(Mate-Mater) Part-I PDF

MES-MTI ONLY FOR REFERENCE MATE/MASTER
Convention on the International Regulations
for Preventing Collisions at Sea, 1972 as amended
COMMENTS & EXPLANATION
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MES-OneSuccess Ver : 4.20
Notes
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Convention on the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea, 1972 as amended
CONTENTS
PART A - GENERAL
o Rule 1 - Application
o Rule 2 - Responsibility
o Rule 3 - General Definitions
PART B - STEERING AND SAILING RULES
SECTION I - CONDUCT OF VESSELS IN ANY CONDITION OF VISIBILITY
o Rule 5 - Look-out
o Rule 6 - Safe Speed
o Rule 7 - Risk of Collision
o Rule 8 - Action to avoid Collision
o Rule 9 - Narrow Channels
o Rule 10 - Traffic Separation Schemes
SECTION II - CONDUCT OF VESSELS IN SIGHT OF ONE ANOTHER
o Rule 12 - Sailing Vessels
o Rule 13 - Overtaking
o Rule 14 - Head-on Situation
o Rule 15 - Crossing Situation
o Rule 16 - Action by Give-way Vessel
o Rule 17 - Action by Stand-on Vessel
o Rule 18 - Responsibilities between Vessels
Section III - CONDUCT OF VESSELS IN RESTRICTED VISIBILITY
o RULE 19 - Conduct of Vessels in Restricted Visibility
PART C - LIGHTS AND SHAPES
o Rule 21 - Definitions
o Rule 22 - Visibility of Light
o Rule 23 - Power-driven vessel underway
o Rule 24 - Towing and Pushing
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o Rule 25 - Sailing vessels underway and vessels under Oars

o Rule 26 - Fishing vessels
o Rule 27 - Vessels not under Command or Restricted in their Ability to Manoeuvre
o Rule 28 - Vessels constrained by their Draught 3
o Rule 29 - Pilot Vessels
o Rule 30 - Anchored Vessels and Vessels aground
o Rule 31 – Seaplanes
PART D - SOUND AND LIGHT SIGNALS
o Rule 33 - Equipment for sound signals
o Rule 34 - Manoeuvring and Warning Signals
o Rule 35 - Sound Signals in restricted Visibility
o Rule 36 - Signals to attract Attention
o Rules 37 - Distress signals
PART E - Exemptions
o Rule 38 – Exemptions
PART F - VERIFICATION OF COMPLIANCE WITH THE PROVISIONS OF THE CONVENTION
o Rule 41 - Verification of compliance
ANNEX I - POSITIONING AND TECHNICAL DETAILS OF LIGHTS AND SHAPES
1. Definition
2. Vertical positioning and spacing of lights
3. Horizontal positioning and spacing of lights
4. Details of location of direction-indicating lights for fishing vessels, dredgers and vessels engaged in
underwater operations
5. Screens for sidelights
6. Shapes
7. Colour specification of lights
8. Intensity of lights
9. Horizontal sectors
10. Vertical sectors
11. Intensity of non-electric lights
12. Manoeuvring light
13. High speed craft
14. Approval
ANNEX II - ADDITIONAL SIGNALS FOR FISHING VESSELS FISHING IN CLOSE PROXIMITY
1. General
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2. Signals for trawlers

3. Signals for purse seiners
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ANNEX III - TECHNICAL DETAILS OF SOUND SIGNAL APPLIANCES
1. Whistles
2. Bell or gong
ANNEX IV - DISTRESS SIGNALS
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HISTORY OF COLREG 72
Until 19th Century, there are no statutory rules for collision at sea.
1840 – London Trinity House drew up a set of rules & come in operation in 1846.
1863 – British Board of Trade drew up a complete new set of rules & came into operation.
End of 1864 – These rules had been adopted by over 30 maritime countries, including US & Germany.
1889 – 1st conference in Washington.
1910 – Reach international agreement in Brussels Conference & came into force in 1954.
1960 – amended by IMCO (Inter-governmental Maritime Consultative Organization) & came into force in 1965
i. Fitted with Radar

ii. Series of collision
iii. Include conduct of Vessel in Restricted Visibility
1972 – Revised again & came into force in 1977 due to
i. Wide spread acceptance & use of radar

ii. Introduction of traffic separation
iii. Increase size & speed of many ships
2007 – Amend & enter into force 2009
i. Annex IV
2013 – Amend & enter into force 2016
i. Part F: Verification of Compliance with the Provision of the Convention
19th Century – 1840 (1846) – 1863 – End of 1864 – 1889 – 1910 (1954) – 1960 (1965) – 1972 (1977) – 2007
(2009) – 2013 (2016).
1. In which year carried out Brussels Conference?

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2. Why COLREG 1910 is amended to COLREG 60?

3. Why COLREG 60 is amended to COLREG 72?
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INTRODUCTION
1. What is COLREG 72?

- Navigation rules to be followed or used by vessels at sea to prevent collision between two or more vessels.
2. What is proper name of COLREG 72?

- The Convention on the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea, 1972 as amended
3. Adopted & Enforced Date?

- Adopted on 20 Oct 1972
- Enforced on 15 Jul 1977.
4. Aim / Purpose /Themes?

- Desiring to maintain a high level of safety at sea.
5. How many Parts & Annexes & Rules?

- 6 parts, 4 annexes and 41 Rules.
6. How many Sections in Part B? How many rules contain in which section?
- There are 3 Sections in Part B – Steering & Sailing Rules
- Section I – 7 Rules (Rule 4 ~ Rule 10)
- Section II – 8 Rules (Rule 11 ~ Rule 18)
- Section III – 1 Rule (Rule 19)
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PART A - GENERAL
Rule 1
Application
(a) These Rules shall apply to all vessels upon the high seas and in all waters connected therewith navigable by
seagoing vessels.
(b) Nothing in these Rules shall interfere with the operation of special rules made by an appropriate authority for
roadsteads, harbours, rivers, lakes or inland waterways connected with the high seas and navigable by seagoing
vessels. Such special rules shall conform as closely as possible to these Rules.
(c) Nothing in these Rules shall interfere with the operation of any special rules made by the Government of any
State with respect to additional station or signal lights, shapes or whistle signals for ships of war and vessels
proceeding under convoy, or with respect to additional station or signal lights or shapes for fishing vessels
engaged in fishing as a fleet. These additional station or signal lights, shapes or whistle signals shall, so far as
possible, be such that they cannot be mistaken for any light, shapes or signal authorized elsewhere under these
Rules.
(d) Traffic separation schemes may be adopted by the Organization for the purpose of these Rules.
(e) Whenever the Government concerned shall have determined that a vessel of special construction or purpose
cannot comply fully with the provisions of any of these Rules with respect to the number, position, range or arc of
visibility of lights or shapes, as well as to the disposition and characteristics of sound-signalling appliances, such
vessel shall comply with such other provisions in regard to the number, position, range or arc of visibility of lights
or shapes, as well as to the disposition and characteristics of sound-signalling appliances, as her Government shall
have determined to be the closest possible compliance with these Rules in respect to that vessel.
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RULE 1 - Application
(a) COLREG 72 Rules မ ်ားကို high sea နွင့္ high sea နဲ႔ ဆက္စပ္ေနေသ seagoing vsl မ ်ား ဝင္ထြက္သြ ်ားလ နိုင္ေသ
ေရျပင္ေပၚတြင္ ခိုတ္ေမ င္်ားသြ ်ားလ ေနေသ Vsl အ ်ားလံို်ား လိုက္န ရပါမယ္။
(b) COLREG 72 Rules မ ်ားသည္ high sea နဲ႔ ဆက္စပ္ေနေသ roadsteads, harbours, rivers, lakes ႏွင့္ inland waterways
မ ်ားအတြက္ သက္ဆိုငရ
္ authority က ျပဌ န္်ားထ ်ားေသ special rules မ ်ားကို interfere မလိုပ္ရပါ။ ၎ special rulea
မ ်ားကလဲ COLREG 72 တြင္ျပဌ န္်ားထ ်ားေသ rules မ ်ားနွင့္ အတတ္ႏိုင္ဆံို်ား အန်ားစပ္ဆံို်ားျဖစ္ေအ င္ ျပဌ န္်ားရပါမယ္။
(c) COLREG 72 Rules မ ်ားသည္ ships of wars, vessels proceeding under convoy, fishing vessels engaged in fishing
as a fleet တို႔အတြက္ additional station, signal lights, shapes or whistle signals တို႔နွင့္ ပတ္သတ္၍ သက္ဆိုင္ရ
Government ကျပဌ န္်ားထ ်ားေသ special rules မ ်ားကို interfere မလိုပ္ရပါ။ ၎ special rules မ ်ားတင
ြ ္ ျပဌ န္်ားထ ်ားေသ
additional station, signal lights, shape or whistle signal မ ်ားကလည္်ား COLREG 72 Rule မ ်ားတင
ြ ္ ျပဌ န္်ားထ ်ားေသ light,
shape or signal မ ်ားနွင့္ မွ ်ားယင
ြ ္်ားေအ င္ ျပဌ န္်ားျခင္်ားမျပဳရပါ။
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(d) COLREG 72 Rule မ ်ား၏ ရည္႐ြယခ

္ က္မ ်ားအရ IMO က TSS မ ်ားကို သတ္မွတ္ျပဌ န္်ားနိုင္သည္။
(e) Special construction, special purpose တို႔ေၾက င့္ သေဘၤ မ ်ားသည္ COLREG 72 တြင္ျပဌ န္်ားထ ်ားေသ number,
position, range or arc of visibility of lights or ships as well as to the disposition and characteristics of sound
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signalling appliance တို႔နွင့္ ပတ္သတ္ေသ ဥပေဒမ ်ားကို အျပည့္အဝ မလိုက္န နိုငလ
္ ွင္ သက္ဆိုင္ရ Government က
COLREG 72 Rule မ ်ားနွင့္ အန်ားစပ္ဆံို်ား ျပဌ န္်ားထ ်ားေသ ဥပေဒမ ်ားကို လိုက္န ရပါမည္။
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Rule 1: Application
1. Which vessels are required to comply COLREG 72? Where will you use COLREG 72?
- All vessels upon the high seas and in all waters connected there with navigable by seagoing vessels.
2. Will you comply COLREG 72 in Yangon River or Japan Inland Sea?

- Yes, because it is connected with the high sea & navigable by seagoing vessels.
3. What is high sea?

- In UNCLOS (United Nation Convention on the Law of the Sea), all parts of the seas, not included
 Internal waters,
 Territorial sea,
 EEZ (Exclusive Economic Zone) or
 Archipelagic waters.
4. What is EEZ? How far?

- Exclusive Economic Zone, not extending 200 NM from baseline.
5. What is baseline? LW line or HW line?

- Low water line along the coast.
6. What are all waters connected therewith navigable by seagoing vessels?

- Roadsteads, harbours, rivers, lakes or inland waterways are connected with high sea.
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7. What are seagoing vessels?

- The vessels which are able to navigate at high sea and roadsteads, harbours, rivers, lakes or inland
waterways connected with high sea.
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8. What is roadstead?
- Open anchorage, generally protected by shoals.
- Less protection than harbour, More protection than open sea.
- Eg. Come from China Sea & not yet reach to Singapore Harbour & anchor in OPL (Outer Port Limit).
- [ Shoals = shallow water (or) small hill of sand below the surface of the sea.]
9. What is appropriate authority?

- Appropriate authority is an authority having responsibility for maritime transportation and making special
rules. For eg. DMA in Myanmar.
10. What is convoy?

- A group of ships travelling together (eg. Group of vessels navigating in Suez canal)
11. Rule 1 (b) explain? Example of Rule 1 (b) special rules?

- COLREG 72 rules shall not interfere with the operation of special rules made by the appropriate authority
especially for certain area such as roadsteads, harbors, rivers, lakes or inland waterways. These special
rules must be conformed as closely as possible to COLREG 72 rules.
- If local authority made special rule which gives additional privileged for VCD, she does not become a give-
way vessel.
- If special rule made speed limit in certain area, we have to comply.
- In some river, avoid stbd to stbd due to tidal stream effect.
- In some ports, vessel does not need to keep stbd side at narrow channel due to tidal stream effect.
12. Rule 1 (c) explain? Example of Rule 1 (c) special rules?

- COLREG 72 rules shall not interfere with the operation of special rules made by the Government especially
for certain vessels such as war ships, vessels proceeding under convoy and fishing vessels. These special
rules concerning with additional station or signal lights, shapes or whistle signals shall not be mistaken with
COLREG 72 rules.
- US naval vessels have special rules with respect to additional station and signal lights such as
o Man overboard lights
o Yard arm signaling lights
o Aircraft warning lights
o Underway replenishment contour lights
o Minesweeping station keeping lights
o Submarine identification lights
o Convoy operations stern lights
- Man overboard lights : Naval vessels may display, as a means of indicating man overboard, two pulsating,
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all round red lights in the vertical line located on a mast from where they can best be seen.
- Convoy operations stern light : Naval vessels may display periods of convoy operations, a blue light located
near the stern with the same characteristics as but in lieu of, the normal white stern light.
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13. What is the difference between Special rules of Rule 1 (b) & Rule 1 (c)?
- 1 (b) – special rules
 made by appropriate authority
 for all vessels
 for local certain area
 concerning with all aspects of collision avoidance.
- 1 (c) – special rules

 made by government of any state
 for certain vessels such as war ships, vessels proceeding under convoy and fishing vessels as a fleet
 for all area of this state
 concerning with additional station or signal lights, shapes or whistle signals.
14. Where can you find special rules?

- Nautical Publications / Sailing Directions / VHF announce / Port Information / Information from Agent
15. What items contain in Special Rules? Contents of Special Rules?

- Special rules are concerned with lights, shapes, sound signals and other aspect of collision avoidance.
16. How do you understand “conformed as closely as possible”?

- To remove any conflicts with COLREG 72 as much as possible, these would be likely to confuse mariners.
17. Which rules will you comply, COLREG 72 Rules vs Special Rules?
- Both Rules. But, if there is any conflict, 1st priority is Special Rules.
18. Which convention & rules concerned with SOLAS Ch.V Reg.10 (Ships’ Routeing)?
- COLREG 72 / Rule 1(d) & Rule 10
19. In which TSS, Rule 10 shall be applied? Where can you find TSS adopted by IMO?
- TSS which is adopted by IMO
- Ship’s Routeing Book, Sailing direction, Nautical Charts, Port information, [ Annual Notice to Mariner Notice
No.17 ]
20. What is Adopted?

- Formally accepted a suggestion or policy by voting.
Eg . Government prepared to implement a new scheme. This TSS is approved by MSC (Maritime Safety
Committee) and then adopted by IMO.
21. Rule 1 (e) explain?

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- If vessel of special construction or purpose cannot comply fully with the provisions of COLREG 72 Rules
with respect to number, position, range or arc of visibility of lights or shapes as well as to the disposition
and characteristics of sound signaling appliances, these vessels must comply with other provisions
established by their Government, as closest possible compliance with COLREG 72 rules.
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22. Vessel of special construction or purpose? Examples?
- Especially Naval vessels (aircraft carrier, warships, submarines)
- Aircraft carrier’s masthead lights are off the centre line & reduced horizontal separation
- Warships L > 50 m does not have 2nd masthead light
- Submarine’s forward masthead light is lower than sidelights
Other Examples: Pipe laying vessels, Offshore vessels, Windmill installation vessels, heavy lift vessels,
survey vessels, research vessels, etc.
23. Where is fitted masthead light on your ship and Aircraft carrier’s?
- Masthead light is fitted
 On my ship = Fore & Aft center line
 On Aircraft carrier’s = Off center line & reduce horizontal separation
24. How much horizontal separation of Masthead light on your ship?
25. What are special rules in Rule 1?

Special rules made by an appropriate authority for roadsteads, harbours, rivers, lakes or inland waterways
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-
connected with the high seas and navigable by seagoing vessels.
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- Special rules made by the Government of any State with respect to additional station or signal lights, shapes
or whistle signals for ships of war and vessels proceeding under convoy, or with respect to additional station
or signal lights or shapes for fishing vessels engaged in fishing as a fleet.
- [ Special rules made by the Government concerned for vessels of special construction or purpose with
respect to the number, position, range or arc of visibility of lights or shapes, as well as to the disposition
and characteristics of sound-signaling appliances.]
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Rule 2
Responsibility
(a) Nothing in these Rules shall exonerate any vessel, or the owner, master or crew thereof, from the
consequences of any neglect to comply with these Rules or of the neglect of any precaution which may be
required by the ordinary practice of seamen, or by the special circumstances of the case.
(b) In construing and complying with these Rules due regard shall be had to all dangers of navigation and
collision and to any special circumstances, including the limitations of the vessels involved, which may make a
departure from these Rules necessary to avoid immediate danger.
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RULE 2 - Responsibility
(a) COLREG 72 Rules မ ်ားကို လိုက္န ရန္ ပ က္ကြက္ခဲ့လ ွငေ

္ သ ္လည္်ားေက င္်ား၊ Ordinary practice of seamanship နွင့္
special circumstances တို႔အရ ယူရမည့္ precaution မ ်ားကို လိုက္န ရန္ ပ က္ကြက္လ ွငေ
္ သ ္လည္်ားေက င္်ား မည္သည့္ Vsl,
owner, master, crew ကိုမွ COLREG 72 Rules မ ်ားက ကင္်ားလြတ္ခြင့္ ေပ်ားမည္မဟိုတ္ပါ။
(b) COLREG 72 Rules မ ်ားကို ေသခ စြ န ်ားလည္ သေဘ ေပါက္ၿပ်ားသတႀက်ားစြ လိုက္န ေနပါလ ွက္ dangers of navigation,
dangers of collision, special circumstances, limatations of vessels involved နွင့္ immediate danger တို႔ေၾက င့္
COLREG 72 Rules မ ်ားက္ို လိုက္န ရန္ ေသြဖယ္မည္ဆိုက ေသြဖယ္ႏိုင္ပါသည္။
ေသြဖယ္မည္ဆိုပါက justifiable departure ျဖစ္ရပါမည္။
1. Dangers of navigation & collision
2. Special circumstances
3. Immediate danger မ ်ားေၾက င့္ ျဖစ္ရပါမည္။
Result သည္ sucessful action ျဖစ္ရပါမည္။
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Rule 2: Responsibility
1. Rule 2 (a) explain?

- Any vessel, owner, master or crew shall not be free from blame by COLREG 72 Rules when consequences
arise if they fail to comply with these Rules or if they fail to take any precaution which is required by the
ordinary practice of seaman or by the special circumstances of the case.
2. “Ordinary practice of seaman” & examples?

- Something all seaman should already know / understand & base on common senses.
 Underway & Making-way vessel must keep clear of anchored vessel.
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 A vessel should not anchor too close to another anchored vessels.

 In RV, without operational radar, a vessel should not be underway and should anchor if possible.
 In tidal river, a vessel against the tide should wait until the other has passed.
 Shallow water effects (squat & interaction) must be taken into account.
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 If TSS is not yet adopted by IMO, but will be soon. We should comply with Rule 10 in this TSS.
3. Vessel without operational radar?

- Vessel without operational radar = Vessel with malfunction radar.
(Operational radar = radar in good working condition & in use.)
4. Shallow water effects (squat & interaction)?

- Squat, Interaction….etc
- Squat
 When the ship proceeds through the water, she pushes water ahead of her.
 The volume of water replaces the sides & under the bottom of the ship.
 The streamlines of replace flow are speeded up under ship & cause a drop in pressure, especially in
shallow water.
 Then, she drops vertically in water and generally trims forward or aft.
 This overall dropping vertically in water (decrease in under keel clearance), especially forward or aft is
called ship squat.
- Interaction
 When a vessel moves from rest, hydro-dynamics produces positive pressure bulbs at the bow & stern &
negative pressure bulbs at parallel hull body.
 Elliptical domain encloses the vessel & these pressure bulbs.
 When domain of one vessel interfaces with domain of another vessel, attraction and repulsion effects
will occur.
 These effects are called interaction.
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5. When squat is more pronounced or obvious? (How can you know there is shallow water)? Give Example?
- When depth of water is less than 1.5 times the draught.
- My vessel draft is 10m, if depth of water is less than 15m, squat is more pronounced.
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6. What are two consequences and two precautions?
- 2 Consequneces
(1) Consequences of neglect to comply with these Rules
(2) Consequences of neglect of precautions which may be required by ordinary practice of seamen or by
special circumstances of the case.
- 2 Precautions
(1) Precautions required by ordinary practice of seamen
(2) Precautions required by special circumstances of the case
7. What is consequence? What are they?

- Result of Accident.
- Collision, Aground, Pollution(Damage of marine environment), Loss of life.
8. Exonerate? Construing?
- Exonerate : Be free from blame / be officially not responsible for.
- Construing : Understanding the meaning of a word, a sentence or an action in a particular way.
9. Difference b/w Rule 2 (a) ordinary practice of seamen & Rule 8 (a) observance of good seamanship?
- Ordinary practice of seamen: Something all seaman should already know / understand & base on common
senses.
(Eg. Underway vessel must keep clear of anchor vessel)
- Observance of good seamanship: Based on experience & practice and it takes into account not only the
safety of own vessel but also the safety of other vessel.
(Eg. Avoid crossing ahead of anchor vessel)
10. “limitations of the vessels involved”? Whose Limitation?

- “Limitation of the vessels involved” means “restriction for avoiding actions of involving vessels in the
special circumstance”
For examples, we are
 meeting a convoy of warships,
 meeting submarines,
 meeting a seaplane taking off or landing, etc.
- They are “the other vessel’s limitation”.
11. When Rule 2 (b) apply (or) What is justifiable departure (or) When will you depart form COLREG 72 Rules?
- When meet
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 Unavoidable danger of navigation (or) unavoidable danger of collision (or) both

 Special circumstances
 Immediate danger
 The final result must be successful. 15
12. Rule 2 (b) explain with model?
Situation – 1
- We are 2 PDV, I am in Vsl-A and other PDV is Vsl-B. We are meeting on reciprocal or nearly reciprocal
course and ROC involve. This situation is head on situation and each shall alter her course to starboard side
as per Rule 14(a).
- There is shallow water on my starboard side, so danger of navigation on starboard side.
- The whole situation is special circumstances and I have to meet immediate danger if we don’t take any
action.
- I may make departure from Rule 14(a) and bold alteration to port side and contact to other vessel(Vsl-B)
by VHF for my intention.
- I will carefully check & take care for other vessel(Vsl-B) is finally passed & clear and result must be
successful.
Situation - 1
Situation – 2
as per Rule 14(a).
- There is an overtaking vessel on my starboard side, so danger of collision on starboard side.
action.
successful.
Situation - 2
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Situation – 3
as per Rule 14(a).
- There is an overtaking vessel on my starboard side & other shallow water is on the stbd bow of overtaking
vessel, so danger of navigation & danger of collision on my stbd side.
action. At that time limitation of vessel is overtaking vessel.
successful.
S
W
Situation - 3
13. Sighted the convoy ahead of about 4 to 8 miles distance. The bearing of the innermost left-hand vessel (right
ahead of your ship) is steady. What should you do in this situation?
- This situation is head on situation with innermost left-hand vessel (right ahead of my vessel) and each shall
alter her course to starboard side as per Rule 14(a).
- There are convoy vessels on my stbd side, so danger of collision on my stbd side.
- The whole situation is special circumstances including limitation of involved vessels and I have to meet
immediate danger with innermost left-hand vessel (right ahead of my vessel) if we don’t take any action.
- I may make departure from Rule 14(a) and bold alteration to port side and contact to innermost left-hand
vessel (right ahead of my vessel) by VHF for my intention.
- I will carefully check & take care for innermost left-hand vessel (right ahead of my vessel) is finally passed
& clear and result must be successful.
14. In these situations, if head-on vessel is altering to stbd side, what will you do?
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- I must follow Rule 14, Sir. So, I will alter co to stbd side & passed safe distance with head-on vessel & also
O/T vsl (or) Shallow water as per Rule 8(d). I will check the effective of my action until all are in safe &
clear, Sir.
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15. Make the situation to use Rule2(b) with PDV & Vessel engaged in fishing?
- When PDV meet Fishing vessel, PDV must keep out of the way of vessel engaged in fishing & can take any
avoiding actions as per Rule 18. So, there is no situation to use Rule 2(b) with PDV & vessel engaged in
fishing, Sir.
16. What is successful action?

- The action which is done for No another CQS or ROC with all any other vessels.
17. How to make bold alteration (How much degree to alter for bold alteration)?
- Alter course [ At least 30° ] , preferable 60° ~ 90°.
18. Why do you make bold alteration?

- To comply Rule 8(b).
19. If you have ample time, Rule 2(b) apply or not? Why?
- No, Because, I need to avoid “immediate danger” to comply Rule 2(b).
20. As per Rule 2(b), compulsory or voluntary to make departure?

- Voluntary. Because there is the term ‘may make a departure from these rules’ include.
21. Advantages & Disadvantages of Rule 2(b)?

- Advantages
 I can do if I want to do / I don’t need to do if I don’t want to do because there is the term ‘may make
a departure from these rules’ include.
- Disadvantages (result must be successful action)

 If departure from Colreg72 rules, I must inform to another vessel because another vessel can
misunderstand to my action.
 There must be more sufficient sea-room for bold alteration of course.
 The result must be successful.
22. Different of special circumstances of Rule 2(a) & Rule 2(b)?

- Special circumstances from Rule 2(a) is condition that may be happen by external or internal effect and we
can take precaution for this condition.
 Eg. When we pass with another vessel, we must take into account the steering failure, main engine
failure, and heavy weather effect, etc. These conditions (steering failure, main engine failure, and heavy
weather effect) are special circumstances. So, we have to take precaution for this special circumstances
by passing safe distance.
- Special circumstances from Rule 2(b) is condition that may be happen by meeting unavoidable danger of
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navigation/danger of collision & immediate danger during complying COLREG 72 rules.

 Eg. Explain situation 1 or 2
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23. Different of Rule 2 Responsibility and Rule 18 Responsibility?
 Rule 2 – Responsibility is Responsibility of any vessel, owner, master or crew for the consequences of
any neglect to comply with the COLREG 72 rules or of the neglect of any required precautions.
 Rule 18 – Responsibility is Responsibility between vessel and vessel
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Rule 3
General Definitions
For the purpose of these Rules, except where the context otherwise requires:
(a) The word 'vessel' includes every description of water craft, including nondisplacement craft, WIG craft and
seaplanes, used or capable of being used as a means of transportation on water'.
(b) The term 'power-driven vessel' means any vessel propelled by machinery.
(c) The term 'sailing vessel' means any vessel under sail provided that propelling machinery, if fitted, is not being
used.
(d) The term 'vessel engaged in fishing' means any vessel fishing with nets, lines, trawls or other fishing apparatus
which restrict manoeuvrability, but does not include a vessel fishing with trolling lines or other fishing apparatus
which do not restrict manoeuvrability.
(e) The word 'seaplane' includes any aircraft designed to manoeuvre on the water.
(f) The term 'vessel not under command' means a vessel which through some exceptional circumstance is unable
to manoeuvre as required by these Rules and is therefore unable to keep out of the way of another vessel.
(g) The term 'vessel restricted in her ability to manoeuvre' means a vessel which from the nature of her work is
restricted in her ability to manoeuvre as required by these Rules and therefore is unable to keep out of the way of
another vessel.
The term 'vessels restricted in their ability to manoeuvre' shall include but not be limited to;
(i) a vessel engaged in laying, servicing or picking up a navigation mark, submarine cable or pipeline;
(ii) a vessel engaged in dredging, surveying or underwater operations;
(iii) a vessel engaged in replenishment or transferring persons, provisions or cargo while underway;
(iv) a vessel engaged in the launching or recovery of aircraft;
(v) a vessel engaged in mineclearance operations;
(vi) a vessel engaged in a towing operation such as severely restricts the towing vessel and her tow in their
ability to deviate from their course.
(h) The term 'vessel constrained by her draught' means a power-driven vessel which because of her draught in
relation to the available depth and width of navigable water, is severely restricted in her ability to deviate from
the course she is following.
(i) The word 'underway' means that a vessel is not at anchor, or made fast to the shore, or aground.
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(j) The words 'length' and 'breadth' of a vessel mean her length overall and greatest breadth.
(k) Vessels shall be deemed to be 'in sight of one another' only when one can be observed visually from the
other.
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(l) The term 'restricted visibility' means any condition in which visibility is restricted by fog, mist, falling snow,
heavy rainstorms, sandstorms or any other similar causes.
(m) The term 'Wing-In-Ground (WIG) craft' means a multimodal craft which, in its main operational mode, flies in
close proximity to the surface by utilizing surface effect action.
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RULE 3 – General Definitions
ေအ က္ပါ definitions မ ်ားသည္ ေယဘိုယ သ ျဖစ္ၿပ်ား Colreg72 အတြက္သ ရည္ရြယ္ေရ်ားသ ်ားထ ်ားျခင္်ားျဖစ္သည္။
အျခ ်ားေနရ မ ်ားတင
ြ ္ ထို စက ်ားလိုံ်ားမ ်ား ေတြ႕ရွခဲ့ပါက တျခ ်ား definitions မ ်ားရွႏိုင္ပါသည္။
(a) Vessel ဆိုသည္မွ ေရျပင္ေပၚတြင္ as a means of transportation အျဖစ္ အသံို်ားျပဳႏိုင္သည့္ ေရယ ဥ္အမ ဳ်ားအစ ်ားမ ်ား
အ ်ားလံို်ားပါ၀င္ပါသည္။ ၎တို႔ အထဲတြင္non-displacement craft, WIG craft and seaplanes မ ်ားလည္်ား ပါ၀င္ပါသည္။
(b) Power-driven vessel ဆိုသည္မွ machinery ျဖင့္ propelled လိုပ္ၿပ်ား သြ ်ားသည့္ မည္သည့္ vessel ကိုမဆိုဆိုလိုပါသည္။
(c) Sailing vessel ဆိုသည္မွ ရြက္ကိုအသံို်ားျပဳ၍ သြ ်ားေနေသ ၊ propelling machinery ပါေသ ္လည္်ား ၎ကိုအသံို်ားမျပဳပဲ
ရြက္ျဖင့္သြ ်ားေနေသ မည္သည့္vessel ကိုမဆိုဆိုလိုပါသည္။
(d) Vessel engaged in fishing ဆိုသည္မွ manoeuvrability ကို restrict ျဖစ္ေစသည့္ nets, lines, trawls or other fishing
apparatus မ ်ားကိုအသံို်ားျပဳ၍ ငါ်ားဖမ္်ားေနေသ မည္သည့္ vessel ကိုမဆို ဆိုလိုပါသည္။ သို႔ေသ ္ manoeuvrability ကို restrict
မျဖစ္ေစသည့္ trolling lines or other fishing apparatus မ ်ားကိုအသံို်ားျပဳ၍ ငါ်ားဖမ္်ားေနေသ vessel မပါ၀င္ပါ။
(e) Seaplane ဆိုသည္မွ ေရေပၚတြင္manoeuvre လိုပ္ႏိုင္ရန္အတြက္design ထိုတ္ထ ်ားသည့္ aircraft အ ်ားလံို်ားပါ၀င္ပါသည္။
(f) Vessel not under command ဆိုသည္မွ သေဘ ၤတစ္စ်ားသည္some exceptional circumstance ေၾက င့္ ဤ Rules မ ်ား၏
လိုအပ္ခ က္အတိုင္်ား manoeuvre မလိုပ္ႏိုင္ေသ ေၾက င့္ အျခ ်ားသေဘ ၤတစ္စ်ားကို keep out of the way မလိုပ္ေပ်ားႏိုင္ပါ။
(g) Vessel restricted in her ability to manoeuvre ဆိုသည္မွ သေဘ ၤတစ္စ်ားသည္from the nature of her work ေၾက င့္
restricted in her ability to manoeuvre ျဖစ္ေနသျဖင့္ ဤ Rules မ ်ား၏ လိုအပ္ခ က္အတိုင္်ား manoeuvre မလိုပ္ႏိုင္ေသ ေၾက င့္
အျခ ်ားသေဘ ၤတစ္စ်ားကို keep out of the way မလိုပ္ေပ်ားႏိုင္ပါ။
(h) Vessel constrained by her draught ဆိုသည္မွ power-driven vessel တစ္စ်ား၏ draft သည္ available depth and width
of navigable water အရ constrained ျဖစ္ေနသျဖင့္၎ သြ ်ားေနေသ course မွ deviate လိုပ္မေပ်ားႏိုင္ပါ။
(i) သေဘ ၤတစ္စ်ားသည္ not at anchor or made fast to the shore or aground ျဖစ္ေနျခင္်ားကို Underway ဟိုေခၚပါသည္။
(j) ဤ COLREG-72 Rules မ ်ားတြင္ေဖ ္ျပထ ်ားသည့္ Length and Breadth of a vessel သည္her Length Overall and Greatest
Breadth ျဖစ္ပါသည္။
(k) သေဘ ၤႏွစ္စ်ားတြင္တစ္စ်ားကို အျခ ်ားတစ္စ်ားကေန visually ျမင္ရၿပဆိုတ နဲ႔ in sight of one another လို႔သတ္မွတ္ပါသည္။
(l) Restricted visibility ဆိုသည္မွ visibility သည္ fog, mist, falling snow, heavy rainstorms, sandstorms or any other
similar causes မ ်ားေၾက င့္ restricted ျဖစ္သြ ်ားသည့္ မည္သည့္ အေျခအေနမ ဳ်ားကိုမဆိုဆိုလိုပါသည္။
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(m) WIG craft ဆိုသည္မွ multimodal craft တစ္စ်ားသည္၎၏ main operational mode တြင္ surface effect action
ကိုအသံို်ားျပဳ၍ ေရမ က္ႏွ ျပင္ႏွင့္ကပ္၍ ပ ံသန္်ားႏိုင္ေသ ယ ဥ္ကိုဆိုလိုပါသည္။
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Rule 3: General Definitions
1. “except where the context otherwise requires”? (What is the purpose of Rule 3?)
- The meaning of words and phrases in Rule 3 are general definitions and for purpose of COLREG 72 rules
only. they may have other meaning for other purpose in other area,
 Eg. ‘Vessel’ in COLREG 72 means ‘Every description of water craft, including nondisplacement craft,
WIG craft and seaplanes, used or capable of being used as a means of transportation on water'.
 In other area, we can find the meaning of ‘Vessel’ as -
Vessel = Cup
Vessel = Blood vessel
- [ If require to specified more detail of words and phrases in another rules of COLREG, there will be specified
detail and have to use the specified meaning that mention in that rule.
 Eg. Compare Rule 3 (g)(vi) & Rule 27 (c).]
2. How to call Sailing vessel propelled by machinery & Sailing vessel not propelled by machinery?
- Sailing vessel propelled by machinery = PDV
- Sailing vessel not propelled by machinery = Sailing Vessel
3. Can fishing vessel be PDV?

- Yes, it can be when not engaged in fishing.
4. What is NUC? Explain “some exceptional circumstances”?

- NUC Def:
- Some exceptional circumstances mean circumstances which are not normally happen.
e.g. engine break down, steering gear failure, lost of steerage way, propeller/rudder lost, anchor vessel not
holding anchor (anchor dragging is not NUC), sailing vessel becalmed
 After happen NUC, vsl can get easily danger of navigation, danger of collision, danger of grounding
5. Due to Adverse weather condition, your ship maneuverability is seriously effecting, is it NUC?
- No, it is not NUC. Since all controls are good.
6. What is VRM? “nature of her work” (VRM examples)? What is “but not be limited to”?
- VRM Def:
- Eg. (i) to (vi)
- “But not be limited to” means the VRM example in rule 3 (g) are not all VRM, there may be others.
7. Pilot boarding your ship with helicopter, is your ship VRM?

- Yes. Because at that time, our ship’s work is restricted in our ability to manoeuvre as required by COLREG
72 Rules. (Refer Rule 3 (g) (iii))
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8. When will towing vessel become VRM tow?

- Answer Rule 3 (g) (vi)
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9. What is VCD? Requirements to become a VCD? When a vessel become to VCD? The relationship between PDV
& VCD?
- Rule 3(h) - VCD Def:
10. Why VCD cannot deviate their course? Can you find VCD in all areas?
- Due to danger of grounding
- No, depend on draft in relation to the available depth and width of navigation water
11. A vessel with deep draft at open sea, is she a VCD? (Is it the same, VCD & deep draft vessel?)
- No, normally depth & width of navigable water is not restricted in open sea.
12. Is a small Vessel can be VCD/ Is Large vessel is VCD?

- Small vessel may also be VCD if her draught in relation to available depth and width of navigational water
is severely restricted in her ability to deviate from her course. Large vessel is more possible to be a VCD.
13. Draft 16 m at open sea, is she a VCD?

- At open sea she will not be VCD.
14. At Yangon River, a small vessel can become a VCD? Why?

- If the draft of this small vessel in relation to available depth and width of navigational water of Yangon
River for some area is severely restricted in her ability to deviate from her course, she will become a VCD
in this area.
- [ No, because Yangon River is connected with high sea and seagoing vessel can navigate. So, small vessel
also can possible to navigate.]
15. Underway & making way?

- Underway = Def:
- Making way = ‘Moving’ after propelled by machinery
16. In sight of one another?

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- Only when one can be observed visually from the other.
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17. Can you say ‘Inside of one another’, when you see other vessel in Restricted Visibility?
- Yes.
18. What is RV? Any other similar causes of RV?

- RV Def:
- Smoke from other vessel or ashore / Smog (Smoke + Fog) / Dust storms (Darkness is not RV)
19. Where can you find ‘ Sand Storm ’?

- Dry & Hot desert Regions around the world (Eg. Suez Canal, Persian Gulf)
20. What is multimodal craft (or) What is WIG craft & what signal show?
- ‘Multimodal craft’ means a craft, which is operating more than one mode. WIG craft can fly in close proximity
to the surface and can also operate on the water surface.
- 'Wing-In-Ground (WIG) craft' means a multimodal craft which, in its main operational mode, flies in close
proximity to the surface by utilizing surface effect action.
 A WIG craft when taking off, landing and in flight near the surface shall exhibit a high intensity all-
round flashing red light in addition to PDV lights.
 WIG craft operating on the water surface shall exhibit PDV lights.
{ A power-driven vessel underway shall exhibit:

(i) a forward masthead light forward; (less than 50m in length)
(ii) a second masthead light abaft of and higher than the forward one (Any length)
(iii) sidelights;
(iv) a sternlight. }
Non Displacement Craft Hover Craft
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WIG Craft Seaplane

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Lines
Nets
Trolling lines
- Trawls
Trawler using demersal gear Trawler using pelagic gear
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PART B - STEERING AND SAILING RULES
SECTION I - CONDUCT OF VESSELS IN ANY CONDITION OF VISIBILITY
Rule 4
Application
Rules in this Section apply in any condition of visibility.
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Rule 5
Look-out
Every vessel shall at all times maintain a proper look-out by sight and hearing as well as by all available means
appropriate in the prevailing circumstances and conditions so as to make a full appraisal of the situation and of
the risk of collision.
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RULE 5 - Look-out
Vsl တိုင္်ားသည္ ROC ကို ေရွ င္ရွ ်ားရန္ နွင့္ full appraisal of the situation လိုပ္နိုင္ရန္ လက္ရွျဖစ္ေပၚေနေသ အေျခအေန ျဖစ္
ရပ္မ ်ား နွင့္ သင့္ေတ ္ေသ အျမင္အ ရိုံ အၾက ်ားအ ရိုံမ ်ားအျပင္ ရနိုငသ
္ မ ွ နည္်ားလမ္်ားအ ်ားလံို်ားျဖင့္ အခ န္တိုင္်ားတြင္ proper look-
out ယူရပါမည္။
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Rule 5: Look-out
1. Rule 5 look out and STCW look out differences.

- Rule 5 (only for collision avoidance)
 Proper lookout at all time
 Full appraisal of the situation and ROC.
- STCW look out (not only for collision avoidance but also for watch keeping arrangements)
 Proper lookout at all time
 Full appraisal of the situation and ROC, grounding, (stranding and other dangers of navigation).
 Also detecting ships or aircraft in distress, survivors, debris and wrecks.
(Lookout man should not undertake other duties)
(Lookout man and helmsman should be separated)
2. Sole Lookout? What are the factors to take into account for arranging sole look-out? How will you arrange your
watchkeeper during you are keeping Sole lookout?
- Only one duty officer keeping watch on the bridge
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o Normally during daylight only

o Other situations are safe to do so (weather, TSS, traffic, visibility etc.)
o Immediate assistance must be available
- Arrange related duty watchkeeper to stay near the Accommodation with Walkie Talkie
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3. If cannot keep “Sole Lookout”, which lookout shall be kept on bridge? How many persons on this lookout?
- STCW lookout
- Depends on weather, traffic, workload, fitness, skill and equipment facility & as per Safe Manning Document
& Company SMS. (Composition of Navigational watch)
4. Duty of look-out? Give example of one report? How do you maintain a proper lookout in open sea /crowded or
congested water / RV?
- In open sea: report any lights, vessels or large floating objects
- In crowded water: report lights or vessels likely to develop ROC
- In RV: report any fog signals
- Example of one report: A target, 1 point on port bow sir.
5. When do you maintain proper look-out? How you maintain proper look-out? You are keeping lookout on the
bridge, what will you get by sight and hearing?
- at all time
 by sight (eg. lights, shapes, vessels or large floating objects, survivors, debris & wrecks, etc.)
 by hearing (eg. manoeuvring & warning signals, Sound signal in RV, VHF information, etc.),
 by all available means
6. Rule 5 “all available means”? (* = by using equipments) (# = by eye) (@ = by ear)

- Visually (#) - VHF (*) (@)
- Binocular (*) (#) - Audio/ visual alarm on the bridge (#) (@)
- Radar (*) (#) (@) - Listening Whistle (@)
- AIS (*) (#) (@) - Listening VTS information (@)
7. “full appraisal of the situation”?

- To pay attention what is happening on our own ship
- Example :
 Check steering gear, gyro compass, auto pilot and other navigation equipment functioning
 Check and ensure the ship is keeping on correct course.
8. What is bad look-out? How will you keep the watch at anchor not to happen bad look-out?
- relying on radar plotting & no visual look-out
- relying on autopilot
- no monitoring on own ship’s navigation equipment
- at anchor, no proper look-out for strong tidal turning or other vessel passing-by.
 At anchor, I have to keep proper look-out for strong tidal turning or other vessel passing-by, anchor
dragging or not, prevailing circumstances of vessel (eg. weather, traffic, visibility condition, etc.),
full appraisal of situation of vessel.
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9. What is prevailing circumstances and conditions?

- Prevailing circumstances = condition of outsides of vsl (eg. weather, traffic, visibility condition, etc.)
- Prevailing conditions = condition of own vsl (eg. full load or ballast condition, trim ahead or astern)
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Rule 6
Safe Speed
Every vessel shall at all times proceed at a safe speed so that she can take proper and effective action to avoid
collision and be stopped within a distance appropriate to the prevailing circumstances and conditions.
In determining a safe speed the following factors shall be among those taken into account:
(a) By all vessels:
(i) the state of visibility;
(ii) the traffic density including concentrations of fishing vessels or any other vessels;
(iii) the manoeuvrability of the vessel with special reference to stopping distance and turning ability in
the prevailing conditions;
(iv) at night the presence of background light such as from shore lights or from back scatter of her own
lights;
(v) the state of wind, sea and current, and the proximity of navigational hazards;
(vi) the draught in relation to the available depth of water.
(b) Additionally, by vessels with operational radar:
(i) the characteristics, efficiency and limitations of the radar equipment;
(ii) any constraints imposed by the radar range scale in use;
(iii) the effect on radar detection of the sea state, weather and other sources of interference;
(iv) the possibility that small vessels, ice and other floating objects may not be detected by radar at an
adequate range;
(v) the number, location and movement of vessels detected by radar;
(vi) the more exact assessment of the visibility that may be possible when radar is used to determine the
range of vessels or other objects in the vicinity.
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RULE 6 - Safe Speed
Vsl တိုင္်ားသည္ လက္ရွျဖစ္ေပၚေနေသ အေျခအေန ျဖစ္ရပ္မ ်ားေပၚမူတည္၍ appropriate distance တြင္ ရပ္နိုင္ရန္ နွင့္
collision ကို ေရွ င္ရွ ်ားရန္ proper & effective action ယူနိုငရ
္ န္ အခ န္တိုင္်ားတြင္ safe speed ျဖင့္ ခိုတ္ေမ င္်ားသြ ်ားလ ရပါမည္။
safe speed ကို ဆံို်ားျဖတ္ရ တြင္ ေအ က္ပါအခ က္မ ်ားကို ထည့္သြင္်ားစဥ္်ားစ ်ားရမည္။
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(a) Vsl တိုင္်ားအေနျဖင့္
(i) visibility
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(ii) traffic density
(iii) Vsl ၏ လႈပ္ရွ ်ားသြ ်ားလ မႈ စြမ်ား္ ရည္ အထူ်ားသျဖင့္ လက္ရွျဖစ္ေပၚေနေသ အေျခအေနအရ stopping distance & turning
ability
(iv) night time မွ background lights (shore lights, back scatter of own lights)
(v) wind, sea, current နွင့္ navigational hazards
(vi) draught
(b) Radar တပ္ဆင္ အသံို်ားျပဳေနေသ Vsl မ ်ားအေနျဖင့္ (a) အျပင္ ေအ က္ပါအခ က္မ ်ားကိုလည္်ား ထည့္သြင္်ားစဥ္်ားစ ်ားရမည္။
(i) အသံို်ားျပဳေနေသ radar ၏ characteristics, efficiency, limitations
(normal or ARPA radar/ small targets ေတြ မ မမ/ blind sector, shadow sector)
(ii) အသံို်ားျပဳေနေသ radar range ေပၚမူတည္ၿပ်ား အခက္အခဲ အတ ်ားအစ်ား
(short range တြင္ အေဝ်ားက target ေစ ေစ စ်ားစ်ား မျမင္, long rangeတြင္ အန်ားအန ်ားက dangerous target ေတြ လြတ္
သြ ်ားနိုင္)
(iii) sea state, weather, other sources of interferences တို႔ေၾက င့္ radar အေပၚ effect ရွ
( မို်ား႐ြ တဲ့အခါ 10cm radar ကေက င္်ား)
(iv) Adequate range (ROC ေရွ င္ရွ ်ားရန္ Vsl ကို appropriate distance မွ ရပ္နိုင္ရန္ လံိုေလ က္ေသ range) မွ small vsl
(fibreglass or wooden), ice, other floating obj ေတြကိုမမျခင္်ား
(v) radar ေပၚရွ target ရဲ႕number, location, movement
(vi) အန်ားအန ်ားရွ first sighted vsl or obj ရဲ႕ range ကို radar ျဖင့္ determine လိုပ္ျခင္်ားျဖင့္ ပို၍ တက ေသ range of
visibility ကို ရနိုငပ
္ ါသည္။
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Rule 6: Safe speed
1. What is safe speed? How do you understand safe speed?

- Safe speed is a speed which every vessel to keep at all time
 To take proper and effective action to avoid collision and
 To stop within a distance appropriate to the prevailing circumstances and conditions.
2. Purpose of safe speed? (What can you do when you proceed with safe speed?)
- To take proper and effective action to avoid collision and
- To stop within a distance appropriate to the prevailing circumstances and condition.
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3. How will you do with safe speed?

- I will proceed with safe speed at all time.
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4. How will you make safe speed to take proper and effective action?
- To take proper and effective action (Correct and Successful Action), our speed must be neither too fast nor
too slow.
If our speed is too fast, we cannot stop within appropriate distance.
If our speed is too slow, we may encounter loss of steerage way.
5. What is mean “within (with) a distance appropriate to”?

- A distance, to stop a vessel not to become CQS, danger of collision or danger of navigation.
- It depends on the prevailing circumstances and conditions for particular case.
- We must take into account for the factors listed in the rule as By all vessels / by vessels with operational
radar
6. What is prevailing circumstances and conditions?

- Prevailing circumstances = condition of outsides of vsl (eg. weather, traffic, visibility condition, etc.)
- Prevailing conditions = condition of own vsl (eg. full load or ballast condition, trim ahead or astern)
7. How do you determine safe speed? (How many factors to determine safe speed?)
- By 12 factors.
8. You have operational radar, how many factors to determine safe speed?
- 12 factors.
9. What is ‘Crash stop’? Difference between ‘Crash stop’ & ‘Em’cy stop’?
- Crash stop = Stop from full speed, might be taking all way off (take a ship distance 5L to 15L)
- Different between ‘Crash stop’ & ‘Em’cy stop’

 Crash stop = Stop by reversing engine
 Em’cy stop = Stop by stopping engine
(stopping distance can be larger than crash stop)
10. What is stopping distance?

- Travelled distance after making stop engine to Momentum ‘0’.
11. What is the manoeuvrability of the vessel “with special reference to”? (Explain Rule 6 a(iii)?)
- We need to take into account the manoeuvrability of the vessel for safe speed.
Among these, we need to mainly consider about stopping distance & turning ability in the prevailing
conditions.
12. Where can you find your vessel manoeuvrability & stopping distance?
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- Wheelhouse poster which is called maneuvering characteristic poster.
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13. What is called Turning Ability?
- Turning Circle
 Turning Circle : When the ship makes round turn, she travel roughly circular path. This is called
Turing Circle.
 Advance : Distance travelled of Center of gravity along the original course when the ship
deviated 90° from the original course.
 Transfer : Distance travelled of Center of gravity from the original Course to the point of
ship deviated 90°.
 Tactical Diameter : Distance travelled of Center of gravity from the original Course to the point of
ship deviated of 180° (Transfer of 180°)
 Drift Angle : The angle between ship’s F & A Line & the tangent line to the Turning circle
14. Which lights are background lights?

- Shore lights or back scattering of our vessel’s own lights.
15. The relationship between shore light & safe speed?

- Shore light can confuse with other vessels’ navigation lights, so, we need to consider our safe speed in that
condition.
16. What is mean Back scatter of her own light?

- Loom of fwd masthead light when it is rain or fog
- Chart room light, Cabin light, Navigation or radio equipment operating dimming light, on deck security
watch light
[ We need to consider our safe speed concerning with RV in that condition.]
17. The relationship between draught & safe speed?

- If draught in present depth of water are deep, the UKC will be less.
- The squat and speed are directly proportional.
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- The more increase our speed, the more reduce our UKC due to more squat.
- So, we need to consider our safe speed depend on the factor of ‘the draught in relation to the available
depth of water’.
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18. Characteristic, efficiency and limitation?

- Some are ARPA but some are not ARPA. (Efficiency)
- Some have shadow sector / blind sector. (Limitation)
- Some RADAR can pick even the target are small but some are not. (Characteristic)
19. Explain shadow & blind sector? How will you know blind sector on your radar?
Shadow Sector
Blind Sector
- Blind sector : Radar beam is totally; (completely) cut off because of obstruction on own ship, obstruction on
land or by other vessel so that target cannot be detective. This area is called blind sector.
- Shadow sector : Radar wave is weaker in this area and the target cannot be detective at long range and only
can detect at short range rather than in normal sector.
- Increase radar gain to full and check clear gain sector. If found the sector in which the gain is disappear due
to obstruction (eg, Funnel, mast), we can get blind sector of that radar.
20. What is any constrains imposed by radar range scale?

- Long range - Difficult to see the close target.
- Short range - Not possible to detect at the target at long range. (no early detection)
21. How to solve radar constrains in your vessel?

- By using 2 radars, one keeps on long range & other on short range.
22. What is adequate range?

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- The range to set the radar so that to visible the close target & to detect the target for early detection
( It is also means the range to set the radar so that we can take proper and effective action to avoid collision
and we are able to stop within that range in the prevailing circumstances and conditions. )
- [6 miles range]
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23. How will you do, if target is like this?
Target
I will change my radar range scale to catch the target, Sir.
24. What kind of 2 radars are used on your ship? Advantages of X-band & S-band radar?
- X-band & S-band Radars
- X-band = useable for SAR operation (response for Radar Transponder)
- S-Band = more suitable to use for adverse weather condition
25. What is mean other sources of interference? What can happen on radar when encounter heavy weather?
- False echo
- Will reduce accuracy of target vessel or target object & sometime, cannot identify even echo of large vessels
or large objects due to rain, wave(sea)
[Small craft cannot be detected if interference is present such as rain, wave 10cm wave length radar(S-
band radar) is more suitable to use in rain]
26. What can you meet the problem for small craft and small ice when using your radar?
- (1) Small craft of fiberglass or (2) small iceberg cannot detect by radar.
27. How to arrange possible to detect small craft by radar?

- SOLAS Ch.5 : <150GT vsl state that to fit radar reflector at 4m above water level.
28. Explain about ‘Number, Location & Movement of vessels detected by radar’ which are concerning with your safe
speed?
- When we consider about our safe speed by using operational radar, we need to take into account ‘number,
location & movement of target’ carefully because
- More difficult to determine ROC among greater number of target.
- Also, for location & movement. If our vsl is high speed, we need to concentrate more vsl overtaken ahead
of us due to our vsl will overtake very frequently them. So, we need to concentrate the traffic ahead of us.
- On other hand, if our vsl is low speed, many vsl will overtake us. So, we need to concentrate the traffic
astern of us.
29. Explain Rule 6 (b) (vi)?

- We need to know our exact visibility when we consider our safe speed. So, we need to assess 1 st or last
sighted of target (vessel or object) by comparing radar range.
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30. How to make assessment of visibility by using radar?

- I will check 1st or last sighted of target (vessel or object) by comparing radar range.
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st
31. What is 1 sighted or last sighted of target?
- 1st sighted = 1st appear of target in the vicinity
- Last sighted = Last disappear of target in the vicinity. (Last sighted is more preferable for checking our
visibility)
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Rule 7
Risk of Collision
(a) Every vessel shall use all available means appropriate to the prevailing circumstances and conditions to
determine if risk of collision exists. If there is any doubt such risk shall be deemed to exist.
(b) Proper use shall be made of radar equipment if fitted and operational, including long-range scanning to obtain
early warning of risk of collision and radar plotting or equivalent systematic observation of detected objects.
(c) Assumptions shall not be made on the basis of scanty information, especially scanty radar information.
(d) In determining if risk of collision exists the following considerations shall be among those taken into account:
(i) Such risk shall be deemed to exist if the compass bearing of an approaching vessel does not
appreciably change;
(ii) such risk may sometimes exist even when an appreciable bearing change is evident, particularly when
approaching a very large vessel or a tow or when approaching a vessel at close range.
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RULE 7 - Risk of Collision
(a) Vsl တိုင္်ားသည္ လက္ရွျဖစ္ေပၚေနေသ အေျခအေန၊ ျဖစ္ရပ္မ ်ားနွင့္ သင့္ေတ ္ေသ ရႏိုင္သမ ွ နည္်ားလမ္်ားအ ်ားလံို်ားကို
အသံို်ားျပဳၿပ်ား ROC ရွ၊ မရွ ဆံို်ားျဖတ္ရပါမည္။ သံသယရွပါက ROC ရွသည္ဟို မွတ္ယူရပါမည္။
(b) Radar ကို တပ္ဆင္အသံို်ားျပဳေနေသ Vsl တိုင္်ားသည္ ROC ကို ဆံို်ားျဖတ္ရန္ proper အသံို်ားျပဳရပါမည္။ ROC ကို early warning
ရရွနိုငရ
္ န္ long range scannning ကို အသံို်ားျပဳျခင္်ား၊ radar plotting ျပဳလိုပျ္ ခင္်ား၊ သို႔မဟိုတ္ ၎တို႔ကဲ့သ္ို႔ေသ equivalent
systematic observation အသံို်ားျပဳရပါမည္။
(c) ROC ရွမရွ ဆံို်ားျဖတ္ရ တြင္ မျပည့္စံို မလံိုေလ က္ေသ scanty information, အထူ်ားသျဖင့္ scanty radar information
မ ်ားကို အေျခခံ၍ မဆံို်ားျဖတ္ရပါ။
(d) ROC ရွမရွ ဆံို်ားျဖတ္ေသ အခါ ေအ က္ပါအခ က္မ ်ားကို ထည့္သြင္်ားစဥ္်ားစ ်ားရပါမည္။
(i) Approaching Vsl တစ္စ်ား၏ compass bearing သည္ သသ စြ ေျပ င္်ားလဲမႈ မရွလ ွင္ ROC ရွသည္ ဟို မွတ္ယူရပါမည္
(ii) Approaching Vsl တစ္စ်ား၏ compass bearing သည္ သသ စြ ေျပ င္်ားလဲေသ ္လည္်ား very large vsl သို႔ towing vsl သို႔
close range အတြင္်ား approaching လိုပ္လ ခဲ့လ ွင္ ROC ရွနိုင္ပါသည္။
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Rule 7: Risk of Collision
1. How do you determine ROC? Rule 7 by “all available means”?

By all available means appropriate to the prevailing circumstances and condition.
- visual compass bearing (Best way)
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- radar Brg & Dist (in RV)

- clarification by VHF for intentions
- traffic information by VTS
- AIS information 35
2. “proper use of radar equipment”?
- Adjust the RADAR equipment properly.
 Adjust all RADAR control to optimum setting.
 Should keep the stabilized display mode ( North up / Course Up )
 Should understand the use of True motion and Relative motion.
- Do Radar plotting or equivalent systematic observation of detected objects
3. Stabilized display mode? Which mode are stabilized display modes?

- The mode which is enabling to read compass bearing directly without blurring targets due to course
alteration. (North up or Course up)
000
1/10/2020
180
270
36
4. How do you understand “equivalent systematic observation”?

- Observation of the bearing & distance of the target at regular intervals which can able to get CPA & TCPA
such as ARPA.
5. True motion & Relative motion?

- True motion : Easy to check target’s behavior (course & speed)
- Relative motion : Easy to check ROC exists or not (CPA & TCPA)
- If two radars on, relative & true motion to be set.
True Motion Relative Motion
6. Distinguish between ground stabilized and sea stabilized? Where can you find SOG & STW on bridge?
- Ground stabilized (Course and Speed from GPS)
Use for collision avoidance with fixed objects [eg. while anchoring and berthing]
- Sea Stabilized (Course from Gyro, Speed from Log)
Use for collision avoidance action with other underway & making-way vessels.
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Ground Stabilized Sea Stabilized

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7. How do you know ROC exit or not with other vessels by using radar? How will you get CPA & TCPA?
- By checking CPA & TCPA with other vessels
- By Radar Plotting or from ARPA
8. What are “scanty information”?

- Insufficient information
 inaccurate plotting
 error in bearing
 taking bearing when rolling or pitching
 random observation (not regular intervals)
 ignore target’s course & speed alteration
 relying only on radar (no visual bearing)
9. What is the main point in Rule 7? (Explain Rule 7 d(i)(ii) by model?)

- The main point of Rule 7 is Rule 7 d(i) & (ii).
 ROC exits if (1) compass bearing is not appreciably change [bearing = true bearing]
(2) distance is decreasing
 Even the bearing is appreciably changed, ROC may still exist when approaching
(1) Very large vessel
(2) A tow
(3) Vessel at close range
10. How will you know ROC? model? (How to check ROC?)
- I will take series of compass bearing at regular interval.
- ROC exits if (1) compass bearing is not appreciably change [bearing = true bearing]
(2) distance is decreasing
11. In which condition, ROC may exit if bearing is changing?

- Even the bearing is appreciably changed, ROC may still exist when approaching
 Very large vessel
 A tow
 Vessel at close range
12. Why you can collide with very large vessel, a tow or vessel at close range?
- Very large vessel : point of taking bearing is different from point of collision
- A tow : even taking bearing of towing vsl is clear, can collide with object being tow
- Vessel at close range : collision due to interaction
13. When will be steady bearing no danger? (Steady bearing but no ROC?)
Distance unchanged (same way, same speed)
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-
- Distance increases (higher speed)
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14. Appreciably bearing change?

- The change of bearing which can be clearly observed whether bearing is closing or opening.
- Depend on approaching rate & distance
15. How many bearings (with model)? Which one is danger?

- Open bearing : bow angle increase / passing astern of my vessel
- Close bearing : bow angle decrease / passing ahead of my vessel
- Steady bearing : bearing is constant & distance decrease (Danger)
16. Different between Rule 7 (a) & (b)?

- Rule 7(a) – check ROC by all available means.
- Rule 7(b) – check ROC by radar.
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39
Rule 8
Action to avoid Collision
(a) Any action to avoid collision shall be taken in accordance with the Rules of this Part and shall, if the
circumstances of the case admit, be positive, made in ample time and with due regard to the observance of good
seamanship.
(b) Any alteration of course and/or speed to avoid collision, shall, if the circumstances of the case admit, be large
enough to be readily apparent to another vessel observing visually or by radar; a succession of small alterations
of course and/or speed should be avoided.
(c) If there is sufficient sea room, alteration of course alone may be the most effective action to avoid a close-
quarters situation provided that it is made in good time, is substantial and does not result in another close-
quarters situation.
(d) Action taken to avoid collision with another vessel shall be such as to result in passing at a safe distance. The
effectiveness of the action shall be carefully checked until the other vessel is finally past and clear.
(e) If necessary to avoid collision or allow more time to assess the situation, a vessel shall slacken her speed or
take all way off by stopping or reversing her means of propulsion.
(f) (i) A vessel which, by any of these Rules, is required not to impede the passage or safe passage of
another vessel shall, when required by the circumstances of the case, take early action to allow sufficient
sea room for the safe passage of the other vessel.
(ii) A vessel required not to impede the passage or safe passage of another vessel is not relieved of this
obligation if approaching the other vessel so as to involve risk of collision and shall, when taking action,
have full regard to the action which may be required by the Rules of this part.
(iii) A vessel the passage of which is not to be impeded remains fully obliged to comply with the rules of
this part when the two vessels are approaching one another so as to involve risk of collision.
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Rule 8 - Action to avoid collision
(a) Vsl တစ္စ်ား collision ကို ေရွ င္ရန္ ယူေသ action တိုင္်ားသည္ COLREG 72 ၏ Part B Steering & Sailing Rules အတိုင္
်ားျဖစ္ရမည္။ အေျခအေနကသ ခြင့ျ္ ပဳမည္ဆိုလ ွင္ ယူေသ action တိုင္်ားသည္ positive ျဖစ္ရမည္။ ample time အတြင်ား္ ျဖစ္ရမည္။
observance of good seamanship ကိုလဲ ထည့္သြင္်ားစဥ္်ားစ ်ားရမည္။
(b) collision ကို ေရွ င္ရွ ်ားရန္ course and/or speed ကို alteration လိုပ္ေသ အခါ အျခ ်ား Vsl တစ္စ်ားက visually သို႔ radar ျဖင့္
observe လိုပ္ေနပါက သသ ထင္ရွ ်ားေစရန္အတြက္ မ ်ားမ ်ား alter လိုပ္ေပ်ားရမည္။ နဲနဲခ င္်ားစ course and/or speed ကို alter
မလိုပ္ရပါ။
(c) လံိုေလ က္ေသ sea-room ရွပါက close-quarter situation ကို ေရွ င္ရွ ်ားရန္ course alone ျဖင့္ ေရွ င္ျခင္်ားသည္ most
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effective action ျဖစ္ပါသည္။ ထိုသို႔ action ယူရ တြင္ good time အတြင္်ား သသ ထင္ရွ ်ားစြ ယူရမည္။ ေန က္ထပ္ close-
quarter situation လဲထပ္မျဖစ္ေစရပါ။
(d) အျခ ်ား Vsl တစ္စ်ားနွင့္ collision ကို ေရွ င္ရွ ်ားရန္ ယူေသ action သည္ safe distance မွ ျဖတ္သြ ်ားရမည္။ ၎ action သည္
အျခ ်ား သေဘၤ နွင့္ finally past & clear ျဖစ္သည္အထ ဂရိုတစိုက္ ေစ င့္ၾကည့္ရမည္။ 40
(e) collision ကို ေရွ င္ရွ ်ားရန္၊ situation ကို သံို်ားသပ္ရန္ အခ န္ ပိုမို လိုအပ္ခဲ့လ ွင္ Vsl တစ္စ်ားသည္ မမ၏ speed ကိုေလ ွ ႔ရမည္။
stop engine သို႔ reverse propulsion လိုပ္၍ take all way off လိုပ္ရမည္။
(f)(i) According to Rule 9 (b, c, d) 10 (i, j) 18 (d,e, f) အရ အျခ ်ား Vsl တစ္စ်ား၏ passage or safe passage ကို impede
မလိုပ္ရေသ Vsl သည္ အေျခအေနကသ လိုအပ္လ ွင္ အျခ ်ားသေဘၤ ကို sufficient sea-room ေပ်ားရန္ early action ယူရမည္။
(ii) အျခ ်ား Vsl တစ္စ်ား၏ passage or safe passage ကို impede မလိုပ္ရေသ Vsl သည္
၎သေဘၤ နွင့္ န်ားကပ္လ ၍ ROC involve ျဖစ္လ လ ွင္ Rule 8 (f)(i) မွ early action ယူရမည့္ တ ဝန္မွ မကင္်ားလြတ္သည္
့အျပင္ action ယူပါက Part B Steering & Sailing Rules မ ်ားအတိုင္်ားသတႀက်ားစြ လိုက္န ရပါမည္။
(iii) မမသေဘၤ ၏ passage ကို impede လိုပ္ျခင္်ားမခံရမည့္ သေဘၤ သည္ သေဘၤ ၂ စ်ား န်ားကပ္လ ၍ ROC involve ျဖစ္
လ လ ွင္ Part B Steering & Sailing Rules အတိုင္်ား အျပည့္အဝ လိုက္န ရမည္။
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Rule 8: Action to avoid collision
1. Direct link between Rule 8(a) and Part(B) – Steering & Sailing Rule?
- IMO 22nd Assembly establish direct link.
- Reason is that there is occurred “conflicting action” in near head on & fine crossing to achieve safe distance
passing as per Rule 8(d), due to altering course to port rather than to stbd in accordance with part B section
II & III
2. How to take avoiding action when ROC exits?

- As per Rule 8(a), in accordance with Part (B) – Steering & Sailing Rules.
3. Which rule will you breach if you don’t follow R 8(a)?

- Rule 2(a)
4. Which rule will you breach if you don’t follow R 8(d)?

- Rule 8(a) and then, 2(a)
5. Positive action?
- Correct and successful action
Correct mean comply with the Rules
Successful mean to achieve safe passing and finally pass and clear.
6. Ample time?
- Before ROC exit - Free to take action
- Have time to assess the situation - Because target is in long range.
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7. Good time?
- After ROC exit - Action must be accordance with Part(B) –
- The last chance to take action to avoid CQS Steering & Sailing Rule
- Because target is in close range.
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8. What is observance of good seamanship?
- Based on experience & practice and it takes into account not only the safety of own vessel but also for
other vessel.
 Avoid sailing vessel from windward side
 Avoid NUC from upwind / upstream side
 Avoid passing ahead of anchor vessel
 Understand and comply the master standing order
 Understand and apply compass error.
 Understand tidal stream, wind and other weather condition.
9. Which Rule states to take action windward side or upwind/upstream?

- Rule 8 (a) observance of good seamanship.
10. How many kind of avoiding action if ROC exits?

- Alteration of course / alteration of speed / alteration of course & speed.
11. Which action is to be avoided or prohibited for avoiding collision?

- A succession of small alterations of course and/or speed
12. large enough to be readily apparent means how much?

- In RV : bold alteration of course, observing by radar ([at least 30˚], 60˚~ 90˚)
- In sight of one another

(In night time) : different sidelight will be visible by other vessel
(In daytime) : different aspect will be visible by other vessel
13. Explain Rule 8 (c)?

- If there is sufficient sea room, alteration of course alone may be the most effective action to avoid a close-
quarters situation, Sir. But, it is need to make in good time, is substantial and does not result in another
close-quarters situation.
14. In COLREG 72 Rules, which rule states that to avoid only by “course alone”? According to Rule 8 (c), do you
require to reduce your speed?
- Rule 8(c) - No, Sir.
15. Is Rule 8(c) mandatory (compulsory)?

- No, because ‘may be’ term include.
16. What is most effective action to avoid CQS? In which situation, alteration of course alone is most effective?
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What are the requirements for alteration of course alone?

- Alteration of course alone
 Sufficient searoom
 In good time
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 Substantial
 Does not result in another CQS with all vessels
[most effective in head on, fine bow & overtaking situation]
17. How do you understand substantial? (What is substantial action?) What are substantial rules?
- Must be in accordance with Part B-Steering & sailing Rules, be positive, made in ample time & with due
regard to the observance of good seaman ship (R8 (a))
- Must be large enough to be readily apparent to another vessel (R8 (b))
- Must be passed at a safe distance & must check other vessel is finally passed & clear (R8 (d))
- Must stop or reverse the engine to avoid collision or to assess the situation if necessary, slacken her speed
or take all way off (R8 (e))
18. Safe distance? Any other factors to consider for safe distance? Which factors shall you consider for safe
distance?
- A distance, there is no more CQS, danger of collision [or danger of navigation].
- It depends on the situation & safe speed.
- We must take into account both vessels may encounter engine or steering failure & interaction at any time.
- (Answer about safe speed 12 factors if required)
19. If there is not safe distance passing, how to call it? (when two model are placed very nearly) What can you
happen if you are passing CQS?
- Close quarter situation
- Can happen interaction between vessels & can cause collision A B
20. What is CQS? CQS in RV and CQS in sight of one another?

- CQS means –
- One vessel is approaching dangerously to another vessel
- The action of one vessel may not be able to avoid ROC
- Distance depend on the (1) approaching direction and (2) rate
 CQS in sight of one another = Approximately 4 to 5 ship length of a vessel (Approximately - 1’)
(ie. turning circle)
 CQS in RV = Approximately - 2’
(i.e. Audible range of whistle)
21. Why effectiveness of the action to be checked?

- to avoid renewed ROC
- to avoid misunderstanding between vessels
22. Why reduction of speed as per Rule 8(e)? (What is the purpose of Rule 8(e)?)
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- to avoid collision
- to allow more time to assess the situation
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23. What do you need to consider before making astern? (What is delay factor for making astern?)
- Loss of steerage way
- Transverse Thrust may off course the vessel
- Wind effect change since pivot point has change
- Shallow water effect become more pronounce
24. What is impede, not to impede and Rules concerned? The vessels concerning with ‘not to impede’?
- Impede : likely to develop ROC
- Not to impede : to avoid the development of ROC
- Rules concerned : Rule 9 (b)(c)(d), 10 (i)(j), 18 (d)(e)(f) [8 f(i)(ii)(iii)]
25. What is the difference between Give way & Not to impede? Which rules?
- Give way = To keep out of the way
Obligation Give way vessel - To take early and substantial action to keep well clear (Rule 16)
- Not to Impede = To avoid the development of ROC.

Obligation of Not to impede vessel - To take early action to allow sufficient sea room for the safe passage
of the other vessel (Rule 8 f(i)) and
If the two vessel are approaching one another so as to involve ROC, she is not relieved of the obligation of
Rule 8 f(i) and must follow part B – Steering and Sailing Rules (Rule 8 f(ii)).
26. How do you know finally past and clear?

- Bearing is continuously changing and distance increasing
27. Link between Rule 8 f(i) and f(ii)?

- Answer Rule 8 f(ii) 1st sentence.
32. When you approaching with another vessel, which rules do you deal with? What is your action?
- Rule 7 [ *d(i,ii)] & Rule 8 [*a,b,d,e]
33. Explain Rule 8 (f) (i)(ii)(iii) with model?

- This is NC, I am PDV and this vessel is vessel engaged in fishing, sir.
- According to Rule 9 (c), this fishing vessel must not impede the safe passage of my vessel.
- So, she is the vessel not to impede and I am the vessel not to be impeded.
- According to Rule 8 f (i), this fishing vessel must take early action to allow sufficient searoom for the safe
passage of my vessel.
- According to Rule 34 (d), I give at least five short and rapid blasts on my whistle, supplemented by light
signals & carefully check the situation.
- If she didn’t take any action and two vessels are approaching one another, so as to involve ROC.
According to Rule 8 f (ii), she is not relieved the obligation of Rule 8 f (i) and she must comply with the
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-
Part B – Steering and Sailing Rules.
- According to Rule 8 f (iii), I must also comply with the Part B – Steering and Sailing Rules.
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VCD
PDV
 Rule 18 (d) PDV must not impede VCD. ROC likely to develop.
8 f (i)
 PDV must take early action to allow sufficient sea room for the safe passage of VCD.
 ( Action : alter co. to any side ) (Prefer alter co. to stbd side)
 Rule 34(d), VCD give warning signal of at least five short & rapid blasts on her whistle, supplemented by
light signal & carefully check the situation.
8 f (ii)
 When 2 vessels are approaching one other so as to involve ROC,

 Rule 8 f (ii), PDV is not relieved of Rule 8 f (i) and must comply with Part B Steering & Sailing rules.
 Rule 8 f (iii), VCD must also comply with Part B Steering & Sailing rules.
 Rule 15, This is crossing situation. PDV is stand on vsl and VCD is give way vsl.
 Rule 16, VCD must take early & substantial action to keep well clear.
 Rule 17 (a)(i), PDV must keep her course and speed.
 Rule 34(d), PDV give warning signal of at least five short & rapid blasts on her whistle, supplemented by
light signal & carefully check the situation. VCD cannot deviate her course.
 Rule 17 (a)(ii), PDV may take action by her maneuver alone if VCD is not taking any action.
 Rule 17(c), PDV cannot alter course to port
 ( Action : Alt co to Stbd and make round turn or Reduce speed )
8 f (iii)
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 For VCD she must also comply with Part B Steering & Sailing rules
 VCD is a G/W vessel
 ( Action : Reduce speed )
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Rule 9
Narrow Channels
(a) A vessel proceeding along the course of a narrow channel or fairway shall keep as near to the outer limit of
the channel or fairway which lies on her starboard side as is safe and practicable.
(b) A vessel of less than 20 metres in length or a sailing vessel shall not impede the passage of a vessel which
can safely navigate only within a narrow channel or fairway.
(c) A vessel engaged in fishing shall not impede the passage of any other vessel navigating within a narrow
channel or fairway.
(d) A vessel shall not cross a narrow channel or fairway if such crossing impedes the passage of a vessel which
can safely navigate only within such channel or fairway. The latter vessel may use the sound signal prescribed in
Rule 34(d) if in doubt as to the intention of the crossing vessel.
(e) (i) In a narrow channel or fairway when overtaking can take place only if the vessel to be overtaken has
to take action to permit safe passing, the vessel intending to overtake shall indicate her intention by
sounding the appropriate signal prescribed in Rule 34(c)(i). The vessel to be overtaken shall, if in
agreement, sound the appropriate signal prescribed in Rule 34(c)(ii) and take steps to permit safe
passing. If in doubt she may sound the signals prescribed in Rule 34(d).
(ii) This Rule does not relieve the overtaking vessel of her obligation under Rule 13.
(f) A vessel nearing a bend or an area of a narrow channel or fairway where other vessels may be obscured by
an intervening obstruction shall navigate with particular alertness and caution and shall sound the appropriate
signal prescribed in Rule 34(e).
(g) Any vessel shall, if the circumstances of the case admit, avoid anchoring in a narrow channel.
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RULE 9 - Narrow Channel
(a) NC or fairway တြင္ ခိုတ္ေမ င္်ားသြ ်ားလ ေနေသ သေဘၤ တစ္စ်ားသည္ မမ၏ starboard side မွ ရွ္ေသ outer limit of the
channel or fairway ကို တတ္ႏိုင္သမ ွ safe & practicable ျဖစ္ေအ င္ ကပ္၍ ေမ င္်ားရပါမယ္။
(b) Vsl less than 20 m နွင့္ sailing Vsl တို႔သည္ NC or fairway အတြင္်ား safely navigate လိုပ္ေနသ Vsl ၏ passage ကို
impede မလိုပ္ရပါ။
(c) Fishind Vsl သည္ NC or fairway အတြင္်ား navigate လိုပေ

္ နေသ မည္သည့္ Vsl ၏ passage ကို မဆို impede မလိုပ္ရပါ။
(d) NC or fairway အတြင္်ား safely navigate လိုပ္ေနေသ Vsl ကို impede ျဖစ္ေစေသ ျဖတ္ျခင္်ားမ ဳ်ားျဖင့္ NC or fairway ကို
crossing မလိုပရ
္ ပါ။ NC or fairway အတြင္်ား safely navigate လိုပ္ေနေသ Vsl သည္ crossing vsl ၏ intention ကို
သံသယရွပါက Rule 34 (d) အရ at least 5 short & rapid blasts or flashes ေပ်ားႏိုင္ပါသည္။
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(e) (i) NC o fairway တြင္ overtake လိုပ္မည္ဆိုပါက ေက ္တက္ခံရေသ Vsl က take action to permit safe passing ျဖစ္
မွသ overtake လိုပ္ရပါမယ္။ ေက ္တက္ေသ Vsl သည္ Rule 34 (c) (i) အရ ည ဘက္ကေက ္တက္လိုလ ွင္ (two
prolonged blasts followed by one short blast) ေပ်ားက ဘယ္ဘက္မေ
ွ က ္တက္လိုလ ွင္ (two prolonged blasts followed
by two short blasts) ေပ်ားရမည္။ ေက ္တက္ခံရေသ Vsl သည္ ခြင့္ျပဳလ င
ွ ္ Rule 34 (c) (ii) အရ (one prolonged, one short,
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one polonged, one short, in that order) ေပ်ားက take steps to permit safe passing လိုပ္ရပါမယ္။ အကယ္၍
သံသယရွခဲ့လ ွင္ Rule 34 (d) အရ (at least 5 short & rapid blasts or flashes) ေပ်ားႏိုင္ပါသည္။
(ii) ဒ Rule သည္ ေက ္တက္ေသ သေဘၤ အ ်ား Rule 13 ၏ တ ဝန္ဝတၲရ ်ားမ ်ားမွ ကင္်ားလြတ္ခြင္ေပ်ားမည္ မဟိုတ္ပါ။
(f) NC or fairway ရွ ျမစ္ေကြ႕မ ်ားတင

ြ ္ အျခ ်ားသေဘၤ မ ်ားသည္ intervening obstruction မ ်ားနွင့္ ကြယ္ေနႏိုင္ေသ ေၾက င့္
အထူ်ားသတႀက်ားစြ ဂရိုစိုက္ေမ င္်ားနွင္က Rule 34 (e) အရ one prolonged blast ေပ်ားရပါမယ္။
(g) မည္သည့္ Vsl မဆို အေျခအေနကသ ခြင့ျ္ ပဳမည္ဆိုလ ွင္ NC အတြင္်ား ေက က္ခ ျခင္်ားကို ေရွ င္ရွ ်ားရပါမယ္။
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Rule 9: Narrow Channels
1. What is Narrow Channel? What is Fairway?

Narrow Channel
- Channel which is narrow & naturally exists, restricted on either side by shallow water.
- It cannot define easily, neither necessary to be definite length nor terminate last buoy or marking
- It may be a channel between 2 piers & 100 m outwards beyond a harbour entrance
- It may be sometimes approximately 2 miles wide
- We cannot define a recommended route between two buoys as NC because outside of the route could be
safe for navigation
- We cannot define traffic lane of a TSS as NC even it may be relatively narrow
Fairway
- Open navigable passage of water
- Dredge and maintained by port authority
- Marked by packed lines(dashed line) on chart
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2. How do you know Narrow channel or not?

- Normally, Lateral marks are deployed in NC for safe navigation and it is depended on vessel max draft,
depth of water, navigational hazards, shallow water & vessel maneuverability (especially turning circle).
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3. When navigating from seaward, which one can you see first, NC or Fairway?
- Fairway
4. How do you proceed in NC (Explain Rule 9(a))? What is safe and practicable? Outer limit?
- I will proceed along the course of a NC or fairway by keeping as near to the outer limit of the channel or
fairway which lies on my starboard side as is safe and practicable.
- Safe: not dangerously too close to the shoal
- Practicable: not require to make frequent alteration of course to keep near to the outer limit of
every part of the channel during proceeding along NC or fairway
- Outer limit: depend on situation such as vessel max draft, depth of water, navigational hazards, shallow
water on the stbd side & vessel maneuverability (especially turning circle).
5. You (PDV) are in NC, vessel engaged in fishing is right ahead and it is not to impede vessel. So, this vessel is
to keep out of the way of your vessel (PDV). Is it correct?
- No. (Obligation of give-way vessel is to keep out of the way but obligation of not to impede vessel is to
take early action to allow sufficient sea room.)
6. In NC, sailing vessel and fishing vessel are meeting, which one is not to impede vessel?
- Fishing vessel. Because of Rule 9 (c) said that ‘A vessel engaged in fishing shall not impede the passage of
any other vessel navigating within a narrow channel or fairway.’
7. Can you cross NC?

- If our crossing impedes the passage of a vessel within the channel or fairway, we cannot cross.
8. What is the latter vessel in rule 9(d)?

- The vessel following a NC or fairway
9. When can you overtake in NC?

- When there is mutual agreement between overtaking vsl & vsl being overtaken.
10. Overtaking in NC, obligation and action of two vessels?

- Overtaking vessel: sound intention signal Rule 34 (c)(i)
Rule 13 (keep out of the way), Rule 16 (take early & substantial action)
- Being Overtaken vessel: sound agreement signal Rule 34 (c)(ii) OR
if in doubt (wake-up/warning signal) Rule 34 (d)
Take steps to permit safe passing
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1) reduce speed: to reduce parallel running time

2) move away: to keep safe distance
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11. Is Rule 34 (c)(ii) same as Charlie from INTERCO?
- Yes.
It is stated that C, Z, G, P from INTERCO can use in COLREG.
[ Interco : Signal of Letter *B, *C, *D, *E, *G, *H, *I, *P, *S, *T, *Z may only be used as sound signal of Rule 34
and 35 and in compliance with the requirements of the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea.]
12. Vessel being overtaken is not replying Rule 34 (c)(ii) or give 5 short blasts, what is your action?
- I will reduce my speed and continuously consult with the chart. If there is sufficient sea room, I will again
sound intension signal 34 (c)(i).
13. When VRM is approaching the bend in the narrow channel in Clear visibility & Restricted visibility, what signal
would you give?
- VRM approaching the bend in the narrow channel in Clear visibility = 34 (e)
- VRM approaching the bend in the narrow channel in Restricted visibility = 35
14. Rule 9 (e) explain with model?
- This is NC, my vessel is intending to overtake and that vessel is the vessel to be overtaken.
- According to rule 9 (e), in a NC or fairway, overtaking can take place only if the vessel to be overtaken has
to take action to permit safe passing.
- I will check sufficient sea room, available depth of water, navigational hazards and traffic density on my
port side. If clear,
- According to Rule 34 (c)(i), I give 2 prolonged blasts followed by 2 short blasts. [ if possible, I will contact
with this vsl by VHF to clarify the situation ]
- The vessel to be overtaken will, if agree, reply with Rule 34 (c)(ii) 1 prolonged 1 short 1 prolonged 1 short
in that order and take steps to permit safe passing. If necessary, she may reduce speed.
- According to Rule 34(a) & (b), I give 2 short blasts on my whistle supplemented by light signal, and alter
course to port & overtake on her port side
- According to Rule 8(d), I will pass from safe distance & check the effectiveness of the action until she is
finally passed & clear.
- After finally passed & clear, according to Rule 34(a) & (b), I give 1 short blast on my whistle supplemented
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by light signal, and alter course to stbd & resume my course.
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15. If you are on being overtaken vsl in the narrow channel, how will you know other vsl is overtaking you?
- As per Rule 13 (b), other vsl is approaching more than 22.5˚ abaft my beam
- As per Rule 9 (e), I hear intention signal of Rule 34 (c) (i) from other vsl.
16. How to navigate near a bend? (Why do you give one prolong blast near a bend (or) near an area of a narrow
channel or fair way?)
- Shall navigate with particular alertness and caution near a bend because other vessel may be obscured by
an intervening obstruction and shall sound the appropriate signal prescribed in Rule 34 (e).
17. In NC, you hear one prolonged blast, what is your action?
- I will answer with one prolonged blast according to Rule 34(e).
18. What will happen when anchor in NC?

- Anchoring in NC will serious obstructs the traffic flow, can occur danger of collision with other vessel [will
likely to impede the safe passage of other vessel] and more dangerous in restricted visibility.
19. What is observance of good seamanship when you are overtaking in NC?
- If fwd vessel is deep draught, overtake on stbd side
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Rule 10
Traffic Separation Schemes
(a) This Rule Applies to traffic separation schemes adopted by the Organization and does not relieve any vessel of
her obligation under any other rule.
(b) A vessel using a traffic separation scheme shall:
(i) proceed in the appropriate traffic lane in the general direction of traffic flow for that lane; (ii) so far
as practicable keep clear of a traffic separation line or separation zone;
(iii) normally join or leave a traffic lane at the termination of the lane, but when joining or leaving from
either side shall do so at as small an angle to the general direction of traffic flow as practicable.
(c) A vessel shall so far as practicable avoid crossing traffic lanes, but if obliged to do so shall cross on a heading
as nearly as practicable at right angles to the general direction of traffic flow.
(d) (i) A vessel shall not use an inshore traffic zone when she can safely use the appropriate traffic lane
within the adjacent traffic separation scheme. However, vessels of less than 20 meters in length, sailing
vessels and vessels engaged in fishing may use the inshore traffic zone.
(ii) Notwithstanding subparagraph (d) (i), a vessel may use an inshore traffic zone when en route to or
from a port, offshore installation or structure, pilot station or any other place situated within the inshore
traffic zone, or to avoid immediate danger.
(e) A vessel, other than a crossing vessel, or a vessel joining or leaving a lane shall not normally enter a
separation zone or cross a separation line except:
(i) in cases of emergency to avoid immediate danger;
(ii) to engage in fishing within a separation zone.
(f) A vessel navigating in areas near the terminations of traffic separation schemes shall do so with particular
caution.
(g) A vessel shall so far as practicable avoid anchoring in a traffic separation scheme or in areas near its
terminations.
(h) A vessel not using a traffic separation scheme shall avoid it by as wide a margin as is practicable.
(i) A vessel engaged in fishing shall not impede the passage of any vessel following a traffic lane.
(j) A vessel of less than 20 meters in length or a sailing vessel shall not impede the safe passage of a power-
driven vessel following a traffic lane.
(k) A vessel restricted in her ability to manoeuvre when engaged in an operation for the maintenance of safety of
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navigation in a traffic separation scheme is exempted from complying with this Rule to the extent necessary to
carry out the operation.
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(l) A vessel restricted in her ability to manoeuvre when engaged in an operation for the laying, servicing or
picking up of a submarine cable, within a traffic separation scheme, is exempted from complying with this Rule to
the extent necessary to carry out the operation.
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RULE 10 - Traffic Separation Scheme
(a) IMO က adopted လိုပ္ထ ်ားေသ TSS မ ်ားတင

ြ ္ Rule 10 ကို လိုက္န အသံို်ားျပဳရမည္။ အျခ ်ားေသ Rule မ ်ားကိုလည္်ား လိုက္
န ရပါမည္။
(b) TSS ကို အသံို်ားျပဳေနေသ Vsl တစ္စ်ားသည္
(i) appropriate traffic lane တြင္ general direction of traffic flow အတိုင္်ား ေမ င္်ားရပါမယ္။
(ii) တတ္ႏိုင္သမ ွ traffic separation line နွင့္ separation zone တို႔ကို keep clear လိုပ္ရပါမယ္။
(iii) ပိုံမွနအ
္ ်ားျဖင့္ traffic lane ၏ termination မွေန၍ အဝင္အထြက္လိုပ္ရမည္။ သို႔ေသ ္ traffic lane ၏ ေဘ်ားတစ္ဖက္တစ္ခ က္
မွ အဝင္အထြက္လိုပ္မည္ဆိုပါက general direction of traffic flow နွင့္ တတ္ႏိုင္သမ ွ angle အနဲဆံို်ားျဖင့္ အဝင္အထြက္ လိုပ္
ရမည္။
(c) Vsl တစ္စ်ားသည္ traffic lane ကို crossing မလိုပ္ရပါ။ သို႔ေသ ္ crossing လိုပ္ရန္ လိုအပ္လ လ ွင္ general direction of
traffic flow နွင့္ heading အ ်ား တတ္နိုင္သမ ွ အန်ားစပ္ဆံို်ား right angle ျဖစ္ေအ င္ crossing လိုပ္ပါ။
(d)(i) Vsl တစ္စ်ားသည္ ကပ္လ ွက္ရွေသ TSS ၏ appropriate traffic lane အတြင္်ားတြင္ safely navigate လိုပ္နိုငလ
္ ွင္ inshore
traffic zone က္ို မသံို်ားရပါ။ သို႔ေသ ္ Vsl< 20 m, sailing vsl, fishing vsl မ ်ားသည္ inshore traffic zone က္ို သံို်ားလိုက သံို်ားနိုင္
ပါသည္။
(ii) subparagraph (d)(i) က ဘယ္လိုေျပ ေျပ inshore traffic zone အတြင္်ားရွ port, offshore installation or structure,
pilot station or any other palcae ကို ဝင္ထြကသ
္ ြ ်ားလ လ္ိုလ င္ သ္ို႔ immediate danger ကို ေရွ င္ရွ ်ားလိုလ ွင္ inshore traffic
zone ကို သံို်ားလိုက သံို်ားနိုင္ပါသည္။
(e) traffic lane ကို အဝင္အထြက္လိုပ္ေသ Vsl, crossing Vsl, immediate danger ကို ေရွ င္ရွ ်ားရမည့္ Vsl, separation zone
တြင္ ငါ်ားဖမ္်ားေသ Vsl မ ်ားမွလြ၍
ဲ Vsl တစ္စ်ားသည္ separation line, separation zone ကို မျဖတ္ရပါ။
(f) TSS ၏ termination အန်ားတြင္ ခိုတ္ေမ င္်ားေနေသ Vsl သည္ အထူ်ားသတႀက်ားစြ ျဖင့္ ေမ င္်ားနွင္ရမည္။
(g) TSS အတြင္်ား သို႔ termination အန်ားတြင္ ေက က္မခ ရပါ။
(h) TSS အသံို်ားမျပဳေသ Vslတစ္စ်ားသည္ ၎ TSS အ ်ားတတ္နိုင္သမ ွ wide margin ထ ်ား၍ ေရွ င္ေမ င္်ားရပါမည္။
(i) Fishing Vsl တစ္စ်ားသည္ traffic lane အတြင်ား္ သြ ်ားလ ေနေသ မည္သည့္ Vsl ၏ passage ကိုမဆို impede မလိုပ္ရပါ။
(j) Vsl < 20 (or) sailing vsal တစ္စ်ားသည္ traffic lane အတြင္်ား သြ ်ားလ ေနေသ PDV တစ္စ်ား၏ safe passage ကို impede
(k) TSS အတြင္်ား Vsl တစ္စ်ားသည္ maintenance of safety of navigation အတြက္ operation လိုပ္ေနၿပ်ား VRM ျဖစ္ေနလ င
ွ ္၎
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operation ကို လိုပ္ေဆ င္ရန္ လိုအပ္သည့္ အတိုင္်ားအတ အထ Rule 10 အ ်ားလိုက္န ျခင္်ားမွ ကင္်ားလြတ္ခြင့္ ရသည္။
(l) TSS အတြင္်ား Vsl တစ္စ်ားသည္ submarine cable မ ်ားကို laying, servicing or picking up လိုပ္ေနၿပ်ား VRM ျဖစ္လ ွင္ ၎
operation ကို လိုပ္ေဆ င္ရန္ လိုအပ္သည့္ အတိုင္်ားအတ အထ Rule 10 အ ်ားလိုက္န ျခင္်ားမွ ကင္်ားလြတ္ခြင့္ ရသည္။
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Rule 10: Traffic Separation Schemes
1. Purpose/Aim/Objective of TSS?
- To minimize the development of ROC
- To reduce meeting or fine crossing situation
- To move vessels along the lane in same direction
2. When will you comply Rule 10?

- When TSS is adopted by IMO.
3. Where can you find TSS adopted by IMO? (Where can you find information of voluntary TSS?)
- Ship’s Routeing Book, Sailing direction, Nautical Charts, Port information, [ Annual Notice to Mariner Notice
No.17 ]
4. Explain Rule 10 (a)?

- We shall apply Rule 10 when we are proceeding in traffic separation schemes which is adopted by the
Organization and we have to comply any other Rules.
5. How to navigate in TSS? Which rules do you comply?

- As per Rule 10 b(i) proceed in the appropriate traffic lane in the general direction of traffic flow for that
lane ,(b)(ii) keep clear of a traffic separation line or separation zone, (a) comply any other Rules.
- Comply Rule 10 including any other concerning Rules of COLREG 72 except Rule 9
6. Explain 10 (b), (c)?

- (b) When we are using a traffic separation scheme,
 proceed in the appropriate traffic lane in the general direction of traffic flow for that lane and
 keep clear of a traffic separation line or separation zone
 Normally we need to join or leave at the termination of the lane, but when we joining or leaving from
either side, we shall do as small angle to the general direction of traffic flow as practicable.
- (c) So far as practicable, we shall avoid crossing traffic lanes, but if we want to cross, we shall cross on a
heading as nearly as practicable at right angles to the general direction of traffic flow.
[ right angles = general direction of traffic flow course to steering (CTS) ]
7. Why said ‘at right angle’ for crossing TSS?

- Not to confuse I am joining or crossing the lane.
8. What is ‘enroute’?
- On the way, while travelling to/from a particular place.
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9. Rule 10 b(i),(ii),(iii) demonstrate and explain on the chart.
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A
10. IMO General Provisions on Ship’s Routeing?

1) Unless stated otherwise, routeing systems are recommended for use by all ships and may be made
mandatory for all ships, certain categories of ships or ships carrying certain cargoes.
2) For use by day and night in all weathers, in ice-free waters or under light ice conditions where no
extraordinary manoeuvres or assistance by ice-breaker(s) are required.
3) Bearing in mind – under-keel clearance, charted depth, possible seabed changes from last survey, and
effects of meteorological and tidal conditions on water depths.
4) A ship navigating in or near a TSS adopted by IMO shall comply Rule 10 to minimize the development of
risk of collision with another ship. The other COLREG 72 rules (Part-B Section II & III) apply if ROC is
deemed to exit.
5) At junction points, to navigate with great caution and through-going ship has no special privilege or right
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of way.
6) Deep-water route – primarily for use by deep-draught ships. Other ships should avoid using DW routes if
practicable.
7) Precautionary areas should be avoided, if practicable, by passing ships not making use of the associated 54
TSS or deep- water routes, or entering or leaving adjacent ports.
8) To keep starboard side in two-way routes.
9) Need not to strictly follow along the general direction.
10) YG – you appear not to be complying with TSS. (Interco).
11. When & Where should be used Ship’s routeing system?

- Ship’s routeing system is used by day and night in all weathers, in ice-free waters or under light ice
conditions where no extraordinary manoeuvres or assistance by ice-breaker(s) are required.
12. How to navigate at junction point?

- At junction points, to navigate with great caution & through-going ship has no special privilege or right of
way.
 Vsl B is through going vessel. There is no right of way for (through
going vessel)(both vessels).
A  This is Rule 15 crossing situation
B  For Vsl B, Rule 16.

 Check required points.
 As per Rule 8(e), reduce speed & 8(d) until following traffic flows of
Vsl A passed & clear.
 For Vsl A, Rule 17 (a)(i), Give 34 (d)

 17 (a)(ii), 17 (c).
 Check required points.
 34 (a) (b) , alter co to stbd. 8 (d)
13. How will you do, if you receive YG signal?

- I must check my own course and position & detail examine to the chart and take action as appropriate.
14. When will you use “YG” signal? What is the meaning of “YG” signal? How will you give “YG” singal?
- When I see the other vessel is not complying the TSS.
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15. What is the meaning of “YG” signal?

- YG signal means you appeared not to be complying with TSS.
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16. How will you give “YG” signal?
- By flag signal or light signal.
(Y) (G)
(Y)
(G)
17. How can you give for “not complying with TSS” other than “YG” signal?
- Give R-34(d) - at least five short & rapid blasts on my whistle and supplement with at least five short &
rapid flashes of light signal.
18. Traffic separation scheme?

- A routeing measure aimed at the separation of opposing streams of traffic by appropriate means and by
traffic lanes.
19. Roundabout?
- A separation point (or) circular separation zone and circular traffic lane
- Vsl are moving in counter clockwise direction
20. Precautionary area?

- An area where ships must navigate with particular caution and
- within which the direction of traffic flow may be recommended.
21. Why you need to take particular caution at the Precautionary area?
- Because there are congested with crossing vessels for the purpose of entering or leaving ports in
precautionary area.
22. Inshore traffic zone?

- Designated area between landward boundary of a traffic separation scheme & the adjacent coast.
23. Vessel allowed entering into inshore traffic zone? Which rules state that?
(1) Vessel of less than 20m in length
(2) Sailing vessel
(3) Vessel engaged in fishing
(4) Vessel en route to or from a port, offshore installation or structure, pilot station or any other place situated
within the inshore traffic zone
(5) Vessel to avoid immediate danger in case of emergency
(6) Vessel exempted by rule 10 (k) or (l)
- Rule 10 d (i)(ii), (k), (l)
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24. Will you use inshore traffic zone? When will you enter into inshore traffic zone?
- If I can safely use the appropriate traffic lane, I will not use inshore traffic zone.
- When en route to or from a port, offshore installation or structure, pilot station or any other place situated
within the inshore traffic zone or to avoid immediate danger in case of emergency
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25. Vessel allowed entering separation zone? Which rules state that?
(1) Vessel crossing traffic lane
(2) Vessel joining or leaving a lane
(3) Vessel to avoid immediate danger in case of emergency
(4) Vessel engaged in fishing
(5) Vessel exempted by rule 10 (k) or (l).
- Rule 10 e (i)(ii), (k), (l)
26. When will you enter separation zone?

- When crossing traffic lane
- When joining or leaving a lane
- When to avoid immediate danger in case of emergency
27. How will you navigate at the termination of TSS and why do you navigate like that?
- Navigate with particular caution due to converging and diverging of traffic in this area.
28. What will happen when anchoring in TSS?

- Anchoring in TSS will serious obstructs the traffic flow, can occur danger of collision with other vessel [likely
to impede the safe passage of other vessel] and more dangerous in restricted visibility.
29. ‘as wide as’ means how much wide?

- The distance which is not to confuse to other vessels that I am using TSS or not. [outside of 200NM (EEZ)]
30. Explain ‘to the extent necessary’?

- At the time of operation.
31. Exempted vessels to comply Rule 10?

1) Rule 10(k) - A vessel restricted in her ability to manoeuvre when engaged in an operation for the
maintenance of safety of navigation in a traffic separation scheme &
2) Rule 10(l) - A vessel restricted in her ability to manoeuvre when engaged in an operation for the laying,
servicing or picking up of a submarine cable, within a traffic separation scheme
32. How will you know exemption of Rule 10 (k) or (l) before entering appropriate TSS?
- Promulgated in NTMs
(eg. T&P Notice. Etc)
- Subsequent radio warnings during operation.

(eg. VHF announce from VTS, Navtex message, MSI information. Etc.)
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33. Why the word ‘so far as practicable’ was frequently used in Rule 10?
- In TSS, we must join or leave a lane with small angle as per Rule 10 b(iii). At that time, we cannot comply
Rule 10 b(ii) to keep clear separation line or zone. So, “so far as practicable” term is included in Rule 10
b(ii).
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- In TSS, Sailing vessel not included propelling machinery cannot cross with right angle as per Rule 10 (c) all
the time. So, “so far as practicable” term is included in Rule 10 (c).
- In TSS, if our vessel suffers main engine malfunction / steering failure, anchoring is more safe for us and
also for coastal state. So, “so far as practicable” term is included in Rule 10 (g).
34. You are in TSS & follow general direction of traffic flow, a vsl engaged in fishing left from inshore zone, distance
between two vessels are about 2 to 3 miles (over 8 miles) and CPA 0’, what action will you do?
- If Distance is 2 to 3 miles = ROC exit R 8 f(iii) R 18
- If Distance is over 8 miles = ROC LTD R 8 f(i)(ii) R 8 f(iii) R 18
35. Colour of separation line or separation zone?

- Magenta colour (Violet)
36. How will control by Coastal State in TSS?

- Coastal State will control by VTS (Vessel Traffic Service) in TSS.
37. Difference of dash line and 3mm tint line of separation line?
Difference of 3mm tint line and separation zone?
3mm Tint Line
 Use between traffic flow &

Inshore Traffic Zone /
OpenSea.
designated as ITZ, It is ITZ)
ITZ (or) Open Sea (But, if
 Does not change shape/size

Open Sea
even change chart scale.

DW
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Separation Zone
Dash Line
 Can change shape/size when change chart scale.
 Use between traffic flow & open sea.
 It is marked by co-ordinates & will be any shape/size.
sea 58
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SECTION II - CONDUCT OF VESSELS IN SIGHT OF ONE ANOTHER
Rule 11
Application
Rules in this Section apply to vessels in sight of one another.
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Rule 12
Sailing Vessels
(a) When two sailing vessels are approaching one another, so as to involve risk of collision, one of them shall
keep out of the way of the other as follows;
(i) when each has the wind on a different side, the vessel which has the wind on the port side shall keep
out of the way of the other;
(ii) when both have the wind on the same side, the vessel which is to windward shall keep out of the
way of the vessel which is to leeward;
(iii) if a vessel with the wind on the port side sees a vessel to windward and cannot determine with
certainty whether the other vessel has the wind on the port or on the starboard side, she shall keep out
of the way of the other.
(b) For the purposes of this Rule the windward side shall be deemed to be the side opposite to that on which the
mainsail is carried or, in the case of a square-rigged vessel, the side opposite to that on which the largest fore-
and-aft sail is carried.
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Rule 12 - Sailing Vessel
(a) 1. two sailing vsl 2. approaching one another 3. involve ROC
(i) ေလမတူ port side က ေလရတဲ့ vsl ေရွ င္
(ii) ေလတူ windward side က vsl ေရွ င္
(iii) port side က ေလရၿပ်ား windward မွ sailing vsl ေတြ႕ၿပ်ား ၎ vsl port or stbd က ေလရလ ်ားမခြႏ
ဲ ိုင္ရင္ ကိုယ္ကေရွ င္
(b) windward side
1. opposite to that on which the main sail is carried
2. opposite to that on which the largest fore and aft scal is carried
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Rule 12: Sailing Vessel
1. What is windward side of sailing vessel? Why you avoid sailing vessel from windward side?
- Rule 12(b)
- Because sailing vessel cannot sail to windward side. (8 (a) – OGSS)
2. All are sailing vessels and show which vessel will keep clear to other?
Wind
C
A C
Wind
B
‘A’ shall keep out of the way of ‘B’ & ‘C’ ‘A’ shall keep out of the way of ‘C’
‘B’ shall keep out of the way of ‘C’ ‘B’ shall keep out of the way of ‘A’ & ‘C’
3. Day signal of sailing vessel propelled by machinery?

- A conical shape apex downward, at the forward part of the vessel, where it can best be seen.
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Rule 13
Overtaking
(a) Notwithstanding anything contained in the Rules of Part B, Sections I and II any vessel overtaking any other
shall keep out of the way of the vessel being overtaken.
(b) A vessel shall be deemed to be overtaking when coming up with another vessel from a direction more than
22.5 degrees abaft her beam, that is, in such a position with reference to the vessel she is overtaking, that at
night she would be able to see only the sternlight of that vessel but neither of her sidelights.
(c) When a vessel is in any doubt as to whether she is overtaking another, she shall assume that this is the case
and act accordingly.
(d) Any subsequent alteration of the bearing between the two vessels shall not make the overtaking vessel a
crossing vessel within the meaning of these Rules or relieve her of the duty of keeping clear of the overtaken
vessel until she is finally past and clear.
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RULE 13 - Overtaking
(a) Part B Steering & Sailing Rules ရဲ႕ Section I နဲ႔ II တြင္ျပဌ န္်ားထ ်ားေသ Rules မ ်ားက မည္သို႔ပင္ဆိုေစက မူ ေက ္တက္
ေသ Vslသည္ ေက ္တက္ခံရေသ Vslကို keep out of the way လိုပ္ေပ်ားရပါမယ္။
(b) Vsl တစ္စ်ားသည္ အျခ ်ားVsl တစ္စ်ားရဲ႕ more than 22.5 degree abaft the beam မွ coming up ျဖစ္လ လ ွင္ ေက ္တက္
တယ္လို႔ မွတ္ယူရပါမယ္။ ၎ position သည္ ေက ္တက္ခံရေသ Vsl ကို reference ယူၿပ်ား ညဘက္ဆိုလ ွင္ stern light
ကိုသ ျမင္ရၿပ်ား sidelights ကို မျမင္ရေသ အေျခအေန ျဖစ္သည္။
(c) Vsl တစ္စ်ားသည္ အျခ ်ား Vsl တစ္စ်ားအ ်ား ေက ္တက္တယ္လို႔ သံသယ ရွလ ွင္ ေက ္တက္တယ္လို႔ပဲ ယူဆၿပ်ား Rule ကို လိုက္
န ရပါမယ္။
(d) Vsl နွစစ

္ ်ားၾက ်ား bearing မ ်ား အဆင့္ဆင့္ ေျပ င္်ားလဲျခင္်ားအ ်ားျဖင့္ ဒ Rules မ ်ား၏ အဓပၸ ယ္အတြင္်ားမွေန၍ overtaking vsl ကို
crossing vsl အျဖစ္ ေျပ င္်ားလဲသတ္မွတ္၍မရပါ။ ၎ေက ္တက္ေသ Vslသည္ ေက ္တက္ခံရေသ Vslကို finally past & clear
ျဖစ္သည္အထ keep clear လိုပ္ေပ်ားရမည့္ တ ဝန္မွလဲ ကင္်ားလြတခ
္ ြင့္ေပ်ားမည္ မဟိုတ္ပါ။
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Rule13: Overtaking
1. Rule 13(a) explain? Explain Notwithstanding anything contained in the rules of part B sections I & II?
- No matter what is stated in the Rules of part B, sections I and II, any overtaking vessel must keep out of
the way of being overtaken vessel.
- Eg. (1) As per Rule 18, a PDV must keep out of the way of Vessel engaged in fishing but if the vessel
engaged in fishing is overtaking PDV, she must keep out of the way of that PDV whatever stated in Rule
18.
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- Eg. (2) An overtaking sailing vessel must keep out of the way of another sailing vessel, irrespective of wind
direction.
[Notwithstanding anything contained in the rules of part B sections I & II = R9(b, c), R10(i, j), R12, R18]
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2. Explain Rule 13(b)? When two vsl concern with overtaking situation?
- Overtaking situation means a vessel coming up from a direction more than 22.5 degree abaft the beam of
the other vessel, this is referenced from the vessel being overtaken, at night the overtaking vessel will see
only stern light but not the side lights of the vessel being overtaken.
3. How do you know other vessel is overtaking your vessel or you are overtaking other? (How do you know you
are overtaking another vessel at day time?)
- 1st Case (Other vessel is overtaking you)
When I take the bearing, other vessel is more than 22.5 abaft my beam and her speed is more than my
vessel’s speed and distance is decreasing between us. So she is overtaking my vessel.
- 2nd Case (You are overtaking other vessel)

When I take the bearing, my vessel is more than 22.5 abaft her beam and my vessel’s speed is more than
her speed and distance is decreasing between us. At night I can see only the stern light but neither of her
side lights. So I am overtaking that vessel.
4. Your heading is 112.5° (T). Other vsl is approaching from port quarter. What brg start become overtaking
situation from your ship?
- 000° (T)
5. Rule 13 (c) explain with models? How do you understand ‘if in doubt’(day time / Night time)? Who is in doubt?
22.5°
Be care to place model’s
heading as follow.
DAY Time
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 If my vessel is approaching approximately about 22.5 o abaft her beam & heading is in this conditon, speed
in faster than her & distance is decreasing between us, I am in doubt.
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Night time
 My vessel is approximately 22.5˚ abaft her beam.

 Due to yawing effect, I can see sidelight and stern light alternately (or)
Due to practical cut-off, I can see both sidelight and stern light at the same time.
 As per Rule 13(b), we would be able to see only the stern light but neither of her sidelights, so I am in doubt I
am overtaking or not.
 As per Rule 13(c), if in any doubt, assume that I am overtaking and keep out of the way of being overtaken
vessel.
6. Rule 13(d) explain with model (Subsequent alteration of the bearing)? How do you know “finally pass and clear”
at night in this situation? Why you alter in figure 3? When overtaking vessel relieve of her duty?
- I am coming up more than 22.5° abaft the (starboard) beam and I am overtaking vessel.
- I reach abeam & draw ahead and there is a shallow water ahead of me.
- Subsequently, I alter my course to port to a crossing course.
- It does not become crossing situation, I am still overtaking vessel and not relieve to keep out of the way until
other vessel is finally pass and clear.
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- First I see (the stern light of other vessel, then) starboard sidelight & masthead light, then both sidelights &
masthead light, finally port sidelight & masthead light & far away.
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- To avoid danger of navigation (shallow water).
- Other vessel (being overtaken vessel) is finally pass and clear.
7. What is safest action in this situation?

- When I see danger of navigation ahead of me during overtaking, it is not required to avoid crossing ahead of
other vessel.
- First, reduce speed, alter course to port and passing astern of being overtaken vessel, then overtake from
port side is safest action.
8. Purpose of Rule 13(d)?

- Not to become overtaking vsl to stand-on vsl due to subsequent alteration of the brgs and
- Not to relieve the obligation of overtaking vsl to keep out of the way of being overtaken vsl until she is finally
pass and clear.
9. One of the vsl is approaching from your stbd 1 point abaft the beam, after 5 mins also 1 point abaft the beam
and further 5 mins, 1 point abaft the beam and ROC exit. What is this situation & what is your action?
- This is crossing situation and I am the give-way vessel. So, I shall keep out of the way and avoid crossing
ahead of the other vessel. [ 1 point = 11.25° ]
10. What caution do you keep in mind during overtaking?

- Collision / Grounding due to close proximity of vessels because of Repulsion / Attraction of Interaction between
vessels.
11. What is Interaction?

1/10/2020
- Interaction
 When a vessel moves from rest, hydro-dynamics produces positive pressure bulbs at the bow & stern &
negative pressure bulbs at parallel hull body.
 Elliptical domain encloses the vessel & these pressure bulbs.
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 When domain of one vessel interfaces with domain of another vessel, attraction and repulsion effects
will occur.
 These effects are called interaction.
Repulsion / Towards Attraction / Away
Attraction / Towards Repulsion / Away
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Rule 14
Head-on Situation
(a) When two power-driven vessels are meeting on reciprocal or nearly reciprocal courses so as to involve risk of
collision each shall alter her course to starboard so that each shall pass on the port side of the other.
(b) Such a situation shall be deemed to exist when a vessel sees the other ahead or nearly ahead and by night
she could see the masthead lights of the other in a line or nearly in a line and/or both sidelights and by day she
observes the corresponding aspect of the other vessel.
(c) When a vessel is in any doubt as to whether such a situation exists she shall assume that it does exist and act
accordingly.
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RULE 14 - Head-on Situation
(a) PDV နွစစ

္ ်ား reciprocal or nearly reciprocal course မွ ျမင္ေတြ႕ရၿပ်ား ROC involve ျဖစ္လ ခဲ့လ ွင္ နွစ္စ်ားလံို်ားသည္ alter
course to starboard လိုပၿ္ ပ်ား တစ္စ်ားစ၏ ဘယ္ဘက္မွ ျဖတ္ရပါမယ္။
(b) Head-on situation ဆိုသည္မွ Vsl တစ္စ်ားသည္ အျခ ်ားVsl တစ္စ်ားကို head-on or nearly head-on တြင္ ျမင္ေတြ႕ရၿပ်ား
ညအခါတြင္ masthead lights မ ်ားအ ်ား in a line or nearly in a line မွ ျမင္ေတြ႕ရက both side lights ကို ျမင္ေတြ႕ ရတဲ့ အ
ေျခအေနမ ဳ်ား ျဖစ္ပါတယ္။ ေန႔အခါတြင္ ၎သေဘၤ ၏ corresponding aspect ကို ျမင္ရပါမယ္။
(c) Vsl တစ္စ်ားသည္ head-on situation ျဖစ္/မျဖစ္ သံသယရွလ ွင္ head-on situation လို႔ပဲ မွတ္ယူၿပ်ား Rule အတိုင္်ား လိုက္
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Rule 14: Head-on Situation
1. When Rule 14 apply (Requirement of head on situation)?

 2 PDVs
 reciprocal or nearly reciprocal course
 ROC involve
 in sight of one another
2. What is this situation? How to take action if there is shallow water on the stbd side of vessel A?
- 2 PDVs
B
- Meeting on reciprocal or nearly reciprocal course
- In sight of one another &
- ROC exit (involve)
- So, This is Head-on situation, Sir.
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A  Answer refer to Rule.2
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3. Explain about Reciprocal course & Nearly reciprocal course? (CMG or CTS?)
 This is Course to steering (CTS)

 One vessel sees the other vessel ahead or nearly
ahead and
- By night, she could see mast head lights in line or
nearly in line and/or both side light
- By day, she will see corresponding aspect of the
other vessel.
 Difference between the courses will be 6o + 180o .

Because practical cut-off of side lights is 1° to 3˚ for both
vessels
4. Explain corresponding aspect of other vessel?

 See the masts in line or nearly in line
 Can see stem of other vsl & also she can see stem of me
 Can see both life boats
 Face to face
 Like a mirror
 See the bow & no parallel body of each other
5. Rule 14(c) “in any doubt”?

 At Night Time, I see other vessel on my fine bow (port or starboard), one of the side lights is appear & disappear
alternately due to yawing effect and confuse that whether head-on or crossing situation.
 At Day Time, I cannot recognized the day signal of the other vessel whether it is displayed or not. If include
day signal, I sure that this vessel is PDV.
 As per Rule 14(c), if in any doubt, I assume that it is head-on situation & alter my course to starboard.
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Rule 15
Crossing Situation
When two power-driven vessels are crossing so as to involve risk of collision, the vessel which has the other on
her own starboard side shall keep out of the way and shall, if the circumstances of the case admit, avoid crossing
ahead of the other vessel.
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RULE 15 - Crossing Situation
PDV နွစ္စ်ား crossing ျဖတ္၍ ROC involve ျဖစ္လ ခဲ့လ ွင္ အျခ ်ားVslကို မမရဲ႕ starboard side မွ ရွေသ Vslသည္ keep out
of the way လိုပ္ေပ်ားရပါမယ္။ အေျခအေနကသ ခြင့ျ္ ပဳမယ္ဆိုလ ွင္ အျခ ်ားVsl ၏ ahead မွ crossing လိုပ္ျခင္်ားကို ေရွ င္ရပါမယ္။
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Rule 15: Crossing Situation
1. When Rule 15 apply (Requirement of crossing situation)?

 2 PDVs
 crossing
 ROC involve
2. Explain crossing situation with models?

 When two power driven vessels are in sight of one another, crossing and ROC involve, the vessel which has the
other on her own starboard side shall keep out of the way and, if the circumstances of the case admit, avoid
crossing ahead of the other vessel.
3. Will you cross ahead of stbd vessel in crossing situation?

 No. I will avoid crossing ahead of stbd vsl.
4. Can stand-on vessel cross ahead of give way vessel in crossing situation (by model)? When will you (Give way
vessel) cross ahead of stand-on vessel?
 Stand-on vessel shall maintain course & speed in crossing.
PDV So, she can cross ahead of this vessel.
 ROC does not exit

PDV
 Not inside of one another

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5. How do you understand “if the circumstances of the case admit” in Rule 15?
 In crossing situation, when ROC exists & at close range,
PDV shall avoid crossing ahead of stbd vessel but it does not mean to cross astern.
 A/C to starboard is the best method.
 But reduce speed & substantial alteration to port is preferable if stbd vessel is approaching from nearly starboard
abeam.
6. Why ‘no doubt’ for Rule 15?

 There are three situations;
1.Head on situation 2.Crossing situation 3.Overtaking situation
 There are two doubts only. If we confuse head-on situation with crossing situation, according to Rule 14(c), we
must assume as head-on situation and if we confuse overtaking situation with crossing situation, according to
Rule 13(c), we must assume as overtaking situation.
 Therefore, no doubt to assume crossing situation and in Rule 15 does not require to describe.
7. Differences between Rule 13, 14, and 15?
R ule 13 R ule 14 R ule 15
All vsls 2 PDVs 2 PDVs
Overtaking = As per 13(b) Head on = As per 14(b) Neither 13(b) nor 14(b)
Any condition of ROC When ROV involve When ROC involve
Include " In doubt" Include " In doubt" Not include " In doubt"
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In sight of one another In sight of one another In sight of one another
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Rule 16
Action by Give-way Vessel
Every vessel which is directed to keep out of the way of another vessel shall, so far as possible, take early and
substantial action to keep well clear.
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RULE 16 - Action by Give-way Vessels
Vsl တစ္စ်ားသည္ အျခ ်ားသေဘၤ တစ္စ်ားအ ်ား keep out of the way လိုပရ
္ မည္ဆိုလ ွင္ အတတ္ႏိုင္ဆံို်ား early & substantial
action ယူ၍ keep well clear လိုပ္ရပါမယ္။
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Rule 16: Action by Give-way Vessel
1. What is Give-way vessel?

 Every vessel which is directed to keep out of the way of another vessel
as required by Rule 12, 13, 15 and 18
2. What is Give-way vessel’s obligation?

Rule 16 : to take early and substantial action to keep well clear
Rule 8 : Any alteration of course and/or speed to avoid collision -
3. What is substantial actions? Substantial Rules?

 Substantial Actions
 Substantial Rules
- Rule 8(a),(b),(d),(e)
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Rule 17
Action by Stand-on Vessel
(a) (i) Where one of two vessels is to keep out of the way the other shall keep her course and speed.
(ii) The latter vessel may however take action to avoid collision by her manoeuvre alone, as soon as it
becomes apparent to her that the vessel required to keep out of the way is not taking appropriate action
in compliance with these Rules.
(b) When, from any cause, the vessel required to keep her course and speed finds herself so close that collision
cannot be avoided by the action of the give-way vessel alone, she shall take such action as will best aid to avoid
collision.
(c) A power-driven vessel which takes action in a crossing situation in accordance with sub-paragraph (a)(ii) of
this Rule to avoid collision with another power-driven vessel shall, if the circumstances of the case admit, not alter
course to port for a vessel on her own port side.
(d) This Rule does not relieve the give-way vessel of her obligation to keep out of the way.
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RULE 17 - Action By Stand-on Vessels
(a) (i) Give-way Vsl က keep out of the way လိုပ္ေနလ င

ွ ္ Stand-on Vsl က keep her course & speed လိုပ္ေပ်ားရပါမယ္
(a) (ii) Give-way Vsl သည္ COLREG 72 Rules မ ်ားကို လိုက္န ၿပ်ား appropriate action မယူတ ကို သလ ွင္သခ င္်ား Stand-on
Vsl သည္ မမ၏ manoeuvre alone ျဖင့္ collision ကို ေရွ င္ရွ ်ားရန္ action ယူလိုက ယူႏိုင္ပါတယ္။
(b) မည္သည့္အေၾက င္်ားေၾက င့္ျဖစ္ေစ Collision ကို ေရွ င္ရွ ်ားရန္ Give-way Vsl တစ္စ်ားတည္်ား၏ action ျဖင့္ မလံိုေလ က္ေအ င္
န်ားကပ္လ လ ွင္ Stand-on Vsl သည္ collision က္ို ေရွ င္ရွ ်ားရန္ အေက င္်ားဆံို်ား အေထ က္အပံ့ ေပ်ားႏိုင္ေသ action မ ဳ်ား ယူရမည။္
(c) PDV တစ္စ်ားသည္ Rule 17 (a) (ii) အရ crossing situation တြင္ အေျခအေနကသ ခြငျ္ ပဳခဲ့လ ွင္ မမ၏ port side တြင္ရွ
ေသ Vsl အတြက္ ဘယ္မေကြ႕ရပါ။
(d) Rule 17 သည္ Give-way Vsl ကို ၎၏ keep out of the way လိုပ္ရမည့္ တ ဝန္မွ ကင္်ားလြတ္ခြင့ေ
္ ပ်ားမည္မဟိုတ္ပါ။
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Rule 17: Action by Stand-on Vessel
1. What is Stand-on vessel?

- Stand on vessel is a vessel to keep her course and speed while the G/W vsl is keeping out of the way
as required by Rule 12, 13, 15 and 18
2. What is Stand-on vessel obligation?

1/10/2020
- To keep her course and speed (R17 (a i))

- If give-way vessel is not taking appropriate action, stand-on vessel may take action by her manoeuvre
alone. In that case in crossing situation of 2 PDV, stand-on vessel must not alter course to port for a vessel
on her own port side. (R17 (a ii) & (c))
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- If the distance is so close that collision cannot be avoided by the action of the give-way vessel alone, stand-
on vessel shall take such action as will best aid to avoid collision. (R17 (b))
[ Any alteration of course and/or speed to avoid collision -

- Must be in accordance with Part B-Steering & sailing Rules, be positive & with due regard to the observance
of good seaman ship (R8 (a))
or take all way off (R8 (e)) ]
3. When does not apply Rule 17?

- When not insight of one another
- When no ROC involve
4. Dual Action Rules?

 Rule 14 (a) and Rule 17 (b)
5. When will you comply(use) Rule 17 (a)(ii)? (When will you take action by manoeuvre alone?) How do you know
give-way vessel is not taking appropriate action?
 If give-way vessel is not taking appropriate action in compliance with COLREG 72 Rules.
 Then, I give warning signal or wake-up signal as per Rule 34 (d) & check the situation carefully. If she is not
taking any action even I give Rule 34(d) warning signal or wake-up signal, I may comply Rule 17 a(ii).
6. How long will you wait to use Rule 17 a(ii)?

- Until about 2~3 nm in open sea (or) not yet touch/intercept both vessel’s turning circles.
( wake-up signal should be made especially at distance over 2’ )
7. If the give way vessel does not make any immediate response even you give 34(d) signal, how should you do
as a OOW?
- Call master / Change auto to manual steering if in auto mode / Make engine stand-by
- May take avoiding action as per Rule 17 a(ii) and 17 (c).
8. Is rule 17 a(ii) compulsory and why?

- No sir. Because rule 17 a(ii) said “The latter vessel may however take action”
9. Why stand on vessel cannot alter course to port in R 17 (c)?

 This is breach of Rule 8(d) which is to pass safe distance.
 As per Rule 15, give way vessel is required to avoid crossing ahead and likely (possible) to alter course to stbd.
 Alter course away from direction of other vessel is safest.
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10. According to R.17 (c) - 2 PDVs in Crossing Situation, Not A/C to port for a Vsl on her own port side. But, when
the other Vsl is permitted You to A/C to port, what will You do? A/C to port or Not?
- No, Sir. Because, R 17 (c) said that “ shall not alter course to port “. 73
11. Obligation and action of Rule 17 a(ii)?
- Obligation & Action of Rule 17 a(ii)
 Stand on vessel must give warning signal / wake up signal prescribed in R 34(d), and continuously and
carefully assess the situation.
 If she is not taking any action even I give Rule 34(d) warning signal or wake-up signal, Stand on vessel
may take action by her manoeuver alone.
 In this case, if a power-driven vessel which takes action in a crossing situation to avoid collision with
another power-driven vessel shall, if the circumstances of the case admit, not alter course to port for a
vessel on her own port side.
(Alteration of course away from the direction of other vessel is safest action.)
12. Are they connected Rule 17 (b) and Rule 17 (c)?

- No. Rule 17(c) is only connected with Rule 17 a(ii).
13. Difference between 17 a(ii) and 17 (b)?

Rule 17 a(ii) Rule 17 (b)
Not compulsory Compulsory
(may take action) (shall take action)
Required to comply rule 17 (c) Not required to comply rule 17 (c)
(not alter Co. to port) (no restriction to take action)
14. What are Compulsory actions of Stand-on vessel?

- 17 (a)(i) and 17 (b)
15. When you comply Rule 17 (b)? (When you take best aid action?)
- If the distance is so close that collision cannot be avoided by the action of the give-way vessel alone
16. How much is “so close”?

- Generally about 4 to 5 times ship’s length of give-way vessel
17. Can you alter course to port for Rule 17(b)? (Can you reduce speed for “best aid”?)
- Yes.
18. What is the meaning of “as will best aid” (What action is “best aid to avoid collision”?)
- No restriction to alter Co & Spd. Any action to avoid collision which must be correct & successful.
[Increasing speed. Because reducing speed is more difficult for give-way vsl to pass astern of stand-on vsl.]
19. When should stand on vessel not alter course to starboard?

- When approaching the give way vessel at port bow or port quarter very closely.
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20. What will you do if collision is not avoidable?
- Must be manoeuvred to reduce collision effect as much as possible.
- To aim with smaller angle if it is look like large angle.
- To be glancing bow if it is near mid length.
- Bear in mind, to aim rudder hard on the bow toward to impact forward of collision bulkhead to be least
serious.
21. 4 stage of collision? (PDV & PDV) or (VCD & PDV, PDV is own ship / Long range or short range) or (VCD & PDV,
VCD is own ship / long range or short range)
PDV
Collision Point
PDV
PDV & PDV

Stage Distance ROC Action
1 Long range Before ROC Free to take any action
2 5 to 8 miles First begin to apply ROC  16 - G/W vsl required to take early and
(ROC Exit) substantial action. (Alter Co. to Stbd)
 17 a(i) - S/On Vsl shall keep her course
and speed.
3 2 to 3 miles As soon as it become apparent  S/On
G/W vessel is not taking 1. 34 (d) - Give warning signal & check
appropriate action situation carefully.
(ROC Exit) 2. 17 a(ii) - May take action by her
manoeuvre alone.
3. 17 c -Must not alter course to port
for the vsl on her own port side.
(Alter Co. to Stbd, One round turn &
pass astern of give way vessel)
 G/Way vsl
1. 17 d - Is not relieve her obligation to
keep out of the way.
4 Reach appx 4 to 5 So close collision cannot be  17(b) - S/On vsl shall take such action
ship length of Give avoided by the action of G/W as will best aids to avoid collision. (Alter
1/10/2020
way vessel vessel alone Co. to Stbd)

( < 2 to 3 miles ) (CQS)
5. The last point is Collision Point*
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VCD
Collision Point
PDV
VCD & PDV

Stage ROC Situation & Action
1 Before ROC  Free to take any action
( Long Dist )
2 Become ROC LTD  18 (d) : PDV is not to impede vsl & VCD is not to be impeded vsl
( still Long Dist ) For not to impede vsl (PDV)
 8 f(i)
 Any action because b4 ROC exit. (Alter Co. to Stbd)
For not to be impeded vsl (VCD)
 34 (d)
 Carefully check the situation
3 ROC Involve (Exit)  If the light & shape of VCD is not apparent & (when two PDVs are
( 5’ ~ 8’ ) approaching another so as to involve ROC.)
For PDV
 8 f(ii)
 15 : Stand on
 17 a(i)
For VCD
 8 f(iii)
 15 : Give way
 16 (Reduce speed)
4 ROC Involve (Exit) For PDV
( 2’ ~ 3’ )  34 (d), Carefully check the situation
 17 a(ii)
 17 (c) (Alter co to stbd, one round turn and pass astern of VCD)
For VCD
 17 (d)
5 CQS ( Reach appx 4 to 5  17 (b) (PDV) (Alter Co. to Stbd)
ship length of Give way
vessel ) ( < 2’ ~ 3’ )
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PDV
Collision Point
VCD
PDV & VCD

Stage ROC Situation & Action
1 Before ROC  Free to take any action
( Long Dist )
2 Become ROC LTD  18 (d) : PDV is not to impede vsl & VCD is not to be impeded vsl
( still Long Dist ) For not to impede vsl (PDV)
 8 f(i)
 Any action because b4 ROC exit. (Alter Co. to Stbd)
For not to be impeded vsl (VCD)
 34 (d)
 Carefully check the situation
3 ROC Involve (Exit)  If the light & shape of VCD is not apparent & (when two PDVs are
( 5’ ~ 8’ ) approaching another so as to involve ROC.)
For VCD
 8 f(iii)
 15 : Stand on
 17 a(i)
For PDV
 8 f(ii)
 15 : Give way
 16 (Alter Co. to Stbd)
4 ROC Involve (Exit) For VCD
( 2’ ~ 3’ )  34 (d), Carefully check the situation
 17 a(ii)
 17 (c) (Alter speed but prefer to Reduce speed)
For PDV
 17 (d)
5 CQS ( Reach appx 4 to 5  17 (b) (Alter speed but prefer to Reduce speed)
ship length of Give way
vessel ) ( < 2’ ~ 3’ )
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Rule 18
Responsibilities between Vessels
Except where Rules 9, 10 and 13 otherwise require:
(a) A power-driven vessel underway shall keep out of the way of:
(i) a vessel not under command;
(ii) a vessel restricted in her ability to manoeuvre;
(iii) a vessel engaged in fishing;
(iv) a sailing vessel.
(b) A sailing vessel underway shall keep out of the way of:
(ii) a vessel restricted in her ability to manoeuvre;
(iii) a vessel engaged in fishing.
(c) A vessel engaged in fishing when underway shall, so far as possible, keep out of the way of:
(ii) a vessel restricted in her ability to manoeuvre.
(d) (i) Any vessel other than a vessel not under command or a vessel restricted in her ability to manoeuvre
shall, if the circumstances of the case admit, avoid impeding the safe passage of a vessel constrained by
her draught, exhibiting the signals in Rule 28.
(ii) A vessel constrained by her draught shall navigate with particular caution having full regard to her
special condition.
(e) A seaplane on the water shall, in general, keep well clear of all vessels and avoid impeding their navigation. In
circumstances, however, where risk of collision exists, she shall comply with the Rules of this Part.
(f) (i) A WIG craft shall, when taking off, landing and in flight near the surface, keep well clear of all other
vessels and avoid impeding their navigation;
(ii) a WIG craft operating on the water surface shall comply with the Rules of this Part as a power-driven
vessel.
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RULE 18 - Responsibilities between Vessels

1/10/2020
Rule 9, 10, 13 မွ ျပဌ န္်ားထ ်ားတဲ့ တ ဝန္ေတြရွရင္ အဲဒအတ

္ ိုင္်ား လိုက္န ပါမယ္။ မရွခဲ့ရင္ေတ ့ Rule 18 ကို လိုက္န ပါမယ္
(a) PDV underway သည္ NUC, VRM, Fishing, Sailing ေတြကို keep out of he way လိုပ္ေပ်ားရပါမယ္။
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(b) Sailing Vsl underway သည္ NUC, VRM, Fishing ေတြကို keep out of the way လိုပ္ေပ်ားရပါမယ္။
(c) Fishing Vsl underway သည္ NUC, VRM ေတြကို keep out of the way လိုပ္ေပ်ားရပါမယ္။
(d) (i) NUC နွင့္ VRM မွလြ၍

ဲ အျခ ်ားမည္သည့္Vslကမဆို Rule 28 အရ signal ျပထ ်ားေသ VCD ၏ safe passage ကို impede
(ii) VCD သည္ ၎၏ special condition ကို အျပည့္အဝ ထည့္သြင္်ားစဥ္်ားစ ်ားၿပ်ား သတႀက်ားစြ ေမ င္်ားနွင္ရပါမယ္။
(e) ေရျပင္တြင္ သြ ်ားလ ေနေသ seaplane သည္ Vsl အ ်ားလံို်ားကို keep well clear လိုပ္၍ ၎တို႔၏ navigation အ ်ား impede
မလိုပ္ရပါ။ သို႔ေသ ္ အေျခအေနအရ ROC exists ျဖစ္လ လ ွင္ seaplane သည္ Part B Steering & Sailing Rule အတိုင္်ား လိုက္
(f) (i) WIG craft သည္ taking off, landing, in flight near the surface အေျခအေနတြင္ အျခ ်ား Vsl အ ်ားလံို်ားကို keep well
clear လိုပ္၍ ၎တို႔၏ navigation အ ်ား impede မလိုပ္ရပါ။
(ii) ေရျပင္တြင္ သြ ်ားလ ေနေသ WIG craft သည္ PDV အေနျဖင့္ Part B Steering & Sailing Rule အတိုင္်ားလိုက္န ရပါမယ္။
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Rule 18: Responsibilities between Vessels
1. What is Rule 18 (What is title of Rule 18)?

- Responsibilities between vessels
2. “Except where Rule 9, 10 and 13 otherwise require” (Explain Rule 18 1st sentence with models)?
- We must comply If there is any requirement under Rule 9, 10 and 13.
- If no more requirement, we have to comply rule 18.
 As per Rule 9(b)(c) & 10(i)(j), in the Narrow Channel and TSS, Sailing vessel and Vessel engaged in Fishing
must not impede the PDV. (i.e long range)
But when ROC exists (i.e short range), as per Rule 18, PDV must keep out of the way of those vessels.
 Rule 13(a) clearly stated that overtaking vessel must keep out of the way of vessel being overtaken.
So, no need to consider Rule 18.
3. What is override rule and superior rule?

- override rule – R 13 - superior rule – R 9,10 than R 18
4. What is the action in Rule 18?

1/10/2020
- Give-way : take early & substantial action to keep well clear

- Stand-on : keep her course & speed
- Not to impede : take early action to allow sufficient sea-room for the safe passage of not to be impeded vsl
- Not to be impeded vsl : R 34 (d) - Give warning signal & check situation carefully.
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5. Explain Rule 18 (d)?
- Any vessel other than a NUC or VRM must avoid impeding the safe passage of VCD.
- VCD shall navigate with particular caution having full regard to her special condition.
6. What is VCD’s obligation?

- As per Rule 18(d)(ii), VCD shall navigate with particular caution having full regard to her special condition.
7. Own vessel is VCD, as per Rule 18 d(ii), how to navigate with particular caution?
- Make engine standby - When approaching other vessels, try to contact them with VHF, AIS.
- Follow Rule 28 - Give warning signal / wake up signal of Rule 34(d)
- Follow Rule 35 in RV - Follow Rule 8(a) : Change Auto to Manual steering
8. Will VCD keep out of the way of other vessels and how to keep out of the way?
- At any range – As per R 18(d) & 8(a), VCD must keep out of the way of VRM & NUC with observance of good
seamanship.
- At short range – As per R 13, 14, 15 & 18(a), VCD become PDV and keep out of the way of other vessels
with R 16 & 17.
- VCD need to prefer “alteration of speed (reduce speed)” during keeping out of the way of other vessels.
9. Rule 18(d) “if the circumstances of the case admit”?

- One PDV see another PDV at long range in day time. If she able to recognized day signal and know that other
PDV is VCD, she shall not impede the safe passage of VCD and shall take early action to allow sufficient sea
room for the safe passage of VCD.
10. How to take action when two hampered vessels meeting in ROC exit? Who are hampered vessels?
- Hampered vessels : VRM & NUC
- There is no degree of responsibility established between two hampered vessels
- They can take any action to avoid collision
- But, when taking action, alteration of course should preferably with Rules 14, 15, 17(c).
11. Will VRM keep out of the way of other vessels? Give me 3 examples of VRM?
- When VRM and NUC meet and ROC exit, there is no degree of responsibility between them & they can take
any action to avoid collision [but should preferably with Rules 14, 15, 17(c).]
- If VRM overtake other vessel, she must keep out of the way of other vessel as per R 13(a).
- In other situation, as per R 3(g), she is unable to keep out of the way of other vessels.
- 3 examples of VRM = prefer R 3(g) example (i) to (vi).
12. How to take action when NUC and VCD meeting in ROC exit?
1/10/2020
- VCD is power driven vessel, so as per Rule 18(a), she shall keep out of the way of NUC.
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Section III - Conduct of Vessels in Restricted Visibility
Rule 19
Conduct of Vessels in Restricted Visibility
(a) This Rule applies to vessels not in sight of one another when navigating in or near an area of restricted
visibility.
(b) Every vessel shall proceed at a safe speed adapted to the prevailing circumstances and conditions of restricted
visibility. A power-driven vessel shall have engines ready for immediate manoeuvre.
(c) Every vessel shall have due regard to the prevailing circumstances and conditions of restricted visibility when
complying with the Rules of Section I of this Part.
(d) A vessel which detects by radar alone the presence of another vessel shall determine if a closequarters
situation is developing and/or risk of collision exists. If so, she shall take avoiding action in ample time, provided
that when such action consists of an alteration of course, so far as possible the following shall be avoided:
(i) an alteration of course to port for a vessel forward of the beam, other than for a vessel being
overtaken;
(ii) an alteration of course towards a vessel abeam or abaft the beam.
(e) Except where it has been determined that a risk of collision does not exist, every vessel which hears
apparently forward of her beam the fog signal of another vessel, or which cannot avoid a close quarters situation
with another vessel forward of her beam, shall reduce her speed to the minimum at which she can be kept on her
course. She shall if necessary take all her way off and in any event navigate with extreme caution until danger of
collision is over.
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Rule 19 - Conduct of Vessels in Restricted Visibility
(a) RV အတြင္်ား (သို႔မဟိုတ္) RV area အန်ားတြင္ ခိုတ္ေမ င္်ားသြ ်ားလ ေနေသ not in sight of one another ျဖစ္တဲ့ Vsl မ ်ားသည္
Rule 19 ကို လိုက္န ရပါမယ္။
(b) Vsl တိုင္်ားသည္ RV နွင့္ လိုက္ေလ ညေထြရေသ

ွ safe speed ျဖင့္ ခိုတ္ေမ င္်ားသြ ်ားလ ရမည္။ PDV တစ္စ်ားသည္ immediate
manoeuvre လိုပ္နိုင္ရန္ ၎၏ engine ကို ready ထ ်ားရပါမယ္။
(c) Vsl တိုင္်ားသည္ Part B Steering & Sailing Rule ရဲ႕ Section I ကို လိုက္န အသံို်ားျပဳေနရင္်ား prevailing circumstances သည္
RV လဲ ျဖစ္သြ ်ားႏိုင္သည္ဆိုေသ သတႀက်ားစြ ထ ်ားရပါမယ္။
(d) Vsl တစ္စ်ားသည္ RV ထဲတြင္ Radar တစ္မ ဳ်ားထဲျဖင့္ သြ ်ားေနလ ွင္ close-quarter situation ရွမရွ၊ ROC exists ျဖစ္မျဖစ္
ဆံို်ားျဖတ္ရမည္။ ရွခဲ့လ ွင္ ample time အတြင္်ား avoiding action ယူရမည္။ ယူေသ action တြင္ alteration of course ပါခဲလ
့ ွင္
တတ္ႏိုင္သမ ွ ေအ က္ပါတို႔ကို ေရွ င္ရမည္။
1/10/2020
(i) မမေက ္တက္ေနေသ Vsl မွလြ၍

ဲ fwd of the beam ရွ Vsl အတြက္ ဘယ္ဘက္သို႔ မေကြ႕ရပါ။
(ii) မမရဲ႕ abeam or abaft the beam ရွ Vsl အတြက္ ၎Vsl ရွရ ဘက္သို႔ မေကြ႕ရပါ။
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(e) ROC မရွဘူ်ားလို႔ ဆံို်ားျဖတ္ၿပ်ားေသ အေျခအေနမွလြ၍
ဲ မမ၏ fwd of the beam မွ အျခ ်ား Vsl တစ္စ်ား၏ fog signal ကို ၾက ်ားလ ွင္
ေသ ္လည္်ားေက င္်ား၊ မမ၏ fwd of the beam ရွ အျခ ်ားVsl တစ္စ်ားနွင့္ close-quarter situation ကို မေရွ င္ရွ ်ားႏိုင္လ ွင္ေသ ္လည္
်ားေက င္်ား မမ၏ course ကို ထန္်ားႏိုင္သည္အထ speed ကို အနည္်ားဆံို်ား ပမ ဏသ႔ို ေလ ွ ႔ခ ရပါမယ္။ လိုအပ္လ ွင္ take all way off
လိုပ္ရပါမယ္။ ၎အခ န္မွစ၍ danger of collision မရွေတ ့သည္အထ extreme caution ျဖင့္ ေမ င္်ားနွင္ရပါမယ္။
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Rule 19: Conduct of Vessels in Restricted Visibility
1. Under what situations we should use Rule 19? (Which vessel comply Rule 19?)
- not in sight of one another
- in or near an area of RV
2. What sections and rules you should comply in RV?

- Part B - Section I (Rule 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10) and Section III (Rule 19)
- Part C - (Rule 20) & Lights
- Part D - (Rule 35)
3. What is ‘not in sight of one another ‘?

- Answer Rule 3 (k) & then,
- Not insight of one another means the condition other than Rule 3(k).
4. How much visibility in RV?

- We need to reference to company SMS (checklist).
- [ Less than 5 NM ]
5. How to navigate in RV?

- We shall proceed at a safe speed adapted to the prevailing circumstances and conditions of RV and
- We must have due regard to the RV when we are complying with the Rules of Section I of Part B.
6. How do you understand “safe speed adapted to the prevailing circumstances and conditions of RV”?
- State of visibility varies depending on the density of Restricted Visibility. So, we should also maintain
appropriate safe speed with the density of RV.
- Refer to Rule 6(a) Factors.
7. Difference between Rule 6 and Rule 19 safe speed? Will you comply Rule 6 during complying Rule 19, Why?
- Rule 6 safe speed – to keep at all times to take proper and effective action
- Rule 19 (b) safe speed– to keep in RV and to have engine stand by, ready for immediate manoeuvre
8. Rule 19 (c) “due regard”? (Explain Rule 19 (c))?

We must have due regard to the RV when we are complying with the Rules of Section I of Part B.
1/10/2020
- As per Rule 5, we keep proper lookout, but we may need to keep extra lookout and more emphasize on
hearing if situation becomes RV.
- As per Rule 6, we keep safe speed, but we may need to keep engine stand by for immediate manoeuvre if
situation becomes RV. 82
- As per Rule 7, we check ROC by all available means, but we can check ROC by radar bearing alone if situation
become RV.
- As per Rule 8, we take avoiding action which is large enough to be readily apparent to another vessel
observing visually or by radar, but another vessel can observed by radar alone in RV.
- As per Rule 9, we keep outer limit of NC as is safe and practicable, but our speed has been reduced in RV
and we must aware of the change of maneuvering characteristics and keep more distance to outer limit.
- As per Rule 10, we keep clear of a separation line or zone, but our speed has been reduced in RV and we
must aware of the change of maneuvering characteristics and keep more clear of separation line or zone.
9. What is this situation in RV? Are there head-on, crossing, overtaking situation in RV? Why?
PDV
- If I am using radar alone,
I will check the ROC and CQS and if so, I will take avoiding action in ample time.
- No. Because head-on, crossing, overtaking situations are used in sight of one another.
PDV
10. Rule 19 (d) explain?

- A vessel which detects by radar alone shall determine CQS is developing and/or ROC exit.
- If so, she shall take avoiding action in ample time
- When such action consists of an alteration of course, the followings shall be avoided:
 Alteration of course to port for a vessel forward of the beam, other than for a vessel being overtaken
 Alteration of course towards a vessel abeam or abaft the beam
11. Rule 19 (d) “radar alone”?

- Detect by radar only (without sighting visually or hearing fog signal)
- if sighting visually: comply Part B, Section II
- if hearing fog signal: comply Rule 19 (e)
12. In RV, radar is not operational, what is called this situation? (In RV, you are navigation with radar alone, what
is called this condition?
- Blind pilotage : means the navigation of the ship in restricted visibility with no resource of visual observation
of objects outside the vessels. (with radar only)
13. What is close quarters situation in RV?

- CQS means –
- One vessel is approaching dangerously to another vessel
- The action of one vessel may not be able to avoid ROC
- Distance depend on the (1) approaching direction and (2) rate
 CQS in sight of one another = Approximately 4 to 5 ship length of a vessel (Approximately - 1’)
1/10/2020
(ie. turning circle)

 CQS in RV = Approximately - 2’
(i.e. Audible range of whistle)
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14. Rule 19 (d) “if so”? (Before taking action 19(d)(i)(ii), what will you determine?)
- CQS developing or ROC exist or CQS developing & ROC exist
15. Rule 19(d) “ample time”? What is the meaning of “avoiding action in ample time”?
- The time not yet reach to CQS.
16. In Rule 19 (d), describe two ‘Do’ Items & two ‘Don’t’ Items? What shall you do before Rule 19 d(i) & d(ii)?
- Do : (1) Determine CQS is developing and/or ROC exit.
: (2) If so, take avoiding action in ample time
- Don’t : (1) Not alter course to port for the vsl forward of the beam other than for a vsl being overtaken
: (2) Not Alter course toward the vsl abeam or abaft the beam.
17. Rule 19 (e) explain? (In RV, when will you reduce speed to minimum?)
- In RV, if we have not determined that there is no ROC, when
(1) we hear fog signal apparently fwd of the beam or
(2) we cannot avoid CQS with fwd of the beam vessel,
we must reduce speed to the minimum at which we can be kept on course
or if necessary, take all way off with extreme caution until danger of collision is over.
18. What is the meaning of “if necessary” in Rule 19 (e)?

- If sound signal is more and more near. [ If required, answer more……….
19. When will you take all way off?

- We have to take all way off when
 first time heard signal in close proximity
 signal from dead ahead
 signal from narrowing/fine bow
 vessel seen loom out of fog but her course not apparent
 anchor signal and tide set towards anchor vessel
 fog signal of Morse code “D”
20. Why you cannot determine ROC exits or not in Rule 19 (e)? Why you can’t determine position & movement of
other vessel in RV?
- Because I can hear only sound signal in RV. This sound signal also may be misleading.
- And also, I cannot see any target on radar screen. So, I cannot determine the position & movement of other
vessel.
- Therefore, I cannot determine ROC exit or not.
21. If ROC does not exist in Rule 19(e), how will you navigate?
1/10/2020
- Navigate with extreme caution in any events.
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22. Rule 19 (e) Extreme caution? You hear 2 prolonged blast, what action you shall not do in extreme caution and
why?
- Extreme caution means-
 Not alter course if I cannot determine the position and movement of other vessel
 Not alter course even her sound signal change to 2 prolong blast
 I am aware that sound signal in RV may be misleading
 I will make radar observations, listening her fog signal and assess the situation carefully, Check the
AIS, try to call her on VHF, Sir.
23. In RV, you heard 1 prolong blast forward of the beam, there is no target on your radar, action? Why do you
reduce speed after hearing 1 prolonged blast?
(1) I have not determined that there is no ROC. So, according to Rule 19(e), I shall reduce my speed to
minimum at which I can be kept on my course or if necessary take all way off.
(2) After take all way off, I change my sound signal to 2 prolonged blasts.
(3) Then, I will navigate with extreme caution that means
 not alter course if I cannot determine the position and movement of other vessel
 not alter course even her sound signal change to 2 prolonged blasts
 I am aware that sound signal in RV may be misleading
 I will make radar observations, listening her fog signal and assess the situation carefully, check AIS and
try to call her on VHF.
(4) After get communication with her, exchange information for both positions & I know that she is on my
port bow.
(5) Then, I inform my intention that I will manoeuvre & she stop.
(6) After receive agreement, I will put my engines ahead, make bold alteration to starboard and change my
sound signal back to 1 prolonged blast.
(7) As per Rule 8(d), I will check effectiveness of my action & navigate carefully until she is finally passed &
clear.
(8) After finally passed and clear I will resume my course, Sir.
24. When will you determine ROC does not exist after hearing sound signal?
- ROC does not exist if
 Fog signal from being overtaken vessel
 Fog signal from overtaking vessel
 Fog signal from vessel coming down in opposite lane of TSS or correct side of NC
25. Rule 19 (e) danger of collision is over?

- One vessel is proceeding and sound signal is getting far away. No more ROC.
26. Preparation for entering RV?

(1) Keep proper lookout & post extra lookout (R 5 & 19 c)
1/10/2020
(2) Stand by engine & proceed at safe speed (R 6 & 19 b)

(3) Switch on radar & check ROC & CQS by radar (R 7 & 19 d)
(4) Switch Auto-to-Manual steering (R 8)
(5) Switch on navigation lights (R 20)
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(6) Make sound signal (R 35)
* CALL MASTER *
27. Where to post extra look out?

- At forecastle deck (for early hearing)
- If weather not permitted, at bridge wing
28. Difference between Rule 8 (e) – take all way off & Rule 19 (e) – take all way off?
- Rule 8 (e) – take all way off = we know that ROC exit and to avoid this ROC.
- Rule 19 (e) – take all way off = we have not determined that there is no ROC exit.
29. Last minute option in Rule 19 (e)?

- If take all way off & reversing engine, we need to keep in mind Delay factor.
- If the imminent danger is unavoidable, bear in mind, to aim rudder hard on the bow toward to impact forward
of collision bulkhead to be least serious.
 Delay factor
 Loss of steerage way
 Transverse Thrust may off course the vessel
 Wind effect change since pivot point has change
 Shallow water effect become more pronounce
Explain with Model
1) Rule 2 (b),
2) Rule 7 (d) (i),(ii)
3) Rule 7 (Open Brg, Close Brg, Steady Brg)
4) Rule 8 (f) (i),(ii),(iii)
5) Rule 9 (e) (i),(ii)
6) Rule 10 (Through going vessel has no right of Way)
7) Rule 13 (c)
8) Rule 13 (d)
9) Rule 17 4 Stages (VCD & PDV, PDV & PDV)
10) Rule 18 1st Sentence “Except where Rule 9, 10 and 13 otherwise require”
1/10/2020
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PART C - LIGHTS AND SHAPES
Rule 20
Application
(a) Rules in this Part shall be complied with in all weathers.
(b) The Rules concerning lights shall be complied with from sunset to sunrise, and during such times no other
lights shall be exhibited, except such lights as cannot be mistaken for the lights specified in these Rules or do not
impair their visibility or distinctive character, or interfere with the keeping of a proper look-out.
(c) The lights prescribed by these Rules shall, if carried, also be exhibited from sunrise to sunset in restricted
visibility and may be exhibited in all other circumstances when it is deemed necessary.
(d) The Rules concerning shapes shall be complied with by day.
(e) The lights and shapes specified in these Rules shall comply with the provisions of Annex I to these Regulations.
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Rule 21
Definitions
(a) 'Masthead light' means a white light placed over the fore and aft centerline of the vessel showing an unbroken
light over an arc of the horizon of 225 degrees and so fixed as to show the light from right ahead to 22.5 degrees
abaft the beam on either side of the vessel.
(b) 'Sidelights' means a green light on the starboard side and a red light on the port side each showing an
unbroken light over an arc of the horizon of 112.5 degrees and so fixed as to show the light from right ahead to
22.5 degrees abaft the beam on its respective side. In a vessel of less than 20 meters in length the sidelights may
be combined in one lantern carried on the fore and aft centreline of the vessel.
(c) 'Sternlight' means a white light placed as nearly as practicable at the stern showing an unbroken light over an
arc of the horizon of 135 degrees and so fixed as to show the light 67.5 degrees from right aft on each side of the
vessel.
(d) 'Towing light' means a yellow light having the same characteristics as the 'sternlight' defined in paragraph(c)
of this Rule.
(e) 'All round light' means a light showing an unbroken light over an arc of the horizon of 360 degrees.
(f) 'Flashing light' means a light flashing at regular intervals at a frequency of 120 flashes or more per minute.
1/10/2020
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Rule 22
Visibility of Lights
The lights prescribed in these Rules shall have an intensity as specified in Section 8 Annex I to these Regulation so
as to be visible at the following minimum ranges:
(a) In vessels of 50 metres or more in length:
- a masthead light, 6 miles;
- a sidelight, 3 miles;
- a sternlight, 3 miles;
- a towing light, 3 miles;
- a white, red, green or yellow all-round light, 3 miles.
(b) In vessels of 12 metres or more in length but less than 50 m in length:
- a masthead light, 5 miles; except that where the length of the vessel is less than 20 meters, 3 miles;
- a sidelight, 2 miles;
- a sternlight, 2 miles;
(c) In vessels of less than 12 metres in length:

1/10/2020
- a masthead light, 2 miles,
- a sidelight, 1 mile,
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- a sternlight, 2 miles,
(d) In inconspicuous, partly submerged vessels or objects being towed; a white allround light, 3 miles.
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Rule 23
Power-driven Vessels underway
(a) A power-driven vessel underway shall exhibit:

(i) a masthead light forward;
(ii) a second masthead light abaft of and higher than the forward one; except that a vessel of less than
50 meters in length shall not be obliged to exhibit such light but may do so;
(iii) sidelights;
(iv) a sternlight.
(b) An air-cushion vessel when operating in the non-displacement mode shall, in addition to the lights prescribed
in paragraph (a) of this Rule exhibit an all-round flashing yellow light.
(c) A WIG craft only when taking off, landing and in flight near the surface shall, in addition to the lights
prescribed in paragraph (a) of this Rule, exhibit a high intensity all-round flashing red light.
(d) (i) A power-driven vessel of less than 12 meters in length may in lieu of the lights prescribed in paragraph
(a) of this Rule exhibit an all-round white light and sidelights:
(ii) a power-driven vessel of less than 7 meters in length whose maximum speed does not exceed 7 knots
may in lieu of the lights prescribed in paragraph (a) of this Rule exhibit an all-round white light and shall,
if practicable, also exhibit sidelights;
(iii) the masthead light or all-round white light on a power-driven vessel of less than 12 meters in length
may be displaced from the fore and aft centreline of the vessel if centreline fitting is not practicable,
provided that the sidelights are combined in one lantern which shall be carried on the fore and aft
centreline of the vessel or located as nearly as practicable in the same fore and aft line as the masthead
light or the all-round white light.
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Rule 24
Towing and Pushing
(a) A power-driven vessel when towing shall exhibit:

(i) instead of the light prescribed in Rule 23(a)(i) or (a)(ii), two masthead lights in a vertical line. When
the length of the tow, measuring from the stern of the towing vessel to the after end of the tow exceeds
200 metres, three such lights in a vertical line;
(ii) sidelights;
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(iii) a sternlight;
(iv) a towing light in a vertical line above the sternlight;
(v) when the length of the tow exceeds 200 metres, a diamond shape where it can best be seen.
89
(b) When a pushing vessel and a vessel being pushed ahead are rigidly connected in a composite unit they shall
be regarded as a power-driven vessel and exhibit the lights prescribed in Rule 23.
(c) A power-driven vessel when pushing ahead or towing alongside, except in the case of a composite unit, shall
exhibit:
(i) instead of the light prescribed in Rule 23(a)(i) or (a)(ii), two masthead lights in a vertical line;
(ii) sidelights;
(iii) a sternlight.
(d) A power-driven vessel to which paragraph (a) or (c) of this Rule applies shall also comply with Rule 23(a)(ii).
(e) A vessel or object being towed, other than those mentioned in paragraph (g) of this Rule, shall exhibit:
(i) sidelights;
(ii) a sternlight;
(iii) when the length of the tow exceeds 200 metres, a diamond shape where it can best be seen.
(f) Provided that any number of vessels being towed alongside or pushed in a group shall be lighted as one
vessel,
(i) a vessel being pushed ahead, not being part of a composite unit, shall exhibit at the forward end,
sidelights;
(ii) a vessel being towed alongside shall exhibit a sternlight and at the forward end, sidelights.
(g) An inconspicuous, partly submerged vessel or object, or combination of such vessels or objects being towed,
shall exhibit:
(i) if it is less than 25 metres in breadth, one all-round white light at or near the forward end and one at
or near the after end except that dracones need not exhibit a light at or near the forward end;
(ii) if it is 25 metres or more in breadth, two additional all-round white lights at or near the extremities of
its breadth;
(iii) if it exceeds 100 metres in length, additional all-round white lights between the lights prescribed in
sub-paragraphs (i) and (ii) so that the distance between the lights shall not exceed 100 metres;
(iv) a diamond shape at or near the after most extremity of the last vessel or object being towed and if
the length of the tow exceeds 200 metres an additional diamond shape where it can best be seen and
located as far forward as is practicable.
(h) Where from any sufficient cause it is impracticable for a vessel or object being towed to exhibit the lights or
shapes prescribed in paragraph (e) or (g) of this Rule, all possible measures shall be taken to light the vessel or
object towed or at least to indicate the presence of such vessel or object.
(i) Where from any sufficient cause it is impracticable for a vessel not normally engaged in towing operations to
display the lights prescribed in paragraph (a) or (c) of this Rule, such vessel shall not be required to exhibit those
lights when engaged in towing another vessel in distress or otherwise in need of assistance. All possible measures
shall be taken to indicate the nature of the relationship between the towing vessel and the vessel being towed as
authorized by Rule 36, in particular by illuminating the towline.
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Rule 25
Sailing Vessels underway and Vessels under Oars
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(a) A sailing vessel underway shall exhibit:

(i) sidelights;
(ii) a sternlight.
90
(b) In a sailing vessel of less than 20 metres in length the lights prescribed in paragraph (a) of this Rule may be
combined in one lantern carried at or near the top of the mast where it can best be seen.
(c) A sailing vessel underway may, in addition to the lights prescribed in paragraph (a) of this Rule, exhibit at or
near the top of the mast, where they can best be seen, two all-round lights in a vertical line, the upper being red
and the lower green, but these lights shall not be exhibited in conjunction with the combined lantern permitted by
paragraph (b) of this Rule.
(d) (i) A sailing vessel of less than 7 metres in length shall, if practicable, exhibit the lights prescribed in
paragraph (a) or (b) of this Rule, but if she does not, she shall have ready at hand an electric torch or
lighted lantern showing a white light which shall be exhibited in sufficient time to prevent collision.
(ii) A vessel under oars may exhibit the lights prescribed in this Rule for sailing vessels, but if she does
not, she shall have ready at hand an electric torch or lighted lantern showing a white light which shall be
exhibited in sufficient time to prevent collision.
(e) A vessel proceeding under sail when also being propelled by machinery shall exhibit forward where it can best
be seen a conical shape, apex down wards.
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Rule 26
Fishing Vessels
(a) A vessel engaged in fishing, whether underway or at anchor, shall exhibit only the lights and shapes
prescribed in this Rule.
(b) A vessel when engaged in trawling, by which is meant the dragging through the water of a dredge net or
other apparatus used as a fishing appliance, shall exhibit:
(i) two all-round lights in a vertical line, the upper being green and the lower white, or a shape consisting
of two cones with their apexes together in a vertical line one above the other;
(ii) a masthead light abaft of and higher than the all-round green light; a vessel of less than 50 metres in
length shall not be obliged to exhibit such a light but may do so;
(iii) when making way through the water, in addition to the lights prescribed in this paragraph, sidelights
and a sternlight.
(c) A vessel engaged in fishing, other than trawling, shall exhibit:
(i) two all-round lights in a vertical line, the upper being red and the lower white, or a shape consisting of
two cones with apexes together in a vertical line one above the other;
(ii) when there is outlying gear extending more than 150 metres horizontally from the vessel, an all-round
white light or a cone apex upwards in the direction of the gear;
and a sternlight.
(d) The additional signals described in Annex II to these Regulations apply to a vessel engaged in fishing in close
proximity to other vessels engaged in fishing.
(e) A vessel when not engaged in fishing shall not exhibit the lights or shapes prescribed in this Rule, but only
those prescribed for a vessel of her length.
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Rule 27
Vessels not under Command or Restricted in their Ability to Manoeuvre
(a) A vessel not under command shall exhibit: 91

(i) two all-round red lights in a vertical line where they can best be seen;
(ii) two balls or similar shapes in a vertical line where they can best be seen;
and a sternlight.
(b) A vessel restricted in her ability to manoeuvre, except a vessel engaged in mineclearance operations, shall
exhibit:
(i) three all-round lights in a vertical line where they can best be seen. The highest and lowest of these
lights shall be red and the middle light shall be white;
(ii) three shapes in a vertical line where they can best be seen. The highest and lowest of these shapes
shall be balls and the middle one a diamond;
(iii) when making way through the water, a masthead light or lights, sidelights and a sternlight in addition
to the lights prescribed in subparagraph (i);
(iv) when at anchor, in addition to the lights or shapes prescribed in sub-paragraphs (i) and (ii), the light,
lights or shape prescribed in Rule 30.
(c) A power-driven vessel engaged in a towing operation such as severely restricts the towing vessel and her tow
in their ability to deviate from their course shall, in addition to the lights or shapes prescribed in Rule 24(a),
exhibit the lights or shapes prescribed in sub-paragraphs (b)(i) and (ii) of this Rule.
(d) A vessel engaged in dredging or underwater operations, when restricted in her ability to manoeuvre, shall
exhibit the lights and shapes prescribed in sub-paragraphs (b) (i),(ii) and (iii) of this Rule and shall in addition,
when an obstruction exists, exhibit:
(i) two all-round red lights or two balls in a vertical line to indicate the side on which the obstruction
exists;
(ii) two all-round green lights or two diamonds in a vertical line to indicate the side on which another
vessel may pass;
(iii) when at anchor, the lights or shapes prescribed in this paragraph instead of the lights or shape
prescribed in Rule 30.
(e) Whenever the size of a vessel engaged in diving operations makes it impracticable to exhibit all lights and
shapes prescribed in paragraph (d) of this Rule, the following shall be exhibited:
(i) three all-round lights in a vertical line where they can best be seen. The highest and lowest of these
lights shall be red and the middle light shall be white;
(ii) a rigid replica of the International Code flag "A" not less than 1 metre in height. Measures shall be
taken to ensure its all-round visibility.
(f) A vessel engaged in mineclearance operations shall in addition to the lights prescribed for a power-driven
vessel in Rule 23 or to the lights or shape prescribed for a vessel at anchor in Rule 30 as appropriate, exhibit
three all-round green lights or three balls. One of these lights or shapes shall be exhibited near the foremast head
and one at each end of the fore yard. These lights or shapes indicate that it is dangerous for another vessel to
approach within 1000 metres of the mineclearance vessel.
(g) Vessels of less than 12 metres in length, except those engaged in diving operations, shall not be required to
exhibit the lights and shapes prescribed in this Rule.
(h) The signals prescribed in this Rule are not signals of vessels in distress and requiring assistance. Such signals
are contained in Annex IV to these Regulations.
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Rule 28
Vessel constrained by their draught
A vessel constrained by her draught may, in addition to the lights prescribed for power-driven vessels in rule 23,
exhibit where they can best be seen three all-round red lights in a vertical line, or a cylinder.
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Rule 29
Pilot Vessels
(a) A vessel engaged on pilotage duty shall exhibit:

(i) at or near the masthead, two all-round lights in a vertical line, the upper being white and the lower
red;
(ii) when underway, in addition, sidelight and a sternlight;
(iii) when at anchor, in addition to the lights prescribed in subparagraph (i), the light, lights or shape
prescribed in Rule 30 for vessels at anchor.
(b) A pilot vessel when not engaged on pilotage duty shall exhibit the lights or shapes prescribed for a similar
vessel of her length.
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Rule 30
Anchored Vessels and Vessels aground
(a) A vessel at anchor shall exhibit where it can best be seen:

(i) in the fore part, an all-round white light or one ball;
(ii) at or near the stern and at a lower level than the light prescribed in sub-paragraph (i), an all-round
white light
(b) A vessel of less than 50 metres in length may exhibit an all-round white light where it can best be seen
instead of the lights prescribed in paragraph (a) of this Rule.
(c) A vessel at anchor may, and a vessel of 100 metres and more in length shall, also use the available working or
equivalent lights to illuminate her decks.
(d) A vessel aground shall exhibit the lights prescribed in paragraph (a) or (b) of this Rule and in addition, where
they can best be seen:
(i) two all-round red lights in a vertical line;
(ii) three balls in a vertical line.
(e) A vessel of less than 7 metres in length, when at anchor, not in or near a narrow channel, fairway or
anchorage, or where other vessels normally navigate, shall not be required to exhibit the lights or shape
prescribed in paragraphs (a), (b) of this Rule.
(f) A vessel of less than 12 metres in length, when aground, shall not be required to exhibit the lights or shapes
prescribed in sub-paragraphs (d)(i) and (ii) of this Rule.
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Rule 31
Seaplanes
Where it is impracticable for a seaplane or a WIG craft to exhibit lights and shapes of the characteristics or in the
positions prescribed in the Rules of this Part she shall exhibit lights and shapes as closely similar in characteristics
and position as is possible.
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PART D - SOUND AND LIGHT SIGNALS
Rule 32
Definitions
(a) The word 'whistle' means any sound signalling appliance capable of producing the prescribed blasts and which
complies with the specifications in Annex III to these Regulations.
(b) The term 'short blast' means a blast of about one second's duration.
(c) The term 'prolonged blast' means a blast of from four to six second's duration.
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Rule 33
Equipment for Sound Signals
(a) A vessel of 12 metres or more in length shall be provided with a whistle, a vessel of 20 metres or more in
length shall be provided with a bell in addition to a whistle, and a vessel of 100 metres or more in length shall, in
addition, be provided with a gong, the tone and sound of which cannot be confused with that of the bell. The
whistle, bell and gong shall comply with the specification in Annex III to these Regulations. The bell or gong or
both may be replaced by other equipment having the same respective sound characteristics, provided that
manual sounding of the required signals shall always be possible.
(b) A vessel of less than 12 metres in length shall not be obliged to carry the sound signalling appliances
prescribed in paragraph (a) of this Rule but if she does not, she shall be provided with some other means of
making an efficient sound signal.
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Rule 34
Manoeuvring and Warning Signals
(a) When vessels are in sight of one another, a power-driven vessel underway, when manoeuvring as authorized
or required by these Rules, shall indicate that manoeuvre by the following signals on her whistle:
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- one short blast to mean 'I am altering my course to starboard ';
- two short blasts to mean 'I am altering my course to port ';
- three short blasts to mean 'I am operating astern propulsion'.

94
(b) Any vessel may supplement the whistle signals prescribed in paragraph (a) of this Rule by light signals,
repeated as appropriate, whilst the manoeuvre is being carried out:
(i) these light signals shall have the following significance:
- one flash to mean 'I am altering my course to starboard ';
- two flashes to mean 'I am altering my course to port ';
- three flashes to mean 'I am operating astern propulsion';
(ii) the duration of each flash shall be about one second, the interval between flashes shall be about one second,
and the interval between successive signals shall be not less than ten seconds;
(iii) the light used for this signals shall, if fitted, be an all-round white light, visible at a minimum range of 5 miles
and shall comply with the provisions of Annex I to these Regulations.
(c) When in sight of one another in a narrow channel or fairway:
(i) a vessel intending to overtake another shall in compliance with Rule 9(e) (i) indicate her intention by the
following signals on her whistle :
- two prolonged blasts followed by one short blast to mean 'I intend to overtake you on your starboard
side';
- two prolonged blasts followed by two short blasts to mean 'I intend to overtake you on your port side';
(ii) the vessel about to be overtaken when acting in accordance with Rule 9(e)(i) shall indicate her agreement by
the following signal on her whistle:
- one prolonged, one short, one prolonged and one short blast, in that order.
(d) When vessels in sight of one another are approaching each other and from any cause either vessel fails to
understand the intentions or actions of the other, or is in doubt whether sufficient action is being taken by the other
to avoid collision, the vessel in doubt shall immediately indicate such doubt by giving at least five short and rapid
blasts on the whistle. Such signal may be supplemented by a light signal of at least five short and rapid flashes.
(e) A vessel nearing a bend or an area of a channel or fairway where other vessels may be obscured by an
intervening obstruction shall sound one prolonged blast. Such signal shall be answered with a prolonged blast by
any approaching vessel that may be within hearing around the bend or behind the intervening obstruction.
(f) If whistles are fitted on a vessel at a distance apart of more than 100 metres, one whistle only shall be used
for giving manoeuvring and warning signals.
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Rule 35 95
Sound Signals in restricted Visibility
In or near an area of restricted visibility, whether by day or night, the signals prescribed in this Rule shall be used
as follows:
(a) A power-driven vessel making way through the water shall sound at intervals of not more than 2 minutes one
prolonged blast.
(b) A power-driven vessel underway but stopped and making no way through the water shall sound at intervals of
not more than 2 minutes two prolonged blasts in succession with an interval of about 2 seconds between them.
(c) A vessel not under command, a vessel restricted in her ability to manoeuvre, a vessel constrained by her
draught, a sailing vessel, a vessel engaged in fishing and a vessel engaged in towing or pushing another vessel
shall, instead of the signals prescribed in paragraphs (a) or (b) of this Rule sound at intervals of not more than 2
minutes three blasts in succession, namely one prolonged followed by two short blasts.
(d) A vessel engaged in fishing, when at anchor, and a vessel restricted in her ability to manoeuvre when carrying
out her work at anchor, shall instead of the signals prescribed in paragraph (g) of this Rule sound the signal
prescribed in paragraph (c) of this Rule.
(e) A vessel towed or if more than one vessel is towed the last vessel of the tow, if manned, shall at intervals of
not more than 2 minutes sound four blasts in succession, namely one prolonged followed by three short blasts.
When practicable, this signal shall be made immediately after the signal made by the towing vessel.
(f) When a pushing vessel and a vessel being pushed ahead are rigidly connected in a composite unit they shall
be regarded as a power-driven vessel and shall give the signals prescribed in paragraphs (a) or (b) of this Rule.
(g) A vessel at anchor shall at intervals of not more than one minute ring the bell rapidly for about 5 seconds. In a
vessel of 100 metres or more in length the bell shall be sounded in the forepart of the vessel and immediately after
the ringing of the bell the gong shall be sounded rapidly for about 5 seconds in the after part of the vessel. A vessel
at anchor may in addition sound three blasts in succession, namely one short, one prolonged and one short blast,
to give warning of her position and of the possibility of collision to an approaching vessel.
(h) A vessel aground shall give the bell signal and if required the gone signal prescribed in paragraph (g) of this
Rule and shall, in addition, give three separate and distinct strokes on the bell immediately before and after the
rapid ringing of the bell. A vessel aground may in addition sound an appropriate whistle signal.
(i) A vessel of 12 metres or more but less than 20 metres in length shall not be obliged to give the bell signals
prescribed in paragraphs (g) and (h) of this Rule. However, if she does not, she shall make some other efficient
sound signal at intervals of not more than 2 minutes.
(j) A vessel of less than 12 metres in length shall not be obliged to give the abovementioned signals but, if she
does not, shall make some other efficient sound signal at intervals of not more than 2 minutes.
(k) A pilot vessel when engaged on pilotage duty may in addition to the signals prescribed in paragraphs (a), (b)
or (g) of this Rule sound an identity signal consisting of four short blasts.
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Rule 36
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Signals to attract Attention
If necessary to attract the attention of another vessel any vessel may make light or sound signals that cannot be
mistaken for any signal authorized elsewhere in these Rules, or may direct the beam of her searchlight in the
direction of the danger, in such a way as not to embarrass any vessel. Any light to attract the attention of another
vessel shall be such that it cannot be mistaken for any aid to navigation. For the purpose of this Rule the use of
high intensity intermittent or revolving lights, such as strove lights, shall be avoided.
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Rule 37
Distress Signals
When a vessel is in distress and requires assistance she shall use or exhibit the signals described in Annex IV to
these Regulations.
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PART E - EXEMPTIONS
Rule 38
Exemptions
Any vessel (or class of vessels) provided that she complies with the requirements of the International Regulations
for Preventing Collisions at Sea, 1960, the keel of which is laid or which is at a corresponding stage of
construction before the entry into force of these Regulations may be exempted from compliance therewith as
follows:
(a) The installation of lights with ranges prescribed in Rule 22, until four years after the date of entry into force of
these Regulations.
(b) The installation of lights with colour specifications as prescribed in Section 7 of Annex I to these Regulations,
until four years after the date of entry into force of these Regulations.
(c) The repositioning of lights as a result of conversion from Imperial to metric units and rounding off
measurement figures, permanent exemption.
(d) (i) The repositioning of masthead lights on vessels of less than 150 meters in length, resulting from the
prescriptions of Section 3(a) of Annex I to these Regulations, permanent exemption.
(ii) The repositioning of masthead lights on vessels of 150 meters or more in length, resulting from the
prescriptions of Section 3(a) of Annex I to these Regulations, until nine years after the date of entry into
force of these Regulations.
(e) The repositioning of masthead lights resulting from the prescriptions of Section 2(b) of Annex I to these
Regulations, until nine years after the date of entry into force of these Regulations.
(f) The repositioning of sidelights resulting from the prescriptions of Sections 2(g) and 3(b) of Annex I to these
Regulations, until nine years after the date of entry into force of these Regulations.
(g) The requirements for sound signal appliances prescribed in Annex III to these regulations, until nine years
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after the date of entry into force of these Regulations.

(h) The repositioning of all-round lights resulting from the prescription of Section 9(b) of Annex I to these
Regulations, permanent exemption.
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PART F - Verification of compliance with the provisions of the Convention
Rule 39
Definitions
(a) Audit means a systematic, independent and documented process for obtaining audit evidence and evaluating
it objectively to determine the extent to which audit criteria are fulfilled.
(b) Audit Scheme means the IMO Member State Audit Scheme established by the Organization and taking into
account the guidelines developed by the Organization*.
(c) Code for Implementation means the IMO Instruments Implementation Code (III Code) adopted by the
Organization by resolution A.1070(28).
(d) Audit Standard means the Code for Implementation.
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Rule 40
Application
Contracting Parties shall use the provisions of the Code for Implementation in the execution of their obligations
and responsibilities contained in the present Convention.
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Rule 41
Verification of compliance
(a) Every Contracting Party shall be subject to periodic audits by the Organization in accordance with the audit
standard to verify compliance with and implementation of the present Convention.
(b) The Secretary-General of the Organization shall have responsibility for administering the Audit Scheme, based
on the guidelines developed by the Organization.
(c) Every Contracting Party shall have responsibility for facilitating the conduct of the audit and implementation of
a programme of actions to address the findings, based on the guidelines developed by the Organization.
(d) Audit of all Contracting Parties shall be:
(i) based on an overall schedule developed by the Secretary-General of the Organization, taking into
account the guidelines developed by the Organization; and
(ii) conducted at periodic intervals, taking into account the guidelines developed by the Organization.
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Other rules ( Rule 20 ~ 41 )
1. Read out/Explain Rule 20, 21, 22, 36, 37? 98

2. When will you exhibit “light”? Rule 20 (b), (c)

 From sunset to sunrise / From sunrise to sunset in RV / When it is deemed necessary
3. Can you display “shape” in night time? Rule 20 (d)

 No, Sir. Shape is used as day signal.
4. What is “Unbroken Light”?

 Continuous light, able to see within prescribe sector, without obscuring.
5. What is the light range of length over 50m vessel? It is minimum or maximum?
L ≥ 50 L ≥ 20 L ≥ 12 L
MHL 6 5 3 2
SL 3 2 2 1
St L 3 2 2 2
TL 3 2 2 2
W, R, G or Y (A R L) 3 2 2 2
Inconspicuous partly submerged vessels or objects being towed White all round light, 3’
 Minimum Range
6. Air cushion vessel additional light? Rule 23 (b)

 All-round flashing yellow light. (when operating in the non-displacement mode)
7. WIG additional light? Rule 23 (c)

 High intensity all-round flashing red light. (when taking off, landing and in flight near the surface)
8. Length of tow? Rule 24 (a) (i)

 The length measuring from the stern of the towing vessel to the after end of the tow.
9. Where will be placed towing light, compared with stern light? Rule 24 (a) (iv)
 In a vertical line above the stern light.
10. What is dracone? Rule 24 (g) (i)

 Dracone is a large flexible watertight tube intended to carry a liquid cargo while towed, mostly-submerged
behind a towing vessel.
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11. All towing lights were busted (not fitted) on your vessel. Can you tow Distress vessel? Rule 24 (i)
 Yes. [If impracticable for a vessel not normally engaged in towing operations shall not be required to exhibit
when towing another vessel in distress or need of assistance. She shall indicate the nature of the relationship 99
between the towing vessel and the vessel being towed by Rule 36, by illuminating the towline.]
12. Is there any optional light for sailing vessel? Explain about it? Rule 25 (c)
 At or near the top of the mast, two all round lights in a vertical line, the upper being red and lower green
 But these lights shall not be exhibited in conjunction with the combined lantern of sidelights & stern light
13. What is sailing vessel day signal? Where will be placed? Rule 25 (e)
 Nil.
 If propelled by machinery, a conical shape, apex downwards, where it can best be seen
 At forward part of the vessel.
14. Exhibit lights for PDV sidelights combined lantern and sailing combined lantern (according to which rules)?
Sailing Vessel of less

than 20m in Length
Rule 25 (a), (b)

Rule 21 (b)
PDV Less than 20m in Length PDV Less than 12m in Length
Rule 23 (a) Rule 23 d(i), (iii)

Rule 21 (b) Rule 21 (b)
15. Show PDV light seen from Stbd side, then, become NUC, then, aground (anchor), exhibit concerned lights?
[ Show your PDV light which is seen from Stbd side, then, happen steering gear failure, and how to exhibit the light
and consequently aground, change your exhibiting light? ]
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Q: Why do you switch off 2 Red light after anchored?

Because We can consider that our vessel is under control after anchored.
100
16. Show the lights for submarine? Show the lights for Aircraft Carrier?
Submarine Aircraft Carrier
17. Vessel engaged in trawling? Types of trawler? Rule 26 (b)

 Vessel engaged in trawling means a vessel which dragging through the water of a dredge net or other
apparatus used as a fishing appliance.
1) Trawler using demersal gear 2) Trawler using pelagic gear
18. What is NUC / aground light? Rule 27 (a) & Rule 30 (a, b, c, d)
NUC
 Two all round red light in a vertical line where they can best be seen
 When making way through the water, sidelights & stern light
Aground
 In an aground vessel of any length, where they can best be seen, two all round red lights in a vertical line,
an all round white light in the fore part and other all round white light at or near the stern & at a lower
level than 1st one.
 In an aground vessel of < 50 m length, where they can best be seen, two all round red lights in a vertical
line and an all round white light at the fwd.
 In an aground vessel of ≥ 100 m length, use available working or equivalent lights to illuminate her decks.
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19. What is rigid replica of the International Code flag “A”? Rule 27 (e) (ii)
 One kind of (Metal / wooden / plastic / paper) hard plate printed or painted with INTERCO “A”, not less
than 1 m in height, ensure its all-round visibility.
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20. Rule 32 definitions? (What is Whistle, Short blast, Prolonged blast?)

 The word “whistle” means any sound signaling appliance capable of producing the prescribed blasts and
which complies with the specifications of Annex III to these Regulations.
 The term “short blast” means a blast of about one second’s duration.
 The term “prolonged blast” means a blast of from four to six seconds’ duration.
21. What does mean for “prescribed blasts” and “ specification ” in whistle definition?
 Prescribed Blasts = short blast and prolonged blast
 Specification = (1) fundamental frequency (Hz)
(2) sound pressure intensity (sound power level) (dB), described in Annex III
22. Explain Rule 33? (What sound signaling equipment is fitting onboard ship?)
 L ≥ 12 = Whistle
 L ≥ 20 = Whistle + Bell
 L ≥ 100 = Whistle + Bell + Gong [the tone and sound of which cannot be confused with that of the bell]
o Whistle, bell and gong shall comply with the specification in Annex III to these Regulations.
o The bell or gong or both may be replaced by other equipment having the same respective sound
characteristics
o The bell or gong or both provided that manual sounding of the required signals shall always be
possible.
 L < 12 = some other means of making an efficient sound signal
23. Which vessels need to fit sound signaling appliances?

Your vessel is 33 m long, what sound signaling appliances you must have?
 All vessels  Whistle + Bell
24. Explain Rule 34 signals? Rule 34 a, b(i), c(i, ii), d, e

How much duration & interval for 2 short flashes? Rule 34 (b)(ii)
 duration of each flash - about one second
 interval between flashes - about one second
 interval between successive signals - not less than ten seconds
25. Which one is mandatory for Rule 34 (a) & 34 (b)? (Which one is more important in R34(a) & R34(b)? )
 34 (a) is mandatory (more important)
 34 (b) is not mandatory (because 34 (b) said that “Any vessel may supplement  ………”)
26. Colour and range of Rule 34 (b) light (manoeuvring light)? Rule 34 (b) (iii)
 All round white light, visible at a minimum range of 5 miles
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27. Which equipment is used for Rule 34 (d) signals?

 Day light signaling lamp (ALDIS lamp)
102
28. When will you give 34(d)?
 fails to understand the intentions or actions of the other,
or in doubt whether sufficient action is being taken by the other to avoid collision.
29. Why do you give one prolonged blast nearing a bend?

 Other vessel may be obscured by an intervening obstruction
30. Is it same or not for Rule 35(a) – one prolonged blast & Rule 9(f) – one prolonged blast? No
 Rule 35(a) – one prolonged blast is sound signal in RV
Rule 9(f) – one prolonged blast is manoeuvring and warning signal used in sight of one another. (Rule
34(e))
31. When will you use Manoeuvring light?

 In sight of one another
 When the vessel indicates its manoeuvring activities (Rule 34 b (i))
32. Sound signal for PDV in RV? What is the meaning of “one prolonged blast”? Rule 35 (a), (b), (j)
 Refer to Sound Signal in RV Note
 One prolonged blast means “ I am underway and making way through the water”.
33. Towing vessel & vessel being tow sound signal in RV? Rule 35 (c), (e)
Anchor and Aground sound signal in RV? Rule 35 (g), (h)
 Refer to Sound Signal in RV Note
34. What is the meaning of Dar Dit Dit?

 Interco (D) = Keep clear of me, I am maneuvering with difficulty.
35. Which vessels not require to switch on anchor light after anchored? Rule 26 (a), Rule 27 (d) (iii)
 A vessel engaged in fishing at anchor
 A vessel restricted in her ability to manoeuvre engaged in dredging or underwater operation at anchor
36. Which vessels don’t give anchor sound signal in RV after anchored? Rule 35 (d)
 A vessel engaged in fishing at anchor
 A vessel restricted in her ability to manoeuvre when carrying out her work at anchor
37. What is the meaning of ‘if manned’ in towing signal?

 Carrying and operated by one or more persons
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38. When we should use bell /gong? Rule 35 (g), (h)

 In RV,
 anchor or aground 103
39. How to attract the attention of another vessel? Rule 36

 If necessary to attract the attention of another vessel, any vessel may make light or sound signals that
cannot be mistaken for any signal authorized elsewhere in these Rules, or may direct the beam of her
searchlight in the direction of the danger, in such a way as not to embarrass any vessel.
 [Any light to attract the attention of another vessel shall be such that it cannot be mistaken for any aid to
navigation. For the purpose of this Rule the use of high intensity intermittent or revolving lights, such as
strove lights, shall be avoided.]
40. Latest amendments? Adopted & Enforced Date? What for? Who will make verification?
 Part F: Verification of Compliance with the Provision of the Convention
o Rule 39 – Definition
o Rule 40 – Application
o Rule 41 – Verification of Compliance
 [ 4 Dec 2013 (adopted) / 1 Jan 2016 (enforced) ]
 For verification and not concerned with collision avoidance
 IMO (International Maritime Organization)
 Audit Scheme means the IMO Member State Audit Scheme

 Code for Implementation means the IMO Instruments Implementation Code (III Code)
41. What is ~ ?
Dual Action Rules R 14(a), R 17(b) Superior Rules R 9, 10 than R 18
R 9(b, c, d), 10(i, j), 18(d, e, f)
Permitted Rules Not to impede Rules
[ R 8(f) (i, ii, iii) ]
R 2(b), R 17(a)(ii)
Wake up / warning
Not compulsory Rules R 34 (d)
signal
Annex IV paragraph
Prohibited Rule Intention signal R 34 (c) (i)
2
Avoided Rule R 36 Agreement signal R 34 (c) (ii)
Override Rule R 13 Identity Signal R 35 (k)
Substantial Rules R 8 (a, b, d, e)
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ANNEX I
POSITIONING AND TECHNICAL DETAILS OF LIGHTS AND SHAPES

104
1. Definition
The term 'height above the hull' means height above the uppermost continuous deck. This height shall be measured
from the position vertically beneath the location of the light.
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2. Vertical positioning and spacing of lights
(a) On a power-driven vessel of 20 metres or more in length the masthead lights shall be placed as follows:
(i) the forward masthead light, or if only one masthead light is carried, then that light, at a height above
the hull of not less than 6 meters, and, if the breadth of the vessel exceeds 6 meters, then at a height
above the hull not less than such breadth, so however that the light need not be placed at a greater
height above the hull than 12 metres;
(ii) when two masthead lights are carried the after one shall be at least 4.5 metres vertically higher than
the forward one.
(b) The vertical separation of mastheadlights of power-driven vessels shall be such that in all normal conditions of
trim the after light will be seen over and separate from the forward light at a distance of 1,000 meters from the
stem when viewed from sea level.
(c) The masthead light of a power-driven vessel of 12 metres but less than 20 metres in length shall be placed at
a height above the gunwale of not less than 2.5 metres.
(d) A power-driven vessel of less than 12 metres in length may carry the uppermost light at a height of less than
2.5 metres above the gunwale. When however a masthead light is carried in addition to sidelights and a sternlight
or the all-round light prescribed in rule 23(c) (i) is carried in addition to sidelights, then such masthead light or all-
round light shall be carried at least 1 metre higher than the sidelights.
(e) One of the two or three masthead lights prescribed for a power-driven vessel when engaged in towing or
pushing another vessel shall be placed in the same position as either the forward masthead light or the after
masthead light: provided that, if carried on the aftermast, the lowest after masthead light shall be at least 4.5
metres vertically higher than the forward masthead light.
(f) (i) The masthead lights prescribed in Rule 23 (a) shall be so placed as to be above and clear of all other
lights and obstructions except as described in sub-paragraph (ii)
(ii) When it is impracticable to carry the all-round lights prescribed by Rule 27(b) (i) or Rule 28 below the
masthead lights, they may be carried above the after masthead light(s) or vertically in between the
forward masthead light(s) and after masthead light(s), provided that in the latter case the requirement of
Section 3 (c) of this Annex shall be complied with.
(g) The sidelights of a power-driven vessel shall be placed at a height above the hull not greater than three
quarters of that of the forward masthead light. They shall not be so low as to be interfered with by deck lights.
(h) The sidelights, if in a combined lantern and carried on a power-driven vessel of less than 20 metres in length,
shall be placed not less than 1 metre below the masthead light.
(i) When the Rules prescribe two or three lights to be carried in a vertical line, they shall be spaced as follows:
(i) on a vessel of 20 metres in length or more such lights shall be spaced not less than 2 metres apart,
and the lowest of these lights shall, except where a towing light is required, be placed at a height of not
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less than 4 m above the hull;

(ii) on a vessel of less than 20 metres in length such lights shall be spaced not less than 1 metre apart
and the lowest of these lights shall, except where a towing light is required, be placed at a height of not
less than 2 metres above the gunwale.
105
(iii) when three lights are carried they shall be equally spaced.
(j) The lower of the two all-round lights prescribed for a vessel when engaged in fishing shall be at a height above
the sidelights not less than twice the distance between the two vertical lights.
(k) The forward anchor light prescribed in Rule 30(a)(i), when two are carried, shall not be less than 4.5 metres
above the after one. On a vessel of 50 metres or more in length this forward anchor light shall be placed at a
height of not less than 6 metres above the hull.
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3. Horizontal positioning and spacing of lights
(a) When two masthead lights are prescribed for a power-driven vessel, the horizontal distance between them
shall not be less than one half of the length of the vessel but need not be more than 100 m. The forward light
shall be placed not more than one quarter of the length of the vessel from the stem.
(b) On a power-driven vessel of 20 m or more in length the sidelights shall not be placed in front of the forward
masthead lights. They shall be placed at or near the side of the vessel.
(c) When the lights prescribed in Rule 27(b)(i) or Rule 28 are placed vertically between the forward masthead
light(s) and the after masthead light(s) these all-round lights shall be placed at a horizontal distance of not less
than 2 m from the fore and after centreline of the vessel in the athwartship direction.
(d) When only one masthead light is prescribed for a power driven vessel, this light shall be exhibited forward of
amidships; except that a vessel of less than 20 m in length need not exhibit this light forward of amidships but
shall exhibit it as far forward as is practicable.
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4. Details of location of direction-indicating lights for fishing vessels, dredgers and vessels engaged in underwater
operations
(a) The light indicating the direction of the outlying gear from a vessel engaged in fishing as prescribed in Rule
26(c)(ii) shall be placed at a horizontal distance of not less than 2 metres and not more than 6 metres away from
the two all-round red and white lights. This light shall be placed not higher than the all-round white light
prescribed in Rule 26(c)(i) and not lower than the sidelights.
(b) The lights and shapes on a vessel engaged in dredging or underwater operations to indicate the obstructed
side and/or the side on which it is safe to pass, as prescribed in Rule 27(d)(i) and (ii), shall be placed at the
maximum practical horizontal distance, but in no case less than 2 metres, from the lights or shapes prescribed in
Rule 27(b)(i) and (ii). In no case shall the upper of these lights or shapes be at a greater height than the lower of
the three lights or shapes prescribed in Rule 27(b)(i) and (ii).
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5. Screens for sidelights
The sidelights of vessels of 20 metres or more in length shall be fitted with inboard screens painted matt black, and
meeting the requirements of Section 9 of this Annex. On vessels of less than 20metres in length the sidelights, if
necessary to meet the requirements of Section 9 of this Annex, shall be fitted with inboard matt black screens.
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With a combined lantern, using a single vertical filament and a very narrow division between the green and red
sections, external screens need not be fitted.
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106
6. Shapes
(a) Shapes shall be black and of the following sizes:
(i) a ball shall have a diameter of not less than 0.6 metre;
(ii) a cone shall have a base diameter of not less than 0.6 metre and a height equal to its diameter;
(iii) a cylinder shall have a diameter of at least 0.6 metre and a height of twice its diameter;
(iv) a diamond shape shall consist of two cones as defined in (ii) above having a common base.
(b) The vertical distance between shapes shall be at least 1.5 metres.
(c) In a vessel of less than 20 metres in length shapes of lesser dimensions but commensurate with the size of the
vessel may be used and the distance apart may be correspondingly reduced.
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7. Colour specification of lights
The chromaticity of all navigation lights shall conform to the following standards, which lie within the boundaries
of the area of the diagram specified for each colour by the International Commission on Illumination (CIE).
The boundaries of the area for each colour are given by indicating the corner co-ordinates, which are as follows;
(i) White
x 0.525 0.525 0.452 0.310 0.310 0.443
y 0.382 0.440 0.440 0.348 0.283 0.382
(ii) Green
x 0.028 0.009 0.300 0.203
y 0.385 0.723 0.511 0.356
(iii) Red
x 0.680 0.660 0.735 0.721
y 0.320 0.320 0.265 0.259
(iv) Yellow
x 0.612 0.618 0.575 0.575
y 0.382 0.382 0.425 0.406
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8. Intensity of lights
(a) The minimum luminous intensity of lights shall be calculated by using the formula:
I = 3.43 X 106 X T X D2 X K-D
where
I is luminous intensity in candelas under service conditions,
T is threshold factor 2×10-7 lux,
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D is range of visibility (luminous range) of the light in nautical miles,

K is atmospheric transmissivity.
For prescribed lights the value of K shall be 0.8, corresponding to a meteorological visibility of approximately 13
nautical miles. 107
(b) A selection of figures derived from the formula is given in the following table:
NOTE: The maximum luminous intensity of navigation lights should be limited to avoid undue glare.
This shall not be achieved by a variable control of the luminous intensity.
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9. Horizontal sectors
(a) (i) In the forward direction, sidelights as fitted on the vessel shall show the minimum required intensities.
The intensities must decrease to reach practical cut-off between 1 degree and 3 degrees outside the prescribed
sectors.
(ii) For sternlights and masthead lights and at 22.5 degrees abaft the beam for sidelights, the minimum
required intensities shall be maintained over the arc of the horizon up to 5 degrees within the limits of the
sectors prescribed in Rule 21. From 5 degrees within the prescribed sectors the intensity may decrease by
50 percent up to the prescribed limits; it shall decrease steadily to reach practical cut-off at not more than
5 degrees outside the prescribed sectors.
(b) (i) All-round lights shall be so located as not to be obscured by masts, topmasts or structures within
angular sectors of more than 6 degrees, except anchor lights prescribed in Rule 30, which need not be
placed at an impracticable height above the hull.
(ii) If it is impracticable to comply with paragraph (b)(i) of this section by exhibiting only one all-round
light, two all-round lights shall be used suitably positioned or screened so that they appear, as far as
practicable, as one light at a distance of one mile.
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10. Vertical sectors
(a) The vertical sectors of electric lights as fitted, with the exception of lights on sailing vessels underway shall
ensure that:
(i) at least the required minimum intensity is maintained at all angles from 5 degrees above to 5 degrees
below the horizontal;
(ii) at least 60 per cent of the required minimum intensity is maintained from 7.5 degrees above to 7.5
degrees below the horizontal.
(b) In the case of sailing vessels underway the vertical sectors of electric lights as fitted shall ensure that:
(i) at least the required minimum intensity is maintained at all angles from 5 degrees above to 5 degrees
below the horizontal;
(ii) at least 50 per cent of the required minimum intensity is maintained from 25 degrees above to 25
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degrees below the horizontal.

(c) In the case of lights other than electric these specifications shall be met as closely as possible.
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108
11. Intensity of non-electric lights
Non-electric lights shall so far as practicable comply with the minimum intensities, as specified in the Table given
in Section 8 of this Annex.
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12. Manoeuvring light
Notwithstanding the provisions of paragraph 2 (f) of this Annex the manoeuvring light described in Rule 34(b)
shall be placed in the same fore and aft vertical plane as the masthead light or lights and, where practicable, at a
minimum height of 2 metres vertically above the forward masthead light, provided that it shall be carried not less
than 2 meters vertically above or below the after masthead light. On a vessel where only one masthead light is
carried the manoeuvring light, if fitted, shall be carried where it can best be seen, not less than 2 metres vertically
apart from the masthead light.
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13. High Speed Craft
* Refer to the International Code of Safety for High-Speed Craft, 1994 and the International Code of Safety for
High-Speed Craft, 2000.
(a) The masthead light of high-speed craft may be placed at a height related to the breadth of the craft lower
than that prescribed in paragraph 2(a)(i) of this annex, provided that the base angle of the isosceles triangles
formed by the sidelights and masthead light, when seen in end elevation, is not less than 27 degrees.
(b) On high-speed craft of 50 metres or more in length, the vertical separation between foremast and mainmast
light of 4.5 metres required by paragraph 2(a)(ii) of this annex may be modified provided that such distance shall
not be less than the value determined by the following formula:
where:
y is the height of the mainmast light above the fore mast light in metres;
a is the height of the foremast light above the water surface in service condition in metres;
Ψ is the trim in service condition in degrees;
C is the horizontal separation of masthead lights in metres.
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14. Approval
The construction of lanterns and shapes and the installation of lanterns on board the vessel shall be to the
satisfaction of the appropriate authority of the State whose flag the vessel is entitled to fly.
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Annex I: Positioning & Technical Details of Lights & Shapes

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42. How many sections in Annex I and tell me the title of sections?
 14 sections
1) Definition 2) Vertical positioning and spacing of lights 109
3) Horizontal positioning and spacing of lights 8) Intensity of lights
4) Details of location of direction-indicating 9) Horizontal sectors
lights for fishing vessels, dredgers and 10) Vertical sectors
vessels engaged in underwater operations 11) Intensity of non-electric lights
5) Screen for sidelights 12) Manoeuvring light
6) Shapes 13) High-speed craft
7) Colour specification of lights 14) Approval
43. What is the meaning of ‘High above the hull’? Draw your answer on the paper?
 The term “height above the hull” means height above the uppermost continuous deck. This height shall
be measured from the position vertically beneath the location of the light.
44. Mast head light Range, Height above the hull & Arc?
 Range – Min 6’, Height above the hull – 6 to 12m, Arc – 225°
45. Mast head light vertical and horizontal spacing? (How to place mast head light on the vessel?)
 Vertical spacing
Need not be more than
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 Horizontal spacing
110
46. How to place side light on the vessel?

 Vertical spacing
 Horizontal spacing
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47. How much spacing between 2 red lights on NUC vessel?

111
48. Practical cutoff of Mast head Lt, Side Light or Stern Lt?
 Horizontal sectors
At the fwd direction

Prescribed sector line
At 22.5° abaft the beam
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 Vertical sectors 112

49. Who will specify for colour of each navigation light?

 International Commission on Illumination (CIE).
50. Screen for side light?

 Vessels ≥ 20 m - inboard screens painted matt black.
 Vessels < 20 m - inboard matt black screens.
 If sidelights are fitted with combined lantern - single vertical filament and a very narrow division
between green & red section
51. What is matt black paint?

 Non reflection black paint.
52. Explain about shapes? (How many shape on the ship, is it possible distance between shapes is 1.7m.)
(Cone diameter? Height? Vertical spacing distance of shapes? Which vessel use this spacing?)
 Shapes shall be black and of the following sizes:
(i) a ball shall have a diameter of not less than 0.6 m.
(ii) a cone shall have a base diameter of not less than 0.6 m and a height equal to its diameter.
(iii) a cylinder shall have a diameter of at least 0.6 m and a height of twice its diameter.
(iv) A diamond shape shall consist of two cones having a common base.
 Yes. Because, the vertical distance between shapes shall be at least 1.5 m.
 Vessel of 20m or more in length use this spacing 1/10/2020
53. Usage of Shapes?

 Shapes are used for day signals of identified vessels. Details are referred in Day Signal Note. 113
54. Can be reduce dimensions of shape? Which vessel?

 Yes. In a vessel of less than 20 m in length, shape of lesser dimensions but commensurate with the size of
the vessel may be used and distance apart may be correspondingly reduced.
55. Your vessel happened aground, you have only 2 balls, how will you do that?
 I will arrange to fit similar shape & similar size of ball.
56. Manoeuvring light? When will you use manoeuvring light? Manoeuvring light is ‘mandatory or not’ to fitted?
Which one is mandatory?
 According to rule 34(b)(iii), all round white light & visible at minimum range of 5 miles.
 Shall be placed in the same fore and aft vertical plane as the masthead light or lights.
 Shall be fitted at a minimum height of 2m vertically above the forward masthead light.
Not less than 2m vertically above or below the after masthead light.
 If only one masthead light is carried, not less than 2m vertically apart from the masthead light.
 we will use manoeuvring light when we want to indicate our manoeuvring activity.
 Manoeuvring light is ‘not mandatory’ to fitted because Rule 34d (iii) said that the term “the light used for
this signals shall, if fitted,.
 Mandatory to carry onboard : As per SOLAS Ch V, Reg 19,

Vessel of 150GT and over irrespective of size shall carry Day light signaling lamp.
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ANNEX II
114
ADDITIONAL SIGNALS FOR FISHING VESSELS FISHING IN CLOSE PROXIMITY
1. General
The lights mentioned herein shall, if exhibited in pursuance of Rule 26(d), be placed where they can best be seen.
They shall be at least 0.9 metre apart but at a lower level than lights prescribed in Rule 26(b)(i) and (c)(i). The
lights shall be visible all round the horizon at a distance of at least 1 mile but at a lesser distance than the lights
prescribed by these Rules for fishing vessels.
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2. Signals for trawlers
(a) Vessels of 20 m of more in length when engaged in trawling, whether using demersal or pelagic gear shall
exhibit:
(i) when shooting their nets : two white lights in a vertical line;
(ii) when hauling their nets : one white light over one red light in a vertical line;
(iii) when the net has come fast upon an obstruction : two red lights in a vertical line.
(b) Each vessel of 20 m or more in length engaged in pair trawling shall exhibit :
(i) by night, a searchlight directed forward and in the direction of the other vessel of the pair;
(ii) when shooting or hauling their nets or when their nets have come fast upon an obstruction, the lights
prescribed in 2(a) above.
(c) A vessel of less than 20 m in length engaged in trawling, whether using demersal or pelagic gear or engaged
in pair trawling, may exhibit the lights prescribed in paragraphs (a) or (b) of this section, as appropriate.
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3. Signals for purse seiners
Vessels engaged in fishing with purse seine gear may exhibit two yellow lights in a vertical line. These lights shall
flash alternately every second and with equal light and occultation duration. These lights may be exhibited only
when the vessel is hampered by its fishing gear.
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Annex II: Additional Signals for Fishing Vessels Fishing in Close Proximity
57. How will be fitted & arranged additional lights of fishing vessel?
 where they can best be seen, visible all round the horizon
 at least 0.9 m apart but a lower level (than R 26 (b)(i) & (c)(i))
 at least 1 mile visibility but lesser distance (than R 26 (b)(i) & (c)(i))
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58. When will fishing vessel follow Annex II? (How do you understand ‘close proximity’ in Annex II?)
 When one fishing vessel is engaged in fishing in close vicinity to other fishing vessels. 115
59. Shooting net / Hauling net / The net have come fast upon obstruction signals for trawler?
 (Vsl ≥ 20 m, trawling using demersal or pelagic gear) (< 20 m may exhibit)
a) when shooting their nets : two white lights in vertical line
b) when hauling their nets : one white light over one red light in a vertical line
c) when net has come fast upon an obstruction : two red lights in a vertical line
60. Which size of fishing vessel use these additional signals?

 Vessel engaged in trawling 20m or more in length shall exhibit these additional signals.
 Vessel engaged in trawling less than 20m in length may exhibit these additional signals.
61. Other meaning of “Z, G, P”?

 Zulu = I require a tug
 Golf = I require a pilot
 Papa = All persons should report onboard as the vessel is about to proceed to sea
62. What is the signal light for vessel engaged in fishing with purse seine gear?
 Two all round yellow lights in a vertical line
Flash alternately every second and with equal light and occultation duration
(only when the vessel is hampered by its fishing gear)
63. How will be exhibit vessel engaged in pair trawling?

 A vessel of ≥ 20 m engaged in pair trawling shall exhibit (< 20 m may exhibit)
o a searchlight directed forward in the direction of the other vessel of the pair
o lights of shooting nets, hauling nets, come fast upon an obstruction
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ANNEX III
116
TECHNICAL DETAILS OF SOUND SIGNAL APPLIANCES
1. Whistles
(a) Frequencies and range of audibility.

The fundamental frequency of the signal shall lie within the range 70-700Hz. The range of audibility of the signal
from a whistle shall be determined by those frequencies, which may include the fundamental and/or one or more
higher frequencies, which lie within the range 180-700Hz (+/-1%) for a vessel of 20 metres or more in length, or
180-2100Hz (+/-1%) for a vessel of less than 20 metres in length and which provide the sound pressure levels
specified in paragraph 1(c) below.
(b) Limits of fundamental frequencies.

To ensure a wide variety of whistle characteristics, the fundamental frequency of a whistle shall be between the
following limits :
(i) 70 - 200 Hz, for a vessel 200 metres or more in length;
(ii) 130 - 350 Hz, for a vessel 75 metres but less than 200 metres in length;
(iii) 250 - 700 Hz, for a vessel less than 75 metres in length.
(c) Sound signal intensity and range of audibility.

A whistle fitted in a vessel shall provide, in the direction of maximum. intensity of the whistle and at a distance of
1 metre from it, a sound pressure level in at least one 1/3rd-octave band within the range of frequencies 180-
700Hz (+/-1%) for a vessel of 20 metres or more in length, or 180-2100Hz (+/-1%) for a vessel of less than 20
metres in length, of not less than the appropriate figure given in the table below.
(d) Directional properties.
The sound pressure level of a directional whistle shall be not more than 4 dB below the prescribed sound pressure
level on the axis at any direction in the horizontal plane within ±45 degrees of the axis. The sound pressure level
at any other direction in the horizontal plane shall be not more than 10 dB below the prescribed sound pressure
level on the axis, so that the range in any direction will be at least half the range on the forward axis. The sound
pressure level shall be measured in that 1/3rd-octave band which determines the audibility range.
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(e) Positioning of whistles. 117

When a directional whistle is to be used as the only whistle on a vessel, it shall be installed with its maximum
intensity directed straight ahead.
A whistle shall be placed as high as practicable on a vessel, in order to reduce interception of the emitted sound by
obstructions and also to minimize hearing damage risk to personnel. The sound pressure level of the vessel's own
signal at listening posts shall not exceed 110 dB (A) and so far as practicable should not exceed 100 dB (A).
(f) Fitting of more than one whistle.
If whistles are fitted at a distance apart of more than 100 m, it shall be so arranged that they are not sounded
simultaneously.
(g) Combined whistle systems.
If due to the presence of obstructions the sound field of a single whistle or of one of the whistles referred to in
paragraph 1(f) above is likely to have a zone of greatly reduced signal level, it is recommended that a combined
whistle system be fitted so as to overcome this reduction. For the purposes of the Rules a combined whistle
system is to be regarded as a single whistle. The whistles of a combined system shall be located at a distance apart
of not more than 100metres and arranged to be sounded simultaneously. The frequency of any one whistle shall
differ from those of the others by at least 10 Hz.
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2. Bell or gong
(a) Intensity of signal
A bell or gong, or other device having similar sound characteristics shall produce a sound pressure level of not less
than 110 dB at a distance of 1 metre from it.
(b) Construction
Bells and gongs shall be made of corrosion-resistant material and designed to give a clear tone. The diameter of
the mouth of the bell shall be not less than 300 mm for vessels of 20 metres or more in length. Where practicable,
a power-driven bell striker is recommended to ensure constant force but manual operation shall be possible. The
mass of the striker shall be not less than 3 per cent of the mass of the bell.
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3. Approvals
The construction of sound signal appliances, their performance and their installation on board the vessel shall be
to the satisfaction of the appropriate authority of the State whose flag the vessel is entitled to fly.
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Annex III: Technical Details of Sound Signal Appliances

64. Fundamental frequency of Whistle? What is fundamental frequency?
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 70-700 Hz
 Fundamental frequency is lowest frequency of a periodic waveform.
118
65. Limits of fundamental frequencies?
66. Range of audibility of Whistle? Range of audibility is depend on which factor? ‘Length of the vessel’ is LOA or
LBP? Why?
 Audibility depend on Length of the vessel (LOA)
200 m or more - 2’
75 m but less than 200 m - 1.5’
20 m but less than 75 m - 1’
less than 20 m - 0.5’
 Length of the vessel = LOA as per Rule 3(j).
67. Directional whistle?

 whistle which is directed towards one side
 sound pressure level of directional whistle is not more than 4 dB below the prescribed sound pressure level
in 45˚ either sides of the axis in the horizontal plane.
 at any other direction, not more than 10 dB below the prescribed sound pressure level
 so, audible range due to sound pressure intensity in any direction other than axis direction shall be half
that of axis direction.
68. How to fitted Whistle in the vessel? (Positioning of whistle?) (Arrangement of whistle?)
 Directional whistle shall be installed to direct straight ahead with its maximum intensity.
 Placed as high as possible in order to reduce interception of the emitted sound by obstructions
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and to minimize hearing damage risk to personnel.

 Arranged not to sound simultaneously if installed more than one whistle in a vessel of more than 100m.
 Sound pressure intensity shall not exceed 110 dB(A) at listening posts, if practicable, not exceed 100 dB(A).
119
69. Combined whistle system? What is the purpose of combined whistle system?
 Use for reducing of sound power level due to obstruction.
 To be regarded as a single whistle.
 Shall be located at a distance apart of not more than 100 m.
 Arranged to be sounded simultaneously.
 The frequency of any one whistle shall differ from those of the others by at least 10 Hz.
70. Intensity of Whistle?
 Shall not exceed 110 dB(A) at listening posts, if practicable, not exceed 100 dB(A).
71. Intensity of Bell or Gong?

 Shall not less than 110 dB at a distance of 1m from it.
72. Construction of Bell and gong?

 Bells and gongs shall be made of corrosion-resistant material and designed to give a clear tone.
 The diameter of the mouth of the bell shall be not less than 300 mm for vessels of 20 metres or more in
length.
 Power-driven bell striker shall strike by constant force but manual operation shall be possible.
 The mass of the striker shall be not less than 3 percent of the mass of the bell.
73. Where is placed for bell or gong on your ship? Why?

Bell : Fwd of Vessel (Fore Mast)
Gong : Aft of Vessel (Bridge)
Because in anchored or aground vessel of 100m or more in length, bell is sounded on the fwd part of vessel &
gong is sounded from the after part of the vessel. So, we arrange as stby to use.
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120
ANNEX IV
DISTRESS SIGNALS
1. The following signals, used or exhibited either together or separately, indicate distress and need of assistance :
(a) a gun or other explosive signal fired at intervals of about a minute;
(b) a continuous sounding with any fog-signalling apparatus;
(c) rockets or shells, throwing red stars fired one at a time at short intervals;
(d) a signal made by radiotelegraphy or by any other signalling method consisting of the group …---… (SOS) in
the Morse Code;
(e) a signal sent by radiotelephony consisting of the spoken word "Mayday";
(f) the International Code Signal of distress indicated by NC.;
(g) a signal consisting of a square flag having above or below it a ball or anything resembling a ball;
(h) flames on the vessel (as from a burning tar barrel, oil barrel, etc.);
(i) a rocket parachute flare or a hand flare showing a red light;
(j) a smoke signal giving off orange-coloured smoke;
(k) slowly and repeatedly raising and lowering arms outstretched to each side;
(l) a distress alert by mean of digital selective calling (DSC) transmitted on :
(i) VHF channel 70, or

(ii) MF/HF on the frequencies 2187.5 kHz, 4207.5 kHz, 6312 kHz, 8414.5 kHz, 12577 kHz, 16804.5 kHz;
(m) a ship-to-shore distress alert transmitted by the ship’s Inmarsat or other mobile satellite service provider ship
earth station;
(n) signals transmitted by emergency position-indicating radio beacons.
(o) approved signals transmitted by radiocommunication systems, including survival craft radar transponders.
2. The use or exhibition of any of the foregoing signals except for the purpose of indicating distress and need of
assistance and the use of other signals which may be confused with any of the above signals is prohibited.
3. Attention is drawn to the relevant sections of the International Code of Signals, the Merchant Ship Search and
Rescue Manual and the following signals:
(a) a piece of orange-coloured canvas with either a black square and circle or other appropriate symbol (for
identification from the air);
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(b) a dye marker.
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Annex IV: Distress Signals
74. When will you use distress signal?

 To indicate distress and need of assistance
75. How many signals for indicating distress and need of assistance? Give me 5 Examples of Distress Signals?
 15 signals, refer to annex IV for detail
76. How many signals for indicating distress at day time?

 Except Annex IV (c) & (i)
77. How do you indicate distress signal for the aircraft near your vicinity?
 Except Annex IV (a), (b), (c), (i), (l), (m), (n), (o)
[ (d), (e), (f), (g), (h), (j), (k) ]
78. How you give Distress Signal by telegraphy / ALDIS Lamp (day light signaling lamp) / flag / VHF?
 By telegraphy : Annex IV (d)
 By Day light signaling Lamp : Annex IV (d)
 By flag : Annex IV (f), [g]
 By VHF : Annex IV (l - i), [e]
79. Prohibited Rule?

 The use or exhibition of any of the foregoing signals except for the purpose of indicating distress and need
of assistance and the use of other signals which may be confused with any of the above signals is prohibited.
80. Which publications are required under Annex IV of COLREG?

 International Code of Signals
 International Aeronautical and Maritime Search and Rescue Manual, (IAMSAR) Volume III – Mobile Facilities
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122

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MES-MTI ONLY FOR REFERENCE MATE/MASTER

Convention on the International Regulations

for Preventing Collisions at Sea, 1972 as amended

COMMENTS & EXPLANATION

PART B - STEERING AND SAILING RULES

SECTION I - CONDUCT OF VESSELS IN ANY CONDITION OF VISIBILITY

SECTION II - CONDUCT OF VESSELS IN SIGHT OF ONE ANOTHER

Section III - CONDUCT OF VESSELS IN RESTRICTED VISIBILITY

o RULE 19 - Conduct of Vessels in Restricted Visibility

PART C - LIGHTS AND SHAPES

o Rule 25 - Sailing vessels underway and vessels under Oars

PART D - SOUND AND LIGHT SIGNALS

PART F - VERIFICATION OF COMPLIANCE WITH THE PROVISIONS OF THE CONVENTION

ANNEX I - POSITIONING AND TECHNICAL DETAILS OF LIGHTS AND SHAPES

ANNEX II - ADDITIONAL SIGNALS FOR FISHING VESSELS FISHING IN CLOSE PROXIMITY

2. Signals for trawlers

ANNEX IV - DISTRESS SIGNALS

1889 – 1st conference in Washington.

i. Fitted with Radar

1972 – Revised again & came into force in 1977 due to

i. Wide spread acceptance & use of radar

2007 – Amend & enter into force 2009

2013 – Amend & enter into force 2016

i. Part F: Verification of Compliance with the Provision of the Convention

1. In which year carried out Brussels Conference?

2. Why COLREG 1910 is amended to COLREG 60?

1. What is COLREG 72?

2. What is proper name of COLREG 72?

3. Adopted & Enforced Date?

4. Aim / Purpose /Themes?

5. How many Parts & Annexes & Rules?

(d) COLREG 72 Rule မ ်ား၏ ရည္႐ြယခ

2. Will you comply COLREG 72 in Yangon River or Japan Inland Sea?

3. What is high sea?

4. What is EEZ? How far?

5. What is baseline? LW line or HW line?

6. What are all waters connected therewith navigable by seagoing vessels?

7. What are seagoing vessels?

9. What is appropriate authority?

10. What is convoy?

11. Rule 1 (b) explain? Example of Rule 1 (b) special rules?

12. Rule 1 (c) explain? Example of Rule 1 (c) special rules?

- 1 (c) – special rules

14. Where can you find special rules?

15. What items contain in Special Rules? Contents of Special Rules?

16. How do you understand “conformed as closely as possible”?

20. What is Adopted?

21. Rule 1 (e) explain?

24. How much horizontal separation of Masthead light on your ship?

25. What are special rules in Rule 1?

(a) COLREG 72 Rules မ ်ားကို လိုက္န ရန္ ပ က္ကြက္ခဲ့လ ွငေ

ေသြဖယ္မည္ဆိုပါက justifiable departure ျဖစ္ရပါမည္။

1. Dangers of navigation & collision

3. Immediate danger မ ်ားေၾက င့္ ျဖစ္ရပါမည္။

Result သည္ sucessful action ျဖစ္ရပါမည္။

1. Rule 2 (a) explain?

2. “Ordinary practice of seaman” & examples?

 A vessel should not anchor too close to another anchored vessels.

3. Vessel without operational radar?

4. Shallow water effects (squat & interaction)?

7. What is consequence? What are they?

- Construing : Understanding the meaning of a word, a sentence or an action in a particular way.