A LABORATORY MANUAL FOR MICROPROCESSOR (22415)Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education Certificate This is to certify that Mh. / Ms Seal Adil... Pawan... Roll No..24 of Fourth Semester of Diploma in Computes... Engineeting........scss+ of Institute Governmen.... Polytechnic... Jalgaon. (Code. 0018.....-.- ) has attained predefined practical outcomes (PROs) satisfactorily in course Microprocessor (22415) for the academic year 20 20....to 20)..... as prescribed in the curriculum. Enrollment No. 1.9.0.0.189. 208 Exam Seat No. . of the Department Principal Course TeacherAtrgunseennes RELY ee te oF the pratt Renney the varius pens ot J the genet mmmergprserse Lise the agsernbsly, Rangruntare 3} qaengnanannins tots ariel tune aos Fuse atiterent J svstennctms an gata | jaar Wate ann Assembly Tanguage Program (ALP) tosaal vn geivent S and LO J byenumbers Jay Write an Assembly Language Program (ALP) J gesubteact two given San {tobi munbers fa) Wate an ALP to multiply two given 8 and 16 bit unsigned numbers | Say Wate an ALP to multiply {| two given Sand [6 bit signed numbers. __ Jay Write an ALP to pertonn block transfer data using string instructions to) Write an ALP to perform block transfer data without using string instructions. caadtaysysnnage OEE 20 Axweanient pate af : vars (80) arene | subal, a fulor [isfalt refaler gafufar arlel?'| opus 2.074 ao)ulay fa) Waite an ALP to compare two strings without using string instructions, (o) Write an ALP to compare wo strings using string instructions, (a) Write an ALP to divide two unsigned numbers (b) Write an ALP to divide two signed number 30 8 multiply. divide wo BCD. numbers Write an ALP to add, subtract, 47 (a) Write an ALP to find sum of series of Hexadecimal Numbers. (b) Write an ALP to find sum ‘Maharashtra State Board of Technical Educationopen RN) se “Tate af ehe practical Page | Date of No. | performance ‘marks (80) ‘itany) of series of BCD numbers, ‘Write an ALP to find smallest number from array of n numbers. 10] Write an ALP to find largest number from anay otmmumbers. Hay Wnte an ALP to arrange numbers in array i ascending order 11) ¢y) Write an ALP to arrange | srumbers in array in descending onder ) Write an ALP to arrange string in reverse order ot [28/es) by Write an ALP to find 12. string length. | (@) Write an ALP to | concatenation of two | strin ay x4 |alosfar Yel Tray Write an ALP to check a given number is ODD or EVEN. (&) Write an ALP to count numbers in array. 80 | | | ODD and/or EVEN (a) Write an ALP to check a | given number is POSITIVE or NEGATIVE 14] (b) Write an ALP to count POSITIVE and/or NEGATIVE numbers in auray 86 (@) Write an ALP to count number of "1" ina given number (b) Write an ALP to count number of 0" ina given | number An assembly language program using procedures (a) Write an ALP for addition, subtraction, multiplication 92 on |¢/oe/an “Maharashira State Board of Technical Educationir) “\ dentify the various pins of the 8086 microprocessor Practical No. Practical Significance EORe was the first 16-bit microprocessor available in 40-pin DIP (Dual Inline Package} hip. Microprocessors are applicable to a wide range of information | process cats, ranging from gencral computing to real time monitoring systems. Hence, students will be able to identify the various pins and their I nections 1 Relevant Program Outcomes (POS) POI- Basic knowledge PO2- Discipline knowled POLO- Life-long learning, Competency and Practical Skills jevelop assembly language program using ‘This practical is expected to develop the followin 1. Ident tion of given pins 2. Identify the function of pins in maximum and minimam mod um 8086" skills IV Relevant Course Outcome(s) "Analy2e the functional block diagram of 8086 V Practical Outcomes ‘a. Identify the various pins of the given microprocessor Relevant Affective Domain related Outcomes vl ‘a. Follow precautionary measures. b. Demonstrate working as a leader / a team member c. Follow ethical practices VIL Minimum Theoretical Background 40 pin IC and works with 5 ‘6-bit HMOS microprocessor available Electronic circuitry of S086 consi ane, silicon gate technology and offered in three versions i.e 8 MH) and 8086-1(10 MHz). The 8086 microprocessor is no (Gneept of its principles and structure is very much useful for vanced Intel ‘The 8086 is a I volts DC supply. of 29000. transistors implemented in N-chai 8086(5 MHz), 8086-; longer used, but the ¢ understanding functioning of oth The 40pins of 8086 can be categorized in differen fa. Address bus b. Data bus fe Control bus ‘The 8OR6 has 20-bit address bus, where 16 pins ADe re oat anaining-f pins are multiplexed status and address fines Au/Sv Aree The 8086 operates in two operating modes ie. minimum and maxims de. The function of control pins change ating modes, In minimum mode, I signal such as HOLD, HLDA, ALE, RD, . DTIR microproct 1 group as given below ADy5 are multiplexed add according to oper 8086 generates contro! Waharashira Stare Board of Technical TidueationN mode, 80K6 generates control signal such y., Oy RQ /GT, DEN and INTA . In maxima QS), 8) 8: 8, LOCK, RQ /GTo. VIL Work Situation i. Faculty will demonstrate the use and function of pine of $086 sing chan , presentations IX Resources required (Additional) T Quantity | Remarks s. Instrument | Specification No. | /Object Brn Bees 1 [Chane KONG Microprocessor p TNo. | Whichever [available diagram and Block diagram | X Observations Label pins of given diagram of 8086 in respective modes MIN MODE MAX MODE CRQ ort») CRQ /G)) (lock) miTo (82) OTR (3) DEN ALE c INTRA €@5,) TEST READY RESET Pin Diagram of 8086 Maharashtra State Board of Technical Educan5 icropucestin (22418) jcal related Questions , aes nore such questions to ensure the achlevement of identified CO. Name the interrupts of 8086. ).NMLs...Non...Maskable Thterrupt....pio. D. INIR.«..Maskable... interrupt. pia 3)0NT. nv. 2. State DMA controller signals of 8086 Q HLDAL 2)... HOLD. (low high) RD Signal 15. active low... read signal, issued... by... Pr0.cessot....... 3. RD Signal is active XVI. Exercise Note: Faculty must ensure that every group of students use different pins. (Use blank space for answers or attach more pages if needed) 1. Draw the labelled block diagram of 806, 2. State the use of status signals in maximum mode (Space for answers) @2.Mse....0F.... totus... 8igNAls...in.... Maximm..oo de, 50... 9.4.82... Stotus.©..signals...veFleck... the... type. BE OPA IEG oo LAMB EM o OULE ooo By POLES ond... requived......byo..BUd..... Onbm led. : cn EDS. BTR. Ae... Op lines... Used... for. poovidin -stotus...... information......cbouk...operation...of..2036 This... ne... become. Laskive..... during..of..Qaviv previous cysle Ond.....cemain....octive....dissng....2. Ts. cunreent.... cycle... q . Maharashira State Board of Technical Education 3 —xvi XIX. Blv.. SS / . ef 8 Snatruclioy yi S perfect. d q Que | 3 2} Li N \ 4 | | | | a | Mahar +l Maharashira State Board of Technical Educationanoryprse 21S) | progeny eyoticat No. 21 Use Aavembly bangUnee progr mor mnemonics that is the eal SI cance i sare aia used fo wHile program 1" the For waaition add ane OP ands, progam? J for debugging debuy 1 Pract Assembly LANBUABE 1» af operations: he ayotel He ting system memory location, 1m ODeTs ing systems 9¥ i resennbly, ANEWARE USE Tools like assemble Tinker and for dent 1 To use varios sHieP foals required For! naa Trance, stuxtents wilt Be Ale progeamoniny yang Program OUtcOnnes (POs) ine knowled an pt Ue Relet Po2- Discip! POs. Experiments hee pod Engineering Tools Skills program using 8086” velop the following skills spenme.asm Tile xy and Practical senebly lang ex to de UL Compet “Develop This practical is expect pe ee eattor to atite assembly language Proeesyy) file 3 Use assembler and linker to ereate filename eve file Fee debagger in single step mode 10 Tocarelt ace the errors and correcting the IV Relevant Course Outcome(s) ing tools, a. Use assembly language prog! V Practical Outcomes fa. Use the assembly lat s tools and functions suage ploy Related Outcomes V1 Relevant Affective Domai a. Follow precautionary ™ 1b. Demonstrate wor ¢. Follow ethical practices. a team member imum Theoretical Background a. Editor: An editor is a program, which is used to construct a program in appropriate format so that the assembler will trans language. Therefore, you can type your prow editor. The DOS based editor such as E vu embly lang Maharashira State Board of Technical Education y Tools and Funct, ny sho which may BE fegistery is normally written te it correctly 10 m called as source program IT can be used to type yourOnce the assembly langiaxe program is ereated, then type fava filentame.asm on the cammand prompt and press Enter Key to ereate filename aby Bile {Type dlink filename.obj oF tink filename on command prompt and press Enter Key to create filename ee file Finally. type debug fitenameve or td filename eve on the command prompt and press ip by sep. Observe the contents of regis used and status of Nags esquurees used (Additional) wn Region Nolepa assembler. ..TASM, Laker... TUNK. Debugger. = TD. NUT Observations 1) Observe and write the contents of Register using debugger TD or Debug mo “Table 1: Contents of Registers E, [Types [Registers [Fla [General Purpose | AX ]UEO Cany Flag oO registers 002 | Zero ° 004 Sign F o | L 0000 Overflow Flag } [index Register 0.000 Parity Flag, o { a 0.000 | Auxiliary Carry Flag | AF_|O : [Base Pointer | 0000 Interrupt Flag rt [Stack Pointer SP_lo\000 Direction Flag DF lo | Segment Register | DS | yFAG | ES | y. | SS_| UEAD Cs uens | b instruction register | IP_| 0 O10 : 2) Observe and write the contents of memory location in Code Segment using debugger TD or Debug Table 2: Contents of memory location in Code Segment Contents Address Contents 0008 BALE o100 CS:0009" z €S:0002 a CS:0004, = | 50003, SEDS | Cs:0008 5 €S:0004 Scena CS:000C 0203 CS:0005 A00000 ¢s:000D, a4 Maharashira State Board of Technical Educationps.000D, [pS-000E can reference. Teacirers must design Questions chao given are fo amPne questions f r er wach questions os Loire achievement “os identified CO- Table 4 roots used in your fab 1" Table 4: Too Name of Tool Notepad | assembly ln) Wate the 12. List the files extensions that are created by the Assembler used. the Assembler. enexate,....Z..Files....00. “Flo.pe: dist or... Harddizk.- ene E The. First... le. Calied...objesk.... FAlé.... NE: second eNe robe FF calleol...c. cssembler fist... File..<.given. extenbsr..CE Sb donno ce 5 List the files extensions that arc ercated by the Linker used. The. inked. produces... link... Fle hich contain. the. binary Zodes..trx..0l ecammbises Ties taker also provides Tinke...cna. _ Maharashira State Board of Technical Education =) 0jcroprocessor (2812? PRATICAL 3 PROGRAM FOR 8 BIT ADDITION DATA SEGMENT ADBO3H B DBO4H DATA ENDS CODE SEGMENT ASSUME CS: CODE, DS: DATA MOV AX, DATA MOV DS, AX MOV AL, A MOV BL, B ADD AL, BL MOV CL, AL MOV AH, 4CH INT 21H CODE ENDS —ND~- ~| wrocessor (22415) _Microproeesior ~ —_____— PRAACTICAL NO 3 PROGRAM FOR 8 BIT SUSTRACTION DATA SEGMENT ADB 12H BOB 23H DATA ENDS CODE SEGMENT ASSUME CS:CODE, DS:DATA we \ MOV AX,DATA MOV DS,AX MOV AL,A MOV BL,B ‘SUB AL,BL MOV CL,AL MOV AL,4CH INT 21H CODE ENDS END SiR Race teal oi TalMicroprocessor (22415) , " ts of memory location in Code Segment : Contents | Address [Contents | oy | 8% CS:0008 4 {Cap > €8:0009" uy a CS000A BE ~~ €S.0008 cso | aa CS:000€ CS:0005 BR | €S:000D_ ES.0006 60 5.0008 8.0007 - 00 [€s.000F 3) Observe and write the contents of memory location in Data Segment using debugger TD oF Deby able 3: in Data Segment T the Address DS-0000 1 AD - DS:0001 DE [-Ds:0002 — Ec = | [_Ds:0003 oF S.0001 oF | Ds:0003 | 09 | __DS:000€ on | Ds:0005, EA DS.000D te ny DS:0006 ee DS:000E AE [__ps:0007 | ee DS:000F o | — XIV Program Code with comments 4 * Addi tion......0F.....tw.0.....8...Dik... bMMbers, DATA....... SEGMENT... Nod... DB. 49H Nod... .08...24H J SVM DIM? i DAM......ENDS. CODE. SEGINENT. ASSUME. 08.5... CODE....0..D8.0.DATA, POON PRK to DATA Maharashira State Board of Technveal Education22s’) —— y DS, AX mov. AL. +-NOL Mov. BL 1..N0.2- ApD AL, BL mov sum, AL INT 2H cope ENDS END. NV Results (Output of the Program) see (Note: Write an Output of program assigned by t Result....of....the. - Praga Bh BBLE add. can A 19. H.. ; NVI Practical related Questions Note: Below given are few sample questions for reference. Teachers more such questions to ensure the achievement of identified CO. 1. Write the command line used to create assembly language program for aa and subtraction must desig Tas... Pllenames.asm 2. Write the command line used to for addition and subtraction. TLink... Filename. generate .exe file of assembly langu prog 3. Write assembler directives used in the program, Maharashea State Board of Technical Educationanges 4S) AVE, Byereive Ninges Racer memes enannnne ahi every’ (bose Blank space prov tates! LOE ANN 1 Wate the content of AL repiste group of sindonis use different input valine, or attach mare pages H needed) J status of Nags atter execution of following wate MOV AL, 99 ADD ALO 2 Wate an ALP for action af avo 82 bit numbers (Spares far anaavers) @=>_. Content af A). AL gf 8) Status Flags cr =O OF. =.9 ARs 0 PE. =O SF =o ZEA. =r > . . . . . Assembla... PIE des... IMME. aweseaved words......Por program. TWs... weserved.....woord, are. assembler... directtyes . . bos Assembler divectives. are hel pd dn caatti ng pre gras. , Assembly, language Known... Maharashtra State Board of“Microproe @a ; ieee oe DVETTD ooo SEGLILEN Toco aoe NO. DD, 12.3.45.6.1.8. 1. No.2 DD vv BUTI BS H. Sum..Dg...2 Data...ENDS Cope... SEGMENT ASSUME....C8.2. CODE. D.S..DATA TON... AX. DATA. MON... DS.1.AX... mov._.Ax«.word....pbx..Nod , Movy.....8X.... word... N02... ADD... word... pitX,.SUM. 1AM POV PM or MOEA PEI WhO deck 2, MoV... BX2..000Td.... pra sN.0,.20...4.20 ADD. AX or BX eee ne! Gao woud. pt tn BENE EB.| woes pty emo sven and 16 it wmniggy : pesca the macs fo mination (, (0) trance ewuntoen DAG AX AX ogre oc nt am se UNH Seonniee cent on SE ane A ap mi 1 i an aac eto tone a ep me wt NAN Sg Ef ino nk wah el wr Praca yn gen an 6 sig ne Ph ma es of ast ape pag tt tie man te tame © Silesia remiss 3 Damo wig neers temmenbe 1% sores required (Adana VIE Minimum Theoretical Background Nev sanjectisatinare |* | ae S- BRVORR longer MUL i ed w molly an gnc byte i source wih at amin! sia Wen bys mud with he bem AL, he he ess tr case he elo rat maxim 1 is. When 3 ward sl ‘hth word Aten he MSW a yet stoned m DX and LW of rin ‘ese bens hel of mulileson taxi 32-1 he MS 0 SY thc rox, en CF and OF bor wl stMicroprocessor (2 Precautions to be followed and peripherals with care 1 Handle computer systert 3) shut down PC properly XI Procedure Proeiteafgorithm and draw iow-chart for EVEN PFOBTIM (Use proved tach MOE PES itneeded) bang b. Double chk om posBOX TASM 1 4 icon, % Oe et fitename ast 08 DOS prompt and press Enter Key Sy Type the pengram and save 8 disk once the assembly Hants program i rated MM PE 60 fle y to create filename obj file ‘command prompe arid Press Enter Ke me.obj or tink filename ove file filenameexe or 1d fi program s! the t Type dlink filenar to oreate filename -€ g. Finally. type dehue ves Enter Key to debug You ants of regist ‘on command prompt and pre SS Ee, Jename.exe on the command ep by step. POMP ag pesmemory toxation used and Salus off h. Observe the conte! xu indows...6 Observations Observe and writ execution of program 1g debugger TD or Debug aiier; te the contents of Register usin Contents of Registers ee nts of Registers L Registers Flag Register After” Before | Ax__| 0070 000 Cany Flag lo | Bx | 0000 060 Zero Flag ZF [o cx [0000 | 000° Sign Flag SF |t DX ooe° 0000 ‘Overflow Flag OF | 0 } eee O000 Parity Flag PFI! | oO 0 000 _| Auxiliary Carry Flag AF [0 | c0e0 10000 Tnterrupt Fla) ve FRFS aaa Direction Flag DF to] 000 ofoo ae otto | ofoo | ©1100 Ooo | Fuoco oj 0° | 0204 0000 Maharasijra State Board of TechnPRACTICAL NO 4 PROGRAM FOR 8 BIT SIGNED MULTIPLICATION DATA SEGMENT ‘ADB O9H 8B 02H cow? DATA ENDS. CODE SEGMENT ASSUME CS: CODE, DS: DATA START: Mov Ax, DATA Mov 0s, Ax Mov Ax, 00004 Mov AL, A MOV EL, 8 MUL BL MoV C, Ax MOV AH, ACH INT 21H CODE ENDS , END STARTstcroprocessor (22415) ‘Table 2: Contents of memory location in Data Segment "Address Contents Address Contents DS:0000 70 ps:ows | O0 0) 1DS:0009 oT ~_DS:000A Lo bs “DS.0008 | Dono ae ps 0000 DS 00085 on Ds. 0000 Ds. 0006 08 s.0001 |__ps.on07 “ey ps.ooor | XIV Program Code with comments PRACTICAL NO 4 PROGRAM FOR 8 BIT SIGNED MULTIPLICATION DATA SEGMENT ADB 89H 8 0B02H cow? DATA ENDS CODE SEGMENT ASSUME CS: CODE, DS: DATA START: MOV AX, DATA Mov 0s, AX MOV AX, OOOOH MOV AL, A Mov BL, B IMUL BL Mov c, AX MOV AH, ACH INT 21H CODE ENDS END7 ts the: yes! npn. "HF Sgn e_vegfater esa | 2 wee = see sae SEE Be @ dnstwucben equi, | tp pexfowm multiplication of foo unsigned slim’ ex freFH + Contents of AY registey moe Fe te. BH > FHL ioctruction er #93 eed by mut Go used | Oy This Instruction used te ‘perform mu! plication of two Signed quenbersWrite an ALP to perform block traisfer operation Practical No. 1 Practical Significance Tr rcperating syniem, system programs such #s video device divers memory to rement modules are normally writen in assembly langunte where servony Hive ceeaie data ws to be transferred from main memory to video memory contrmnnty Me Guptay steady. video on the screen Hence. students will be able to ose SHON anv MOVS instruction for data transfer operation 10 assembly famguae Prewreny nes (POS) Relevant Program Oute PO |- Basic knowledge PO 2- Discipline kr PO 3- Experiments and practice PO4- Engincering tools practice ledge Competency and Skills “Develop assembly language program using S086” This practical is expected to develop the following skills Jee program filename aem We 1. Use editor to create assembly han 12. Use assembler and linker to create filename. eve file 3. Use debugger in single step mode to locate/trace the errors and corrects She IV Relevant Course Outcome(s) 2. Use instructions for different addressing mode V Practical Outcomes ere Vrite an ALP to perform block transfer data using string instructioos EL Write an ALP to perform block transfer data without using string imstrectioms VI Relevant Affective Domain Related Outcomes ‘a. Follow precautionary measures 1. Demonstrate working as a leader / a team member. ¢. Follow ethical practices. VII Minimum Theoretical Background Block transfer operation is nothing but it is trans memory locations to destination memory locations. Counter ts required perfoevm 1 to length of daia block. On cach wanster of remented by one and momen, erring of block of date From source block transfer operation which is eq) data from source to destination counter must be a wo depend pointer must be incremented by one gon byte OF Woadl BraNER, Ths process is repeated tll the counter becomes zen, ‘Maharashara State Board of Technical Education“Computer 18/37 preferable Cwindows 16) + Editor -mowT ASP) ~ Assembler [Eest00—[—sa5 —— Ds ian 034 Eset fees ioe | a erreceutions tobe flew scH¥ON PRACTICAL NOS pRACTICAL NOS PROGRAM FOR BLOCK TRANSFER INSTRU (OL ALP FOR BLOCK TRANSFER IN REVERS OFOER para seouent stmw02 08 30 OUMS6H DATASKGMENT para 0s peta sxoaent srm01 08 30.0071?) sRN02 08 10 DUP(SEH) DATA ENDS fxTwa SEGMENT rtm Ens srano2 08 10 0U°(7) cope SEGMENT “ASSUME C5 CODE, DS. DATA, £5: EXTRA EXTRA ENDS, ‘CODE SEGMENT [ASSUME CS: CODE, DS: DATA, ES: BCTRA Mov 0, OTA Mov 05. x MOV Dx, DATA Mou OX. EXTRA ‘Mov 05, Ox mov 65, 0% MOV Dx, EXTRA tea STANOL MOVES, OX LeA01 STRNO? LEAS STRNOL mov Cx, 00H 00 51, 01H ao LEADI, STRNOZ PEP MOvse ‘ADO D1, OAH Mov AH, ACH MOV 0%, OO0AH INT 23H sD cove ENDS ep MOVSB END sav AH, ACH wait CODE ENDS. ENDlence, we are able to perform the bp, Hepa 8 are ae 6 perform the ta, AV Practical reat Questions za a tea st. Len DE, (Baa 3a eee exCeiirdi ts the. register pair witch eG Se a tome putee sr ere cAny Om ‘ {Use blank space provided for answers attach mote Pass - (Space far answers) QO ponte. seGment Gource DE..21M., UL, SH. 61H, DATA_ENDS ) GMENT. ee eee et Tse el vem are ow ample uetons fr efeeme, Techn ng, exten ens ve CODE SEGMENT Assume co: cade. j De “DATA; £5°Extra, mov AX, DATA Mov bs, AX Moy AY, exTeR Mov 0s. Ax | Mov st, DFfsEr, soune ty MOV DE, CFFseT’ pest Mov cx, osH mey AL, BYTE PTE CSE} Mov evte pre Cor], AL Dee aL. TNe Dr DEC ce Toure ue Moy Art. cH TNT 3M Cope ENDS ®ve seamenr ARRS DB. WH, oan, 33H, uM, S54 ARRD. De.5. puro) Def. ENDS CODE... SEGMENT pasurie Ce! cone DE Toma Mov. Ay. DATA mov Ds) Ax Mov cx. 5 nov sx. Off 6eT__ARgs Moot, cHset Ae en ve: ADD..at,2. ADD ST. 2 mov AX. C5)PRACTICA. NOS ape BLO (a2 ALP FOR BLOCK TRANSFER OF OV DIsP MACRO A Mov aK034 AKA ira enom ara seowent MSGt DB 10.13,20.1,-THt OVERLAPPING ARRAY 5 $7 SR 08 054 0URI0) EST 08 054 0070} cont De 008 DATA CHS cont seewvent ASSUME CS. CODE DS:DATA ueAsc Lea o1085 ose usc w mov anonx wr 21H Mov is AL nes. cont X05 Ne uP LEASISRC — ow O11 wecent cose ont 04% mu * tro maaan voMicruproesean (22418 Moy cpr J AX sue SL, 2 aye PLr..2 loop uP mov AH, &CH TNT 2H Cope ENDS NVI Rete END cations for further Reading by fanny \le-BOR6 bly_ programming PHOKTAMS-€XpLanaty sau elroy con RONG ARSE hing mye alter isa org beginners alspoint epnn/asse! 1 om 2 heaps eye tutor NIN Assexsment Scheme to creat bly language ibler and linker to create .exe file se assen se debugger in single step mode to locate’ ___ Product related (15 Marks | errors and correcting the errors ~S__[ Completion and submission of practical in time © | Expected Outpul Observation List of student Team Members Marks Obtained "Dated signature of Teacher, Process, Relawd(S5) | Retracen Signicanee ; J In pigh-level janguage programming: the mi ee ; mene ae I ny a pplication 2 a perth ncipieae aeration re noe Te ab im Empty. lane a students will be able used DIV instr ener an i ents embers: the wnstrUclo \“ en oer DIV si er purrs 1 program jeram outcomes (Pos) ic knowledge inc knowledge ts and practice po 2- DsciP ment eineering s00l8 practice in Competence: and Skills . Cpevetop assembly langues’ program using 8086 “This practical is expected 10 develop the followiNE skills ; 1. Use editor To create assembly Janzuae program fifenamme-asi” file cate filename ee ¢ the erro! ler and linker 10 Fe gle step mode (0 Jocate/tra 2. Use assem 3. Use debugger in sini errors jurse Outcomess) ing mode, 1v_ Relevant Co different address! a. Use instructions for Vv Practical Outcomes teoiro divide two unsigned mumpers a. Write an A\ b. Write an ALP to divide two signed numbers etive Domain Related Outcomes ‘cautionary measures. vi Relevant Affe hing as a leader /a team Mm ‘a. Follow pre b. Demonstrate wor Follow ethical pract yember. 8. VAL Minimum Theoretical Background DIV source DIV/IDIV instruction 4 during 16/8 division, and to div! vides an unsigned/signed word by an unsigne ide unsigned/signed double word 1¢ win. The word (dividend) must De iustgned/signed word during 32/16 divist aaa ainda byte (divisor) may in any SDH TERK ot memory loc: fhe division, & bit quotient will byte. After ¢ division of a word by @ dcr will stored in AH register register and 8 bit remain Maharashira State Board of Technical Educat xs and correcting the a/signed byte 32-bits by 2 in the A on during the be stored in AL 9CBW (Convert Byte to Word) This instruction copies the sign of byte in AL to all the bits in AH. AH is then said to be the sign extension of AL. The CRW operation must be done before performing division of a signed byte mn the AL by another signed byte with IDIV instruction. Operation AH & filled with 8” bit of AL re. D- Example AX 00000000 10011011 CBW convert signed byte in AL to signed word in AX AN HLT 1oorr0n WD (Convert Word to Double word) This instructis copies the sign bit of a word in AX to all the bits of the DX register In other word. it extends the sign of AX into all of DX, The CWD operation must be done before performing division of a signed word in AX by another signed word with the IDIV instruction Operation DX & filled with 16" bit of AX Le. Dis Example DX = 00000000 69000000 AX = 11110000 11000111 WD Convert signed word in AX to signed double word in DX AX Result after the execution of CWD, DX nL! 96H ce Arao Loop Instructions : ae : Instruction <= 0) jump to label (CX = 0) AND ZE- X-1iNCX = 9 7r OX CX OX=O LOOPZ/LOOP| LOOPNZ/LOOPNE Label NCXZ label antes J) jump to target | OVAND (ZF-0) jump to target | aN a ump 10 target | VII Work Situation z _ a. Faculty will demonstrate the aed excrute the Program. “°F Mscmbly language progra tools to wr b. Faculty must form a uroup of wo atua © Students group will usc the sncnuent execute the programs Sembly language programming tools to write and IX Resources required (Additional) Tastrument a Quantity | Remarks X Precautions to be followed 1, Handle computer system and peripherals with care 2. Shut down PC properly XI Procedure Write algorithm and draw flowchart for given program (Use blank space provided or attach more pages if needed) b. Double clik on DOSBOX TASM | 4 icon. ¢. Type edit filename.asm on DOS prompt and press Enter Key 4. Type the program and save on disk €. Once the assembly language program is created, then type fasm filename asm on the command prompt and press Enter Key to create filename obj fi £. Type tink filename obj or tlink filename on command prompt and press Enter Key to create filename exe file 8. Finally, type debug filename.cxe of td filename exe on the command prompt and press Enter Key to debug your program step by step. h. Observe the contents of registers, memory location used and status of flags. ‘Maharastra State Board of Techmcal Education =Micron MM REMsH (27444) An Resources ‘wved (Additional) Assembler. =. M6 DOS nnn xm - TAsM ') Observe and write the contents of Register using debugger Tp © Deby ®Xccutton af program. ity Table Registers Zero Flay Sign Flag Overflow Fla [Parity Fi Auxiliary Car Interrupt Flag Direction Flag 2) Observe and write the contents of memory location in Data Segment after the execution of program ‘Table 2: Contents of memory location in Data Segment Address Contents Address Contents [~~ ps:0000 or DS:0008 oO [-ps:000r or DS:0009 0 DS.0002 03 DS:0008 oo DS:0003 oy Ds.0008 oo DS.0004 0S Ds.000¢ oo [ps-0005 0S Ds.000D o° DS 0006 06 DS.000E Oo [bs:oo07 oo DS.000F 0 “Maharashira Stave Board of Technical EducationFoR SUM OF SERIES OF HEXADECIMAL NUMBER ——— g alr sp racuca refaitea guestions ‘Note: Below given are few sample questions for reference. Teachers must design uch questions to ensure the achievement of identified CO. more 1. Note down the registers used as memory pointer and counter in a program? Register...cred Ou... AEM OxXy painters =.SL Redfeter..Abed OX... Counhern..5..6% 2. State the use of INC instruction in your program. IM.c. aucbion.. 1 Ho the... indicate. rc taeuc boat the... LN. é instance. the) pointer: vegi ott’ Bo arole.. 86... ara len. dim. 37 Naha \tharashira State Board of Technical EducationON Mcraprocessor (22418) NVIL Exercise (Use blank space provided for ans What is the condition to terminate lnop formed U Write applications where loop instructi be used’? int for a LOOP instruction? sy attueh move pages iT needed) ising LOOP instruction? 1 3. Which register is used as a counter 10 stor (Space for answers) De When the alu ec. Simin CX Niokex, become Oe ENE MOO. OM ed. Udiiny Using.....Loop Tost UCL... Ad... Tkermmimated, a> s “Loop.” nS tXU EHO... 1. ASA... bo... PEPE Bemed OF AMS EY ON. 1 BONNE.» AUMber of item. the... number...oF.. me, the. tinstuct 4, SeqVUen ce. tO... PR vepeakecl, MS... Loaded... foto.ct.. caentnie is Fob Or 1S. ALS Orden COUPE. £2. SEDI COME POF oo Ped 99. Po REICH. 01. wrashira State Board of Technical Educationwee ae practical No. 10: Write an ALP to 4 array of u fim’ Smatlest/largest umber from an Practical Significance r embly I In assembly language programmin ming, Mags are a aun oF is fs can be used 19 make decinine nage cempare instruction, The smallest and largest number, ruction and decision n # instruction to find yy Relevant Program Out omes (POs; POL Basic knowledge Mie PO 2- Discipline knowledge PO 3 Fape PO 4 En) rents and practice mecring tools 1 Competency and Skilly “Develop assembly lang) Mage Program using 8O86" This practical is expected to develop the a. Use editor to create ass. shill. fam fitenaine.asm file cate filename. ove file ¢ Use debugger in single step mode to locate/trace the errors and correcting the nbly Langu b. Use assembler and linker to 1 Relevant Course Outcome(s) a. Develop an assembly language program using assembler. Vy Practical Outcomes a, Write an ALP to f b. Write an ALP to f id smallest number from an array of nm \d largest number from an array of n nun VI Relevant Affective Domain Related Outcomes a. Follow precautionary measures. b. Demonstrate working as a leader / a team member. ¢. Follow ethical practices. VIL Minimum Theoretical Background is the set of N numbers i.e. byte or word, Hence, memory pointer and counter is ed to read oF write numbers ftom oF to memory location in the ara, fest number from the array, the numbers 4 the array must be compared with each other. Atay may consist of 8 bit numbers ie. byte or 16 bit humbers Le, word, so memory pointer is required to read numbers Hon the array Also, one counter called as byte or word counter which indicates how many numbers e there in the array, is required in the program tw read and © numbers from the array. In SOK6, the CMP inst data fields mpare only desired ction is Used Lo Compare two numeric CMP destination, source The CMP instruction compares from the specified destinatis byte/word mn the specified source and a byte word n. The source ad destination ean be an immediate data, aeyx Resources required (Additional es F Objection are Specification | Quantity ) | Desktop po wy | if ,2 | gatas? Me egw | | | Assemblex “IASI ret t oft NkER yd < Debugger TD | ' \_ Precautions to be followed 1 Handle computer system 2. Shut down PC property XI Procedure a. Wote algonthm Md draw or attach more pages if ne Double clik on DOSBO: “ype edit filename.asm on DOS prom, Type the progran ve On disk Once the assembly langu, Nowchart tor eded) X TASM 14 icon BIEN program (Use blank PH ANd press Enter Key te filename exe file, & Finally. type debug filename.ere or td filename Press Enter Key to debug your program step by at bh. Observe the contents of registers, memory locatio ep, on used and statu: XI Resources used (Additional) Qcomputer System + windows 16 Pappu a3 TILE IL @) Debunger Tat XI Observations 1) Observe and write the execution of program. ‘nts of memory location and AL Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education | Remarks space provided Enter Key ind prompt and Is of flags. cid) Fewtster ater the @ae Mierpwocensr (22415) ry tocation and AL register white fing le 1: Contents of memory l any ley { | Original | | toop2 | tops | My adavess | hoop | | Loop od | tgp 7 ! es | Contents | | { | me] psooo | 12 | | | ly, j Ds eo} a7 | | | | " ww psn [as | ae-BL | ALOT) AL=O1 Fay. 9 Ds oot | 1 | 7 Ds 004 |W? | [a] wor PRACTICAL NO 10 ALP FOR FIND SMALLEST/ LARGEST NUMBER FROM app, SMALLEST oaTa stan | An. 0s 024,054, 064, 041, O3H | { SMALLEST DB OOH DATA ENDS CODE SEGMENT [ASSUME DS:DATA,CS:CODE | START MOV AX,DATA Mav 05,ax Mov cx,0000 ‘Mov cL,05. | MOV Al, FFH LEASILA AG: CMP AL, BYTE PTRISI) { xs ond MOVAL, BYTE rim s: mest Loop AG MOV SMALLEST, AL MOV AH,ACH INT 23H CODE ENDS END START— gine ie in A gy = a —— os Tim " Bia wee Ont ora ong — OTT — sot ke 6 1, BE ova. sree) or suns aL ov ance saw toes ‘osu Bea LE, Pm oe athe soe aa 5. Anst Hans. amt. Uae icIsien. Ba SANE) SLE ea dita iat pe bebe Peeper ert | iL cote “Syntax: cme set, sour. “4 DATA. SEGMENT Num.4DB..04H NUM.2.DB...064 DATA ENDSCODE... SEGMENT... ASSUME... C820 COPE. ut DS DATR. oo SEO E ql ata MIOV.. AX oe. DOTA MOV... DS... AX Mov. AL, Nomi emp. AL ,Num.2. TENT... 20H." Lene SEGMENTS COpE....ENDS END... START @> @INC....cond?tion.....jUMp. used 40... Pind... the. ee condikton jump. used. to... find the. ingtsuckon...2.6 largest number, instruction....i5. smaltece....... number, ‘Maharashira Sate Board of Technical Educationsea (22413) pow 2 gestination. THE SOUICE ANd destin ‘The seaMENE FORILEY CANINE hy Hen shat wed an operation performed by KCC, Wstructy lon work Situation: Faculty will demonstrate 1 and execute the program Faculty must form o groups of 4 Students group willy. exceute the pn he USE OF assem by Hy languaye Pregswmming th i Mths Wo owtihe WO studen “© We assembly aoe FAO LOAD tr wine wd Resources required (Additiongt, Instrument Specification Ihject/Soltware Quantity | Remarka IOP PC ws | Assembler le ows Sy eS itor LTRS mn, i aT tinker trite +} “5. | Debugger TH [east t 4 Precautions to be followed |. Handle computer system and peripherals with care 2. Shut down PC properly Procedure a, Write algorithm and draw flowchart for or attach more pages if needed) b. Double clik on DOSBOX TASM 1.4 icon ©. Type edit filename asm on DOS promy 4. Type the program and save on disk © Once the assembly language program is created, then type fasm filename asm on the command prompt and press Enter Key to create filename.oly file £ Type link filename.obj or tlink filename to create filename exe file Bi¥en program (Use blank space provided ipl and press Enter Key ‘on command prompt and press Enter Key 8. Finally, type debug filename. exe or td filename exe on the command prompt and press Enter Key to debug your program step by step. h. Observe the contents of re: sters, memory location used and status of flags. Reso Fees used (with major specifications) Computer =... Windows JO..Ci7. preferabie) Sditor = rem Pesembler =. ms Dos o Mibershira Stare Board of Technical Educationer omer ones ony ao arth ccna a yen WO 33 ALPTO SORT ASCENo0 wc ORDER tne one ‘yee a nt te ‘overston cepa Peet] Pm] FP al Coen L Baer ater fet om paseo el ST ys 089TH SEMAN tte [ox [ol 2 x fom | ya} ee _) tre | par 0s asl | 25) one seo 2 omane antenna he ci of a sont cSCODE OS:0RTA ‘sn sending oie — a ERE RAT] et | P| Pe | Pe) nov sat DS ene CHOSH asia pbs ss ov ose ae te ee | ure wove.oan posal ee TR ea os some) [or | ot ‘o1_|- oT 1 a ae a ae a MOV ALIS Iv Pragram Code with comments ov sus} : cunt = ic DOWN nov OL15931 cH OL . ov s3.0. ~ | DOWN: INC SI sara oecas . eur Mov aac ran CODE ENDS aa Sate Board of Teel EdsonASSUME CSCODE.OS:Da74 START: MOV AK.OATA ovosax oven ei Mov ALI! wovesial sc o0wn ovo. sta} eas [00 you sa} owes! econ cove nos hone wns ore EE enc mn ob pe Acs e Caren) gntcchangs th fe Sil Baal, wel cr geo ipble sort algorithim. is used ta.” th eon. Pass.2.. Past 3 Pass Pass S enh ooo oc eed Ty ot oH Jn 08. ost (oH jou tH order .= cal, O6t)..CTHL,.. 08H). 10M__ ahurashia Stave Board of Technical Education Pass. Pass ¢ tol a 9H. 54 om ont ost cH oor ony OTHy..06H, oxgv the string operations are possible For that, you have to read 1 compare it with 'S'. If character is not 'S', then countels ar cote array 8 xt SS geine AY F haracter is °S", then iis end of string ring, we need one fength counter and iniialize memory ing. Read character from the array and compare it tring, If the character is ot ‘S" then increment parce end of the aia eng cartter fron the sting z ord? counter reuited 10 ea sme and hen copy stg or a FE ese order, To reverse the string, fis ind out the ‘en add this vale fo memory pointer register tofpornr last ver Ba ree St rg ES ing Now copy last character from sours sine oi eb ie Eucla sting. Perfor this eperation commits tl See! sion Of Uene string Bes anf (0 destination sing Py destementng Sa or oF eS ng and nererneming memory poner For destination fn pont ae 8 of Two Strings: cones canenation OT muter” and “Department” are two separate strings. afte II become “Computer Department the use of assembly lan the program ma group of two students, the assembly language programming tools to wri mis FN Hy Maroup will USC Fal swudents 2 e Sewute the Programs. pesources required (Additional) EI Instrument” Specification | Quantity | Remarks | |No.__/Object/Software | i fpeskinp £c.|Windews lol | Hiei Tris mpg [ore Td | Asm __| | _ ____| [rrtuk | t | Debuigge TD i [amas | Precautions to be followed J" landle computer system and peripherals with care 2, Shut down PC properly. 4 Procedure + Write algorithm and draw flowehart for given program (Use blank space provided 4, Matach more pages if needed) Paste lik on DOSBOX TASM 1.4 icon © Type edit fitename.as PP cit itename.asin on DOS prompt and press Enter Key ¥Pe the program and save on disk. he Board ot TechsDee Po re ee tated Question Mie gre ar fw sample ur ttre siete eae FO esc) HA BS ms aaa po Bn Balen tc eM (any ome from Question | and 2) fei Bhp oie rr SEGMENT BB..." HELLO” shr2.DB..10. Duelo) ATA ENDS. UME....C5. CODE, DS” DATA jov. AS, DATA ey D5.) AY LER. S2...str) A532. sth 2 ny, ext :.tMav. 8. CsI mov. CDE },at ENC 5x ENG DEmov AK, ENT..any, MOV. AK., pea ery-Nett mov AL. oof rev A, aH ew nn Het ’ int 2 cane ENDS END @ ort te ctther reffored. o.-byke... Shing, oy, word. ‘sting Shey manery cosder neice DIntruciens used te manipulate...S hing ts aliteated tn Sequencay [Use set @> pata seament SRT De'manan t pw $-sr! RSM DE 10 DOLD ns msq 1 De Zt is palindrome : msa2 pa ‘Tt Ts oel....palindrome..$ DATA ENDS Cope SEGMENT ASSUME CS: Code, .DSLDATA Mev AX, DATA Mev Ds, ar they FS, ay Se Prov cx, L late) | Wetter) |S. le st) ste! LEA DL. RSTR ADD DL scr DEC DL REP! omesg TNE NoTPAL tea py, mat Lime Disp — Notpau. TIER De, msgPRACTICAL No 1. 2 ALP FOR FIND LENGTH OF STRING, CONCAT stRING Seas LENGTH OF STRING DATA SEGMENT STR1 DB ‘STUDENT Box OFFICES’ LENGTH DB? DATA ENDS CODE SEGMENT ASSUME CS : CODE, DS: DATA MOV ax, DATA Mov os, ax Mov AL, 's' MOV Cx, OOH MOV SI, OFFSET STRI BACK : CMP AL, [SI] JE GO INC CL INC SI JMP BACK GO : MOV LENGTH, CL HLT CODE ENDS END ARRANGE STRING IN REVERSE ORDER ANDARRANGE STRING IN REVERSE ORDER DATA SEGMENT sTRI DB ‘MPMCS’ COUNT EQU 04H sTR2 DB DUP (0) DATA ENDS CODE SEGMENT [ASSUME CS : CODE, DS : DATA MOV AX, DATA MOV DS, AX Mov CL, COUNT MOV SI, OFFSET STR1 Mov DI, COUNT -1 BACK:MOV AL, {si XCHG [DI}, AL mov [SI], AL INCI DEC DI DEC CL JNZ BACK HLT CODE ENDgmp UP2 pus 8% mov 010 ov SLO up3: Mov avginst40) mov resurtestAL Incl inc O1 Loop UP= pop Cx mov 01,0 upa: mov uginst20l]px,NEW : LEA mov AH,O9H nt 21H LEA DX,MSG3 mov AH,09H inT 21H mov [RESU LT+SI],'$' LEA DX,RESULT MOV AH,09H “NT 21H INT 3 CODE ENDS END START ENDress a ne ASP St esr Onteanes ny . ‘ate assembly langage progr tem febuzwer i single sep mo Alenamesn te Bu "0 eealeraee the errs and ea nye Teader / team member B. Demonstrate working i Follow ethical practice Minimum Theoretical Background The total numbers of 1's oF O's ean be count in any number by rotting that amber tonward right ot lel by either 8 ines for bit number or 16 mes for 16 mer ROR or RCR or RCL of ROL instruction cam be used 10 rotate any ramber ch yow many ones oF ze aren the numbers Ven we rotate number once to Fell or right, corresponding bil ie, De r Dina ny lag, thn we van eheek carry Mag by using INC or JC to covet manic Fa cont, Bese rh Erte Fah snc Se npr wha re san sgh ml dere Howe Gren pega Sedo tach er pay ec eae ‘rable lk on DOSBOX TASA en, yp i flea asm 09 DOS pony an pres ae Key Pees prvi on sav ond Z Once the assembly Inge rogram ra hen pam lemme sm on ‘he command pom and pres Ener Key ocr istons oe ype lemon oho ik fen toca filename eve le i Ply, bg ean eo eam mh corman rp nd pres Eater Key fo dbp our yoga sy hy ep, ‘serve the conens of risers, memory ocaion usd ss Ras eources sed ional) “palkiop PC = Uiindaw sie G7 pacleraic) “Assembler- Ms. Dos Edlitow., WTNKES=. STASM, ~ - TINE.‘xccton of pom ets Comers of Hestens i eon Pre wie on, atic Het Sin hunlone nuk 6 oan pee are ers neti Sse ec a Rr in reser econ Mec esement YAP ‘Tate 2; Contents af memory bu a Say ag Z ss teste ie ores Hg oad er 2 JL wmetbe marcsens anytime A at ania i ie ROR instnation is uzed to rubale thee Pe be te namber te the ngrs one by tei coun CSS Fserdve nid tot anncrson aah te page fat B (Gabon some Fe yy psu as amber of AL reer TT Simm nn ALPunchoch Dy bt ef rahe in ee rai Cade wit comments (space tin semen)DATA...SEGMENT. Counter... D&..00H. DATA..ENDS. CODE... SEGMENT. ASSUME.....DS...DRTR..Cs Mev AX. DATA Mov. DS..4AX. POV...Co#.....OBH. mMov..AL,....09¥ Ope. OPS ROR. Plot IC......DN TNC... Counter, ON... LooP..uP. cope... ENDS END. rata Sate Boar of Technial Eucaion eno ar ovat OATH ov05. 4% ov aX NO ps0 8, 00M movex. 308 ov 0%.00H wr OLA scone week ener one: micox wer: orc anor ov2, ox Move, x nr cove Enos END STARTSin on ue rect ene. SHOE (NEARY A Poe Dini tt, tee rn enter a enc mE ane et ene 2 eRe eel mathe eteen of he RET res he W wi W Course Outcomes) sec gl the sack winch rn ae eo een 3° Develop ately nee ee eHow ah nae ce on ps tt eh sa Sd ces na a. Wric an ALP for adtonsbacton maipitn ad di Write an ALP using procedure to sve cyto char tneb CD Fe pons hee of sent nage Popa nose 1 ly Relevant Affective Domain Related Outcomes a. Follow precautionary messes, 1. Denonstate working av leader team member, 6. Follow eical practices I Minimum Theoretical Background 2 pencedue n't eta the rogram stream Be pce gene aNd use again apd again. Here ave the four tp at el Yo Be cepnbl e ander ocala ret fom 3 proves 1 Save ret adiress 2 Calle procedure 3. recut procedure 4 Retum elling proeram we os propor te suds B Foy Pau mil wre the Sor) TngAGe Pog 9 nk nd Ete the pros aang Rewarts |‘I wl 30 Pecuuts thetattet Thassos a Shuto PC papery nal 9 1 Wate on auton gah bv a ha hha ops Ivison pape Hey 1h Dawe chk on MISTION TASAE Tt a 8 Tepe etn ates oa HOS + Dees sun © Owe thease ta ey saves i Key cea pete ly oth filo oso Avett vat Sst: inane AP en nr Key tay yun ny hi oe (aoa Pexiiop PC=. 7+ prelerabite. Coalosy CoO! time sled) DSSEMMLEX 0... DOS, Obvervations 1) Obwerve oa wit the coments Reyer ing be Te yy be Hs Cotoats a Reisters ei ag eer ater [ete | oir | 6080 | Cmte fo Yh ont Goo | fanthn | fo 0 moos] Sunil | |p 000 | 0900 nie ae "3000. @0oe | Ani Cantir | $08] sooe | —_laemln TK eee err |e doce | a100 . ay00N | 0100 ofe0 | 0100 ooo | 040% 200 | 990°. = ont ate poh rat sar cnoP woman oot INDS tnosee have bese he dang of wn te Bia ee crema dept haope 4 eelute...the site Pople pmprain. NVI Exercise (Any ae) (Use lank space provide fora 1. Write an ALP fats mamter hon eal ia ie ts Fn ta 2 White am ALP a ca nf 1s i na ay ©..2..DAIA... seamen. 9.2 ENDS DATO e AmMENT C8 ,.60RE.....-D9..-DMO. Mov... A¥,.. DATA. SPAN. ONE AX Sea ONE on NEAR, mov. A MCH ENT 2M SPR. ONE. NEBR MOV... AX nO. Shing...D8 3 Ol, O2M,.0841, oun, 051,.0641,01%, RES....DB....10,..DUP.C2) ote i Datn..cvos : z moy..CX« 10K CODE... SEGMENT E maov..cx. 00H ASSuME..¢S:, CODE... Ds. -DNT. Se! Rot..Ax A Stat Mov AK, DATA INC... MOF NAL fov.D5.y..0x EN G..¥ Mov. .cx.7..094 = Tier DEL. tow BX...19H “ANG...we, Len..SL....Sbing = oo mav..8..,D% ue Tov.Ab.. £54] enDe. cmp Abs BL Cope Nps — @ Satomi - 0a _——#-Mictaprocessor’ Pikferena. Retwoen id i = = raeeaaaaaa = | lg hit Wurimbons L_ bit - wumleey sii : { I \ Aes Se[Maximum mode cUivecHy a one & _ oe p—eesbolles! Ro9e Lidestructive & ann Sostructions means aftey execution of i fostaurcki as Bindu oftanct Tuahuedin. Gureme vty Lormilabte sa pias ail, £i@ Nlor- Destructive AND | ins Ductian means aftey +he exvceibton of instuecH om pplog—offectedcF=0 (Plag affected ce oe, OF =0 PF Eck er = © yp pFlag < set for yegutt — vai) A. Fax_call. wehers! to —— [oo pro daceds re cad! hwhieh te the some [uwwhich isthe clirectty Ace de Segment ox __|-co dew segmenk fam —_ ‘| TT rhe colt! jastiuctim | hak of othe call ———._ ai a i clo produce call [po Also called ot Tateas| Also _caslel ox inborn + Be 2 eqment call —————~ i ve pe ald 1P with old CS: TP poi wai Hy 4 hen i new 0% te te zg TG] toc aon ee eee 1.1 Condi tional branching |“ Beondind A Pt Snetuebi om ___———}—braachiasy LEY Jat ce Flags ch ecked by | No__Flegs_ coe. moffected| | nis jnebasctim leit ___|_o checked_by this I$} ce Eloy js _unalfected | finsbwucthan —~__lu lcklae cero corel] the | Progzam combal iL | fmag-ram conve |__tr ansfer | -bransfer tn a-ooat | Ee 1 Io “memony location _200nt! " J i—Ltascit adiust afte [ aceormutatortashucty, —tbddition fastruction —| - Hexaclee?ma| Converts the conteut | Col i | oder nihhle GE Aik> gon AE =]. tal wy AL: AL ANID then! AL = AL +06 | nee aad Whee sey —— | @® ibbl it ighev' nibble of | 4 | oF fl>q ny A=} Pl29 Ox) OF =l Hey | || then | 5 ! Al= Alt € | @ AL =AL+¢ |@_ TE both» | (ob) AW = AH EL _conditim on axe | (2) PE = AHe +1 @) AL= Al &OeW | satisfied then | ALS tA tees.