when this happens high up in the sky and fog when it happens near the ground. Fog
can be divided into several different types by the way it forms. The most common types
are radiation fog and advection fog.
Radiation fog is a kind of fog that can often be seen on clear, cloudless nights. 10
On nights like these, the Earth releases the heat received from the sun during the day.
This heat escapes into space without being absorbed by clouds, and the surface
temperature falls. The air immediately above the ground cools, and once the dew point
is reached, water vapor condenses to form radiation fog. It is also called ground fog
and is the most common kind of fog that forms over land. 15
While radiation fog develops due to the upward movement of heat, advection fog
originates with the horizontal movement of heat. Advection fog commonly forms along
coastlines, when warm and wet air from the ocean blows over cool ground surfaces.
Unlike radiation fog, it can occur when it is cloudy or windy. As these warm air masses
pass overhead, they lose heat to the cold ground, and as a result the air temperature 20
near the surface drops. When the temperature falls to the dew point, water vapor
condenses and causes advection fog.
*condense: to cool and change from a gas to a liquid
152
1. According to paragraph 1, what makes fog different from clouds?
It develops close to the ground.
It is the result of condensing water vapor.
It can be categorized into different types.
It forms when the temperature reaches its dew point.
2. The word originates in the passage is closest in meaning to

stays begins
travels changes
phrases from the answer choices and match them to the type of fog to which they
Answer Choices Radiation fog
Develops when the ground is warmer than the air ▶

Forms when surface heat escapes into space ▶
Often forms near the coast

Is the type of fog that appears most frequently over Advection fog
land
▶
Forms more often in the winter than the summer ▶
May occur in windy or cloudy weather ▶
Is related to horizontally moving air
153
Read
eading
ing Prac
ractic
tice
e 02
Food Allergies and Food Intolerance
Food allergies and food intolerance are conditions that cause people to become
ill after eating certain types of food. Food allergies are caused by an immune system
response to specific food proteins. Some of the most common food allergies involve
nuts, fish, and wheat. Food intolerance is a response of the digestive system to
particular chemicals in food, most often to lactose (the sugar in milk). 5
Babies and young children are especially susceptible to food allergies

because their immune systems are still developing. On the other hand, food intolerance
is much more common than food allergies and affects a variety of groups in the general
population. Children are at an increased risk of food intolerance because of their small
body size, which means they consume higher amounts of food chemicals relative to 10
adults. Food intolerance also occurs more commonly in the elderly because their bodies
respond more slowly.
The symptoms of a food allergy often become evident immediately after eating a
certain food, though they may be delayed for several hours. On the other hand, people
with food intolerance may not exhibit symptoms until two days after eating the particular 15
food. The symptoms of food allergies and food intolerance differ to some extent, though
both can be quite severe. Symptoms of a food allergy include skin *irritation, difficulty
breathing, loss of consciousness, or even death. The same symptoms may also occur
in food intolerance reactions, with the additional possibility of nervous system responses
such as depression, anxiety, and changes in mood. 20
For both food allergies and food intolerance, avoiding the food that causes problems
is essentially the only treatment. However, in the case of lactose intolerance, a special
pill may be taken to help the body digest lactose.
*irritation: a physical feeling of discomfort
154
1. The phrase susceptible to in the passage is closest in meaning to
sensitive to resistant to
familiar with uncomfortable with
2. According to paragraph 2, why are children at a higher risk for food intolerance?
They are more easily exposed to the foods that cause it.
Their digestive systems are still in the developing stages.
Their immune systems are slow to respond relative to adults’.
They consume high doses of food chemicals relative to their body size.
phrases from the answer choices and match them to the condition to which they relate.
TWO of the answer choices will NOT be used.
Answer Choices Food allergy
Is most often caused by milk ▶

May be caused by nuts, fish, and wheat ▶
Is most common in young women

Is a reaction of the digestive system to certain food
chemicals Food intolerance
May result in symptoms like depression and anxiety ▶

Can be completely cured with the help of special ▶
proteins ▶
May produce symptoms immediately
155
iBT Practice 01
The Three Types of Sedimentary Rocks
There are many different kinds of rocks on Earth, but most of those at the surface
belong to the category of sedimentary rocks. This category gets its name from the way the
rocks are formed. Sediments, which are small pieces of other rocks, living organisms, or
minerals, accumulate over time. Eventually, if certain pressure conditions are present, the
sediments are forced together so tightly that they turn into solid rock. All sedimentary rocks are 5
created in this way, but they are further divided into three groups depending on what materials
they are made of.
The first and most common are the clastic sedimentary rocks. Clasts are sediments that
come from other rocks, broken apart by the *weathering processes constantly at work on the
Earth’s surface. These clasts are transported until they become trapped somewhere, usually 10
at the bottom of a stream, lake, or sea. There, they settle into layers, and as more and more
layers are added over time, the ones at the bottom are pressed into rocks. Clastic sedimentary
rocks are further classified according to the sizes of clasts they contain. For example, siltstone
is made from fine silt particles and sandstone from grains of sand, while pudding stone is a
mixture of both small and large clasts. 15
A similar process is seen in the formation of organic sedimentary rocks. Instead of

clasts, though, these sediments are composed of pieces of matter that was once living. This
is why they are called organic. One example of organic sedimentary rocks is limestone. It is
composed of things like shells, dinosaur bones, and plants.
Finally, there are chemical sedimentary rocks, which form in a slightly different way. As 20
water moves through rock, it chemically absorbs many of the minerals within the rock. Later,
when the water evaporates, those minerals remain and join together to create rocks. Rock
formations such as the stalactites and stalagmites that are created in caves by the constant
dripping of mineral-rich water are impressive examples of chemical sedimentary rocks.
*weathering: the gradual changes to the shape and appearance of rock caused by sun, rain, and
wind
156
1. The word accumulate in the passage is closest in meaning to
move
grow
collect
remain
2. According to paragraph 1, how are sedimentary rocks formed?

By pressure that presses sediments tightly together
By the extreme heat within Earth that forms sediments
By the sudden cooling of melted rocks at the Earth’s surface
By processes occurring within a rock’s different materials
3. The word fine in the passage is closest in meaning to

a few
very rare
very small
high quality
4. According to paragraph 3, organic sedimentary rocks got their name because

all of them contain animal bones
they are made from sediments of once-living matter
they contain various materials commonly found in limestone
their clasts are usually smaller than those of clastic sedimentary rocks
157
Chemical sedimentary rocks include the dramatic formations found in caves due to
the action of the water there.
Stalactites and stalagmites form in caves as the result of the rich mineral content of
underground water.
The only chemical sedimentary rocks known to exist are found in caves and are
quite impressive.
Cave rocks like stalactites and stalagmites belong to the chemical sedimentary
group because they contain many minerals.
phrases from the answer choices and match them to the type of sedimentary rock to
Answer Choices Clastic sedimentary rocks
Can only be found in cave environments ▶

Are grouped according to sediment size ▶
Contain pieces of old plant and animal ▶
matter
Combine minerals and organic sediments Organic sedimentary rocks
Begin to form as water passes through rock ▶

Form from sediments of other rocks ▶
Include the rock known as limestone
Involve the process of evaporation Chemical sedimentary rocks
Are dependent on the weathering processes ▶
at the Earth’s surface ▶
158
iBT Practice 02
Three Basic Market Structures
Markets vary in structure, but there are three basic market structures – monopoly,
oligopoly, and perfect competition. They are determined by four characteristics: the number
of firms operating in the market, product types, control over product price, and barriers to
entry.
A monopoly is characterized by there being only one seller for a unique product. 5
There is no product to replace it, so there is no competition. This means the seller can set
prices as they wish because consumers have no alternative choice. A monopoly is controlled
by a single seller because it is very difficult for other companies to enter the market due to high
start-up costs, copyrights and patents, or resource ownership. One example of a monopoly
is Bell Canada, which, until the 1980s, was the only provider of long-distance phone services 10
in Canada.
An oligopoly is the domination of the market by a few large firms, as in the automobile
industry. Oligopolistic firms produce products that are very similar but sell them with different
brand names. To increase their brand power, which is related to their market share, these
firms must focus on advertising and marketing. However, they are restricted in how they set 15
the product price, since they have to consider the reactions of their rivals. Like a monopolistic
market, there are severe, although not impossible, barriers to entering an oligopolistic market.
These include providing huge sums of money, the availability of raw materials such as oil and
coal, and access to the latest technology.
Perfect competition is considered to be the model market structure in capitalistic 20
societies, but is more of an ideal than a reality. It is the opposite of monopoly in that it is
characterized by a market in which no firm is dominant. Buyers do not care who they purchase
from, because the product sold by each firm is identical. If one firm increases its selling price
for a particular product, the consumer can buy the same product from another seller more
cheaply, causing the firm to lose market share and profit. Therefore, firms cannot influence the 25
price of the product. Instead, it is determined by supply and demand. Unlike monopolistic and
oligopolistic structures, new firms can easily enter the market.
159
1. The word operating in the passage is closest in meaning to
running
growing
influencing
competing
2. According to paragraph 2, why does only one seller exist in a monopoly?

Because other firms do not think the market is profitable
Because the government sets strict standards for the market
Because there are many barriers that other firms cannot overcome
Because a single seller produces a product that is cheaper than similar products
3. Why does the author mention the latest technology?

To give an example of barriers to enter oligopolies
To introduce an advantage that oligopolies have
To explain the main difference between oligopolies and monopolies
To show the most important characteristics that products in oligopolies have
4. The word identical in the passage is closest in meaning to

alike
cheap
diverse
important
160
5. According to paragraph 4, in the context of perfect competition, what would happen if
one seller increased the price of its products?
The seller would earn more profit.
The seller would eventually form a monopoly.
Other sellers would be forced to increase their prices.
Buyers would purchase the same products elsewhere.
phrases from the answer choices and match them to the market structure to which they
Answer Choices Monopoly
Does not generally occur in reality ▶

Includes barriers to entry due to patent, copyright,
and resource ownership Oligopoly
Does not allow sellers to choose which product
▶
types to sell
▶
Features sellers who promote similar products
under different brand names
Is considered unacceptable in capitalistic societies Perfect competition
Relies on supply and demand to determine the ▶
price of products ▶
Includes the example of the automobile industry
161
Voca
ocabul
bulary
ary Revi
eview
ew
fluid depression evident drought

capitalistic access
1. the ability to reach or use something:

2. possible to see or clearly obvious:
3. a feeling of unhappiness and hopelessness:
4. a long period of dry weather, with little rain:
5. a substance that flows freely and changes shape:
response grain barrier additional

treatment transfer
1. pass transport :
2. piece particle :
3. reaction reply :
4. obstacle wall :

classify consumers pill availability evaporated
1. The company offers product reviews.

2. Population size was dependent on the of resources in ancient cities.
3. All the water before Amy remembered she left the pot on the gas range.
4. Tom took a(n) when his headache prevented him from concentrating at
work.
162
D. Choose the word or phrase that is closest in meaning to each highlighted word.
1. The manager decided to promote healthy snacks instead of junk food.
accept advertise improve produce
2. I don’t like him because he tries to dominate every meeting.

contribute to create control participate in
3. Though we entered the company the same year, we do not get uniform wages.
same high monthly regular
4. The doctors exhibited confidence in the effectiveness of the medicine.

lost showed examined doubted

1. His new shirt had horizontal red stripes all over it.
colorful vertical dark boring
2. All the rooms in the new hotel located in Rome are identical.
dirty small old-fashioned different
3. It is important to maintain a constant room temperature for patients.

changing cool warm uncomfortable

1. Her score was good (in support of / relative to) that of other students in her class.
2. The nation’s population is (bound for / composed of) people from cultures all over the
world.
3. The study guide was helpful (to some extent / in vain), though Bill still worried that he
was unprepared for the exam.
163
Actual Practice Test III
The Independence of Brazil
Brazil was a colony of the Portuguese empire from 1500 until 1822, when it was able to
gain its independence. The transition to independence began with the actions of Dom João
(later King João VI), a Portuguese prince and head of government.
When Napoleon I of France invaded Portugal in 1807, Dom João decided to transfer
his court to Brazil in order to escape capture. He and thousands of his followers arrived in 5
Brazil in 1808, establishing the city of Rio de Janeiro as the base of the entire Portuguese
empire.
During his years of rule from Brazil, Dom João passed many reforms that gave new rights
to the people of the colony. For example, he permitted Brazilians to trade goods with other
countries. In the past, they had only been allowed to deal with Portugal. In addition, Dom 10
João founded a royal library, a naval academy, the Bank of Brazil, and many other institutions.
These changes made Brazil seem more like an independent nation than a colony. In 1815,
he named Brazil as a kingdom of equal status with Portugal. Because of these contributions,
historians see Dom João as the “Founder of the Brazilian Nationality,” even though he did not
bring actual independence. 15
After 8 years of war, Napoleon I and his French armies were pushed out of Portugal
in 1815. Dom João desired to remain in Brazil, but members of the parliament in Lisbon
were demanding his return. He gave in in 1821 and left his son Dom Pedro in charge of
the government in Brazil. The Portuguese parliament immediately passed laws to reverse his
changes and return Brazil to its previous status. They also demanded that Dom Pedro come 20
to Portugal as his father had.

Brazilian residents responded by asking Dom Pedro to stay, fearing that if he left,
Brazil would lose all of its recently gained liberties. Dom Pedro had been watching the violent
independence struggles taking place in other Latin American countries. He knew that the
Brazilians’ desire for independence was unstoppable. Considering these facts, he decided 25
it would be best for him to take control of the movement, so he refused the order of the
Portuguese parliament. Then, on September 7, 1822, he officially declared the independence
of Brazil with the motto “Independence or Death” and installed himself as its first emperor.
Though there was light resistance from some loyal Portuguese in Brazil, most approved of the
move, and Brazil’s independence quickly received international acceptance. 30
166
Glossary
colony: a country ruled by a more powerful country
1. The word transition in the passage is closest in meaning to

goal honor
result change
2. In paragraph 2, why does the author mention the invasion of Napoleon I?

To prove that France wanted to capture Brazil
To suggest that Portugal was not a powerful nation
To show why the city of Rio de Janeiro was founded
To explain why the Portuguese court was moved to Brazil
3. The word reforms in the passage is closest in meaning to

tests laws
ideas improvements
4. The word his in the passage refers to

Napoleon I Dom João
Dom Pedro member of the parliament
Though a majority of residents supported independence, it was not easy to get
international acceptance.
With majority support, Brazil was recognized around the world as a new nation.
There were several battles with Portuguese citizens, but Brazil eventually won its freedom.
Most of the Portuguese decided to accept the declaration of independence.
167
6. According to paragraph 5, Brazilian residents wanted Dom Pedro to stay in Brazil because
he would allow them to keep their liberties
he was a better leader than his father had been
they thought Portugal would be invaded by France
they needed protection from neighboring countries
7. What can be inferred from paragraph 5 about other Latin American countries before
1822?
They were at war with Portugal.
They were more powerful than Brazil.
They were not independent countries.
They wanted to be ruled by Dom Pedro.
8. According to the passage, which of the following is true about Dom João?
He was the first emperor of Brazil.
He started many of Brazil’s institutions.
He brought actual independence to Brazil.
He enabled Brazilian businesses to trade with Portugal.
to the passage.
In February of 1822, he announced that the laws of the Portuguese

parliament would no longer be effective in Brazil.
168
the passage.
Brazil began a move toward independence in the early 19th century.

•
•
•
Answer Choices
Dom João left Portugal in 1808, making Brazil the center of the Portuguese empire.
Dom João is considered to be the “Founder of the Brazilian Nationality” because of
his many contributions.
While in Brazil, Dom João gave the colonists new freedoms and institutions and
raised the status of Brazil.
The armies of Napoleon I were finally defeated in 1815, and the Portuguese
parliament regained power.
Dom João eventually returned to rule in Portugal and took his son with him.
Dom Pedro resisted the Portuguese government and made Brazil an independent
nation.
169
Endangered Bald Eagles
With populations once numbering more than half a million, bald eagles could be found
all over North America. However, by the nineteenth century, the population of bald eagles had
sharply dropped and they were threatened with extinction.
The decline of the bald eagle had a number of causes. Firstly, bald eagles, desiring
habitats with tall trees and pure water sources, were negatively affected by the activities of 5
humans. As people cleared land for farms, bald eagles lost a lot of their habitats. In addition,
because farmers considered the birds a danger to their domestic animals, they killed bald
eagles in large numbers. Secondly, as agriculture in the United States expanded, a new threat
to bald eagles developed: pesticides. When the pesticide DDT was sprayed on crops, the
chemical was absorbed in soil. Then, it would drain into water sources, polluting them and 10
poisoning the fish that bald eagles relied on for food. This prevented them from reproducing
normally. Birds that were exposed to DDT laid eggs with very thin shells that could not protect
undeveloped young. Unable to reproduce properly, bald eagle populations across the United
States dropped further.
Early efforts to protect declining bald eagle populations were first made in the mid- 15
twentieth century. In 1940, the Bald Eagle Protection Act was established. It outlawed killing
bald eagles, but their numbers continued to fall. In 1967, the birds were added to the national
endangered species list. As public awareness of the eagles’ endangerment began to increase
and the environmental dangers of DDT became known, the use of DDT was eventually banned
in 1972, a move that greatly benefited the bald eagle. During the years that followed, breeding 20
programs increased the number of bald eagles in captivity. In the programs, a bald eagle’s
first clutch of eggs would be removed from the nest and artificially incubated. By using this
method, such programs introduced a number of birds back into the wild.
The efforts to protect the bald eagle have had a significant effect. In the early
1960s, there were only about 450 nesting pairs of bald eagles in the United States. However, 25
now there are more than 4,000 nesting pairs. Although not all threats to bald eagles have
been overcome, scientists feel that their future looks promising.
Glossary
clutch: a group of eggs laid at a single time
170
11. The word extinction in the passage is closest in meaning to
tragedy protection
dying out going down

bald eagles pesticides
crops water sources
13. The author mentions eggs with very thin shells in order to
explain the effect of DDT on bald eagles
compare historical threats to bald eagles with current ones
suggest that even slight environmental change can affect bald eagles
identify one of the reasons why bald eagles need habitats with tall trees
14. According to paragraph 2, all of the following are mentioned as causes of the decline of
bald eagles EXCEPT
hunting by humans the introduction of new predators
the clearing of land the presence of pesticides in water sources
After DDT was banned in 1972, the number of bald eagles increased rapidly.
In the 1970s, the public realized that the eagles were in danger because of DDT.
Growing public awareness led to the 1972 ban against DDT, which had a positive
effect on the bald eagle.
DDT remained on the market until 1972, when it was banned to protect the bald
eagle.
171
16. According to paragraph 3, breeding programs raised bald eagle populations by
incubating their eggs
raising awareness about the effects of DDT
separating their habitats from human habitats
restricting development in areas where they live
17. The word promising in the passage is closest in meaning to

hopeful different
surprising understandable
18. In paragraph 4, why does the author compare the number of nesting pairs in the early
1960s with that of now?
To explain why breeding programs are useful
To suggest that more pesticides should be banned
To show that protective measures have been successful
To argue that humans have negatively affected bald eagles
to the passage.
Due to the population growth, the bald eagles were finally removed from the
endangered species list.
172
the passage.
Bald eagles became in danger of extinction in the nineteenth century.

•
•
•
Answer Choices
At one time, there were about half a million bald eagles in North America, but the
population is much lower now.
Currently, bald eagles seem to have the potential to increase their numbers.
When DDT began to be used in agriculture, it got into eagles’ sources of food.
Breeding programs and protective laws saved the bald eagle from extinction.
In the twentieth century, scientists began removing bald eagles’ eggs from nests
and artificially incubating them.
Habitat destruction and pesticide use caused severe damage to the bald eagle
population.
173
Answer Keys
01
Unit 02
Unit
Vocabulary Reference
Basic Drills pp. 10~11
01 1. 2. 3. 01 1. 2.
02 1. 2. 3. 02 1. 2.
Reading Practice pp. 12~15

01 1. 2. 3. 4. 01 1. 2. 4th 3. 4.
Summary Summary
Peloponnesian War, city, twenty, soldiers, 202, Scipio, Hannibal, elephants, trumpeters,
cause Carthage
02 1. 2. 3. 4. 02 1. 2. 3. 4.
Organization Organization
American, dark, thick, critics, insult, show Communists, evidence, investigations, public
iBT Practice pp. 16~21

01 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 01 1. 2. 3. 4th 4. 5.
6. , , 6. Seeds carried by animals: , / Seeds
02 1. 2. 3. 3 rd
4. 5. carried by the wind: , / Seeds
6. , , carried by water:
02 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
6.
Vocabulary Review pp. 22~23
A. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Vocabulary Review pp. 38~39
B. 1. 2. 3. 4.
C. 1. immigrant 2. influential 3. shallow A. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
4. exposure B. 1. 2. 3. 4.
D. 1. 2. 3. 4. C. 1. situated 2. minimize 3. faded
E. 1. 2. 3. 4. commencement
F. 1. figure out 2. at random 3. interfere with D. 1. 2. 3. 4.
E. 1. 2. 3.
F. 1. adapted to 2. gain access to
3. are equipped with
176
03
Unit 04
Unit
Fact & Negative Fact Sentence Simplification

01 1. 2. 01 1. 2.
02 1. 2. 02 1. 2.

01 1. 2. 3. 01 1. 2. 3. 3rd 4.
Summary Summary
guns, human technology, ancient objects, created, private, everybody
estate, typology
02 1. 2. 3. 4.
02 1. 2. 3. 4. Organization
Organization modern, dreamlike, toes, freely
developmental, 47, Physical, slower
01 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
01 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. , ,
6. , , 02 1. 2. 2nd 3. 4. 5.
02 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. , ,
6. Legislative branch: , / Executive
branch: / Judicial branch: ,

A. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
B. 1. 2. 3. 4.
A. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. C. 1. trapped 2. costume 3. publicly
B. 1. 2. 3. 4. 4. supernatural
C. 1. resemblance 2. texture 3. overturned D. 1. 2. 3. 4.
4. ruins E. 1. 2. 3.
D. 1. 2. 3. 4. F. 1. resulting in 2. sucked up 3. prior to
E. 1. 2. 3.
F. 1. break down 2. in charge of
3. carrying out
177
Actual Practice Test I Vocabulary Review pp. 92~93
pp. 74~77 A. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
B. 1. 2. 3. 4.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. C. 1. conveyed 2. droughts 3. symptoms
6. 7. 8. 9. 3rd 4. innovation
10. Troposphere or Stratosphere: , , / D. 1. 2. 3. 4.
Mesosphere or Thermosphere: , E. 1. 2. 3.
F. 1. relate to 2. gave rise to
3. piece together
05
Unit
Inference 06
Unit

Rhetorical Purpose
01 1. 2.
02 1. 2.
01 1. 2.
02 1. 2.
01 1. 2. 3.
Organization
Classical, 1750, 1820, solo, orchestras, church

01 1. 2. 3. 4.
02 1. 2. 3. Summary
Organization learning, words, interest, emotional
second, discovery, ice, Earth
02 1. 2. 3. 4.
Summary
marine animals, hearing, separated, giant
squids, explosions
01 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
6. , ,
02 1. 4 th
2. 3. 4. 5.
6. , , 01 1. 2. 3rd 3. 4. 5.
6.
02 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
6. , ,
178
A. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 01 1. 2. 3rd 3. 4. 5.
B. 1. 2. 3. 4. 6. , ,
C. 1. worsen 2. comprehend 3. whales 02 1. 2. 3. 4. 3rd 5.
4. massive 6. Spiral galaxies: , / Elliptical galaxies:
D. 1. 2. 3. 4. , / Irregular galaxies:
E. 1. 2. 3.
F. 1. set off 2. get rid of 3. stuck together
A. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Actual Practice Test II B. 1.

C. 1. explored
2. 3.
2. damaging
4.
3. predator
pp. 112~115 4. disorganized
D. 1. 2. 3. 4.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. E. 1. 2. 3.
6. 7. 8. 9. 4th 10. , , F. 1. bounced off 2. set loose 3. derive from
08
Unit
07
Unit
Prose Summary
Insertion
01 1. , ,
01 1. 1A 2. 2A 02 1. , ,
02 1. 1D 2. 2A
01 1. 2. 3rd 3. , ,
01 1. 2nd 2. 3. 4. 2nd 02 1. 2. 3. , ,
Organization
1940s, friends, repetitive, causes
02 1. 2. 3rd 3. 4th iBT Practice pp. 140~145
Summary
fresh water, diverse, water quality, fishing 01 1. 2. 4th 3. 4. 5.
6. , ,
179
02 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Organic sedimentary rocks: , /
6. , , Chemical sedimentary rocks: ,
02 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
6. Monopoly: / Oligopoly: , /
Perfect competition: ,
A. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
B. 1. 2. 3. 4. Vocabulary Review pp. 162~163
C. 1. abandoned 2. protest 3. stable

4. institution A. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
D. 1. 2. 3. 4. B. 1. 2. 3. 4.
E. 1. 2. 3. C. 1. consumers 2. availability
F. 1. tell them apart 2. paved the way for 3. evaporated 4. pill
3. impressed by D. 1. 2. 3. 4.
E. 1. 2. 3.
F. 1. relative to 2. composed of
3. to some extent
09
Unit
Schematic Table
Actual Practice Test III
pp. 166~173
01 1. Tropical grasslands: , / 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Temperate grasslands: , , 6. 7. 8. 9. 2 nd
02 1. Conduction: , / 10. , , 11. 12. 13.

Convection: , , 14. 15. 16. 17. 18.
19. 4 th
20. , ,
01 1. 2. 3. Radiation fog: , /
Advection fog: , ,
02 1. 2. 3. Food allergy: , /
Food intolerance: , ,
01 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
6. Clastic sedimentary rocks: , , /
180

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Radix Reading for the TOEFL iBT: Blue Label 2

Series editor Dong-sook Kim

Part A Identifying Details

Unit 02 Reference 025

Unit 03 Fact & Negative Fact 041

Unit 04 Sentence Simpliﬁcation 057

Actual Practice Test I 072

Part B Making Inference

Unit 06 Rhetorical Purpose 095

Actual Practice Test II 110

Part C Recognizing Organization

Unit 08 Prose Summary 133

Unit 09 Schematic Table 149

Actual Practice Test III 164

Answer Keys 174

TOEFL Today: TOEFL iBT

Getting to Know the TOEFL iBT: Test Format

Test Section Description of Tasks Timing

3–5 passages, each approximately 700 words

4–6 lectures, each 500–800 words, 6 questions on each

2 independent tasks – speak about personal knowledge

1 independent task – write about personal knowledge

Registering for the TOEFL iBT

Reading Section Content: Types of Passages

Question Type Testing Point

Vocabulary The meaning of a highlighted word or phrase, determined by context

Reference The noun referred to by a pronoun or other reference word

Important Points to Keep in Mind

Tactics for the TOEFL iBT Reading Section

During the test, remember to:

Vocabulary questions ask about the meaning of a word or phrase in the

waves are formed. These waves can travel quickly

1. The word displaced in the passage is closest in meaning to

2. The word hazardous in the passage is closest in meaning to

3. The word compressed in the passage is closest in meaning to

senses provide the brain with conflicting information. More

1. The word thoroughly in the passage is closest in meaning to

2. The phrase has to do with in the passage is closest in meaning to

3. The word perceives in the passage is closest in meaning to

1. According to paragraph 1, Thucydides had to leave Greece because

Paragraph 1 is marked with an arrow [ ].

3. The word accounts in the passage is closest in meaning to

Paragraph 2 is marked with an arrow [ ].

1. The word portrayed in the passage is closest in meaning to

Paragraph 2 is marked with an arrow [ ].

3. Why does the author mention garbage cans?

4. The word controversial in the passage is closest in meaning to

possibly due to interference from their waking activities.

4. The word dismiss in the passage is closest in meaning to

5. Why does the author mention going to the dentist?

Three theories attempt to explain what causes people to forget information.

America’s Jury System

1. The word penalty in the passage is closest in meaning to

Where would the sentence best fit?

A. Choose the correct word for each definition.

1. one who is famous:

B. Choose the best synonym for each pair of words.

C. Fill in the blanks with the best answer.

1. The founder of the college was a(n) from Poland.

2. Emily thought the painting was a remarkable work of art.

E. Choose the opposite meaning of each highlighted word.

2. The population living in urban areas is expected to rise next year.