gn | eatin je, Saas 2025 Biology Practice Packet Fall 2019 Testing Sophie B. Wright High SchoolName: Scientific Method 1. Define the following: a b ©. a. e. 2. You have measured the rate at which a fish breaths at various temperatures by counting the rate at which its gills ‘open. The data table is shown below. Create a line graph depicting the results. Independent Variable: Dependent Variable: Control Variable: BIOLOGY EOC REVIEW PACKET Controlled experiment: Hypothesis: CME [_Terenerco 38 35 What is the independent variable? Explain why. The dependent variable? Explain why. ‘What happens to breathing rate with increase in temperature? Identify at least 3 control variables in this experiment ‘What do you think would happen if you raised the temperature even more? Why would it be a bad idea to3. An experiment was performed to determine how much fertilizer was needed to produce the most pumpkins on the vine. The results are shown below. Pumpkin Pumpkin B Pumpkin. Type of pumpkin | Jack-o-Lantern | Jack-o-Lantern | Jack-o-Lantern seed Amount of water given daily (mL) 295 295 295 ‘Amount of| sunlight full sunlight full suntight full suniight Temperature 23.9 23.9 239 (°C) ‘Amount of| fertilizer given (g) ° 200 300 Type of soil organic Organic Organic Dev dle oosce 1718/2007 18/2007 78/2007 were planted Number of pumpkins that the vine ha 6 2 produced. a. What is the problem? b. What is the independent variable? ©. What is the dependant variable? 4. Identify at least 3 control variables in this experiment, . How much fertilizer would you use to grow the most pumpkins?4. Atest was conducted to determine the highest possible soda geyser when placing Mentos into the soda. The following data was collected: Type of Diet soda | Diet Coke | Diet Coke | Diet Coke | Diet Coke ‘Amount of soda in the container (L) . 2 a Temperature of surroundings 24 24 24 24 ec) Temperature of beverage 23.9 239 23.9 239 (ec) Amount of mentos given (g) : : 2 : Day the mentos waredroppea, | 782007 | 7/8007 | 7ier2007 | 7/8/2007 Estimated height of the soda ° 250 300 300 geyser (cm). ‘a, Whatis the problem in the above experiment? b. Whats the independent variable? c. Whatis the dependant variable? d. Identify at least 3 control variables in this experiment, . Using the information above, would you need to drop 12 mentos into the diet soda? Explain why ‘or why not.Chapter 2- The Chemistry of Life 5._ Fill in chart below: Contains which of ngeeeae the following: | Made up of: Function Examples - C, H, O, N, P Main source of energy for Glucose Carbohydrates C,H,O oe living things Fructose ‘Structural support for plants Glycogen Store energy for living things Compose bi-layer in all cel on oe ca Fatty acid & membranes On : : glycerol Leaves translucent spots on Wai paper Steroids = chemical messengers Regulate cell processes. Form bones & muscle. : Transport substances in & Proteins ©,H,O,N Amino Acids |* Transports Enzymes Fight off disease. (Immune System) Nucleic Acids | C,H,O,N,P | Nucleotides | + Stores genetic material ne 6. What is the function of an enzyme? 7. How do temperature and pH affect enzymes? 8. Why is water important to living things? 9. Water is (which mean it is + on one end and — on the other). 10. Define Surface Tension: 11. Acids have pH 12, Bases have pH 13. Neutral solutions have pH ofChapter 7 — Cell Structure & Function (including Diffusion and Osmosis) 14. Define the following: a. Lipid bilayer — b. Protein Channels — ¢. Carbohydrates — 15, List the function of the following organelles: Organelle Function Nucleus Ribosomes, Cell membrane Cell wall Mitochondria Vacuoles Lysosome Golgi apparatus Chloroplast Endoplasmic reticulum16. Label as many parts of the cells as you can. Chloroplast Golgi appartatus Smooth ER, Nucleus Cell membrane i f Mitochondria ”~ Lysosome,! GC. Galsi apparatus ‘uclealus “Cell membrane Rough ER 17. Which is a plant cell — left or right? 18. List the hierarchy of cell organization from largest to smallest below: 19. Compare and contrast eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic cells. 20. Compare and contrast plant cells and animal cells.21. Define semi-permeable membrane: 22. In osmosis, water moves from an area of. to an area of concentration. 23. In diffusion, molecules move from an area of, to an area of, concentration. 24, Explain what has happened in the diagram to the left. a. Why did the large dark molecules NOT move to the left? b. Ifthe dark molecule is starch, where is the starch concentration greatest (left or right)? c. Ifthe white molecule is water, where is the water concentration greatest at first? 4d. Ifthe dark molecules could move, in what direction would they move? Why? way will move in each of the following situations: = 65% and outside the cell 40%. 25. Draw arrows to show wh a. Salt inside the cel b. Sugar inside the cell 27% and outside 80%. 26. Complete the table. Passive Transport Active Transport Requires energy? Low to high or High to low? ExamplesChapter 10 - The Cell Cycle & Mitosis 27. When does the duplication of DNA occur? 28. What is a cell doing during the GI and G2 periods? 29. What happens during cytokinesis? 30. If the cell cycle is controlled by enzymes, what might result if the genes that control the production of these enzymes are damaged? 31. Put the following stages of mitosis (cell division) in order. '6| |@ 1G GN 32._Describe in words what happens at each stage of meiosis. Interphase Prophase | Metaphase ‘Anaphase | Telophase | Prophase il Metaphase it ‘Anaphase Il Telophase I33. Complete the following table comparing mitosis and meiosis. Mitosis Meiosis ‘Type of Reproduction (asexual or sexual) Chromosome number of parent cell (1N=haploid or 2N=diploid) ‘Chromosome number of daughter cells (AN=haploid or 2N=diploid) Number of Cell Divisions Number of Daughter Cells ‘When does DNA replication take place? Chapter 12 - DNA & RNA 34. To the right is a strand of DNA. Give the complementary nucleotide sequence needed to make this a double helix. 35. What are the black pentagons? What are the PO4’s? 36. What kind of weak bonds hold the two strands of DNA together? 37. Describe the process of transi ion and where it happens. 38. If the strand of DNA to the left undergoes transcription, what will the sequence of the mRNA be? 39. What is a codon?40. Describe the process of translation and where it happens. ‘2nd base in codon UICTATGI Fe [ser Pe Toe g |U|ES|E | Mele | x | 2 41. After translation, what would the amino acid sequence be for this q tm | ser_| sro |p" |__| section of mRNA? elolm lee fm [a] | 5 ELLs les | os | a |e i Be eee Elalis [B= |e] ¢ ts | tw | be | ae | & 42. What kind of bond holds the amino acids together in the protein that is we tee) ate formed? Gli] as | sy | & SEES le 43. Complete the following table comparing DNA and RNA. DNA RNA Sugars Bases Number of Strands Where in the Cell Function 44, Describe the process of DNA replication. 45. What is the end result of DNA replication? 46. What is a mutation? 47. What the three types of RNA and what are their functions? 10Chapter 11 — Intro to Genetics 48. Define: a. dominant - b. recessive — ¢. homozygous — d. heterozygous ~ fe. genotype — f. phenotype — 49. Sample Monohybrid Cross Question: a. Ina genetics laboratory, two heterozygous tall plants are crossed. If tall is dominant over short, what are the expected phenotypic results? 7 Tt Tt tt b. If one homozygous short plant is crossed with a heterozygous tall plant, what percentage of the offspring will be short? Tt tt Tt tt c. What are the genotypes of the parents that would produce 50% short and 50% tall pea plants? u50. Sample incomplete dominance question: When Red and white flowers are crossed, pink flowers are produced. What is expected when two pink flowers cross? RR RW RW ww 51, Sample Blood Type (Multiple Allele/ co-dominant) Question: Mr. Jones has blood type A and Mrs. Jones has blood type AB. What is the probabilty that they will have a child with blood type A if both of Mr. Jones's parents were AB? ve | ope ve | ope a. Is it possible for a male with A blood type to have a child with a female B blood type who is O? ‘52. Why are males more likely to express a sex liked trait? Most sex-linked traits are on the X chromosome, males only need one affected gene to get the trait 53. Sample Sex-linked trait Question: Color blindness is a sex-linked recessive trait. A mother with normal color vision and a color blind father have a color blind daughter. Which of the following statements is correct? a. All of their daughters will be color blind. b. The mother is a carrier of the color blindness gene. ¢c. Allof their sons will have normal color vision. d. Alllof their sons will be color blind. 54, In a pedigree, an open circle indicates: and a solid square indicates: 1255. Answer the following: a. Whatis the genotype of individual I-17 b. Whatis the genotype of II-4? . If someone with the genotype similar to II-7 had children with someone with the same genotype as Ill-3, what are the chances that their childen will be affected? Chapter 1 - The Science of Biology 56. List 8 characteristics of living things: 57. What is homeostasis? 13,Chapter 8 & 9 - Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration 58. What is the formula for photosynthesis? 59. What are the reactants and products? Reactants: Products’ 60. Write the formula for cellular respiration: 61. What are the reactants and what are the products of cellular respiration? Reactants: Products: 62. Cellular Respiration occurs in (Plants / Animals / Both)? 63. Photosynthesis occurs in (Plants / Animals / Both)? 64. What factors affect the rate of photosynthesis? Chapter 15 - Evolution 65. Define natural selecti 66. Describe co-evolution and give an example. 67. Describe Charles Darwin's theory of natural selection: 14Chapter 18 - Classification 68, Originally, how many kingdoms were there? Why? 69. List the 7 levels of classification from largest to smallest. 70. What is binomial nomenclature? ‘Two word naming system - Genus species 71. Circle each of the following as prokaryotic or eukaryotic AND as autotrophic or heterotrophic AND as unicellular or mutticellular. 1. Bacteria — pro / eu auto / hetero uni / multi 2. Protists - pro / eu auto / hetero uni / multi 3. Plants —pro/eu auto / hetero uni / muti 4. Animals — pro / eu auto / hetero uni / multi 72, \dentify each organism below: Organism A: Arachnida Organism 8: Coleoptera jotomous Key’ 1a, The animal has eight legs ...Arachnida Organism C: Lepisiota b. The animal has six legs .... go to 2 2. a. The animal has spots ... Coleoptera b. The animal has stripes ... Lepisiota 1573. Which would be the most primitive organism? Ray-finned fish 74, Circle 2 organisms that would have the most similar DNA. 75. Why did you choose those 2 organisms (question 74)? They are the closest on the cladogram, so they are the most similar 76. Are viruses living or nonliving? Explain. Nonliving, they contain DNA, but cannot reproduce. They most use a host to reproduct 77. Compare and Contrast Viruses and bacteria in regard to their structure. Bacteria: ALIVE, prokaryotes, unicellular Viruses: NOT LIVING, DNA enclosed in a capsid, much smaller than a bacteria Chapter 3 & 4 - Ecosystems 78. What are some adaptations that allow animals to survive on land? (as compared to water) Feet, lungs, protective skin — prevent water loss, fur 79. What are some adaptations that allow plants to survive on land? (as compared to water) Roots, cuticle to prevent water loss, stems 1680. Explain the difference between biotic and abiotic factors. Biotic - living factors (food, predators, competitors) Abiotic - non living factors (sunlight, temperature, water, pH) 81. Define these types of relationships (symbiosis). a. mutualism — both benefit (bee and a flower) b. commensalism — one benefits, the other is unaffected (birds nest in a tree) ©. parasitism — one benefits, the other is harmed (tick and a dog) d. predator/prey — predator hunts prey e. competition — two organisms fighting for similar resources 82. What is carrying capacity? ‘The maximum amount of individuals in a population that the surrounding environment can sustain 83, How does photosynthesis relate to energy getting into ecosystems? Plants use photosynthesis to make their own food, other organisms then rely on plants for their food, other animals rely on those herbivores 84, What role do decomposers play in the environment? ‘They break down matter so it can be recycled back into the environment 85. What is a trophic level? Each level in a food chain or food web (producers, primary consumers, secondary consumers) 86. What is a food chain? A series of steps in which organisms transfer energy by eating and being eaten 87. What is a food web? Links all food chains together in an ecosystem 788. What is the ultimate source of energy for this food web? | SUN ‘89. What are the producers in this food web? 1 = Oak tree ~ blossoms, nuts, leaves [a ink She 90. What are the primary consumers (herbivores) in ce cai = this food web? t Bees, deer, mice, rabbit, insects Pai osoms nuts van fooves Blossoms 91. What are the secondary consumers in this food OAK web? Wolf, Bear, toad, birds, red fox, skunk 92. What are the highest level consumers in this food web? Bear, wolf, red fox 93. Create an energy pyramid from the food chain: leaves insects > birds — red fox — bear 94. Where is the most energy in this pyramid? Where is the least energy? At the bottom — leaves Atthe top - bear ‘95. What happens to energy as it moves through the food eb? lost as heat It 96. Assume there are 10,000 kilocalories of energy in the leaves. Estimate the amount of energy in each of the other levels of the energy pyramid. Only 10% of energy is available from the before Bear — 1 kilocaloric Red fox - 10 kilocalories Birds - 100 kilocalories Insects ~ 1,000 kilocalories Leaves ~ 10,000 kilocalories 97. What happens to matter as it moves through the food chainiweb? Matter is recycled - carbon cycle, water cycle, 18Science Practice Test Biology DEPARTMENT of EDUCATION louisiana BelievesScience Session 1 Directions: Today, you will take Session 1 of the Biology Science Practice Test. 4 a = 3 3 Read each stimulus and question. Then, follow the directions to answer each question. Mark your answers by circling the correct choice. If you need to change an answer, be sure to erase your first answer completely. You may look back at the stimuli when needed, ‘Some of the questions may ask you to write a response. Write your response in the space provided in your test booklet. Only responses written within the provided space will be scored. If you do not know the answer to @ question, you may go on to the next question. If you finish early, you may review your answers and any questions you did not answer in this session ONLY. Do not go past the stop sign. 3 GOON >Use the information about Alaskan salmon and your knowledge of science to answer the questions. Alaskan Salmon Five different species of Pacific salmon are found in the waters surrounding the coast of southeastern Alaska. These salmon are known by their common names: king, coho, pink, chum, and sockeye. Each of these species has unique adaptations that make it possible for the different species to live in the same geographic area. Because there is variation in their diets, life cycles, and roles they play in the ecosystem, each species is able to take advantage of different resources available in the same environment. Table 1 describes some of the differences among the five different species. Table 1. Differences among Five Salmon Species Salmon King [Coho | Pink | Ghum | Sockeye Average Length a4 | 636 546 6 60.9 (cm) Average Weight 136 | 45 2 62 27 (kg) Average Age at Reproduction) © 2 ba - = (years) Average Numberof | 10300 |3400 1600 2,400 | 3,500 Eggs Produced | | plankton, insect plankton, | aquatic marine larvae, | zooplankton, bee sects, insects, shrimp copepods,| small amphipods,| fish. and kril, tunicates. | crustaceans, fish | squid smal sh, mollusks. | small fish | squid fish GOON >Science Most of a typical salmon's life is spent feeding and growing in the ocean. While their exact breeding habits differ, all species of salmon return to lay their eggs in the freshwater rivers or streams where they were born. The number of eggs a female salmon produces varies widely across species. However, scientists have noticed a similar relationship between female body length and certain egg characteristics for all five Pacific salmon species. Graphs 1 and 2 show data collected about this relationship among sockeye salmon. Seon eer i's i tit 2 g Graph 1. Female Body Length vs. Mass of Eggs in Sockeye Salmon 110 3 s qd Mass of Eggs (mg) 80 52 54 56 58 60 Female Body Length (cm) Source: Ecology and Eve Graph 2. Female Body Length vs. Number of Eggs in Sockeye Salmon 4.500 * 3 8 | | 8 8 Number of Eggs ° ° 3.000 52 54 56 58 «60 Female Body Length (cm) Source. Ecology and Evol 5 GO ON >Science After hatching, young salmon are known as fry. Before migrating to the ocean, fry spend their first few weeks eating large quantities of insects and other invertebrates. In one study, researchers observed newly hatched pink and coho salmon fry. At the start of the study, the pink fry had an average length of 3 cm and the caho fry had an average length of 10 cm. Graph 3 shows the percentage in each species’ diet of prey of different lengths. Graph 3. Pink and Coho Salmon Fry Diets | \ 60 40 30 20 Percentage of Dict 10H 45 65 85 Length of Prey (mm) Key pink salmon e Fishery Bulletin 6 GOON >Science 1. Which claim is supported by the information in Graph 1 and Graph 2? ‘A. The mass of the eggs and the number of eggs produced by sockeye salmon are independent of the female's mass. B. The mass of the eggs produced by sockeye salmon depends on the female's average age at reproduction, but the number of eggs does not. C. The number of eggs and the mass of the eggs produced by sockeye salmon depend on the amount of matter stored by the female. (A rs o tg o a D. The number of eggs produced by sockeye salmon decreases with female body length, but the mass of the eggs does not. 2. Develop @ model that can be used to explain the stages of growth and development that result in a salmon fry. Write each statement in the correct box to show the stages in order. Statements: Sperm fertiizes egg. Specialized tissues and organs are produced. Cells differentiate. Embryo changes from two to four cells. <€ Genetic material is evenly divided 7 GOON >Science 3. Chum salmon fry average 3.8 cm in length, compared to 3 cm for pink salmon fry and 10 cm for coho salmon fry Circle the correct bolded answer in each bracket to complete the sentences about the relationship between a salmon's size and matter intake. Based on the information in Graph 3, chum salmon fry are likely to eat prey that is [larger than; smaller than; the same size as] prey eaten by the pink salmon fry end [larger than; smaller than; the same size as] prey eaten by the coho salmon fry. This is because as a salmon’s size increases, its matter intake needs [increase; decrease; remain constant]. 4. Which statement best explains how salmon obtain and use matter to support their biological functions? A. Salmon use complex, carbon-based molecules obtained directly from seawater and the atmosphere to produce other complex molecules, such as fats. B. Salmon use the carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms oblained directly from seawater and the atmosphere to form sugars and proteins. C. Salmon break bonds in complex food molecules to release the carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen atoms needed for the formation of other molecules. D, Salmon break down carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms obtained from food into smaller, energy-tich elements, 8 GO ON >Science Use the information about scales and feathers and your knowledge of science to answer the questions. Scales and Feathers Birds have many adaptations, such as hollow bones and feathers, that allow them to fly. Modem birds have two main types of feathers—down and contour, Down feathers are soft and fluffy. They are found under the outer contour feathers, Contour feathers are the outer feathers covering most of a bird's surface. Contour feathers contain a strong central shaft from which a series of branches, called barbs, extend, The barbs interlock to form a strong, lightweight network that makes the feathers stiff. Stiff feathers are necessary for flight. Figure 1 shows a down feather and a contour feather. Figure 1. Feather Types Down Feather Contour Feather Evidence from the fossil record shows that most early dinosaurs were covered with scales. Over time, some dinosaurs, such as two-legged theropods, developed feathers. These feathers were soft and fluffy rather than long and stiff. Further evidence indicates that some descendants of theropods had long, stiff feathers on their forelimbs, as well as other adaptations, such as hollow bones, 10 GO ON >Science Figure 2 shows some of the dinosaurs that descended from theropods as well as the type of body covering of each descendant. Figure 2. Body Coverings of Theropod Descendants Ceratosauria Gy Megalosauroidea &2y Carnosauria Sy ——— Compsognathidae 9S Tetanurae U Aventheropoda’ Tyrannosauroideas YS T—— Ornithomimosauria GF Coelurosauria Tyrannoraptora Maniraptoriformes | UJ! Maniraptora | | Pee ee @ fa Avialae EG Key +d body covering AQ scales down | - Therizinosauroidea z @ sown and contour Source: Peers Recently, scientists discovered the fossilized remains of theropod embryos. These embryos have special structures called placodes. Placodes are also found in the developing embryos of all modern-day vertebrates (any animal with a backbone, including birds, reptiles, and mammals). These placodes allow for the development of a specific type of body covering: scales, hair, or feathers. 1 GOON >Science Figure 3 shows the locations of these placodes (noted by blue dots) in the head of a developing mouse embryo. Figure 3. Placodes in Developing Mouse Embryo Source: A. C. Tzika. N. DAFo! MC. Miliakoviteh, 12 GO ON PSi nce Which claim is best supported by the information about scales and feathers? A. The presence or absence of placodes determines whether an organism develops feathers or scales. B. All vertebrates evolved directly from a common ancestor that had feathers. C. Changes in placodes over time allowed for the development of different structures, D. Placodes evolved directly from mutations that result in the growth of scales. PartA Which statement best explains what caused some theropods to develop feathers? A. Amutation in DNA affected the types of proteins produced by placodes, B. protein in the placodes caused a mutation in the gene that produces feathers. C. A mutation in the placode gene caused placodes to produce different DNA. D. A mutation in DNA caused the placodes that control genes to grow feathers. PartB Which information is evidence that best supports the answer to Part A? ‘A. The DNA of modem-day vertebrates codes for the proteins in placodes. B. All vertebrate embryos have the same genetic mutations in their placode DNA C. Placodes in all modern-day embryos contain the same number of mutations, 9 ‘A single placode can spontaneously develop into any type of body covering. 13 GOON >Science 7. Which evidence best supports the claim that birds evolved from dinosaurs? A. Placodes are found in the embryos of both theropods and birds. B. Theropods and birds both have genetic sequences that code for proteins. ©. Theropods and birds have similar structures with similar functions. D. e S im BF i @ ‘The same sequences are found in the genetic information of theropods and birds. 14 GOON PScience Mammals did not descend directly from dinosaurs, but mammal embryos have placodes, as shown in Figure 3. Use the information about scales and feathers to explain why mammal embryos and dinosaur embryos each have placodes. Identify the information that can be used as evidence to support your explanation, and then explain why this information can be used as evidence. 7 ty Ey ce Ci g 15 GOON >Science Use the information about tonewood trees and your knowledge of science to answer the questions. Tonewood Trees The Norway spruce (Picea abies) is a tree that grows throughout Eastern and Northern Europe. For hundreds of years, violin makers have made violins using the wood from Norway spruce trees. Wood that allows a violin to produce beautiful sounds has good resonance (deep, rich, full sound). Wood with good resonance has certain characteristics, such as a very high density thal results from slow growth, This type of wood is called tonewood. The amount a tree grows each year varies with seasons as well as environmental conditions, such as precipitation and temperature. The amount a tree grows each year is determined by looking at the rings that are visible on a cross section of the tree. The space between two dark rings represents one year of growth. Figure 1 shows the typical growth pattern for Norway spruce trees Figure 1. Growth Pattern for a Typical Norway Spruce rainy period ary pooa spring/early summer growth < late summerail ~ growth Italy's Dolomite mountain range is home to some of the world’s best tonewood trees. Forests cover the Dolomite mountains up to elevations of about 2,300 meters, but fewer trees are found at higher elevations. Some of these forests have conditions that are ideal for producing tonewood trees, while other forests do not. 16 GOON PScience Scientists compared the environmental conditions in two different sites within the forests. One of the sites produced ideal tonewood trees, while the other site did not. Table 1 shows the elevation and average growth ring width of the trees found at the two sites. Table 1. Elevation and Average Growth Ring Width at Two Sites Site1 | Site2 Elevation (m) 2.050 | 1,620 Average Growth Ring Width (mm) | 0.84 1.39 Scientists also examined the pattems of growth rings among the oldest trees at each site. They compared the widths of the growth rings in each tree to determine the average yearly growth ring width at each site. This average growth is called the ring index. A wider-than-average growth ring has a positive ring index, indicating that environmental conditions led to greater-than-normal tree growth that year. A narrower- than-average growth ring has a negative ring index, indicating that environmental conditions restricted tree growth to less than normal that year. The further the ring index is from 0 (negative or positive), the greater the difference from average growth. Table 2 shows the ring indexes for the trees in the two sites studied by the scientists. This table also shows differences in temperature and precipitation in this region, compared to averages. Table 2. Change in Ring Index over Time Year 1942 | 1945 | 1960 [site 4 | 70 [-135 | -50 | Site 2 |-165] -50 | 60 Difference in Ring Index Temperature 0.35 | 0.25 oO from Average (°C) | Difference in Precipitation 0 |-135] 320 from Average (mm) 17 GOON >Science Many other species of organisms are found in the Dolomite mountain range. The numbers and types of each organism depend on the environmental conditions of the area. Figure 2 shows a partial food web for the Dolomite mountain range. Figure 2. Dolomite Mountain Range Food Web carbon dioxide! _ water/sunlight ies Nonway spruce - —> | European |—>| Eurasian | | | | spruce bark tnree-toed | | beetle beetle | Panelius | mushroom | (decomposer) Paeratearmantes eee 18 GOON >Science 10. Which statement best explains the results shown in Table 1? A. B, Trees from site 1 grow less rapidly than trees from site 2 because the trees, have slower rates of cellular respiration at site 1 than at site 2 Trees from site 1 grow less rapidly then trees from site 2 because the trees produce more oxygen at site 1 than at site 2. Trees from site 1 grow more rapidly than trees from site 2 because there are more hours of sunlight at site 1 than at site 2. Trees from site 2 grow more rapidly than trees from site 1 because there is, less water available for trees at site 2 than at site 1 Use Table 1 and Figure 2 to answer the question. Which claim about the transfer of energy in the tonewood ecosystem is best supported by data? A At higher elevations, more energy is available to transfer from the trophic level occupied by the red deer than from the trophic level occupied by the Nonway spruce. ‘At lower elevations, more eneray is available to transfer from the trophic level ‘occupied by the Italian wolf than from the trophic level occupied by the European spruce bark beetle. More energy is available to transfer from the trophic level occupied by the Nonway spruce at higher elevations than from the same trophic level at lower elevations. More energy is available to transfer from the trophic level occupied by the red deer at lower elevations than from the same trophic level at higher elevations 19 GOON > C a o 5Science 41. PartA ‘The data for 1945 in Table 2 represent the typical relationship between environmental factors and the growth pattern for trees in the Dolomite mountain range. Circle the correct bolded answer in each bracket to complete the claim about which conditions are ideal for producing tonewood trees. Tonewood trees are most likely to be produced as a result of average; lower-than-average; higher-than-average] temperatures and [average; lower-than-average; higher-than-average] precipitation. Part B Which statements are evidence that supports the answer to Part A? Circle alll that apply. ‘A. Inyears with average temperatures, the growth rates of the trees at both sites, were average. B. In years with lower-than-average temperatures, the rate of cellular respiration fluctuated randomly at site 1. C, In years with higher-than-average temperatures, the rate of cellular respiration decreased at site 1 D. In the year with lower-than-average precipitation, the rate of cellular respiration in trees at both sites was lower than average. E, In the year with above-average temperatures and average precipitation, the rate of growth at site 2 decreased. F. In the year with average precipitation, the growth rates for trees at site 1 and site 2 were the same. 20 GO ON >Science 12. Scientists have noted a difference in the concentration of atmospheric gases available to Norway spruce trees at site 1 and site 2. Use Table 1 and Figure 2 to describe the difference in atmospheric gases at each site. Explain how the flow of matter and energy differs in these two locations as a result of the concentration difference. Use evidence from any of the tables or figures to support your answer. a i a cj 8 24 GOON >Science 13. Use the information and your knowledge of science to answer the question. During an investigation, two German shepherds with long hair were each bred with a German shepherd with short hair in a first-generation cross. The offspring from each first-generation cross were then bred to produce a second-generation cross. Which questions could be answered using the results of this investigation? Circle the three correct answers, A. Is hair length in German shepherds a dominant or recessive trait? B. How often does the mutation for long hair randomly occur in German shepherds? C. How does the protein made by the gene for hair length differ among German shepherds? D. Is long hair in German shepherds an inherited trait? E. What percentage of offspring in the second generation of German shepherds are homozygous for the recessive hair-length trait? 22 GO ON >Science 14, Use the information and your knowledge of science to answer the question, The mode! shows the process of photosynthesis, energy a 20g O-Oa9 + O° — OO ¢ energy + 6CO, + GH,0 Koy © carbon atom Qe oxygen atom © hydrogen atom 24 GOON >Science Write each phrase in the appropriate column of the table to show what this model of photosynthesis can and cannot be used to explain. Phrases: how carbon dioxide is split a rs lars Q 5 5 how sugars are broken down to release energy how oxygen gas is released from water molecules how glucose is built from smaller molecules how the Sun's energy is stored within carbon dioxide molecules how energy is stored within carbohydrates Can Be Explained Using This Model of | Cannot Be Explained Using This Model | Photosynthesis of Photosynthesis | | 25 GOON >Science 15. Use the information and your knowledge of science to answer the question. The characteristics of infectious diseases vary greatly. The table shows differences in the number of deaths caused each year by certain diseases, as well as the treatment and prevention of each disease. Information about Infectious Diseases Number of Infectious | Deaths | Disease | Worldwide Treatment | Prevention (millions) | SS See eee eee education HIVIAIDS 10 antiviral drugs | avoid contact with body fluids simonth _ | 28" face mask around people with untreated disease tuberculosis 17 course of | antibiotics | annual vaccine (varies in effectiveness) bed rest. influenza (fu)| 0.65 | antiviral drugs bed rest. fever 0.09 | reducers vitamin A childhood measles vaccination Circle the correct bolded answer in each bracket to complete the sentences, ‘One reason that the number of deaths due to measles is significantly lower than the number of deaths due to HIV/AIDS is the introduction of [vitamin A; fever reducers; vaccines; antiviral drugs]. The large number of cases of tuberculosis despite an effective treatment strategy suggests that complete control of an infectious disease depends on educating patients about [proper use of antibiotics; other disease risk factors; eating a healthy diet; other ways to treat illness). 26a 5 = Fd Ca Science Use the information about banded snails and your knowledge of science to answer the questions. Banded Snails Banded snails, found in Central Europe, are small- to medium-sized snails that are members of the Helicidae family. Their shells are found in a range of colors and patterns, from yellow to dark brown and from no bands (or stripes) to five bands. Image 1 shows an example of a banded snail with five bands. Image 4. Banded Snail with Five Bands Banded snails are prey to several bird species, inoluding the song thrush. The color and pattern of the bands are based on genetics and heredity, and follow the Mendelian rules of inheritance. In addition, snails with lighter-colored shells have a lower body temperature than those with darker-colored shells. In some areas, snails with many different colors and band patterns are found. In other areas, certain shell colors or patterns are more common 30 GOON >Graph 1 shows the percentages of snails with different shell colors and band patterns found in different habitats. yellow Shell Color (%) brown 409 Graph 1. Shell Design and Habitat 80 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 | o wood A hedge Eimeadow 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90100 Banding (%) unbanded banded Source: Raber Nord Climate can play a significant role in the survival advantages of each color and banding pattern. Snails with darker-colored shells tend to be found living farther north than those with lighter-colored shells. Scientists have observed that the climate in Central Europe is changing faster than in other areas. This impacts not only the local organisms, but migratory species of birds and animals as well. 34 GOON > nce o o: a th SScience Graph 2 shows how the average winter and summer temperature deviations in Central Europe have changed over time. Graph 2. Average Winter and Summer Temperature Deviations, 1860-2010 5 150 T : | | e€ 1.00 | =$ | Be = | ee 050 r| oe: 1 £4 a0 \—-F-f 28 | ge [ & -0.50 |}-+4— 58 | | Fg -1.00 s j g | 6 Aa Sf £ 10-year moving average (winter—land only) 10-year moving average (summer—tand 0 Source European Environment Agency 32 GOON >Science The effect of climate on the population of yellow-banded snails is shown in Figure 1 Figure 1. Effect of Climate on Yellow-Banded Snails (Frequency) Modern Range Historic Range 1 0.0 to 0.39 (low frequency) 0.4 to 0.79 (medium frequency) | 0.8 to 1.0 (high frequency) Ce a & 3 hs s oe Source’ PLoS ONE 33 GOON >Science 16. Which claim is supported by evidence from Graph 1? A. Snails with yellow shells live in all three habitats, but those with banding have a survival advantage in hedge habitats, B. Snails with yellow shells and banding are less able to survive in wood habitats, C. Snails with brown shells live in all three habitats, but they have a survival advantage in meadow habitats. D. Snails with brown shells and no banding are most often found in meadow habitats, 17. Use Graph 2 and Figure 4 to answer the question Part A Which statement best predicts how yellow-banded snails will be affected if the trends shown in Graph 2 continue? A. Yellow-banded snails will migrate from higher elevations to lower elevations, B. _Yellow-banded snails will migrate from northern regions to southem regions. C. _Yellow-banded snails will become more common in areas that have historically cooler temperatures. D. _Yellow-banded snails will be found in a much wider range than the region in which they were historically found. Part B Which statement supports your prediction from Part A? A. Yellow-banded snails are able to live in all environments, but predation rates were historically higher in certain areas prior to climate change. B. _ Yellow-banded snails in cooler areas will become extinct because they are unable to adapt to changing conditions. C. Yellow-banded snails will move to areas where there are fewer migratory predators. D. Yellow-banded snails are better suited to live in warmer climates than snails with other-colored shells 34 GOON >Science 18. Circle the correct bolded answer in each bracket to complete the sentence. As the climate in northem regions changes, the population of snails with darker- colored shells will ikely [increas lecrease; remain unaffected] because they have [better camouflage; higher body temperatures; lower rates of predation; smaller body sizes] than snails with lighter-colored shells. 35 GOON >Science 19. Use Graph 1, Figure 1, and the information about banded snails to answer the question, Write the correct statement in each box to show an effect that each cause is likely to have on a snail population with a high degree of genetic diversity. Not all statements will be used. Statements: Dark-colored banded snails become more common than yellow-colored banded snails. Snails with a darker shell color are less likely to survive and reproduce to pass traits on to offspring Only snails with a lighter shell color and banding are able to survive in the new environment. Snails of any color with the most banding survive better than snails with any color and no banding. Cause Effect eee Regions begin experiencing cooler-than-average winter climates. | Anew species of predator is able to detect darker colors better than song thrushes can, Warmer temperatures cause wood environments to change into hedge environments. 36 GOON PpScience 20. As you respond to Part A, Part B, and Part C, follow the directions below. ‘* Address all of the instructions in each prompt. * Use the evidence from the information provided and your own knowledge Of science to support your responses. Part A Based on the information in Graph 1, explain the relationships between shell color, presence of banding, and habitat. Use the evidence from the graph to support your answer. 38 GOON >Science 39 GOON >Science 20. (continued) PartB The characteristics of two snail populations are shown, + Population 1: high degree of genetic variation among snails living in a wood environment at higher elevations * Population 2: all snails have the same traits specialized for a hedge environment that is found in warmer locations Explain how each snail population will likely be affected if the trend shown in Graph 2 continues. Use evidence from Graph 1, Graph 2, and Figure 1 to support your explanation. 40 GOON >Science GOON > 420. (continued) Part © Describe the snail color that will offer the greatest selective advantage if the trends shown in Graph 2 continue. Use evidence from the information on banded snails to support your claim 42 GOON >Science 43 GOONPScience 21. Use the information and your knowledge of science to answer the question. Like all fruit, pears continue to undergo cellular respiration after they are harvested. As pears ripen, they begin respiration, and carbohydrates in the fruit are converted to other forms. If enough time goes by, the fruit may begin to rot. Growers want to keep the pears unripe for as long as possible, and ripen the fruit, just before sending them to the supermarket. For this reason, growers have investigated storing pears under different conditions. The graph shows the results of one investigation Respiration Rate Effect of Varying Oxygen Concentrations on Respiration Rate of Pears at Three Different Temperatures 5 10 15 20 Oxygen Concentration (%) Key — 23°C —— 18°C 7rC Source: Journal of Experimental Botany 44 GOON >Science Circle the correct bolded answer in each bracket to complete the sentences related to cellular respiration in pears. For long-term storage of pears, the oxygen concentration should be [5%; 10%; 15%; 20%] and the temperature should be [23°C; 15°C; 7°C]. This will result in the [least; most] amount of energy being used by the pears. 45 GO ON >Science 22. Use the information and your knowledge of science to answer the question. A scientist crosses morning glory plants of different flower colors to determine how flower color is passed on to offspring. The results of three crosses are shown in the table. Flower Color in Morning Glory Plants Cross Flower Color | Flower Color | Flower Color of Parent | of Parent2 | of Offspring v purple purple | _ purple x | ted red red z purple red purple The scientist crosses an offspring from cross X with an offspring from cross Z. What are the expected results of this cross? A. 100% of plants with red flowers B. 100% of plants with purple flowers C. 50% of plants with red flowers, 50% of plants with purple flowers D. 75% of plants with purple flowers, 25% of plants with red flowers 46 GOON >Science 23. Use your knowledge of science to answer the question. Which statements desoribe steps in photosynthesis? Circle the three correct answers. Glucose is broken down into carbon dioxide and water. Energy is stored in the bonds of ATP. Light energy is absorbed by chlorophyll Organic matter and oxygen combine to break molecules into smaller parts, Energy is used to convert carbon dioxide and water into sugar. Energy in the form of heat is used to absorb carbon dioxide. Water is broken apart to produce oxygen onmmoogm> @ by w @ S Ey ‘e 47Science Use the information about kit fox ecology and your knowledge of science to answer the questions, Kit Fox Ecology The San Joaquin kit fox is a small fox, about the size of a house cat. It is native to the San Joaquin Valley, which is the southern part of California's Central Valley. Table 1 shows some characteristics of San Joaquin kit foxes. Table 1, San Joaquin Kit Fox Characteristics Preferred : deserts, open gr: slands. prairies, scrub lands about the size of a house cat small rodents, lizards, birds, insects hunts at night; digs in soft underground dens Reproduction | two to six pups each year tomake Behavior Predators _| red foxes, coyotes. bot is. raptors Other —_| habitat loss from human encroachment: use of Threats _| pesticides and poisons In the 1800s, the San Joaquin Valley of California was mostly open grassland and marshes with a few sparsely wooded areas. Today, humans have changed much of the Central Valley for agricultural and urban use 52 GOON >Science Figure 1 shows the results of a study about how a portion of Fresno County in the Central Valley changed over time, Figure 1. Changes in the Study Area within Fresno County pre-European 1912 Key urban agricultural grasstand saltbush welland riparian’valley oak woodland These changes in the Central Valley led to a decline in the San Joaquin kit fox population, and the species was placed on the endangered species list in 1967. In addition to the changes in land use in the Central Valley, kit foxes are threatened by other factors, such as climate change and predators. Scientists have noted that as the ‘San Joaquin kit fox population has declined, the populations of some of its predators, such as coyotes, have increased. The outlook for the kit fox is poor unless serious human intervention occurs. The human population in the Central Valley is expected to grow over the next two decades. The added pressure of more people could possibly create an even worse situation for the remaining population of kit foxes. Humans have been trying to save kit foxes for decades. a ts te Ss 5 Es & 53 GOON >Science Map 1 shows where kit foxes are most often seen in Fresno County. Map 1. Kit Foxes in Fresno County 54 Key © kit fox sightings GOON >24, 25. Use the information in Table 1 and Figure 1 to answer the question Which change is most responsible for the decline of the kit fox population? ‘A. an increase in predator habitat due to reduced competition B. a reduction in carrying capacity due to habitat loss C. a reduction in carrying capacity due to decreased temperatures D. an increase in insect populations due to agriculture Use the information in Figure 1 to answer the questions. PartA Which claim about changes in biodiversity in the San Joaquin Valley is supported by the information in Figure 1? A. Biodiversity has increased because of the expansion of agriculture. B. Biodiversity has increased because woodlands have been removed C. Biodiversity has decreased because species have migrated out of the valley. D. Biodiversity has decreased because a variety of habitats have been reduced. Part B Which statement best explains why biodiversity is important for all life on Earth? A. Low biodiversity prevents the loss of species by increasing the types of organisms that can live in one area. B. High biodiversity tends to stabilize an ecosystem by reducing the rate at which species become extinct. C. High biodiversity changes an ecosystem by reducing the survival rate of all but the individuals best suited to an area D. Low biodiversity results in stable ecosystems by increasing competition for resources among individuals. 55 GOON > ( i = = ésScience 26. Which human intervention would most likely protect and maintain kit fox populations? A. Move kit foxes to areas with large populations of similar mammals. B. Move kit foxes to sparsely populated mountainous regions. C. Protect grasslands and prairies from development, D. Introduce a species that could be a new kit fox food source. 56 GOON >Science 27. Scientists studying San Joaquin kit foxes have proposed the three strategies shown in an effort to increase the kit fox population. © Strategy 1: Work with landowners to create artificial dens thal prevent coyotes and bobcats from entering. © Strategy 2: Place tracking devices on lizards and rodents to understand how the Kit fox’s prey use the territory. © Strategy 3: Restore a portion of agricultural land back to its original saltbush habitat. Identify which strategy is likely to result in the greatest increase in the San Joaquin kit fox population. Explain why the strategy you identified is more likely than the other two strategies to lead to the greatest increase in the kit fox population. Use evidence from the information about kit foxes to support your explanation. 87 GOON >Science Use the information about primate traits and your knowledge of science to answer the questions. Primate Traits Chimpanzees and gorillas are genetically similar, sharing more than 98 percent of their DNA. While they have many of the same body parts, the details of these body parts differ between the two species. Chimpanzees and gorillas have a difference of 2 percent in their DNA sequences, but that difference represents more than 35 million base pairs that differ in the chromosomes of every cell. These base pair changes account for the physical differences seen between the two species. One difference between the two species is the shape of their hands and feet. Figure 1 compares a hand and a foot of a chimpanzee and a gorilla Figure 1. Chimpanzee and Gorilla Hands and Feet Hand Foot Chimpanzee Gorilla Re 58 GOON >Science Much like a human hand, chimpanzee and gorilla hands have opposable thumbs. This adaptation is good for picking up small objects and eating with one hand. Chimpanzees have fingers that are much longer and narrower than gorillas’ fingers, and have thumbs that are slightly smaller and sit farther down on their palms than gorillas’ thumbs do. As a result, chimpanzees’ thumbs are not as fully opposable as those of gorillas. Gorillas have much wider palms and have thumbs that can rotate more easily than chimpanzees’ thumbs. This allows gorillas to pick up objects more easily than chimpanzees can. Both chimpanzees and gorillas have feet with opposable big toes. This adaptation allows them to grasp objects, including branches, with their feet. Chimpanzees spend much of their time climbing trees, but gorillas spend most of their time foraging on the ground, returning to the trees only to sleep. Gorillas can stand and move on two legs, but can run much faster on alll fours. One reason for the differences in the hands and feet of chimpanzees and gorillas is due to differences in stretches of DNA called enhancers. Enhancers control the activity of genes. When certain proteins, called activators, bind to enhancers, it causes the DNA to fold and allows other molecules to bind to the DNA. The result is that genes are switched on. If the sequence of an enhancer is changed, the activator will not bind to it, As a result, the DNA will not fold and the gene will not be switched on. One enhancer sequence, called HACNS', is thought to control the structure of the hands and feet in chimpanzees and gorillas. Scientists have found that a working version of the enhancer sequence is needed for hand and foot development to take place. They have also found that the chimpanzees contain a mutant, non-working version of HACNS1 a S ty @ S cs rs 59 GOON >Science Figure 2 models how different versions of HACNS1 behave in a cell. Figure 2. Protein Synthesis and the HACNS1 Enhancer activator molecules used protein for synthesis i ee a einamet ne mutant | i ter coding enhancer BACNS' | Promoter region sequence | sequence of gene Y Y molecules cannot bind DNA folds. - and molecules ~ C2 bind to DNA eC Qa el no protein made protein made working enhancer mutant enhancer Source: The MoGraw-Hil! Companies, Ine. coe 60 GOON >Science 28. Which statements explain the most likely cause of the difference between the hands of chimpanzees and those of gorillas? Circle the three correct answers. ‘A, Asingle nucleotide base in the enhancer sequence changed, which caused an activator protein to bind to the enhancer sequence. B. Several individual chimpanzees all developed the same mutation at the same time, which caused them to grip branches better. C. Chimpanzees used their hands for climbing more than gorillas did, so their DNA mutated to disable enhancers and caused their hands to develop differently from those of gorillas. D. The exchange of pieces of DNA between alleles during sexual reproduction caused new combinations of DNA to form. E. An individual had a genetic mutation that resulted in a hand structure with a selective advantage that was passed on to offspring F. Mutations in the enhancer sequences in chimpanzees resulted in the production of new activator proteins. 0. a iy o 5 iB: i, at GOON >Science 29. Write each word or phrase in the correct box to identify whether or not each word or phrase represents @ reason for the change in chimpanzee hands. Words/Phrases: crossbreeding differences in enhancer sequence differences in the ways chimpanzees use their hands sexual reproduction mutations in chimpanzee DNA A Reason for the Change in Chimpanzee Hands Not a Reason for the Change in Chimpanzee Hands 62 GOON PScience 30. Use Figure 2 to answer the question The model shown in Figure 2 can best be used to explain the answer to which question? ‘A. Why did some individuals develop the mutation that disrupts a working enhancer? B, When a working enhancer binds to a gene, does it affect the amount of protein that can be produced? C. What happens when an activator protein binds to the working enhancer in a strand of DNA? D. When a coding region of a gene becomes inactive, is the deactivation of the enhancer proteins the only cause? 31. Chimpanzees within a population have a range of different hand shapes and sizes, but all chimpanzees carry the mutant enhancer protein that causes their hands to differ from those of gorillas Circle the correct bolded answer in each bracket to support a claim about how the mutant enhancer protein became common within the chimpanzee population. Evidence suggests that chimpanzees and gorillas descended from a common ancestor that produced a [normal; mutated; nonfunctioning] enhancer protein. At one point, [a group of chimpanzees; an individual chimpanzee; an individual gorilla; a group of gorillas] developed a mutation in the [DNA; body cells] that affected hand shape. This trait was passed on to offspring over many generations, and those individuals [with; without] the trait were more successful than other individuals. This resulted in the mutant enhancer protein becoming common among all chimpanzees. o 4 i a 5 g ey 63 GOON >Science 32. Use the information and your knowledge of science to answer the questions. A saline solution (a type of salt water) can be added to a patient's bloodstream during medical procedures. However, if the concentration of salt is too high, blood cells may become damaged. A student decides to perform an investigation to test this claim. Part A Which investigations are most appropriate to help the student test the claim? Circle the three correct answers. A. Use a microscope to examine changes in leaf cells placed in solutions of 4% of 10% salt B. Measure the mass of carrot sticks before and after being placed in solutions of either salt water or fresh water. C. Examine how quickly colored salt water moves into potato cubes that are 5 mm or 10 mm in length. D. Monitor how quickly celery stalks of different lengths take in colored water. E. Compare the firmness of spinach leaves placed in a salt solution overnight with those placed in fresh water overnight. Part B Which statements explain the answers to Part A? Circle all that apply. A. Cells placed in fresh water may burst. Cells placed in fresh water will shrink in size. Tissues placed in salt water will weigh more than those placed in fresh water. Celis placed in salt solutions will become stif. Solutions with a high salt concentration will diffuse faster than solutions with a low salt concentration, moo® F. Water will move out of cells that are placed in a solution with a high salt concentration, 64 GOON >Science 33. Use the information and your knowledge of science to answer the question. Write each statement in the correct box to identify the causes and effects of Huntington's disease within a population Statements: Dutch settlers in South Africa carried the gene for Huntington's disease. Only 766 male immigrants are the ancestors of 56 million South Africans. Dutch settlers remained in small communities within South Africa. People of Dutch ancestry in South Africa have an unusually high frequency of the allele that causes Huntington's disease. Cause Effect Q g a bx 5 Es Ce 65 GOON >Science 34. Use the information and your knowledge of science to answer the question. Body systems often work together to achieve a goal. For example, several body systems are involved when the body engages in what is known as the “fight-or- flight” response to possible danger. The diagram shows the body systems involved in this response. The Fight-or-Flight Response Immune System Respiratory System —siows down ~breathing increases ~more oxy Heart and Circulatory, System —hearl beats faster -hearl pumps more blood blood pressure increases, ~ Muscular System blood flow increases Exeretory System yb sweating increases ~blood flow to kidneys decreases -urine production decreases Endocrine Systom & Pancreas release hormones that constrict blood “ vessels, and increase heart rate and biood pressure les insulin produced ~blood sugar increases ~digestion decreases 66 GOON >Science Which statements describe how systems interact to produce the fight-or-flight response? Circle the two correct answers. A. B. The digestive system creates hormones that are sent to the muscular system, resulting in increased blood flow to muscles. The endocrine system floods the circulatory system with hormones that affect several other body systems. The muscular system sends receptors to the circulatory system to increase blood pressure and heart rate. The digestive system interacts with the excretory system, supplying hormones to slow the production of urine. The endocrine system supplies the lungs with insulin, allowing increased absorption of oxygen The circulatory system experiences a change in blood flow, which allows the muscular system to obtain additional glucose, 67 GOONScience 35. Use the information and your knowledge of science to answer the question. In the Gulf of Mexico, seagrass meadows are nurseries for many young animals. Polychaetes are a type of invertebrate that lives on seagrass and provides food to many of the animals that live in the seagrass meadows. To study the effect of predators on different species of polychaetes, scientists ided four large fish tanks into two halves. Seagrasses containing different species of polychaetes were placed into both halves of all four fish tanks. A predator was placed into only one of the two halves in each of the four fish tanks. After a few days, the scientists counted the total number of polychaetes in each half of the tank, The results ere shown in the graph Effect of Predators on Number of Polychaetes 120 400 80 60H 404 204 Number of Polychaetes le rH | I pinfish pink grass blue shrimp shrimp ¢rab Predator Key C predator absent | i predator present ‘oundation 68 GOON >Science Noxt, the scientists counted the number of polychaete species in each half of the tank. The results are shown in the table. Effect of Predators on Number of Polychaete Species Number of Number of Predator | Polychaete Species- | Polychaete Species— Predator Absent Preclator Present pinfish 10 10 i pink shrimp 14 7 grass shrimp es 4 blue crab 7 8 Source: Estuarine Research Foundation Based on the information in the graph and the table, how has competition among predators affected species diversity in seagrass meadows in the Gulf of Mexico? A. Over time, pink shrimp have adapted to eat a wider variety of prey species compared to other predator species, B. Over time, blue crab have adapted to eat more of their diet in polychaetes compared to other predator species. C. Over time, the number of pink shrimp has decreased and the number of pinfish has decreased, D. Over time, the number of grass shrimp has decreased and the number of blue crab has increased 69 = Gs 3 5 é GOON PpSession 3 Science 36. Use the information and your knowledge of science to answer the question. Scientists discovered a new pathogen that causes disease in humans. The pathogen measures 50 to 60 nanometers (nm) in length and is spread by the bite of a mosquito. After incubating for three to six days, it causes a variety of symptoms in affected patients, including fever, headache, muscle pain, and vomiting. The best treatment includes bed rest, fluids, and painkillers, if necessary. Antibiotics are not prescribed for this disease, but, in some cases, extra oxygen is given to help with breathing. To correctly identify the pathogen, scientists considered the characteristics of other diseases, The table shows some of this information. Characteristics of Some Diseases Method of Size of — Incubation Disease| Cause | symptoms ation | restment r YMPLOMS | Transmission Organism Timo nfusic fast-actin, musco | Beat vaoarer rabies | virus . infected 180.nm | 1-3 months | ee animal i 1 antibiotics, cterum| coughing. gagnm 71048 4 bacterium | coughing. sneezing 800 nm 10 days | fluids. bed voting coughing headache, | sneezing chicke 150 ankles chicken Vviys — |rever skin | contact wth $507 ae a rash blisters or 7 clotting abdominal pain, fever, typhus | bacterium | backache. 2.000nm | 1-2 weeks | antioioties rash, cough vomiting 70 GOON >Science Which claim about the pathogen is supported by evidence from the table? A. The pathogen is most likely @ virus because of its symptoms and its incubation time. B. The pathogen is most likely a virus because of its size and its treatment. C. The pathogen is most likely a bacterium because of its transmission method and the disease it caused D. The pathogen is most likely a bacterium because of its symptoms and its incubation time. m4 GOON >Science 37. Use the information and your knowledge of science to answer the question, Rock pocket mice are a type of small rodent found in the southwestern United States. These mice can have dark or light fur. Differences in the fur color of rock pocket mice are the result of a recessive mutation in a single gene, known as agouti. The agouti mutation causes dark fur to be striped with a band of reddish brown, resulting in lighter fur color. Scientists have noticed changes over time in fur coloration of populations of rock pocket mice living in locations with light, sandy- colored rock compared to those living in locations with black rock. The graph shows how populations of rock pocket mice are expected to change over the course of one hundred years after moving to each location Change in Rock Pocket Mice Populations in Two Locations 100 Percentage of Population with Dark Fur (%) 120 ‘Key | —=— black rock | a sandy-colored rock 72 GOON >Science Which explanations support the patterns seen in the graph? Circle the three correct answers. A Mice that have dark fur and live on sandy-colored rock are easy prey for hungry hawks and owls, Mice with dark fur cannot survive on black rock because the temperature is too hot Mice with dark fur can more easily hide on sandy-colored rock. Mice born with the agouti trait are more likely to survive to breed and reproduce on sandy-colored rock. Mice with light fur are less likely to survive on black rock than on sandy- colored rock. In locations with black rock, the agouti mutation quickly becomes extinct. 73 GOON > ae my Ss §Science 38. Use the information and your knowledge of science to answer the question. ‘Temperature regulation in humans is controlled by feedback mechanisms. If body temperature decreases below the optimal temperature, the central nervous system causes muscles in the skin to contract. This pulls each hair into a vertical position and causes parts of the skin to raise into small bumps called goosebumps. This, response helps reduce the amount of blood that is exposed to the environment A student wants to investigate the feedback mechanism that causes goosebumps. Write the correct statement in each box to show the most appropriate order of the steps a student should take in this investigation. Not all statements will be used. Statements: Have a participant place one hand into a bow! of warm water. Drip each water sample on the back of the participant's neck, Prepare one bowl of hot water, one bowl of room-temperature water, and one bow! of cold water. Record observation data. Ask the participant whether or not his or her skin usually gets goosebumps. Observe the hand in water for goosebumps. Step 1 Step3 | Observe the skin on the arms and legs of the participant. 74 GOON PScience 39. Use the information and your knowledge of science to answer the question. Vitamin D is a molecule that assists chemical reactions within a cell. Human skin cells produce vitamin D when they are exposed to ultraviolet radiation from the ‘Sun. The model shows how the body metabolizes (alters and uses) vitamin D. Vitamin D Metabolism in Humans r Sa e Skin cells absorb UV radiation and build vitamin D molecules. | ha Liver cells change ture of vitamin D. | i § Bone cells absorb Kidney cells crEZle to ctinog absorb vitamin D; bones active form of a sbenretal produce red blood cells. vitamin D. vers Circle the correct bolded answer in each bracket to show what the model can be used to explain about vitamin D metabolism. In order to make vitamin D into a usable form, it must first be transported from the skin to different [cells within each organ; organs within each system; tissues within each cell; organs within each tissue]. The model shows that the interaction of [only organs in one system; different organ systems; all cell a Fs i 3: $ o types in a tissue; specific cells in an organ] is necessary to accomplish specific functions within the body. 75 GOON >Sook) Science 40. Use the information and your knowledge of science to answer the questions. Sheephead are a species of large fish that are a key predator in a kelp forest ecosystem. Scientists have learned that approximately 60 percent of their diet consists of crabs, 9 percent consists of sea urchins, and 6 percent consists of bivalves (clams, mussels, oysters). Scientists examined how removing sheephead from a community affects the sea urchin population. The graph shows the results of this investigation, which began in October 1980. Changes in a Sea Urchin Population in the Presence and Absence of Sheephead 100 80 60 40 Number of Sea Urchins Feb.-—— Apr. Jun. Oct. }— ol L og Sigg eegeg o8 20822326 1980 1981 —-+— 1982-1 Date Key | © — absence of sheephead ce of sheephead 76 GO ON PScience Part A Which claims are supported by evidence from the graph? Circle the two correct answers. A. Alarge sheephead population will cause the sea urchin population to decrease. B. As the sea urchin population decreases, the population of sheephead decreases due to starvation. C. The sea urchin population has a limiting effect on the sheephead population. D. The size of the sheephead population has a direct effect on the size of the sea urchin population. E. Sea urchin survival depends on a stable sheephead population. Part B Which statement uses information from the graph that supports the answer to. Part A? ‘A. The sea urchin population with sheephead present was higher in April 1982 than it was in June 1981. B. The sea urchin population with sheephead present decreased between 1980 and 1982, C. The sea urchin populations with sheephead present and with sheephead absent were the same in November 1980. D. The sea urchin population with sheephead absent was smaller in 1982 than it was in 1980. Ci) a ca SS 5 7 GOON >Science 41. Use the information and your knowledge of science to answer the question. Steelhead trout spend a portion of their lives at sea but return to streams and rivers to reproduce. As dams were built on rivers, it became more difficult for steelhead trout to travel upriver, and populations decreased. However, more recently, the removal of dams has caused populations of steelhead trout to increase again Scientists have observed changes to the populations of steelhead trout since the dams were removed. The figure shows changes noted at one location. Changes in a Population m4 of Male Steelhead Trout Number of Offspring Produced Source: Evolutionary Which statement best explains the change in the male steelhead trout population? A. Shorter males produce more sex cells than longer males, resulting in the fertilization of more eggs. B. Longer males use more energy for growth than shorter males, resulting in the production of fewer sex cells. C. Shorter males travel faster upriver than longer males and begin breeding with females earlier. D. Longer males are able to outcompete shorter males for access to females. 78