862 Chapter 8 > Trigonometric Functions 8.6 L’H6pital’s Rule > Approximate limits that produce indeterminate forms. > Use L'Hopita’s Rule to evaluate limits, [J indeterminate Forms and Limits s In Seotions 15 and 3.6, you sted limits such as In those sections you discovered that diet substitution can produce an indetermingt form such as 0/0 or 20/00. For instance, if you substitute x = 1 into the first iit, ou obtain ¥ ii Q ul lim = ic Indeterminate form a \hich tells you nothing about the limit. To find the limit, you can factor and divide out like factors, as shown, ¢ im #= NE + DD Fector * = li eaten Divide out tke faetos : = lim +1) Sinplit. = S141 Direct sbsition ue =2 Simply. - For the second limit, direct substitution produces the indeterminate form 0/00, whish again ells you nothing about the limit. To evaluate this limit, you can divide the namie stor and denominator by x. Then you can use the Fact thatthe limit of 1/1, as > 25 : a 2+ 24 (Wy a lim = ie oe Divide numerator and denominat0t BY Xp Aner AS ah) i =2%0 Evaluate fits, . T+ =2 Sinpity Algebraic techniques sach a8 these tnd to work well as long asthe function isel6 | algebraic, To find the limits of other types of functions, sch as exponential fond or tigonometic functions, you genealyneod tous a diferent approach,Section 8.6 > L'H6pital’s Rule 563 Geom 1 [Approximating « Limit Find the limit. SOLUTION When evaluating a limit, you ean choose from threé basic approaches. ‘That is, you can attempt to find the limit analytically, graphically, or numerically. For this particular limit, it is not clear how to use an analytic approach because direct sub- stitution yields an indeterminate form. is 20) — oe ie L Tndetcuinate form Indeterminate form Using a graphical approach, you can graph the function, xs shown in Figure 8.38, and > then use the zoom and trace features to estimate the limit. Using a numerical approach, ‘you can construct a table, such as that shown below. 0.01 }=0.001]—0.0001| 0 [0.0001 [0.001 |o.01 2.9554 |2.9955 |2.9996 | 2 |3.0005 |3.0045 | 3.0455, From the values in the table, it appears that the limit is 3. So, from either a graphical or ‘a numerical approach, you can approximate the limit to be en hy [2 checkpoints 1 ———__— Find the limit lim . a x G Example Bl | Approximating a Ii Find the limit. tim 4 nx SOLUTION As in Example 1, itis not clear how to use an analytic approach because direct substitution yields an indeterminate form. sin dx _ sin 4(0) _ 0 ig Bo WO Using a graphical approach, you can graph the function, as shown in Figure 8.39, and then, using the zoom and trace features, you can estimate the limit to be 4, A numeri- le cal approach would lead to the same conclusion. So, using either a graphical or a numerical approach, you can approximate the limit to be Indeserinate fron = FIGURE 6.39 jin sin 4x 4. [B checkpoints 2———- Find the limit sim S012) g myChapter 8 > Trigonometric Functions A LHepitars Rule ‘L'Hopital’s Rule, which is named after the French mathematician Guillaume Fray, Antoine de L'Hépital (1661-1704), describes an analytic approach for limits, SOLUTION In Example 1 it as shown that he limit appears tobe 3, Because dr substitution produces the indeterminate Form 0/0, you can apply optal’e gy obtain the same result, ¥ Apply LGpital’s Rute, Differestiate numerator and \enominator separately Diret substitution Simply [D checkpoint 3 ———. Find the limit using L'HOpital’s Rule,Section 8.6 > LHépital's Rule 565 Example Bi | Using LHopital’s Rule Find the limit. lim ox Study Tip SOLUTION In Example 2, it was shown that the limit appears to be 4. Because direct substitution produces the indeterminate form 0/0 ‘You cannot apply L'Hopital’s Rule unless direct substitution produces the indeterminate form 0/0 or 00/00. For instance, if you were to apply LeHopita’s Rule tothe limit iy Ss Indeterminate frm Aeply LHOpis Role tim = tye you would incorrectly con- ‘ude thatthe limit i 1. Can you sce why this is incoret? Differentiate numerator ard denominator separately scosla(0)} Direct sabstiion 1 4 ‘Simplify. = [B chockpoint 4 : Find the limit using L’Hépital’s Rule. vin sine/2) i es Indeterminate form Study Tip: Another form of L’Hépital’s you can apply L’H6pital’s Rule, as shown. Role states that if the limit of dies f(%)/g(x) as x approaches oo “ al : : ‘or ~00 produces the indeter- tin oq = ia ge -Aooly Lia's Rule minate form 0/0 or 00/00, Ser) e Dire numero and dima denominator spay tim Simplify. “This form is used in Example Det 5. 2 z Evaluate init - [B checkpoint 5 —- Find the limit. lim =" 0 ae866 Chapter 8 > Trigonometric Functions Example Find the limit. SOLUTION Because direct substitution results in the indeterminate form 00/06 im, tee Indberminate form you can apply LHopita's Rule, as shown. d Se) Apply LHopita's Rule fea) Dita omer ad _ Senter mpm ae Indeterminate form =es Alter one application of L'HOpital’s Rule, you still obtain an indeterminate form, h such cases, you can try L'Hopital’s Rule again, as shown, Apply LHepital’s Rule, Ditfretite numerator ape denominator separtaly z dnt. So, you can conclude that the limit is zero. an [D checrpoinee : ‘Find the limit. = lings " Study Tip ‘Remember that even in those cases in which L’ Hépital’s Rule can be applied to determine a limit, it is still a good idea to confirm the result graphically or aumercally. For instance, te tale below provides a numerical confirmation of the limit in Example 6, =12 ‘0.2931 0.0892|0.0215 0.0045} 0.0008}Section 8.6 > LHépital’s Rule 887 LHopital’s Rule can be used to compare the rates of growth of two functions. For instance, consider the limit in Example 5 fn eer rT Both of the functions fx) = e* and g(x) = e% + 1 approach infinity as x-*00 ‘However, because the quotient /(x)/g(x) approaches 0 as x—>00, it follows that the denominator is growing much more rapidly than the numerator. Example Hl | Comparing Rates of Growth Each of the functions below approaches infinity as x approaches infinity. Which fun- tion has the highest rate of growth? a flx)=x beg) ere hfs) = Ine “SOLUTION Using L’Hopital’s Rule, you can show that each of the limits is zero. a * gel * tim, % = sim Jim = = 0 Abe Mea See ae d From this, you can conclude that h(x) = In.xhas the lowest rate of growth, f(x) = has a higher rate of growth, and g(x) — e* has the highest rate of growth. This conclusion is confirmed graphically in Figure 8.40. i [D checkpoint 7 Use a graphing utility to order the functions according to the rate of growth of each function as x approaches infinity a f= be=2 6 At)=ine . 41. State L’Hopital’s Rule (page 564). For an example of using L'Hépital’s Rule to evaluate indeterminate form, see Examples 3, 4 and 5. 2. Describe a real-life example of how L’Hopital’s Rule can be used to compare rates of growth (page 516, Example 7)568 Chapter 8 > Trigonometric Functions The following warm-up exercises involve skills that were covered in earlier sections, You will use t skills in the exercise set for this section. In Exercises 1-8, find the limit, fit exists. ats 4 fim, @— 10+ 1) 2 Jig 3 in ee 2x? — Sx +7 ee re 5 fimaerios4 © imag 1 Meare ee In Exercises 9-12, tind the rst devative ofthe function. 9. fla) = cos x* 10. f(x) = sin(5x — 1) AL. f(x) = sec 4x 12. fix) In Exereises.13-16, find the-second derivative of the function. 13, fa) = sine +3) 14 fle) = cos 3 4% fls) = tanx 16. fx) = cotx In Exercises 1~ 6, decide whether the limit produces an sine indeterminate form. » eae Fn Te HD 1. lim axt Ve 4. im Ins Jim ™* In Exercises 7-10, complete the table to estimate the limit numerically, se x |-0.1|-0.01{-o.001] 0 [0.001 [0.01] 0.1 x |-0.1]-0.01]-a.001] 0 [o.oor x |-0.1|-0.01]-o.001] 0 [0.001 Ih Exercises 11-16, use a graphing ullity tof the indicated limit graphical 29 | 2.99 3.001 [3.01] 3.1In Exercises 1748, use L'Hépital’s Rule to find the limit. ‘You may need to use L’Hopital's Rule repeatedly, bo. tim 20282 cos 2e ~ 1 lim Bein In Exercises 49-56, find the limit. (Hint: LHépital’s Rule does not apply in every case.) / M49. 50, / 24a V1, um 2432 = 62-8 St MM 25 =a Sr 6 52. tim E> Mb 28 = 98 — 18 Section 8.6 > L'Hopital’s Rule oo. ig Ing +2) x2 $6. jig In Exercises 57-62, use L'HOpital's Rule to compare the ‘ates of growth of the numerator and the denominator. 63. Complete the table to show that x eventually “overpow- ers” (In) x 10 | 10 | 10° | 108 | 10° | 10 (tnx) x 64, Complete the table to show that e* eventually “overpow- t[2][4]s8 [i2] 2] 30 In Exercises 65-68, L'Hépital's Rule is used incorrectly, Describe the error. 65. 66.