PROBLEM 12.91 ‘A small ball swings in a horizontal circle atthe end of a cord of length /;, which forms an angle 6, with the vertical. The cord is then slowly dra through the support at O until the length of the free end is /,. (a) Derive a relation among /h, Ip, 6,, and @,. (b) If the ball is set in motion so that initially 1, = 2 Land 6, = 40°, determine the angle @, when /, =1.5 SOLUTION (@) For state | or 2, neglecting the vertical component of acceleration m? P LER, = ma, Tsind = Wsindcosd = But p= sind sothat ow. 2 sin? 0080 = f g sin@tand m yy = V&igsingjtand, and v, = J0,g sind, tand, EM, : H, = constant rim, = nm or wfsin&, = vl sind, 6g sind, /sin8, tand, = £3? sind, /sind, tand, (6) With @, = 40°, £,=2f, and £, =1.5 ft (2)' sin? 40°tan 40° = (1.5)' sin’ tan, sin’ stan, ~ 0.52824 = 0 0, = 498° €PROBLEM 12.92 Two 1.2-kg collars A and B can slide without friction on a frame, consisting of the horizontal rod OE and the vertical rod CD, which is free to rotate about CD. The two collars are connected by a cord running over 1 pulley that is attached to the frame at O and a stop prevents collar B from moving. The frame is rotating at the rate @ = 10rad/s and r = 0.2m when the stop is removed allowing collar A to move out along. rod OE. Neglecting friction and the mass of the frame, determine (a) the tension in the cord and the acceleration of collar A relative to rod OE immediately after the stop is removed,(b) the transverse component of the velocity of collar A when r = 0.3 m. SOLUTION Let y be the position coordinate of B, positive upward with origin at O. Constraint of the cord: r ~ y = constant (@) Kinematics: (ag), == # and { freee, Collar B: EF, = mgag: T - mgg = myii = mgr a e u J Collar A: 4. EF, = my(a,),: -T = m,(F-r6") 2% Adding (1) and (2) to eliminate 7, Qn), = Im + mp) + mgr a > " > mes _ my? — mye _ (1-2)(0.2)(10)* ~ (1.2)(9.81) im, +My 12412 Cait = Boing = 5.10 mvs? — From(1), T= mg(#'+g) = (0.12)(5.10 +9.81) T =1789N 4 (8) Conservation of angular momentum of collar A: (Hy), = (Ho), (Ho), = ma(vo), = maids = (1.2)(02)' (10) = 0.48 ke ms #2(¥0)> = (1.2)(0.3)(ve), = 0:36(r4), 0.36(v), = 0.48 (vy), = 1.333 mis4 wb PROBLEM 12.93 Two 1.2-kg collars A and B can slide without friction on a frame, consisting ofthe horizontal rod OE and the vertical rod CD, which is free to rotate about CD. The two collars are connected by a cord running over 4 pulley that is attached to the frame at O and a stop prevents collar B from moving. The frame is rotating at the rate @ = I2rad/s and r= 0.2m when the stop is removed allowing collar 4 to move out along rod OE. Neglecting friction and the mass of the frame, determine, for the position r = 0.4m,, (a) the transverse component of the velocity of collar A, (b) the tension in the cord and the acceleration of collar A relative to the rod OE, oS SOLUTION (@) Conservation of angular momentum of collar 4: (Hy), = (Hy), ‘m,736, = (1.2)(0.2)'(12) = 0.576 kg m*/s 1.2)(04)(v4), = 0.48(09), 576 (vp), =12ms € Constraint ofthe cord: r~ y= constant or (a) Kinematies: “hp elaay (ay), =5=F and (a), = #00" e]= fe Collar B: EF, = myay: T— mys = my = mye w nal Collar A: +. EF, = m,(a,): -T = m,( -r6*) @ ‘Adding (1) and (2) to eliminate 7, tn = hea mig = (my + mg) + mgr” mr6®— mye _(1.2)(0.4)(3.00)° ~(1.2)(9.81) my My 12412 +g) =(1.2)(-3.11+9.81) T=805N 4 Gyn = 3-11 VS" radially inward.PROBLEM 12.94 A particle of mass m is projected from point 4 with an initial velocity vy perpendicular to OA and moves under a central force F along an elliptic path defined by the equation r = 7,/(2~ cos0). Using Eq. (1237), show that F is inversely proportional to the square of the distance r from. the particle tothe center of force 0. SOLUTION wate 220088 du _ sind du _ cos rm dO” au eun2- by Eq, (1237 ae" mae PY HCD j 2mhu? _ 2mi? Solving for F, F x nw Since m, hy and ry are constants, Fis proportional to --, or inversely proportional to 72PROBLEM 12.95 A particle of mass m describes the path defined by the equation rr = m/(6c0s0 — 5) under a central force F directed away from the center of force O. Using Eq. (12.37), show that F is inversely proportional to the square of the distance r from the particle to O. SOLUTION _1_ 6008-5 du __6sind du _ 60s ron dO dO oy a F ae sare bY Ea (1230). ee pa Silat i % vy Since m, h, and ry are constants, F is proportional to. or inversely proportional to r2, The minus sign indicates that the force is repulsive, as shown in Fig. P12.95." PROBLEM 12.96 A particle of mass m describes the parabola y = x°/4r, under a central 1 force F directed toward the center of force C. Using Eq. (12.37) and Eq. (12.39) with «=, show that F is inversely proportional to the r square of the distance r from the particle to the center of force and that the angular momentum per unit mass = J2GMr,. if 4 SOLUTION From Fig. P12.96, sind, y = 1-058 since r > 0. Simplifying gives wo a a pn mee il 2 Bar Solving for F, Since m, h, and rp are constants, Fis proportional to -+-, or inversely proportional to By Eq, (1237), Comparing with (1) shows that ¢ = 1 and ML h= 2G, < a 2 (14 ec0sd) =PROBLEM 12.97 For the particle of Problem 12.74, and using Eq. (12.37), show that the central force F is proportional to the distance r from the particle to the center of force 0. Problem 12.74: A particle of mass m is projected from point 4 with an initial velocity vy perpendicular to line OA and moves under a central force F directed away from the center of force O. Knowing that the particle follows a path defined by the equation r = r/ Je0s20 and using Eq, (12.27), express the radial and transverse components of the velocity V of the particle as functions of @. 7 SOLUTION @u a0 Bq (1237): Stes ae Solving for F, cos20[ 1+ 60s? 20 a + cos?29 | \eoa26 | n(e0s20)7 —pises28 Leos, 2 rm | m(cos2ay % eee hee eine ry e0s28 n° \le0s20 ‘The force F is proportional tor. The minus sign indicates that itis repulsive,PROBLEM 12.98 It was observed that during the Galileo spacecraft’s first flyby of the earth, its maximum altitude was 600 mi above the surface of the earth. ‘Assuming that the trajectory of the spacecraft was parabolic, determine the maximum velocity of Galileo during its first flyby of the earth. SOLUTION For the earth: = 3960 mi = 20.909 x 10° ft GM = eR? = (32.2)(20.909 108) = 1407 «10 a? For a parabolic trajectory, = 1 Bq (1239): + aa +cos0) mono, 120M 26M gy, . [FH BF ad % At 1p = 3960 + 600 = 4560 mi = 24.077 x 10° f, [)(4077 10°) 24.077 10° 34.196 x 10° fils vy = 648 milsPROBLEM 12.99 {As a space probe approaching the planet Venus on a parabolic trajectory reaches point A closest to the planet, its velocity is decreased to insert it into a circular orbit. Knowing that the mass and the radius of Venus are 334 x 10?! Tb-s'/ft and 3761 mi, respectively, determine (a) the velocity of the probe as it approaches , (b) the decrease in velocity required to inser it into a circular orbit. SOLUTION GM = (34:4 10° ab s4)(3343102" h-s7R) = 1.490 «10 A? R = 3761 mi = 19.858 10° ft fy = 3161 +175 = 3936 mi = 20.782 x 10° ft (@) Velocity of probe as it approaches 4. (2)(11.490 x 1085 sy = FR = 11907109) aa a50 10 as a 20.782 x 10° va = [EE = Oz 35 513 x10 tvs 7» V20.782% 10 9.739 x 10° fuls (®) Decrease velocity at 4. or [av = 1.845 misPROBLEM 12.100 It was observed that as the Galileo spacecraft reached the point of its trajectory closest to 1o, a moon of the planet Jupiter, it was at a distance ‘of 2820 km from the center of fo and had a velocity of 15 km/s. Knowing. that the mass of To is 0.01496 times the mass of the earth, determine the eccentricity of the trajectory of the spacecraft as it approached Io. SOLUTION Forearth, R=637x10°m —_g = 9.81 m/s? (9.81)(6.37 x 10°), = 398,06 x 10 m'/s* oM For lo, GM = (0.01496)(398.06 x 10) = 5.955 «10! mis? ry = 2.820 x10? m/s, vy = 1510? ms f= ny = 42.310 m/s 129M (4 ccose) and = 2 = Mise) ro e (423%10°) Ite= ea roam ~ (2880 <10°](5955x 10" = 105.5 €PROBLEM 12.101 It was observed that during its second flyby of the earth, the Galileo spacecraft had a velocity of 14.1 kni/s as it reached its minimum altitude of 303 km above the surface of the earth. Determine the eccentricity of the trajectory of the spacecraft during this portion of its flight. SOLUTION Forearth, R = 637% 10° m fy = 6.37 x 10° + 303. x 10° = 6.673 x 10° m 1h = on = (6673 x108)(14.1% 10°) = 94.09» 10? més 2M = gR® = (9.81)(637 10°) = 398.06 x 10"? ms? a Mase) (04.09 x 10°)? (6673103980610) ">? © =333-1 5=2334PROBLEM 12.102 A satellite describes an elliptic orbit about a planet of mass M, Denot by 7 and 1, respectively, the minimum and maximum values of distance r from the satellite to the center of the planet, derive the relatic where / is the angular momentum per unit mass of the satellite. SOLUTION using a 0239, b= Maceo, ma +=! coms, But Oy = 6, +180", sothat cos, = ~cosdy.PROBLEM 12.103 ‘The Chandra x-ray observatory, launched in 1999, achieved an elliptical orbit of minimum altitude 6200 mi and maximum altitude 86,900 above the surface of the earth. Assuming that the observatory was transferred to this orbit from a circular orbit of altitude 6200 mi at point A, determine (a) the increase in speed required at 4, (6) the speed of the observatory at B. SOLUTION For earth, R = 3960 mi = 20.909 x 10° ft GM = gR* = (32.2)(20.909 10°)! = 14077 «108 as? 74 = 3960 + 6200 = 10160 mi = 53.645 x 10° ft Ty = 3960 + 86900 = 90860 mi = 479.74 x 10° ft For a circular orbit with 7 = ry. egg = [OM = [4077 x10” _ 16.199 5 10? fs % 645 x 10 Elliptic orbit. Using Eq.(1239, = 2! 4 Coosa, and 2s Coot. But 16551 x 10! m°/s 4 = L1OSSL 10 _ 31.726 x 10° fs 53.645 x 10° (a) Increase in speed at 4. Avy 527 x 10° fs Ay, = 5.53 «10 fs (6). Speed of observatory at B. 2 A 116551107 vp = 243 x10" fis M8 AIBA IOPROBLEM 12.104 A satellite describes a circular orbit at an altitude of 19 110 km above the surface of the earth, Determine (a) the increase in speed required at point A for the satellite to achieve the escape velocity and enter a parabolic orbit, (6) the decrease in speed required at point A for the satellite to enter an elliptic orbit of minimum altitude 6370 kam, (c) the eccentricity € of the elliptic orbit. ‘SOLUTION Forcath, GM = gh = (0381)(637 <10*) = 398.0610? mil 6370 + 19110 = 25480 km = 25.48 x 10° m vn = [OE = PRBBEHIO® 510° ce Bs ~ Vege = 1.637 x 10? mis Av =1.637 x10" mis € V2 Voi: = 8.5897 x10? mis (@) Increase in speed at Elliptical orbit with rs = 6370 + 6370 = 12740 km = 12.74 x 10° m. Using Eq. (1239), EE coos, and Es Coody ™ "» But 0p = 0, +180°, sothat cos, = ~cos0, tty _ 2GM wn 5 Adding, FGM __ [fA(G9806 10 )(2548 x10") (12.74 x10") the 38.22 10% = 82.230 x10? m/sPROBLEM 12.104 CONTINUED _h | 82230%10° vy = A = 82:23010" 3.2972 x 10° mis ry 25ABx10° (8) Decrease in speed. AV = Vege ~ V4 = 725 ms Av =725 mis € L © =- T4='B = Coos, - Coos, = 2C uote 12.74 x 108 s x10? m! Cree DyesaB 1o*Vrate Ki)” 63%1° ca? _ (19.623109)(82.230 10°) ByBa(1240) = Gag 398.06 x10 1333PROBLEM 12.105 As it describes an elliptic orbit about the sun, a spacecraft reaches ‘maximum distance of 325 x 10° km from the center of the sun at point 4 (called the aphelion) and a minimum distance of 148 x 10° km at point B (called the perihelion). To place the spacecraft in a smaller elliptic orbit with aphelion 4’ and perihelion B’, where 4’ and B’ are located 264.7 x 10° km and 137.6 x 10° km, respectively, from the center of the sun, the speed of the spacecraft is first reduced as it passes through A and then is further reduced as it passes through B’. Knowing that the mass of the sun is 332.8 x 10° times the mass of the earth, determine (a) the speed of the spacecraft at 4, (b) the amounts by which the speed of the spacecraft should be reduced at A and Bt to insert it into the desired elliptic orbit. SOLUTION For earth, R = 6.37%10° m GM = gk? = (9381)(637 x 10°)’ = 398.06 x 10" mis? 132.474 x 10" m°/s? For sun; GM ~ (33238 x 10")(398,06 102) For elliptic orbit AB, r, = 32510? m, ry = 148 x10" m Bg cooat, wd be As comedy mF Ty Nas Using Eq. (12:39), But 6, = 0, +180°, sothat cosd, = ~c0s6y. ‘Adding, = 26M haw h (2)(132.474 x 10!*)(325 « 10°)(148 x 10°) 473 x 10° 5.1907 x 105 m/s. @ (v,), = Mat = SASODAT 15.971 x 10" (v,),=1597x10ms % 325x108 For transfer orbit AB’, ry = 137.610? mPROBLEM 12.105 CONTINUED DGMrgry __|(2)(132.474 x 10!*)(325 x 10°) (136.6 x 10°) ate NO 462601" hap = = 5.0609 x 10'° m*/s (vg), = Hate = $0609 «10 v4) eee Sas 7 SST2X1O mis (b) Decrease of speed at A. (4v4) = (va), ~ (Ya)y = 399 vs [Av,| = 399 mvs hyp _ 5.0609 x 10" (5), = Ae = 1376 x10" = 36.780 x 10° m/s ". 6% For elliptic orbit B'', 264.7 x10? m (2)(132.474 x 10!*)(137.6 x 10°) (264.7 x 10”) 402.3 x 10° 8977 x10! _ 137.6x10 35.594 x 10°m/s 186 «10° mis py = 1186 10?ccctneuene Aryeh try PROBLEM 12.106 A, the point of its original trajectory closest to Mars, itis inserted first elliptic transfer orbit by reducing its speed by Av... This orbit it to point B with a much reduced velocity. There the probe is inserted into a second transfer orbit located in the specified plane by changing the direction of its velocity and further reducing its speed by Avg. Finally, as the probe reaches point C, itis inserted into the desired circular orbit by reducing its speed by Ave. Knowing that the mass of Mars is 0.1074 times the mass of the earth, that r, = 5625 mi and ry = 112,500 mi, and that the probe approaches A on a parabolic trajectory, determine by how ‘much the speed of the probe should be reduced (a) at A, (6) at B, (c) at C. SOLUTION For earth, R = 3960 mi 20.909 x 10° ft GM = gR® = (32.2)(20.909 « 10°) = 14.077 x 10! As? For Mars, GM = (0.1074)(14.077 x 10") ry = $625 mi 1.51188 x10" ft/s? 19.7 «10° ft, ry = 112500 mi = 594 x 10° fe re = 2500 mi = 13.2 «10° ft For the parabolic approach trajectory at 4, (2)(1.51188 x 10) (4), = Pat = - 0.0901 x 10° fs My 29.710 First elliptic transfer orbit AB. Using Bq. (1239), oe +Ce0s0, and + = 9M 4 ceoso,, ube te Vie +180", so that cos ratty _ 26M rn tay na > PRB 2y(.sinss x10") (20.7 x1" (394 10% ty 623.7 x10)PROBLEM 12.106 CONTINUED higp _ 292.45 x 10° (ap = B= =<" = 9.8469 « 10 ft/s % 29.7 « 10° ae iggy _ 292.45 x10? t%, -594x10° = 492.35 fils Second elliptic transfer orbit BC. eee A BGMrgre (cleus 10!*)(594 x 10°)(13.2 x 10°) se 1 Tet te 607.2 «10° hig. = 197.600 x 10° 7/5, (vn), = hae. = 197.600 x10" $94 x10 332.66 fi (4), = Bae = 197.0010" = 14.9667 10? is te 132% 10° Final circular orbit. 10.7022 x 10° fuls (ve), = [OM = fisuiss 108 ae Nie 13.2 «10° Speed reductions: (a) Ata: Av, 74), — (%4)y = 10.0907 x 10? — 9.8469 x 10? = 243.1 05, Av, = 243 fs ¥_), ~ (va), = 492.35 ~ 332.66 = 159.69 fs Avg = 159.7 fls (0) ALC: Ave ), ~ (Ye)y = 14.9697 « 10? 10,7022. 10? = 42675 x 10? us Ave = 4270 filsPROBLEM 12.107 For the probe of Prob. 12.106, it is known that r, = 5625 mi and that the speed of the probe is reduced by 1300 f¥s as it passes through 4. Determine (a) the distance from the center of Mars to point B, (6) the amounts by which the speed of the probe should be reduced at B and C, respectively. SOLUTION For earth, R = 3960 mi = 20.909 x 10° ft GM = eR? = (32.2)(20.909 10°) = 14.077 x10! Vs? For Mars, GM = (0.1074)(14.077 x 10!) = 1.51188 x 10" fs? 174 = 5625 mi = 29.7 «10° ft, = 2500 mi = 13.2 « 10° ft For the parabolic approach trajectory at A, EM _ |(2)(1.51188x10'°) 5 POM _ JON + = 10,0901 x10? tus (as 29.7 x 10° ee First elliptic transfer orbit 4B. Cas 14), ~ Avg = 10.0901 1300 = 8.7901 10° fs ian = ral¥4)y = (29-7 x 10°)(8.7901 x 10°) = 261.066 x 10? fs Using Ea. (12.39), 2 = 2M. 4.ceosa, and 4 SM 5 coosty 4 Kae Te haw 74 +180", sothat cosy = ~c0s8,. (2)(1.51188 x 10" (yfistissxt0") 1 saess6x10? hat” s1066m0f BINT (@) Distance from the center of Mars to point B. 7g = 93.4964 x 10° ft ry =17710 miPROBLEM 12.107 CONTINUED hyp _ 261.066 x 10” 4” 93.4964 x10" = 2.7923 x 10° fs (vs), Second elliptic transfer orbit BC 11 mtr _ 26M Te to Tale gc’ he fm. [a st1a8 x10") (03.4964 x 10°)(13.2 x108) mT 106.6964 = 187.018 x 10° A7/s fig _ 187.018 x 10° 18701810 — 2.0003 x 10° fs 7% 93.4964 x 10" (vs), (v¢), = tac. = 187.018 x10" Me = = 32 Oe OSI" = 14.1680 10° is re 32x Final circular orbit. (0), = fo = [ESU8E=IOE _ 19.7002 108 Yee TV B2xi0' ) Speed reductions. [avo] =(ve), ~ (ve), =2.7923 « 10? - 2.0008 10? ls < lavel=(¥0), (ve), = 14.1680 x 10? 10.7022 x 10° 3470 fisseooteteoe "PROBLEM 12.108 < Determine the time needed for the space probe of Prob. 12.106 to travel from A to B on its first transfer orbit. SOLUTION For earth, R = 3960 mi = 20.909 x 10° ft = (32.2)(20.900 108)? = 14077 «1085 ms? For Mars, GM = (0.1074)(14.077 109) = 151188 108 ws? rq = 5625 mi = 29.7 «108 R, rp = 112500 mi = 594x108 fe 10,0901 x 10° fs (v4 For the parabolic approach trajectory at 4, _———__ Rem (ens x10!) % 29.7 x 10° First elliptic transfer orbit AB. TpGu =. ccosa, and Has Using Bq, (12.39), But 9, =, +180%, sothat cos, = ~cos6, 11 _ mtn _ 26M Adding, b+ rete eM eee _ [(y[st1 98 10" (00.7 x 10°)(so4 x0) haa = uth 623.7 x 10° Iya = 292.45 10° m2/s a= Erg + 1g) = 4(29.7 «108 + 594% 10°) = 311.85 «10° f 2 2 b= Vrs = 09.7 10)(S94 104) = 132.82 108 8 Period time for full eipse: + = 228 ab Forhalfellipse AB, ty 2 (311.85 « 10°) 132.82 « 10° 292.45 x10" 445.95 «10? typ =123.6hPROBLEM 12.109 ‘The Clementine spacecraft described an elliptic orbit of minimum altitude hy = 250 mi and a maximum altitude of iy = 1840 mi above the surface of the moon, Knowing that the radius of the moon is 1080 mi and the mass of the moon is 0.01230 times the mass of the earth, determine the periodic time of the spacecraft. SOLUTION For earth, R = 3960 mi = 20.909 x 10° ft 2 6)" 5 3/5? GM = gr? = (32.2)(20.909 x 10°) = 14.077 x 10'° fs For moon, GM = (0.01230)(14.077 x 10!°) = 173.15 x 10? 8s? 0224 x 108 ft ‘rq = 1080 + 250 = 1330 mi = ry = 1080 + 1840 = 2920 mi = 15.4176 x 10° ft as + coos, and 1 = 5 Ceos0,, Using Eq, (12.39), But 6 = 0, +180", sothat cos@, = ~cos@y. Adding, = 40.876 x 10° 7/5 11.2200 x 10° ft Harn) b = rary = 10.4052 x 10° ft ara _2(112200 104104082 10°) 3 0876 x10" = 17.945 «10° s = 299.1 min. r=498h €PROBLEM 12.110 ‘A spacecraft and a satellite are at diametrically opposite positions in the Soa same circular orbit of altitude 500 km above the earth. As it passes through point 4, the spacecraft fires its engine for a short interval of time to increase its speed and enter an elliptic orbit. Knowing that the aa fsremenft spacecraft returns to A at the same time the satellite reaches 4 after completing one and a half orbits, determine (a) the inerease in speed required, (b) the periodic time for the elliptic orbit. ‘0 bm SOLUTION Forearth, R= 637x10°m, — g = 9.81 m/s* = 398,06 x 10"? m/s? GM = gR° = (9.81)(637 «10° For circular orbit of satelite, ry = 6370+ 500 = 6870 km = 6.87 10° m/s vp = EE = PRO = 1910 me 2eny _ (2#)(687 10°) ry 2 en TL vw 7611910" = 5.6708 x 10° s For elliptic orbit of spacecraft itis given that ving. (239, = Ms coogi 5062 x 10° s raane 2 a=Hrtn) b= Vrae + Ce0s dy. 4 But 0, = 0, +180°, sothat cosé, = ~c0s8,, ‘Adding, GM. ratty 2a “4% = or rata dead _2nabla _ 2x0”? Periodic time: r= ——— 4 cue Jom 398.06 «10?)( 8.5060 «10 oo 29,558 x 10" m?PROBLEM 12.110 CONTINUED a= 9.0023 «10° m, ry = 7 = 6.87 10° m ry = 2a~ rq = 11.1346 x10 m, = rgry = 8.7461 10% m 0023 1°Y(8 7861610) os mtg 8.5062 x 10° . = 5815910" 9.4656 x 10° mis 687 x10 (@) Increase in speed at A. ‘vg = V4 ~ vp = 8.4656 x10? ~ 7.6119 «10° Av, = 854 mis (8) Periodic time for elliptic orbit. As calculated above + 141.8 min 5062 sPROBLEM 12.111 Based on observations made during the 1996 sighting of the comet Hyakutake, it was concluded thatthe trajectory of the comet is a highly clongated ellipse for which the eccentricity is approximately ‘¢ = 0,999887. Knowing that for the 1996 sighting the minimum distance between the comet and the sun was0.230R,, where R, is the mean distance from the sun to the earth, determine the periodic time of the coms SOLUTION For earth's orbit bout the sun, IGM 2nR, 2aRe? 2aRe vy = J, 1 = Se + Vom = Ae 1 Re yy (GM o 7) : L_oM ts 1 LMG, n= HS, Gee), 2a BHa-e, naj En b= (ui= En lexi 6) peta 2m (1+ 6)! ho (1-6)? [Gi (1+ e) ta day Jom(i—e)"? 2#R,*(1-6)" Nas 1 (1-0.999887)"7 = (0.230) 1p = 91.8%10" ry 918x10 yr € Since ty =1yr, 7 = (91.8 x 10*)(1.000)PROBLEM 12.112 It was observed that during its first flyby of the earth, the Galileo spacecraft had a velocity of 6.48 mi/s as it reached its minimum distance of 4560 mi from the center of the earth. Assuming that the trajectory of the spacecraft was parabolic, determine the time needed for the spacecraft to travel from B to C on its trajectory. SOLUTION For earth, R = 3960 mi = 20,909 x 10° ft, ¢ = 32.2 fs? 32.2)(20909 10°) = 14077 x10 i? GM = gk At point 4, ry = 4560 mi = 24.077 x 10° ft v4 = 648 mils = 34.214 fs from which f= ryvy = 823.78 x 10" f/s GM, For trajectory BAC, (1+ ecos0) with «= Atpoint 4, @ = 0 while at B and C, @ = +90° area A. 1 1 Aad nde = 4 or f t 24 _ (2)(15.546 x10'*) 8h 823,78 x10" 3.753 «10 s tue = LOHPROBLEM 12.113 Determine the time needed for the space probe of Problem 12.99 to travel from B to C. Problem 12.99: As a space probe approaching the planet Venus on a parabolic trajectory reaches point A closest to the planet, its velocity is ‘decreased to insert it into a circular orbit. Knowing that the mass and the radius of Venus are 334 x 10 Ib-s'/ft and 3761 mi, respectively, determine (a) the velocity of the probe as it approaches 4, (6) the decrease in velocity required to insert it into a circular orbi SOLUTION Ga =(34 10779-5334 107-328) =11.4896 108? R=3761mi, 1, =3761 +175 = 3936 mi = 20.782 «10° ft For the parabolic trajectory BA at point 4, Fora parabolic trajectory, GM, iE I+ ecos0) 2ry = 41.564 x 10° fi AAs the spacecraft travels from B to A, the area swept out isthe parabolic area Ap. gy = 2 rary = 241.564 x 10°)(20.782 « 10°) = 575.86. 10"? yun Ny Ayah finde = Lhe, a2 2 2)(575.86 x 10"? tpn 2A 0 NST 86 10") 510° A 691.03 x 10° For the circular trajectory AC, vp = [OE = [1880610 95.5153 10" ts ro” \ 20.782 10 Length of are AC. syc = jn = 32.644 «10° ft tye = SiC = S210" sep 10! s vy 23.513%10° Total time = fgy + (4c = 3.055 10° sPROBLEM 12.114 A space probe is describing a circular orbit of radius nR with a speed v, about a planet of radius & and center O. As the probe passes through point A; its speed is reduced from v, to By, where < 1, to place the probe wid on a crash trajectory. Express in terms of n and ¥ the angle AOB, where B denotes the point of impact of the probe on the planet. SOLUTION For the circular orbit, rp yy = [HE . [oe ee re a ‘The crash trajectory is elliptic. BR 1+ ecosd 1. GM( 4 ccosa) = 1+ 8088 ne B'nR At point A, 6 = 180° At impact point B, 0 = x- 9 1 _ 1+ ecos(x ~9) R Bn or cospPROBLEM 12.115, = 105011 Prior to the Apollo missions to the moon, several Lunar Orbiter spacecraft \ were used to photograph the lunar surface to obtain information regarding possible landing sites. At the conclusion of each mission, the trajectory of the spacecraft was adjusted so that the spacecraft would crash on the ‘moon to further study the characteristics of the lunar surface. Shown below is the elliptic orbit of Lunar Orbiter 2. Knowing that the mass of the moon is 0.01230 times the mass of the earth, determine the amount by which the speed of the orbiter should be reduced at point B so that it Ta seer ‘impacts the lunar surface at point C. (Hint. Point B is the apogee of the elliptic impact trajectory.) SOLUTION For earth, R = 3960 mi = 20.909 x 10° ft 1M = gh? = (32.2)(20:909 10°)” = 14.077 «10! ws? For the moon, GM = (0.01230)(14.077 « 10!) = 173.149 «10! Rs? For elliptic orbit AB, r, = 1110 mi = 5.861 x 10° ft, ry = 2240 mi = 11.827 x 10° + Coos, and = SH 4 Coos aa Using Eq, (12.39), But, = 0, +180°, sothat cosy = ~cos8, ‘Adding, tet ae Male {(a)(i73.t49 10") (5.861 x 10°)(11.827 «10°) n- Pm (2)(173.149 « 10")(5.861 to'}(use7 ee rn rth 17.688 x 10 (vy), = he = 36839 «107 a) 1% 1.827% 10° nth 1148 x 10° fs For crash trajectory BC, Ha +ec0s0) ALB, 0 = 180,r =r, += MC) « a Mac ALC, @= 70%, 7 af a0 + €c0s70°) @ ticPROBLEM 12.115 CONTINUED Dividing Eq. (2) by Eq. (1), my _ 1+ 600870" ge talte=1 me 1-6 (alec) + e050 2240/1080 ~ 1 = = 2240/1080 —1___ 0 44ass ** 7340/1080 + cos70° From Eq. (1), Age = {GM(1- €)ry = ,j(173.149 x 10'7}(0.55545)(11.827 x 10°) = 33.726 x 10° f/s (Ds ac (vp), = tae = 33726210" ’a)s = = Terao? > 28516 10° fus vq = (¥5), — (¥) = 263.2 fs [avy] = 263908‘ PROBLEM 12.116 4 2 A long-range ballistic trajectory between points 4 and B on the earth’s surface consists of a portion of an ellipse with the apogee at point C. Knowing that point C is 1500 km above the surface of the earth and the range R¢ of the trajectory is 6000 km, determine (a) the velocity of the projectile at C, (b) the eccentricity & of the trajectory. SOLUTION For earth, R = 6370 km = 6.37 x 10° m 9.81(637«10°) = 3980610" ms? For the trajectory, 7 = 6370 + 1500 = 7870 km = 7.87 x 10° m ry amy = R= 637x108 m, = 870 1 23548 6370 Range Ato B: 54» = 6000 km = 6.00 x 10° m 9 = Sat. = £:00%10" _ 9.94192 rad = 53.968" R637 10° For an elliptic trajectory, o (1+ ecos0) Ata, 0 = 180° - 2 =153.016°, ) “ ALC, 0 = 180°, 4-M-8 2) ing Eq, (1) by Eq, (2), te pesonieele rca 1.23548 -1 osass T3548 + c0s153.016° From Eq.(2),h= (@M(I~ «yr (a) Velocity at C. =4kmis 4 (6) Eccentricity of trajectory. 5 = 0.684 <hm PROBLEM 12.117 A space shuttle is describing a circular orbit at an altitude of 563 km above the surface of the earth. As it passes through point 4, it fies its engine for a short interval of time to reduce its speed by 152 m/s and begin its descent toward the earth. Determine the angle OB so that the altitude of the shuttle at point B is 121 km. (Hint. Point 4 is the apogee of the elliptic descent orbit.) 0370 SOLUTION GM = gk? = (9.81)(6.37 x 10°)’ = 398.06 x 10"? m’/s? 3370 + 563 = 6933 km = 6.933 x 10° m ry = 6370 + 121 = 6491 km = 6.491 x 10° m For the circular orbit through point 4, GM 1398.06 x 10! 3 Vege = AE = [22806 x10 a 5773 «1 em % 9.933 x 10° orms For the descent trajectory, sre + Av = 7.5773 x 10° ~ 152 = 7.4253 x 10° mis th = rayy = (6933 108)( 74253 109) = 51.4795 «10? mils ue a + ecos0) Atpoint A, = 180, r= ry aa Re (51.4795 x10")? 0.96028 = = 0.03972 o 5 aa + £0865) R (51.4795 x10") Gar, ~ (398.06 «10°)[6a9110°) 1+ e008, = 02567 1.02567 - 0s, € 0.6463 Oy = 49.7° << AOB = 180° 8, = 130.3° << OB = 130.3" €PROBLEM 12.118 AA satellite describes an elliptic orbit about a planet. Denoting by ry and 7; the distances corresponding, respectively, to the perigee and apogee of the orbit, show that the curvature of the orbit at each of these two points a can be expressed as 7 SOLUTION Using Eq. (12.39), + = oy +Ccosd, and te a + Cc0sd. But 6, =6,+180%, sothat cos, = ~cos6,. Alam Maa pk Zr tePROBLEM 12.119 (a) Express the eccentricity & of the elliptic orbit deseribed by a satellite about a planet in terms of the distances 7 and 7 corresponding, respectively, to the perigee and apogee of the orbit. (6) Use the result obtained in part a and the data given in Prob. 12.111, where i tr = R, = 93.0.x10° mi, to determine the appropriate maximum distance from the sun reached by comet Hyakutake. Problem 12.111: Based on observations made during the 1996 sighting of the comet Hyakutake, it was concluded thatthe trajectory of the comet mn is a highly elongated ellipse for which the eccentricity is approximately + 1 Bas aoning nore 1996 sighing te nme diane (esas ar mn ra use wen Sars Ae al oes distance from the sun to the earth, determine the periodic time of the coma SOLUTION 1 Atd, @=0 — AtB, @ =180° n-ne nth Ry = 93x 10° mi % = 0.230 Re = 21.39 10° mi ® p= LEE = 140999887 (3159 10 31910 mi 4 ine" Tooooe7PROBLEM 12.120 Derive Kepler's third law of planetary motion from Eqs. (12.39) and (1245). SOLUTION Foranellipse 2a = ry +r and b = rary 1 _ GM 1_ GM Using Eq. (1239), = ST + Coosa, and = SF + Coos But J, +180°, sothat cos, = ~c0sOp. Adding 41. M+% . 22. 26M aE te Tale ci By Eq, (12.45), 2aab _ 2nabJa _ 2xa"? """ bem GM ea cM For orbits 1 and 2 about the same large mass, 29) 2, lem d 2 a 7 GM ane % GM 2p Talking the ratio, ( A ) ( 4) 4PROBLEM 12.121 ‘Show that the angular momentum per unit mass i of a satellite describing an elliptic orbit of semimajor axis a and eccentricity & about a planet of ‘mass M can be expressed as SOLUTION By Eq, (12.39), 2 ara, 20 12M Gye) or y= nF GM(rre) 1 _GM w ata, ante 1 OM Lg a B on198 (l-e) or auliza) we 1 1 2H Adding, ry +r = =(.+1_)= enn tele ta) aay But for an ellipse, ry + ry = 2a 2 2q=— 2h h om(- 6")PROBLEM 12.122 “ ‘The acceleration of a package sliding down section AB of incline ABC is Sims”. Assuming that the coefficient of kinetic friction is the same for ‘each section, determine the acceleration of the package on section BC of the incline, SOLUTION First consider the motion ofthe package sliding down section AB. 4+/ 3B, =0: Nap -iw =0 fe = baa ¥ ABA, = ma: SW — Fay = mage o 4 Sliding: Fac = aN = Zum AEF, = ma,: 3 — Rye = magesie Fm ge -(2-4a)e “2 ~ Sos) I si) = 2.09 m/s? age = 2.09 mis? ~ 369° €PROBLEM 12.123 ‘The two blocks shown are originally at rest. Neglecting the masses of the pulleys and the effect of friction in the pulleys and assuming that the coefficients of friction between block 4 and the horizontal surface are .25 and 4, = 0.20, determine (a) the acceleration of each block, (6) the tension in the cable. SOLUTION Wa | MM, Op vt = Fe Te avy A We MA Let x, be the position coordinate of block 4 with x, increasing for motion tothe lef, and let y» be the position coordinate of block B with Jp increasing for motion downward. Constraint of cable: x, +3yy = constant, vy + 3yy = 0 ay +34, or ay = Say if motion occurs, set ag = a, = 0 i 25 OW = 0.278 >, = 0.25 Tyewy 70278 F, Motion occurs since <4 > 4, Determine the accelerations using 1, for the coefficient of friction. Block A: BF, =0: N,-W,=0 Ny=™% Forsliding, Fy = Ny = 4M,PROBLEM 12.123 CONTINUED Block A: EF, = ma: TF, = may T= UW, + 3myag w Block B: +| EF, = ma,: Wy 37 = mgay Wy ~ 304, 9m yay = Madg (@) Solving for ay and ay, Wy = Hy _ my 3044 mg +9my my +9, a= 2 (3)(0.20)(30) = 0.2328 m/s” 23 + (9)(30) ay = ~(3)(0.2328) = -0.6983 mis? a, = 0.698 mis" fay = 0.233 mis? | 4 (From Eq, (1), 7 = (0.20)(30)(9.81) + (3)(25)(0.2328) 98N 4PROBLEM 12.124 ‘The coefficients of friction between package A and the incline are 4, = 0.35 and 4, = 0.30. Knowing that the system is initially at rest and that block B comes to rest on block C, determine (a) the maximum velocity reached by package A, (b) the distance up the incline through which package 4 will travel SOLUTION Equations of motion. Block A: *\ ZF, = 0: NV, —W,e0s30° = 0 N 4 = W,,c0s30° = 60c0s30° = $1.96 Ib. Wa 4B, = mag: Tay —W,sin30° £ a Block B: +] EF, = may: Tye ~Wy ~Typ a Block C: +] EF, = ma, : We—Tae = Mae 6) ‘Check whether or not blocks will move. ). Add Eqs. (1), (2), and (3). Set ay = ay = ae = -W,,sin30° — F, + Wy + We =0 Fy = Wy + We ~ W, sin 30° = 35 + 60 ~ 60sin30° = 65 Ib. 135 251 > 1, Initial motion with cables 4B and BC taut. ay = ay = ac = 15.588 Ib. Siding wit friction. Fy = ju.N , = (0.30)(51.96 ‘Add Eqs. (1), (2) and (3). Wy Wy + We Wsin30° ~ Fy + Wy + We g Wy + We ~Wsin30°~F, , _ 35+ 60-60sin30° - 15.588 2 Wy +Wy+W 60 + 35 + 60 (22) = 10.265 fs?PROBLEM 12.124 CONTINUED ‘After moving 2.5 f, v2 = 2a,S = (2)(10.265)(2.5) = 51.325 £/5" vy = 7.16 fs Motion with cable BC slack. a4 = ag, Tye = 0 Sliding with friction. F, = 15.588 Ib. ‘Add Eqs. (I) and @). —-W,sin30° - F, +, = “4+ "2g, g We ~ W,sin30°— F, _ 35 ~ 60sin30° - 15.588 W,+W, 35 + 60 3.589 fs? After moving 1 ft, (32.2) v2 = (v4), + 2ays = 51.325 + (2)(-3.589)(1) = 44.147 £75? v4 = 6.64 fs ‘Motion with both cables slack. Tyg = Tye = 0 Sliding with friction, F, = 15.588 Ib. Eq. (1): -Wysin30° ~ F, = “a, g _Wsin30° + Fa g __60sin30° + 15.588 7 (32.2) = -24.466 fs? ‘Additional distance for velocity to become zero. 0-(v,)f = 2ays 44.147 : _ M4147 _ og00 8 Brey * ‘Summary: (a) Maximum velocity. (Vague = 7.16 fs 230° () Total distance = 2.5 + 1.0 + 0.902 a=440n4 Check if block 4 remains at rest. Tyg =Tpc = 0. a4 =0 Eq. (1): -W,sin30°- F, = 0 F, = -W,sin30° = ~60sin30° = ~30 Ib Block 4 starts moving down the incline.PROBLEM 12.125 ‘The masses of blocks 4, B, and C are my =4 kg, my =10 kg, and ‘mc = 2 kg. Knowing that P=0 and neglecting the masses of the pulleys and the effect of friction, determine (a) the acceleration of each block, (b) the tension in the cord. SOLUTION Let the vertical y-coordinates of position of blocks A and B be positive downward and the horizontal x-coordinate of block C be positive to the right as shown. Constraint of cord. 2y, + 4yy + Xe = constant 0 a 2ay + Ady + a¢ Block A: +] EF = ma: mgg ~ 27 = myay @ @) @ rg 2h 4g Tg ene (2+ jr 6 mms Jr = (698) or T= 18.987N ( 16 +16 210 (@) FromEq.(2), a, =9.81 By ibse ciel 4 From Ea. (3), ay = 981-0898), 9222 ms 10 ison oon From Eq. (4), < (6) Tension in the cable. T =1899N 4PROBLEM 12.126 Block A weighs 20 Ib, and blocks B and C weigh 10 Ib each. Knowing that the blocks are initially at rest and that B moves through 8 ft in 2 s, determine (a) the magnitude of the force P, (6) the tension in the cord AD. Neglect the masses of the pulleys and axle friction. SOLUTION Let the position coordinate y be positive downward. Constraint of cord AD: y+ yp = constant vy tv =O, ay tay =0 Constraint of cord BC: (yp ~ ¥p) +(e ~ yp) = constant Vp + Ve ~2vp =0, ay +a¢ ~2ay = 0 Eliminate ap. 2a, + dy + ac = 0 « We have constant, formly accelerated motion because all of the forces are Yn=(ve)y +(on)yt + Sau" a 2[ ye -(ya)o] _ ae none 7 ay Pulley D:+| EF, =0: 2ye-Ty = 0 Typ = Zac W, Block A: +] EF, = ma,: Wy -Tyy = —4ay @ @)PROBLEM 12.126 CONTINUED Substituting the value for ap and Eqs. 2) and (3) into Eq. (1), and solving for Tae 4.1 4 BAe a3 or 10414 1. (3 ¥ ia) 3453 Tae Block B: +| EF, = ma,: P+ Wy ~Tyo = Thay (@) Magnitude of P P= Toc ~ Wy + 10 = 10.414 -10+ J" (4) P= 1.656 1b € 10+ 55 (4) 1.6: (©) Tension in cord AD. Typ = Wye = (2)(10.414) Ty = 20816 €PROBLEM 12.127 A 12-Ib block B rests as shown on the upper surface of a 30-Ib wedge Neglecting friction, determine immediately after the system is released from rest (a) the acceleration of 4, (b) the acceleration of B relative to A. SOLUTION Wan Me Acceleration vectors: 8g = ay FO, 9/4 = Op 4 By = ay Oy Block B: +. EF, = ma,: mydp, 4 ~ mya,c0s30° = 0 yy 4 = 4400830" o +| BF, = may: Nyy —Wy = mga, sin30° Ne= W,sin30°)"4 (2) ( Ur Block A: +/2F = ma: Wsin30°-+ N jpsin30° rd. g W,sin30° + W, sin30° rp sin? 30°) 24. = Ww, “4 Steen _ (Wa + Wp) sin30° (30+ 12)sin30° sin? 30" 2.2) = 20.49 fes* 307+ Tain? 30° 2) * @ a, = 2049 fs? > 30° ‘iy = (20.49 c0830° = 17.75 © ay) 4 = 1775 fsPROBLEM 12.128 / ‘The roller-coaster track shown is contained in a vertical plane. The portion of track between A and B is straight and horizontal, while the jons to the left of A and to the right of B have radii of curvature as indicated. A car is traveling at a speed of 72 knvh when the brakes are suddenly applied, causing the wheels of the car to slide on the track (4 = 0.23). Determine the initial deceleration of the car if the brakes are applied as the car (a) has almost reached 4, (b) is traveling between A and B, (c) has just passed B. SOLUTION v = 72 knvh = 20 m/s a= 2 - OD 13333 m4} i EF, = ma,: Ny + Np —mg = ma, Np+Ne = m(¢+a,) mg F =u (Ne+Np) = am(g +a,) LER, = ma: — F = ma, F Hx (8 + ay) m la = a (@ + 4,) = 025(9.81 +13.33) 5.79 m/s? (6) Between A and B. p= mg = (0.25)(9.81) fa = 2.45 mis? EF, = ma,: Ng +Ny-mg =~ma, or Ne + Np F = 1 (Nq +Ne) = am(g -a,) FE LER, = ma: -F = ma a, Me(&~ ay) 44g ~ a,) = (0.25)(9.81 ~ 8.8889) |e) = 0230 mis?PROBLEM 12.129 A satellite is placed into a circular orbit about the planet Satum at an altitude of 3400 km. The satellite describes its orbit with a velocity of 24.45 km/s. Knowing that the radius of the orbit about Saturn and the periodie time of Atlas, one of Satum’s moons, are 137.64 10° km and 0.6019 days, respectively, determine (a) the radius of Saturn, (6) the mass of Saturn. (The periodic time of a satellite is the time it requires to complete one full revolution about the planet.) SOLUTION For moon Atlas orbiting Saturn, 137.64 x 10? km = 137.64 x 10° m/s 4 = 0.6019 day = (0.6019)(24)(3600) = $2,004 « 10? s tary _ 283764 10°) =! = 16.630 x 10° mis | 52.004 x 10 v= (Sor Gt = rp} = (137.64 10°)(16.630% 10°) = 38,065 x10" m'/s? For satellite, vs = 24.45 x 10° mis "i = [@ or ry = SM 2 38065107 63 674x106 m "s WS (24.45 x 10") rs = 63674 km (@ Radius of Saturn, R = rg ~ hy = 63674 — 3400 R= 60.310 km GM. _ 38.065 x10" G ~ 66.73 x10 (®) Mass of Satur. M =570x10* kgPROBLEM 12.130 The periodic times (see Prob. 12.129) ofthe planet Uranus’s moons Juliet and Titania have been observed to be 0.4931 days and 8.706 days, respectively. Knowing that the radius of Juliet’s orbit is 40,000 mi, determine (a) the mass of Uranus, (b) the radius of Titania's orbit. Problem 12.129: A satellite is placed into a circular orbit about the planet Saturn at an altitude of 3400 km. The satellite describes its orbit with a velocity of 24.45 km/s. Knowing that the radius of the orbit about Saturn and the periodic time of Atlas, one of Saturn's moons, are km and 0.6019 days, respectively, determine (a) the radius of Saturn, (b) the mass of Satum. (The periodic time of a satellite is the time it requires to complete one full revolution about the planet.) SOLUTION For moon Juliet, r, = 0.4931 day = (0.4931)(24)(3600) = 42.604 x 10° s 11.2 10° ft ) ry = 40000 mi yr, (2n)(211.2«10° dar, _ (Il 31.148 « 10" fs Bas, wy = [BE oe omen =(an.ano"ars0") = 204.91 x10" s/s? (@) Mass of Uranus. ng = Cute ASTID M =5.96x10" bi G 344x10 For moon Titania, ry = 8.706 days = (8.706)(24)(3600) = 752.2 x 10° s vp = [oe = Bee : Ld tr bs 204,91 x 10° pr = 54,192 x10” f°? rp = 143210 (6) Radius of orbit of Titania. ry = 271000 miPROBLEM 12.131 ‘A space probe isto be placed in a circular orbit of 6420-km radius about the planet Venus. As the probe approaches Venus, its speed is decreased so that, as it reaches point 4, its speed and altitude above the surface of the planet are 7420 m/s and 288 km, respectively. The path of the probe from 4 to B is elliptic, and as the probe approaches B, its speed is increased by Av, = 21.5 mis to insert it into the elliptic transfer orbit BC. Finally, as the probe passes through C, its speed is decreased by ‘Ave = -238 mis to inset it into the required circular orbit. Knowing that < the mass and the radius of the planet Venus are 4.869 x 10° kg and ‘ervaroan 6052 km, respectively, determine (a) the speed of the probe as it approaches B on the elliptic path, (b) its altitude above the surface of the planet at B. SOLUTION Let (vg), be the velocity at on trajectory AB and (vp), be the velocity at B on trajectory BC. Atpoint 4, ry = 6052 + 288 = 6.34 x10? km = 6.340 x 10°m v4 = 7420 mis, Atpoint C, re = 6420 km = 6.42 x 10° m 66.73 x 107!” }( 4.869 x 10° For cieulr trajectory, (Ye)ag = fo (eerie (sees 0") = 7114 Ve For trajectory BC, ve = 7.114% 10° + 238 = 7352 m/s Conservation of angular momentum for trajectory AB. ra(vp),= "aha w Conservation of angular momentum for trajectory BC. ra(vp), ="o¥o @ Dividing Ba. @)by Bq. (1), C82 214 Be = Te v (5), tava (6.42 x 10*)(7352) Avy. = teve y= _ 1 = 0.003338 Os), 4 (6.34 x 10°)(7420) ay, 214 edo P 7 ii "e vg), = 6410 mis (o) Syed o prabe approaches (oo) = sansa” aos . ryvg _ (634 *10°)(7420) ™) on () Altitude above the surface of B. Ing = rq ~ R= 7339 — 6052 = 1287 km hy = 1287 km €PROBLEM 12.132 To place a communications satellite into a geosynchronous orbit (see Prob. 12.79) at an altitude of 22,240 mi above the surface ofthe earth, the satelite first is released from a space shuttle, which is in a circular orbit at an altitude of 185 mi, and then is propelled by an upper-stage booster to its final altitude. As the satellite passes through 4, the booster’s motor is fired to insert the satellite into an elliptic transfer orbit. The booster is again fired at B to insert the satellite into a geosynchronous orbit. Knowing that the second firing increases the speed of the satelite by 4810 fils, determine (a) the speed of the satellite as it approaches B on the elliptic transfer orbit, (b) the increase in speed resulting from the first firing at A SOLUTION For earth, R = 3960 mi = 20.909 x 10° ft 2 6? IS 93/62 7M = gR° = (32.2)(20.909 x 10) = 14.077 x10" 8s 174 = 3960 + 185 = 4145 mi = 21.8856 x 10° ft 38.336 x 10 1 = 3960 + 22240 = 26200 mi Speed on circular orbit through 4. (alge = (SE = [EI «a5 300010" 0 ie = ry” V21.8856 10 Speed on circular orbit through B. 10.088 x 10° fs (ng, = «SA ‘Blcie Tp 138.336 x 10° (@ Speed on transfer trajectory at B. (va), = 10.088 x 10° ~ 4810 = 5.278 x 10° $280 fils Conservation of angular momentum for transfer trajectory. raa)y = Talo e 138.336 x 10°)(5278) SLBaSG Igy 7 33362 x 10 us Ce (®) Change in speed at 4. 000 x 10° Av, = 8000 fis Av, 4 )y — (Ya) igg = 33.362 «10? ~ 25.362 10° =PROBLEM 12.133 ” At main engine cutoff of its thirteenth flight, the space shuttle Discovery exons 2S in an elliptic orbit of minimum altitude 40.3 mi and maximum ( altitude 336 mi above the surface of the earth. Knowing that at point 4 the shuttle had a velocity vp parallel to the surface of the earth and that the shuttle was transferred to a circular orbit as it passed through point B, determine (a) the speed vp of the shuttle at 4, (b) the increase in speed required at B to insert the shuttle into the circular orbit. e308 SOLUTION For earth, R = 3960 mi = 20.909 x 10° ft GM = gR® = (32.2)(20.909 « 10°) = 14.077 x 10" f/s? ry = 3960 + 40.3 = 4000.3 mi = 21.1216 x 10° f rg = 3960 + 336 = 4296 mi = 22.6829 ft Elliptic trajectory. Using Eq. (12.39), + + Ce0s6,. But 0, = 0, +180", cn a RGM _ [(2)(14077 «10')(21.1216 x 10°)(22. 6829 x 10°) hey ath = 43.8045 x 10° = 554.911 x10" f7/s (a) Speed vy at A. hh _ 854.911 x10" ae ane vp = 26.3 x10" fs 7% 211216 x10" (vp), = 2 = SSSI 24.464 x 10° ts "ry 22.6829 x 10° For a circular orbit through point B, [amr _ [14.077 x10 [18077 x10 _ 24.912 x 10" vs 7 V 22.6829 «10 (see = (6) Increase in speed at point B. dy, 2a Avy = 448 Rs