Common fractions : a) What is a fraction: A fraction of a whole Is one or more parts of that whole. A fraction + Work with pearl 4 (three-quarters) is the same as saying 3 = 4,50 a fraction mea), fractions as parts like 3 ie e 4 ‘ ii ins that you are divig sb _ that you are dividing, The denominator cas means that oe Find lent the whole into 4 equal parts. The numera' you have + Find equivalei actions. chosen 3 out of the four equal parts. + Order and compare common Example fractions Imagine that you cut a pie into 4 equal quarters. + Add and subtract If you eat three of the pieces, then you have fractions with the eaten 3 of the pie (three out of four equal same denominator, 4 pieces). + Find fractions of h , hole numbers Make sure you know the following fraction names. + Solve problems | — 7 A with fractions, | 2 Yd abc Coe adh | do jada ting, - [= 3 4 Fe a eit a a | aquarter a a a an alia | half | third" (fourth) | fifth sixth seventh | eighth | ninth | tenth Example 3 of the rectangle is red; three sevenths; 3 out of 7 blocks Lk Sof the rectangle is blue; four sevenths; 4 out of 7 blacks + denomtinator— The whole rectangle is 7 blocks or 1 whole. the number below a fraction line EXERCISE 4.1 * numerator - the number above a fraction line 1. Write down what fraction of each rectangle is red and what fraction is blue: ) i >) i > i } (ka 7-7? ) ae 2. a) What fraction of this grid is green, what fraction is blue and what fraction is red? b) Which colour makes up half of the rectangle? Why?sample iagrams to show the frac (two-thirds) in these three ont ways: a This circle has been divided into three equal parts. Copy the k » gram and shade 2 ofthe - © Draw a rectangle made of three equal sized blocks. Shade 2 of 7 rectangle. - © Use your ruler to draw a line thatis 6 cm long, Divide your line into \ / three equal lengths. Now usea Giferent colour pen to show 5 of NL the length of your ine. Haw many centimetres is 2 of you ine? Copy these diagrams into your books and colour the given fraction. 3. Draw a diagram of your chaice to show each fraction 2) Tlone-quarter) b) 3 (two-sevenths) 4. On the right is a pizza divided into 12 equal slices. o nceghtmecesmoreerlessthan halt thepiza?wny? (en) b) Copy the di 6 wee-tenths) ym and shade < of the pizza. vk plex Cc) If you eat six pieces, have you eaten half ofthe pizza? Explain. 4) Use a different colour te shade = of the pizza. ) Ifyou eat three pieces, how many quarters of the pizza have _ you eaten? Explain. Topic 4: Common fiFractions by grouping fiterns Araction can also represent a group o : qual Example them on the table in four equa Zodwa has 20 sweets, She places ' rach group. Each group is Groups, so that there are 5 sweets iar ae the'shiests (one-quarter) of the total, because she Fe so of2016 5.1 she into four equal groups, Notice that hae eaten 3 x5 = 15 of her eats three of the groups, then she will h Sweets. This means that } of 2015 15 ComnzEy ‘oins into foi 1.) Draw a diagram to show how you can group 12¢ equal groups, “ he coin 5) How many coins are in each group? What fraction oft isin one group? of th ©) How many coins are in two of the groups? What fraction Money is this? a in CE. 2. Draw diagrams to Show these fractions, and then state how ma y Without a calculator, find } of of | oF 144 Can you find the answer with only one calculation? If you N, explain why this works, Example How many of 27 orane ges would make Up 3 of the total? You can whe oranges each, but there will Still be 3 oranges wd make 6 Qroups of 4 left over. This remain is ¢. The answer is 4 Term 1 3 +g COINS each fraction represents; 4 a) 3016, 3 of 6 and? of6 b) Sof 10;2 of 10and 4 of 10 3. A teacher has 36 pencils to share equally. If there are 12 learners, what fraction of the Pencils will each get? How many pencils will each get? der must also be divided into 6 Parts, which ranges GREE Calculate the following: 1.i, jmetines you must find the total before you can york Out a fraction ofthe whol Example janact aus 11 Kinv on Monday, @ kon Tuesday and 10 En oF wed day {what fraction of the tutal distance he Fan Of \ sday, first add the distance 0 On Wednesday . km out of the total 40 kr, which 6 a fractior Ismael is a keen runner. y class each learner plays one sport, 4 learners play cricket sare soccer players and 8 play hockey, How many learners are in the class? b) What fraction of the class plays hockey? What fraction plays cricket? \{ half the soccer players are girls, what fraction of the lass is this? your group of friends, 3 ride to school on their bicycles, 2 walk and 5 take the school bus. 3) How many friends are in your group? b) What fraction of your friends walk to school? How do half of your friends get to school? Explain how you got your answer. in agame, 12 red balls, 8 purple balls and 4 green balls are used a) How many balls are used in the game? b) What fraction of the balls are green? ©) What fraction of the balls are purple? d) How many balls make up half of the total? Can you write the fraction j asa different fraction in this question? A biscuit recipe uses the following ingredients: 3 cups of flour, | One of each of the green, cup of sugar and 2 cups of chocolate powder. red and purple balls a) What fraction of the ingredients is flour? b| What fraction of the ingredients is sugar? c) What fraction of the ingredients is chocolate powder? d) Can you write any of your answers as a different fraction? 5. There are 10 cars in the parking yard at school. Half of the cars are black, three are white and the rest are red. What fraction of the cars is red?2 ions , Equivalent fractio = that different frac tions, Velen, ht have seen ’ with the sam a value are calle gi? h iy fractions Example jinto siaths. you eat 3 slices yoy, ed i ' 1 4 Nis cake is divid the same as eating ) of the ea). oS . ithe cake. but this ‘ions ton ons ' > lent frac 7 that (and | are equival GERRI This circle is divided into twelfths. il 7 YOKICI 3 from 1. How many twelfths make half of the circle : Complete: 5 = Mystery . and 2. How many twelfths make a quarter of the circle? “ § from the .1_ 0 nator the Complete: =o the new 2 s half of He How many twelfths make a third of the circle? Complete: 4 q Earn Ey Use the diagram below to answer these questions: ‘at is the value 1. Find all the fractions equivalent to i Do you notice anythin, he mystery fractions Useful about the numbers in these equivalent fractiongr ction 2. Findall the fractions equivalent to. What de yOu notice? 4. Are these fracti * Coe fraction 2 j Z a) 7aand 3ne have seen that you can multiply or divide th tor and denominator of a fraction by the same whole number whol can Ole number can divide into bath the numerator and plest fi : simplest form Example are three fractions that are equivalent to 2 4 _ 2 5 are equivalent fractions, tion snap. Play with 2 friend to form eauivaient fractions ‘and neatly tearl'30 squares of oaper 36 card with 2. Write down the fractions from question | that are in their simplest jenominator up form. so that some of the fractions are 3. Divide the numerator and denominator by the same number to uivalent, like write the following fractions in their simplest form: 6 ¢o 2 a & e ® ff B ‘8 100 6 % Shuffle the cards and deal 18 cards a) gg ag 4, Write each of the following fractions as equivalent fractions with a each, denominator of 10: . | + pd 3 4B f )4 + Take turns to place a) > lq 8 3 dpm @ 3) x acard face up on - . desk. 5, Write each of the following fractions as equivalent fractions with 2 mess denominator of 100: iaistan 1 1 2 two cards with a5 bg OF equivalent i) a 3 ‘actions calls 1) 95 5) ag Snap and takes g < 7 the cards that are 6. Create 3 fraction chains of your own with 5 different equivalent on the desk fractions in each. Give the simplest form of the fraction in each chain. + Setatimeand see who has the mast cards at the endions Compare and order fractio . = i to see which iffractions have the same denominators, itis easy nee fraction is greater or smaller. + ascending order Example Which fraction is greater: >2 same and 3 is greater than 2, it is easy to say that 5 Zor; 5? Because the dengmnipator are the i use equivalent if fractions have different denominators, you must first q fractions to make the denominators the same. Example Which fraction is greater: 5 jor; fo ; tansy da Change the 3 into twelfths, to = the equivalent fraction 3 x 3 = 55- Now it is easy to see that a > To order fractions from the smallest to the greatest (ascending order) Or from the greatest to the smallest (descending order), first write all the fractions with the same denominator. 1. Fillin the < or> a al 3mq$ by ) 99 89 2% ) 500 05 q 100 y05 2. First make sure the fractions have the same denominators, and ye a then compare them by filling in <, > or = symbols: 4n2 2 2 54 on a prize a) 5 Oi6 b) OF c) 6~ ¢ ut you 1352 3 3 6 how big O5 ) OF ) FOR ant to 3. Arrange these fractions in descending order, by first writing them Bop all with a denominator of 48: 5 or 2 5 1 Uo 9 3 72 re? oT Ag BaggGm d and subtract fractions have the same denominators, then you can add and Example eces (Ihre ninths!, but you give away | piece (one ninth) on of the cake do you still have wu hav } You stil have four ninths of the cake = mixed number |s 9 nuMber that has two parts. a whole number and 2 if there are mixed Numbers, you add or subtract the whole Example 2343) 4 =(2+3-a +R 48 - Der 4! number and a fraction Example e-28=(6-2)+ To subtract $ from 3, use 1 = 3 to get more fifths. 5! 3_423,8_4.34 sg tats 3a 35 Use the above methods to do the following additions and subtractions. Write your answers as mixed numbers with fractions in their simplest form. 1 1 2 3. 2b43h 443 1 5 1 6. 1, +35 -2) 3 4g gl_72 7, 6+14421-72 8. 123 - (2 + 33) (Remember to do the brackets first.) 194 4 32 % 125 29 +35 13344! 0.413344! Topic 4:Common fractions | 25ith f ions Solve problems with fract 5 > these problem Use your knowledge of fractions to solve th 5 gare male and 2 are 1. There are 600 people in a concert audience. 5 Ider than 10 years of age. ; 2 2nce is female 2) What fraction of the audience n 10yeai of age? 5) What fraction of the audience is oungentian y ©) How Many people in the audience are fema of age? How many people are younger than 10 years d) e still ‘ane has walked 2 km from her home towards the shops. Sh tasito'y er13 hat is the total distance s to walk a further 1 km to get there. Wha’ ™ her house to the g 19 safety fencing around our swimming pool, The 4 fencing is 203 m. The builders have already erecte: is 35 m, the next is 43 m. How much fencing do to erect? froi hops? 3. Weare erecting total length of two pieces, On, they still need 4. a) What fraction of night. What fraction Of a day is this? is 3 of a day? 208. She decides to spend 2 of her money ona New skirt, 4) How much did the skirt Cost? 6) How much Money has she got left? 6. Thando had 24 sweets, He ate one-quarter of his Sweets and gave half of what was left to a friend, 2) How Many sweets did he eat? 6) How Many sweets did he Give to his friend? 7. Joe had R150. He Spent 2 of the Money ona shirt, and then he of the Money that was left to buy a cap, did the shirt cost? he have left after spent 2 4) How much b) How much did C) How much did the Cap cost? d) What fraction of money did he have left after buying the cap and the shirt? buying the shirt?Ps 1 ound to the nearest 100 to estimate the answers to each of the followin 3) 13598 + 12.435 b) 27987 + 23 743 Use the column method to do the following additions ) 13458 431247 a 145 832 + 129 305 use the column method to do the following subtractions: 35 789 - 19 997 5) 456 589 - 234.960 se the figures in the table to answer the re questions below: com na | Ghana 239 460 Tanzania 945 087 Cemeroon 475.440 3) How much longer is Tanzania's coastline than Ghana? b) Find the total area of Ghana, Tanzania and Cameroon. c) What is the difference between the area of Tanzania and the area of Ghana? Which pf these fractions are equivalent to 2 14 2) 3 #8 6 ») $ AX . Compare these fractions by filling in >, < or = symbols: tae “ 2 6) aay 12 - Do these calculations: a) 201 575ml= ac 5) 175-132 3 * 5 0f a class of 35 children have not handed their projects in on time. How many “"arners handed their projects in on time? de g calculations: qa) q) q) (2) a) (2) HON Total marks: ‘ Revision |s] Time (CNM Read and write the time tell time on analogue clocks 3», _ ~ Read analorie In previous grades, you learnt to me sia te ms digital clocks. Working accurately with time is ‘one of the most and 24-hour formats, important skills you will ever learn. + Convert units of ome: Example + Understand the What time is shown on the clocks below? tones om Both clocks show 7 hours and 25 minutes. You can read or write the time as 07:25 or as 25 minutes past 7. + Read and use calendars + Calculate durations of time When you write time in 12-hour notation, remember to write a.m. or Cz: P.m. to show the difference between morning and afternoon. When you write time in 24-hour notation, the day runs from midnight to * analogue clocks — clocks witranes midnight, which is 24 hours. Ths means that 12:00 is 12 ngon and lat point to the i, ss nuinbers midnight is written as 00:00. + digital clocks ~ clocks that show Example the time by Explain the meanings of these 24-hour times: numbers only + 18:00 reads as 18 hours, or six o'clock in the evening, or 6.00 p.m. + 08:45 is 8.45 a.m. or quarter to nine in the morning. ‘Sometimes it is possible to read seconds from clocks. Look at the clocks on the left. Fe . ‘ourteen minutes STE) and fifty-nine seconds past ten 1. Write the following in 24-hour time: a) threeo'lockinthe morning 6) 12n00n ¢) 10 pm 2. Write the following 24-hour times in 12-hour time: a) b) 0 d) Ten minutes and aM) fifteen seconds past one 33VS Convert units of time you have already learnt about the different units that we use to measure time. It is important to be able to convert correctly between the different units of time, especially when you do time calculations. samember that a century is 100 years, _ goseconds = 1 minute + 1 month = about 4 weeks gp minutes = T hour + 12 months = 1 year 24 hours = 1 day + year = 365 days > days = | week + 1 leap year ~ 366 days century = 100 years Examples 1. How many days are there in 2. How many years are there in 3 years? 994 days? 3s 365 days = 1095 days 994 + 365 = 2 years and t 264 days left over 1 year = 365 days There are 2 years in 994 days There are 1095 days in 3 years. with 264 days left over. Examples 1. How many years are there in | 2. How many centuries are there 5 centuries? in 1 207 years? 5 x 100 = 500 years 1207+ 100 = 12with7 7 1 century = 100 years | remaining. There are 500 years in There are 12 centuries in 5 centuries. 1 207 years and 7 years are left over. Complete the following sentences: 1. There are 2 seconds in 5 minutes. 2. There are CJ minutes in 400 seconds. 3. There are] minutes in 28 hours. 4. There are] hours in 107 minutes. 5. There are -) hours in 2460 minutes. + century - 100 years 1 Did you know? + Aleap year a year that has an extra day ir February + Every fourth year is a leap year + Leap years are multiples of four, for example, 2012 is a leap year. EORUARY mMTwTF I 23 = 6|7 8.910 (potas ivalysi16)17,1= cma. ifyou take one second to count each number, how long will it take you to count to one million | two hundred and nine thousand, six | hundred without resting? Topic 5:Timei Did you know? oth compl rit own he time 28r, So time was = fal 7) z Crmr.4 Jen has had only four birthdays but she is in Grade 10 at school, “an you explain how his is possible? ta taaess house the correct answer from Column B for each Statem,, ylumn A Column A | Columng Owecks here are [Lin 5 day’ b) There are 63 daysin 105 days 10 weeks 1s equal to || _ | le year d) 15 weeks is equal tol | 120 hours there are 144 months in about 10 months 2. a) How many days are there in 1 year? ©) How many days are there in 2 years? ¢) How many days are there in 3 years? a) How many years are there in 467 days? b) How many years are there in 1 245 days? ¢) How many days are there in 1 leap year? d) How many days are there in 3 leap years? Complete these statements: 8) 1 century =|) years b) 8centurie Cc) 100 years d) 1000 years = 0 centuries e) 25 centuries = [J years fF) 245 years =() centuries * 5. Roshaan is 3 years old. She is) days old. Ann spends 14 days visiting her aunt. a) Ann spends [| weeks with her aunt, b) Ann spends (7 hours with her aunt c) Ann spends ("| minutes with her aunt. Thandi studies at university for 3 full years. a) Thandiis a student for 7 days. b) Thandi is a student for _) months. ¢) Thandiis a student for about (] weeks. Thandi on her graduation dayUsed the keeping system New railways, the "The need for standard eduling of traing A for standard ti d to allow for the schy fi ation of the earth causes some jay (Sof the The (ores while others have daylight. This me, Sat erent places around the werd for die The worl The lines that run from the North Pole nes. The Gree main me world to be in 'aNs that time is different Id is divided into 24 time to the South Pole to divide wich Meridian, which Tidian for timekeeping boundaries are not according to the needs of A steam train engine from 1910 Zor ones are Called zone meridians timez «through London, became the standard time would be read. The zone where (lines because adjustments were made ( IME Zones, i jocal people living within some ti the loca I ¢ Northerty lg Ireland | le 8 5 nezuela igentina Greenwich Meridian G Time zone map Example one hour difference e ou can see that there is a ude t awaad Bai on bed the day earlier to the west of Greenwich Meridia between each time zone - oni -ON€ hour later to the east. p. Then i iting the zones on the map South Africa by coun! Poe ode 5 1300 in Colombia. Find Suath Atte is 7 hours ahead of Colombia, so the time i 20d an hour for every zone.> i) SUT two countries that ., Y many cultures e map on page 33. Find any at. people watcheg " snare eps b) GMT +2 3 a d) onthe Greenwich, Mer, oG Answer these questions based on the map on a 33, 2) What does it mean for Papua New Guinea and part Of Ay Did you know? N to be in the same zone? b) Why does the International Date Line appear on both the |. and the right side of the map? ; ©) What does it mean that Australia is divided into three 20h¢ year by watching the length of the 3. Namea country that is: beta «tb an 4) 2 hours ahead of South Africa in time 5) Thour behind South Africa in time shea ©) 7hours ahead of South Africa in time Stonehenge was 4) 6 hours behind South Africa in time. ae cogh 4. Use the time zones to work out the answers. People measured @) [tis 08:00 in Sweden, Calculate the time in China. the time Of year by b) tis 14:00 in Madagascar. Calculate the time in Mauritania, the angle of the Setting or rising 5. Use the time Zones to work out the answers, sun. a) Itis 13:00 0n Wednesday in Papua New Guinea. Find the day and time in South Africa, 5) Itis 22:00 on Tuesday in Angola. Find the day and time in Venezuela, 6. a) South Africa Colombia Mongolia ( (3:09 Stonehenge in England (i) How many hours is Columbia behing South Africa? - (ii) How many hours is Mongolia ahead Of South Africa? b) China Angola Sweden 7.3 The times 02:00 on a | sunday in Venezuela, alculate the time | nd day in Papua (i) How many hours is Angola behind China? Ew Guinea, (ii) How many hours is Sweden ahead of Angola? Term |ncerpret calenda, a . : inciar date CODSISES OF th, pate” you should | etre vi odge of calendar 1 theme intervats Kno example , jate NOW MUCH HME Passe 5 in June (until yo jg, of days in July j number of days 41 day mew hours: 09:00 uni 1E:59 4 9 hours stime interval is 41 days and 9 hoy, The fc 1. Look at a calendar for this from one date to another? a) 4March until 9 September py) 23 January until 7 July c) 12 October until 9 December d) 15 March until 15 November e) 23 June until 31 December year. How many months and days pass 2. Look at the calendar for Januar questions that follow, a) How many weeks are there in January? b) On what day of the week does 12 January fall? c) Luke has a birthday on 25 January. On which day does it fall? calendar the d) How much time calendar The Ge passes from 1 January | _ JANUARY | | calendar is 7 years y of a certain year. Answer the Did you know? until 23 January? ILS | Mi) Twit & {5 | | and8months pening LS |e Ww | the Gregoria e) How much time 1 T IL { ; | _ \ calendar that we use Passes from06:000n | 9 | 3 0 4. 5 6\|7/8 in South Africa. The SJanuary until 14:00 9 49) 11 12. 13-14) as |_| year 2001 in Ethiopia ? laetasias tae t : began on 11 f on? January! | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 \ September 2008, } How much time 23124 25 26127 28) 20) according to our Passes from 07:130n | 29 | 34 | calendar 12 January until 23:45 = — a on 29 January?+ kdentify and name 2D shapes. + Identify sides and angles + Investigate the properties of 20 shapes. + Identity differences between rectangles and parallelograms. + Draw 20 shapes on grid paper + Compare and sort 20 shapes. + two-dimensional (2D) shapes ~ shapes made up of length and width only + dimensions - the lengths of the sides of a shape * polygon - 22D shape enclosed by three or more straight sides circle a 2D shape in which all points are the same distance from the ‘entre of the shape _ hapes Identify and name 2D shap hapes have two dimensions, length any; sane can be curved oF straight. Some ns Acircle is a round 2D shape. A Cn d by straight lines. We identify a 5. Some polygons have all sig, Two-dimensional (20) P width. The sides of 2D shape 2D shapes have special name: polygon is a closed shape forme fh polygon by the number of sides it ha jal in size. equal in length and all angles equ: ; : e sides. Here are four different triangles. A triangle has thre All three sides f e angle is @ right All three sides are Two sides areequal_ One a ie at Meco equal a A quadrilateral has four sides. Some quadrilaterals have special narnes amet me 8 Kiteiso Trapezium is Rectangles Square quadrilatera Parallelogram Rhombus is 2 | isa uadhilaterel quadhilateral 2 quadniateral a quadrilateral quac quadrilateral with wopais with twopaus with aone — with twopairs with ail sich pair of opposite afopposite equal and o with twopairs of opposite of adjacent | efopposite —_sidesparailel —sidesequal. sides parallel. sides equal andthe insides | sides parallel and ailsides the allthe insides angles are righ | andonly two equal angles arenght angles sidesare equal, __ - - a - ___angles. _ [Som @ polygons have more than four sides. | Rentagonsare Hexagonsare Septagons or Octagons are Stars are polygon Pelvgons with polygons with heptagons ate polygons with with sharmcornere |” five sides, sixsides, polygons with “eight sides, called points, above seven sides. area 5-point star _ and a4-point star, Give with reasons, the correct name of each shape below, State which polygons have all sides equal and all angles equal. You may need to measure the lengths of the sides to be sure. Wi @.4810 406 Lc aN ] e'Angles and lines in 2D shapes When we work with 2D shapes, it helps if we can identify different types of angles. We classify angles according to their size, A right angle is like the corner of a page, or the corners of a classroom door Angles that are smaller than right angles are called acute angles. Angles larger than right angles are called obtuse angles. ‘ | a - « The comer ofa square An abtuse angle ethan aright — fits exactly intoa right larger than aright angle angle. angle * " These angles are acute angle o— + angle - the 11s \ / amount of turn bs — around a fixed 7 a point y + right angle - an _—_— re angle like the A straight angle is like half a turn, or A revolution is a full turn. comer of a page half a revolution. If you face the front + acute angle - an of the class and then turn to face the angle salle than i back of the class, you have turned _ aright angie through one straight angle. * obtuse angle - an angle that is larger wa than a right angle ~* + straight angle - half a turn, forming a straight line A reflex angle is bigger than a straight angle. + reflex angle - an angle bigger than astraight angle EXERCISE 6. + revolution ~ a full turn Identify the types of angles below. You can use the corner of a page to check for right angles, acute angles and obtuse angles.—_“_— |. hat are always the same distanc, q 5 ight lines tha! t Parallel lines are iH ailway track. Can you see that the Posi, apart, like the lines of a f ach other? The sides ofa triang 10 sides of a rectangle are Pee hey always touch at a corner. A |, because “ a aoe vader with opposite sides parallel, paraltelo: d) 0 b) Example ) 7 1 We can use the squares on | paper to draw 2D shapes. The two parallel sides of a 2D shape Parallelograrn Rhombus: Rectangle Square The four shapes above are all parallelograms because their cpposite hia sides are parallel, A square and a rectangle are parallelograrrs with ea right angles; a rhombus is a parallelogram with all sides equal. A straight lines tha 7 aeainays the ‘ rhombus and a parallelogram do not have right angles, but the same distance opposite angles are equal to each other. from each other * Parailelogram- 2 EXGRGESEMN Quadrilateral with Opposite sides 1. Copy the quadrilaterals from the above exam| parallel and equal Paper and cut them out. 2. Work in small groups to investigate the properties of your cut out uadrilaterals. Record your findings in a table like the one given below: ca | Natal [eagat| nore ple onto square grid quadrilateral Rectangle 2 pairs of parallel sides L Square - = + — — E - Parallelogram oo oF as thombus ee) _| L - ——__ 3. Here is a hexagon with equal sides and equal angles. Are the - J \ Opposite sides parallel? Is this shape a Parallelogram? Explain, berry Try to guess the name of each quadrilateral correctly by the clues given. 1. A quadrilateral that has two pairs of parallel sides but no right angles. | 2. A quadrilateral that has four right angles but is not a square, | | 3. A quadrilateral that has two pairs of equal sides but is not a Fectangle. | 4 A quadrilateral that has four equal sides but no right angles, | 5. Aquadrilateral that has two Pairs of equal sides and four right angles \_ 6. A quadrilateral that has four equal sides and four right angles. ; Term?Compare and sort 2D shapes on has the same number of sides, angles and vertices. Vertices are e corners of a polygon, where two sides meet. The singular of vertices is > vertex. To compare two polygons, you should list the features that are same in both polygons and also the features that are different Example Smpare a square Bhan a pentagon with all sides equal @. jilarities: Both are polygons with all the sides the same length and all the angles the same size. s: A square has four equal sides and four angles that are right angles. It has four vertices. The pentagon has five equal sides and five angles that are obtuse angles. It has five vertices. care t the similarities and differences of: a square and a rectangle a rectangle and a parallelogram @ hexagon with equal sides and a square. a square and a rhombus arhombus and a parallelogram a rhombus and a kite g) aparallelogram anda kite 2. Fill in the missing words in each of the sentences below: A pentagon has more vertex/vertices than @ square. A hexagon has twice as many sides as a c) Aparallelogram has half as many angles as a ae aAGor a The sum of the number of vertices of a triangle and the number of vertices of a pentagon is the same as the number 1 of vertices of an 1. = Name any two quadrilaterals that have: a) two pairs of equal sides b) four equal angles ¢) two acute angles and two obtuse angles. d) four equal sides. Name any three different quadrilateral a) two pairs of parallel sides b) two pairs opposite angles equal ~ two acute and two obtuse. s that have: cor + vertex —acorner point where two sides of a polygon meet + vertices the plural of vertex + In pairs, take turns to make a statement about a quadrilateral like ‘has four equal sides’ | + Each player must write down all the quadrilaterals that have this property, and then discuss your answers together. + Score plus 1 for each correct answer and minus | for each incorrect | answer. | + Afteran agreed time, see who has the highest score. |EEE EEE Draw and identify 2D shapes Rie 1. On grid paper, draw a polygon with five vertices. 2) How many sides does your polygon have? b) What is the name of your polygon? ©) Does your polygon have all sides equal? d) Did everyone in the class draw the same polygon? Hove are they the same or different? 2. sit possible to have each of the following 2D shapes? Ifyou think a shape is possible, draw a neat clear sketch of the shape on grid paper 2) a parallelogram with only one right angle b) a triangle with one right angle a triangle with two angles larger than a right angle @) 2 pentagon with two right angles @) @ quadrilateral with all four angles smaller than a right angle f) a parallelogram with exactly two right angles g) a quadrilateral with two angles larger than right angles h) parallelogram with opposite angles that are not equal 3. Lookatall the real life examples of two-dimensional shapes that you may be familiar with. Identify each of the shapes in the pictures. Draw them on square dotted grid paper and then explain where you would see each of these objects or what the purpose of the object is. g 2 Y c) d) WVExample Jo draw two parallel Parallel lines, use a ruler and a set square step 1: Use your ruler to di Haw a straight line on one ¢ step 2: Without moving yourane 7 ine on one af the grid line ruler. Then slide lace your set square firmly against a short edge of your Your ruler up along the e« Step 3: Remove your set square. Use ‘ceaitoet ae second straight line, the new position of your ruler on the gud to deay Step 2 Step 3 {f you worked carefully, you will have drawn two parallel lines. Example To draw a right angle, follow these steps: Step 1: Use your ruler to draw a straight line on one of the grid lines. Step 2: Place your set square on top of your ruler at the end of the line. Step 3: Draw a second straight line up against the vertical edge of your set square. If you worked carefully, you will have drawn a right angle. We say that the two lines are at right angles to each other. eee 3) Measure the length of each line in this diagram. 5) Identify all parallel lines and right angles in the diagram. -) What 2D shapes do you see in the diagram? : \ 1) Draw parallel lines and right angles to copy the diagram accurately.Step Example To draw a rectangle, you need to know the length and the width of the rectangle. Draw a rectangle with a length of 9cm and awidth | of6,cm Step 1: Drawa straight horizontal line exactly 9 cm long Step 2: At both ends of the line, draw a line exactly 6} cm long, at right angles to the first line Step 3: Join the ends of the two 6} ci lines with another 9m horizontal line. Draw two parallel lines, one 6 cm long and the other 10 cm long 1. Join the ends of your parallel lines. Name the 2D shape that you have drawn. 2. Drawa straight line exactly 8 cm long. At one end of this line, draw a line of 6 cm at right angles to the first line. Join the ends of your lines. Name the 2D shape that you have drawn. 3. Drawa rectangle with a length of 8 cm and a width of 4h cm. 4. Draw a square with a side length of 6 cm. 5. a) Drawa parallelogram with the longer sides 6 cm, and the shorter sides any length you choose . The length of these sides should be the same, so use the grid squares to help you. b) What do you notice about the angles of a parallelogram? 6. Drawaline of 63 cm. a) Ateach end of the line, draw a line of 4 cm at right angles to the first line. Are these two lines parallel to each other? Why or why not? b) Join the ends of the two lines you drew in a. What 2D shape have you drawn?. Use grid paper to . Use grid paper to draw a square . Taliep | «the following 24-hour times in 12 hour time (ap oM write'a quarter past nine in the evening’ in 24-hour time Complete the following statements. weeks = 63 days a) b) = seconds = 18 minutes c) 1leap yea days d) 50 years =C decades eft South Africa to work in Australia on 1 February 2008. He returned 0” g January 2010. How many years and days was he away from home? List three similarities between rectangles and parallelogram. draw the following polygons, if they are possible. if they are not possible, explain why. 3) a quadrilateral with five vertices b) a pentagon with two right angles ¢) an octagon with two reflex angles with sides 7 cm in length . Give the name of a shape that has a} only straight sides b) only straight sides with all sides equal. Total marks:Data handling Presented in different ways Summanise data. Work out the mode and median of data sets, table - information arranged in rows and columns questionnaire — a form for asking questions and recording answers data - information ‘hat you collect ‘ ata Collect and organise 2 ting things, by coun " You already know that you can collect ee a know that YOU Car asking questions and by doing surveys hat you collect Use tallies and tables to organise the data that ¥' Example clubs that the Zodwa and Nikki collected information about the collect and learners in their class belong to. They used this table t organise the data, eS Club | Tally Muste — — [2 - Drama | J Choir je Chess a Environment in 7 a ‘None ao Ss Toe a You can also collect data using a questionnaire. A questionnaire is a form that has a list of questions printed on it. People fill in the questionnaire by ticking blocks, circling their choices or writing answers. Example Anita is worried about the amount of litter left in the schoo! grounds after break each day. These are the questions she asks herself: Are other learners worried about it? Does the school need more bins? Would they be prepared to do something about the litter? What else can the school do to stop littering?She draws up this questionnaire to collect the data she need natin, Lireer questionnaire at y 2s please tick the correct box Ct. uy %, 1, Is litter problem at our school? Yes | No{ | Don't know 2. Does ourschool need more bins? Yes Nol) Don't know s 3. Would you take part in a project to stop littering? Yes (| No{ | Don't know >, € Mec, g 4, What can the schoo! do to stop littering? (Tick more than one if necessary) more bins Close the tuck shop Tota, Fine people who litter Punish people who litter Elect litter monitors) Start a recycling project 5. Do you have any other suggestions for stopping litter? Write them here SUESsame 1. Do you think Anita’s questionnaire is a good one? Why? : 2. Work with a partner. You are going to collect data to find out what Did you know? Grade 6 learners think about homework. The gov a) Write down three questions that you could investigate. questior b) Design a short simple questionnaire to collect data to answer renenoninthe your questions. | country during a c) Discuss how you could use your questionnaire to collect the census. In South data and how you could organise and represent the data. Africa, a census is taken every 10 years. 3. Anewspaper reported that learners as young as Grade 6 The most recent sometimes experiment with smoking. Denise and Ahmed decide census was in 2011 to find out if this is a real problem in their class of 45 learners. a) What questions do you think they should ask? b) Draw up a simple questionnaire that they could use to collect the data they need to answer their questions. . a) Draw up a questionnaire and use it to find out whether learners in your school usually bath, shower or use other methods of washing themselves. b) Use your questionnaire to collect data from at least 20 learners. c) Organise your results in a table. d) Draw a suitable graph to display your results. ») Write one sentence describing what you found out.ictographs ad and draw pictog Read ¢ sepnctures, to show data A key tel, tise the key to INLeNpFet a pir Pictographs ve syinl jr . 1 vyent Youneed (0 Example ferent parts of the world ys “ren of primary school age who do not receive education fi of @> ft Coeeeeceseeeeeee . 5 Seeeeeseseoens e ®eeseoane : j eee, eee ey Now many children don't attend primary school in industrialised 900.000 = 200.000 = 1 700 000 or 1,7 million children ~ pictograph = 1 Use the key in the above example to represent the number 7.3 million raph that uses 2. Thando drew this Pictograph showing how many tickets were soi symbols and 2 key for the school concert: to represent date + hay -an Day Number of tickets sold 3) How many tickets were explanation of Monday JY sold for the Saturday show? what the symbols b) Each ticket costs R65. mean ledy EEF How much money did the Wednesday Jar School make on ticket sales Learner numbers in =x on Thursday night? each Grade 6 class Thursday ©) How many seats did the Class Number of Friday xEur School sellin total during learners the week? 6A 16 Sudy MEE 4) What was the total amount 6B ua Sunday of money made by the 6c 18 6D x Key: J = 120 tickets school? SE 20 3. Draw a pictograph to show the data in the table on the left. Give oF 22 your graph a heading. Choose a suitable symbol and remember to 6G 20 draw a key.gand draw bar graphs ea useful Way to Compare « nh! "ets Of data 16 Pi survey t0 find Out Which type of mus an oe 0p qusic: THe BaF IAPH Shows the results eae ONY On ~ | axis shows th ne ental axis s the type of ve noni Music. The vertical axis es the number of learners that chose each type. If von spon a, you will see that most learners liked fy nee the liked bec eee [Msc was least liked because only six learners iked ate jd the number of learners to find out how many learners rook paveinthe Survey ee ‘ . total of 45 learners took part in the survey. ble bar graphs jouble bar graph has two bars for each item in the data. Each bar + bar graph ws a sub-group of the data item. A double bar graph has a key to graph with w what the bars represent. a vertical or horizontal bar xample uke wanted to know if there was a Favourite type of music ifference between music that boys = # i iked and the music that girls liked. "07 of data He used his earlier datato drawthis ol graph to show the data for boys 3 4 and girls, é 2 Ik * Hip hop, rock and rap 5 Zaaaee music was more popular ie epee 5 with girls than boys. 2 ¢ © Pop and gospel music was more Type of music Popular with boys than girls. he * Very few girls chose pop music id | compared with boys. a | Very few boys chose rock and rap poids music compared with girls.» Tresah five comunative-nuinth Was Het Pahl wats, paves Fe : oy int to Amount paid (R) " Drawa bar graph to iuste te ts ita . Meet Preterences t which monthis) did they pay the : this) did they pav fess than tn (he PEVIOIS A, epet Vwhy they may have paticd lees by this sy, it AMOUPE Suggest one re i 6) Io which two months did they pay the 2. Look at the bar graph on the lett he 6 What information is shown on the graph °) Draw a tally table to show the information that is ony, graph ©) How many readers took Parlin Chis survey - 2) What type of books do most people enjoy reading ©) How many peaple like reading science hction? 1) How many more people read drama than poetry? 9) The librarian needs to order More books Which type oy books do YOU suggest she order? [ SPIAIN Your answer 3. The table below shows the number of girls and boys in Grade 6 'nvolved in five different clubs at school MMUNIty Outreach 8 4 Environment 2 ) 2) Drawa Oouble bar graph that Separately shows the number of Grade 6 girls and boys ‘volved in each ¢ lub at the sc hool 5) Which Club has the highest number of Grade 6 learners? Why 0 you think this might be so? ©) Does this table tell us that there are 36 learn ers iN this Grade 6 Class? Explain your thinking 4. Carry out 2 survey to find out what clubs girls and boys in your class belong to. Draw a double bar graph to show your resultsThe mode and median in a set of data Last year you learnt that the mode ithe numb 'r p Example Ms Smith recorded th 1 marks for Matheraty Wanita | Musa |Thembs! Fadiala | Thandi; leroy | Mextey| Lens | tte |sMendis re Mode of the test marks for Mathemat he mark (hat appears most often. it appears f the mode of this data set 2s 28a aha MOE than one mode. For example, in the data SCARE, set 2; 2; 3; 3) 4:5, the numbers 2 and 3 appear twice. Therefore 2 mode and 3 are both modes of this data set, a if no items in the data set appear more than once, then there is r o sate mode for the data set. For example 2; 3, 4, 8; 9; 10 has no mode he median is the middle number in an ordered data set. =se are the rules to find the median: epee 1. Arrange the numbers in ascending order, adjacent Select the middle number by using the formula: Position of a median = AMount of numbers + 1 Nv nm Median of an even amount of numbers: 2) If the amount of numbers is even, using the formula will give a mixed number for the position of the median. ©) Ta get the median add the two numbers that are in the Positions adjacent to a) above and divide the answer by 2 Example J the median of the following numbers: 5; 21; 23; 23; 40; 23; 14; 12; 56; 23; 29 First arrange the numbers in ascending order: 3,5,7,12, 13, 14, 21, 23, 23, 23, 23, 29, 40, 56 1441 2 Position of a median = Position of the median is 74 number in position 7 + number in position 8 + The median = 2S) Posrior 3 Ss — 21+ 23 50 the median is 22.Jian of each set of numbers aia 1 Find the mode ane the ‘ b) 43; 78; 27;39 a 2,4;5,6,3; 56:5 5 914; 1) 57424 nonntta A) 2015; 12,19; 4016, c) 12,12 N: 18 ©) 28; 84, 42; 64; 23; 8B g) 10, 14,8; 12;6; 10, 12, ) 19, 93:53 44 1) 34;23,24, 31,2723 hy 96,3; 13; 93; 53; 7.44, 40 6 77; 73; 85; 54 heeaaseraze j) 75; 33,17 2 K f water in 7 i The Kumar household used the allowing amounts of ; I ne Kura Monday Tuesday| Wednesday Thursday Friday |Saturday| Sung oh HOF 2 1e0e 2208 ioe 2008 140 » the most wate ) On which day did the Kumar household use - Pi wce 5) Find the median amount of water that the if afer from ©) Why do you think the water usage of a family to day? 3. These are some results of a Mathematics test Kerry| Tim | Pete “iret (ay || Sn |S Ane | rang | a 6 6 SW wy 4) Find the median result y by Find the mode of the test results, =r. 4. Zama measured the ait temperature each day for a week: the median of amin me Mad Tuesday Wednesday Thursday |Frday |Saturday| Sunday cme aoc | aye 7 erie 2014 12°C 0'C 29° 31 wana 2306 50G a) What was the Modal temperature? b) What was the Median of these temperatures? ©) Inwhich Season do you think Zama Measured these ‘emperatures? Why do you say so? the 2209 100 amit 2356 000 cath Bffica 50 500 200 rathands | 200 500 4450 900 5. Find the modal age of learners in your class, and also which 82 690 600 Month is the mode of their birth months. Write ashort Paragraph explaining 4) how you collec ted the data b) how YOU Organised the data “| 105.000 Satene 12150 000) WN Tb G00 form |Interpret and make sense of graphs ithe data We then look tor lane >int att xactly what Example >graph shows the number schoo! introduced f troduced an anti litter py BEFORE Days 3 2 2URING Days6-7 _ AFTER Days 11-15 WU d a lot. The ant graph shows that from day 1 to day 5, learners littere ted on day 6 and learners responded immediately. The result was that very little littering from day 6 to day 10. ne data also shows that from day 11, littering increased. This suggests that learners probably forgot about the anti-litter project and started to litter again Example The pie graph shows how South Africa uses its water supply. 2. Waheeda says she thinks that the rule "x3 then +2/,is the same rule as “+ 2 then x 3” Use a number statement with 10 as the input to see if she is correct. ileInteresting pro nis i Perties of nultiplication HAgHAMS can teMind you of Usetu nthe . vision | properties of mut 1 Copy he flow diagram ant fin the Missing output number at do you notice this happen? about the input and Output numbers? Why aA 3 Rule a 3 + a) Rule 7 4 = x5 % “5 44 1( a 10 Fa 4 15 457 What do you notice about the output numbers of these diagrams? Why does this happen? Rule Rule BN ge 3S, 2 3. Copy these two flow diagrams and complete them: I AR SK p> 10 “S197 % Write down how these diagrams give you an easy way to multiply by 25, 4. Copy and complete flow diagram A, A 5 Se From this flow diagram, write down an easy way to multiply a 9M x7 number by 70. 10 5. Copy and complete flow diagram B. B > <3 From this flow diagram, write down an easy way to multiply a 15 4 x number by 300. Copy and complete flow diagram C. From this flow diagram, write down an easy way to multiply a number by 9 000.Multiplication and GIviIsSiOn are inverse operations Remember that multiplication and division are inverse op, low diagrams can show this inverse relationship Cans 1. Copy the following two flow diagrams and then complete y Write down what you notice, and explain why this happen Rule * - Rule , 15s - \5 25 3 5 35 45 2. Copyand complete the following two flow diagrams. Check the division by multiplying, and check the multiplication by dividing 10 ™ 3. Copy the following flow Rule diagram and then fill in the 2 missing outputs. What do you 10 —+ x20 +100 notice about the input and 15 Mp} output numbers? Why does this happen? »5 4. Whatis the missing part of the rule in So jefe the flow diagram on the 1 8 5 i. 5. Draw a flow diagram to show that x 8 and + 8 are inverse operations. Also write your flow diagram as a number sentence. 6. Use a flow diagram with three rule boxes to show that x 10 is the opposite of doing two divisions. Also write your flow diagram as a number sentence. 7. Use a flow diagram to show that x 4 x 25 is the opposite of divide by 100. Also write your flow diagram as a number sentence.d missing rales and Numbers ample NO PAC OL The rite? | and (hei outy Wh 46 . WO 4 t = 1G part of the he missing input tor the out ; DULpUt Number 32. Remember that you can use, pe n > missing Number : a) * 2 = 32, then (x 3) must be 30. What n uitiphed by . nber must be 10. CoE “rst find the missing operation in each rule. Then write the flow Siagrem as @ number sentence, and solve it to find the missing input number. 1B Rule oy 6 2 Bo Rule wi 4 SS 60 FI: Oo 5 83 - — _ a -. ‘ere isa rule in words: "multiply by 100 and subtract {1 a) Show this rule as a flow diagram. | {the input numbers 3 and 7 have output numbers 290 and 690, find the missing number in the rule. hich input number will have the output number 990? b Wwfoucan als yw put numbers i table, any Ye also show input and ou! 1umbe , ne ne way wi you did in the flow diagrarns, cI “a 5as low d je same !am thinking of a le number. When | add Examp + rule: x3 and then +2 3 to my number This table uses the ru : ; ; n 4 4 4 ‘Multiply the answer 2 | | by 5, multiply again Input number | | \ uc 8 in foi z1, by 20 and divide by 7 25,| get 32. Show this Output number | 49 ona flow diagram, t from eacy shatter Notice that in the bottom row of the table, you can get from ey What number was! 3.The ne, thinking of at the output number to the next output number by adding 3. The », beginning? What will ind 29. nomen: three output numbers would be 23, 26 a be if | start with the number 10? Simplify theflow charttoget SEARS the same Output For questions 1, 2 and 3: numbers with only "wo operations in the a) Use the given rule to complete the row of output numbers me b) Look at the row of output numbers, How do you get each outpy; a number from the Previous output number? ¢) Use your answer in (2) to write down the next three numbers in the output row, d) Use the rule in the table to check + Rule: (input number - 3) x § your new output numbers. N ae Work in pairs. Each — | . Rule: (Input number x 2) + 4 craw a flow diagram inputxd)ng that uses two of fnputxa2sa TT] | i} these operationsin | : - the ule +5; x3) 2, | 3. Rule: (input number - 3) + *2:%10;-7; +4, Write | . infve input numbers | — between 1 and 199, | {input ~ 3) + tot ft and the five correct be mice: Output numbers, but_| 4 Work out the Missing part of the rule and complete the table. dln’ write inthe rule ds] 9 ] 9 that you used. Swap | —{24— 7488 | 7 your flow diagrams {input-3)? | 4 16 [a | 10} 12} 20] : S10} 1. nd see Who can first ng part of the rule and complete the table: 2UeSs the tivo | 5. Work out the miss erations used in SS —— neue J {ajo ] - —_—— it +1 | 15 | 17 | 19 | 29 em ae ®