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    PS Module 2

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    2 MODULE II BASIC FEATURES OF INDIAN CONSTITUTION Dr Subhash Kashyap observes, "The constitution of Ins most comprcensve document. tis unigue many ways ea te tied in any paicular mould or model. Its blend ofthe Ris sth Flexible Federal and Unitary, Presidential and Parlamerse Tanemptsa balance between Fundamental Rights ofthe indie cathe one hand andthe socio-economic intersts ofthe people nit Secu ofthe Sate on the other Also itpresens vader: ‘he pencils ofPariamentary Sovereignty and Judicial Suprems ‘he lngian Constitution has several salient features that dsingsh ‘rom other Constitutions ofthe world. Objectives The objectives of Indian Constitution were outlined in Objectives Resolution moved by Jawaharlal Nehru and adopt ast Assy on nay 22 1947. The min iis inthe resolution wer: 1. Resolutionto proclaim Indiaasan In Sover REPUBLIC. , To establish a democrat ur lemoeratic union with an equal level of GOVERNMENT forallieconstuen part All powers and autho fom the PEOPLE, ly of the Union government are dt Togs uarante and secure tall people of india JUSTICE-S% 6 tical. EQUALITY of Status and Opportun Economic and Poli " tetore Lav:F REEDOM —of Thought. Expression. Belict ‘Worship, Vocations, Associations & Action 5, Adequate safeguards for Minorities Backward and Thal Depressed and Other Backward Classes jights and Honoured Place in the 6, To secure for India its Ri World “Fo maintain the Integrity of the Territory of Republic and its Sovereign Rights on Land, Sea and Air according to justice and Lawof civilized nations. 8, Tocontribute to the promotion of World Peace an Mankind, ‘These objectives were incorporated inthe Prea of the Constitution. Following are the salient features ofthe constitution of India We imble 1. Lengthiest Written Constitution ‘The Indian constitutions the lengthiest, comprehensiv<. and detailed of all the writen constitutions of the world Itrelects the sum total ofthe socio-economic and political background of the nation and to provide forthe solution of all problems of administration ang In the words of Iver Jennings. ~ The ‘governance of the country Indian constitution isthe longest and most detailed in the world Originally the constitution Gonsisted ofa preamble. 39S articles ‘and 8 schedules, Presently it consists of a preamble, 395 article. (divided into 22 parts) and 12 schedules. The various amendments ‘earried out since 1951 have de! andone part(VH) and added about eig (V-A, XA and NIV-A) and fue schedules (940-12), Whereas the ‘onstitution of America contains only seven Articles, Canada 7, Australia 128 and South Attica 153 Articles J about twenty antic articles (attached) .theee parts he extraoeinary bulk of the constgation is due to many seasons, ofether countries oe the vastness ofthe country ands historical, Beographica, rn politica influences o atve problems of relation between the Cen, Meares welas inter States coordination, 44 tisanenargmento te GoveramentofndiaAct 1935, itself was bulky document. / «.ithasa federal constitution and well-defined division ofp, ‘erween the Union and the States. itembodiesan elaborates of Fundamental Rights-s59.j, “ofthe Directive Priniples of State Policy. italso established number of independent bodies like Cy y LUPSC, Election Commission, Finance Commission, et, the predominance of the Jawyer-element in the making i, constitution isan another contributory factor for being lng h. the constitutional amendments again increase the sizeof constitution, yg 2. Drawn From Various Sources The Constitution of India has borrowed most of its provise from the constitutions of other countries. The structural pats. large extent, from Government of India Act 1935.The philosoptit par from U.S.A (FR’s) and Irish (DPSP). The political pats constitution ~ has been drawn largely from U.K (Parliament system). The federal structure of Indian Constitution is essen! the model of Canadian federation, though there are some consi \ithAustalian and American constitutions. ‘The other provisions ofthe Constitution have been drawn‘ the constitution of Canada, Australia, Germany, USSR, Fran! Japan, ands00on. Dr. B.R. Ambedkar observed: “No doubt!” “5 tution has been called a borrowed one by some people, yet it ies in this thing that they gathered the best edit ofits framers lies in this t ae of other constitutions, avoided the faults which had been Jelosed in their working ad adapted those features tothe requirement ‘four country. Soifitis ‘patchwork, itisa beautiful patchwork our consti 3, Borrowed Sources of the Constitution Govt oflindiaAct 1935. -Federal Scheme, Office of Governor, Judiciary and U PSC. U.K. Parliamentary Govt: , Rule of Law, Legislative procedure, Single Citizenship and Cabinet System. — Fundamental Rights, Independence of Judiciary Review, Impeachment of President, Removal of SC and HC Judges and Post of Vice President. Irish —D PSP, Nomination to the Members of RajyaSabha and Method of Election tothe President 5. Canadian— Appointment of Governors, Residuary powers in the Centre, Federation with a Strong Centre and Advisory Jurisdictions of the S C. 6 Australian —-Concurrent List Joint Setting of Parliament. 7. Germany - -Suspension of the Fundamental Rights during Emergency. 8. USSR (Russia) -Fundamental Duties and The Ideal of Justices inthe Preamble (social, economic & political) 9. France -Republic , Liberty, Equality and Frate preamble. 10. South Africa —Procedure for amendment ofthe Constitution and Election of the Members to RajyaSabha. 1 ty in the 4.Federal System with Unitary in Spirit ‘The combination of federal and unitary system is a unique feature of Indian constitution. It contains all the usual features of a 6 sof goverment, ison of powers between 0 8 somes of a and nid Constitution and loins ae ee er of unitary or non-federal features like, a strong centre single rantr funn in eli ofeorsiaion, iterated restrictions imposed by the state in the interests of public order The restrictions are imposed to check abuse of freedom. B. Protection against Coviction of Offences (Article: 20) 20 fthelnian Constitution puaranteesprotetion 223i i excessive punishment toa offence. Anicle:20states “Ni pe: except forthe violation of ki arbitrary ¥ person who commits shall be convicted of any off the time the commission nor been subjected toa penalty ere ich might have been inflicted un ov in force thetime ofthe commission of the offence” fore 3 “There are four such guaranteed protecto 1. Apetson can be convicted ofan offence only ifhe has violated law in force atthe time when he alleged tohave commited an offence: 2, No person can be subjected to a greater penalty than what mighthave been giventohim underthe aw that was prevalent ‘when he committed thepffence: ‘No person can be prosecuted and punished forthe same offense sore than one: 4. No person accused of an offence can be compelled to be a ‘witness against himself, According to the 44°th Amendment Act 1978 ithas been sid down thatthe executive willhaveno power unde ancle 35910 suspend ‘Article: 20 duringa national emergency . Protection of Life and Personal Liberty (Artcle:21) Article: 21 states“ No person shall be deprived of his “life ot personal liberty’ except according o the procedure established bs Jaw" Thisrightensues that no person ean be punished or imprisoned merely atthe willofan authority ora person. He may be punished or imprisoned only iftwo conditionsare sais: 1. There must bea law which authorise to punishment, and 2. There mustbea procedure established that law. The procedure must be just, fair and reasonable. ‘Theright guaranteed under article 21 isavailableto citizens" as vwellas ‘non-citizens’ So this right sa restraint upon the executive so that tay not proceed arbitrarily against the life o: personal iberty of an inv ua Even committing suicide isan offence punishable under law The 44°thAmendment Act !97S had declared the rightt life and liberty ‘Violated cannot be suspended during national emergency. The court ruled later in another case that a person whose fundamental Under atcle 21 has been violate hasaightto monitory compet asaremedy in public aw " 219) igh fo Eduction (tc camo Consion ee hte caer ee acknnme the ima Ue Fancy y2. the Supreme Cour stated that the ra cao be asred une it Bese ons sre Came into fore ont"stApril2010. Corresponding to these righ, |. persons arrested under the ordinary law of erimes (ease ol ordinary fay) and 2. persons detained uniler the law of Preventive Detention’ Clause (1) and(2) of Article:22 guaranteed four rights on3 persons who isarrested for any offence under an ordinary law: 4. the right of every person who is arrested to be informed of the ‘cause of his arrest; 5. therigh to consul andto be defended by a lawyer of his choi: ” the right to be produced befor ‘excluding the journey time, 4. the Fight to be released after 24 hours unless the Mazistrate authorises further detention "These rights are not available to an alien or ape detained under a preventive detention law, 2, Persons detained under the kaw of “Preventive Detention” Article: 22 provides for preventive detention which means imprisonment without trial and beforeany crime has actually been committed. The constitution authorises both the parliament and state legislature to pass law providing for preventive detention. The parliament has the power to make law of preventive detention in connection with Security of State, maintenance of supplies essential tothe community, the maintenance of public order, reasons connected with defence, foreign affairs or security of In ‘According to the 44"thAmendment Act 1978 ofthe constitution ‘person eannot be detained for more than two months without ts Ia person is to be detained for more than two months itean be done only on the certificate of advisory board eonsisting of sitting and retired judges ofthe High Court, nominated by the Chief Justie of the High Court concemed. The Board isto be chaired by a setting judge, and has to certify that there are adequate ground for sush detention, For the first time, the Pre the Parliament on 27'th February 1950.lteontinued fortwo decades from 1950 to 1970. The Act came to end on 31°st December 1969. The parliament passed a new act named MISA (Maintenance of Intemal Security Act in 1971. It wascontinued by COFEPOSA in 1974 ( Conservation of Foreign Exchan: Prevention of Smuggling Activities Act) NSAiin 1980 (National Security Act) Magistrate within 24 hours, on arrested or entive detention Act was passed by and 16 “TADA in 1987(Terorist And Disruptive Activity Prevention) Aq POTO in 2002 (Prevention Of Terrorism Ordinance) 3. Right Against Exploitation - (Articles 23 to 24) Article: 23 Article: 24 Prohibition of Traffic in Human Prohibition of Chitg Labour Beings and Forced Labour ‘A. Prohibition of Traffic in Human Beings - Article: 23 Artcle:23:ofndian Constitution prohibited “Traffic in Human ‘Beings” and Begar” and other forms of * forced Labour” Te ‘crm trafic in human beings" inludes: 4 Selingand buying of men, wonvén and children like good; b. Immoraltaffic in women and hilken including prostitution €Devadasis and 4. Slavery Inorder to prohibit traffic in women and girl, the parliament assed the Suppression of Immoral Traffic in Women and Ges ct. 1956 (Immoral Trafic Prevention Act). Begar and other forms cf forced labour are aso prohibited by this article, The term Begar is form of forced labour under which a person is compelled to work without receiving any remuneration Cause (2)of Article 23 provides foran exception to the above general rule. Under this clause the states empowered to impose compulsory servic fr public purposes Burin imposing such compulsory service the state cannot make ans discrimination on grounds only ofreligon race, castor clas or any of them, B. Prohibition of Child Labour - Article: 24 Aricle:24 says that No child below th elow the age of fourteen years stallbe employed to work in any factory or mine or engaged inany other hazardous employment”. This has been provi n health of future citizens, andalsoon ground ofhumaniy, Thivaricle ‘nowever, does not prohibit their employment in any innocent armless job or work. 4, Right to Freedoth of Religion (articles: 25 To28) ‘The Preamble of the constitution declares thatthe peopl India to * secure to all its citizens" * liberty of thought. faith a» worship”. Thus the concept of secularism is implicit inthe prearsbe itself tis obligatory on the partof the state to protect al citizen's ‘equality in the matter of eligion,. Moreover the 42th Amendment ‘Act, 1976has inserted the word “Secular inthe preamble The Right to Freedom of Religion cantiites the bass ofthe secular character of india 25 26 fieedam ofconscience Fedo to manage feedom rom and righ to profess religous aff. anending religious preticed propagation ofreligion. 8. Freedom of Conscience and Right to Profess, Practice and Propagattion of Religion (Article: 25) Article 25(1) guarantes to every person freedom of cons and right to profess, practise and propagation of religion ike every Fight. The “freedom of conscience” isthe inner freedom to mould ‘one’s own relation with God in whatever manner he Tikes. To “profess religion means to declare Feely and openly one’s own faith and belief. To ‘practise region isto pertoxm duties ituals. ceremonies and exhibition of beliefs ‘propagate’ means to spread and publicise. one's own religious views forthe education of others. ‘The government has the right to impose reasonable regulatory Measures over Article 25 for ensuring publie order. morality and ‘health. Slaughter of eal or the indecent exposure of one person ina Public place cannot be justified onthe plea of practice of teligious 27 28 religion. insructions i ideas. To ; sec ieee encima. in ey : ization is free to manage its naan me cuore ee inl purposes: 'b. tomanage its own affairs in matter of ei €. toownand acquire movable and immovable property; and 4. toadministersuch property inaccordance with law. «Freedom from Taxes for promotion of any particular religion (article:27) Under Antcle:27, “No person shall be compelled to pay any taxes, the proceeds of which are specifically appropriated in payment ‘ofexpenses forthe promotion or maintenance of any particular religion gious denomination”. This artile emphasises the secular character ofthe state. The public money collected by way of tax «cannot bespentby the state fr the promotion of any particular relizon 4. Freedom from attending religious instruction (article: 28) Article:28 states“ No religious instruction shall be imparted in any educational institution wholly maintained outof state funds". Thisaricl :elatesto regulate religious instruction in public educational institutions. ‘Butthis prohibition will not apply toany educational institution whieh is established under any endowment of trust. But no religious instructions should be imparted in such institutions without the conse ofhimselfor of his guardian, Articte:28 specified four ypes of educational institutions: Insitutions wholly maintained bythe state, 2. Institutions administrated rites. Likewise in the name ~ by the state but established under any endowment of trust. 3 Inotitutions recognised by the state. 4, Insitutions receiving aid from the state. Religious instruction iscompletely prohibited inthe First type institution, while in the second type, religious instruction is ited, But inthe third and foun, religious instruction is permite ‘ona voluntary basis, ‘The articles relating to the freedom of religion have helped to estab nia with de state adopring anarttude of strict impartiality in matters of religion 5, Cultural And Edueational Rights (Articles: 29 and30) Artieles:29 and 30 ofthe Indian constitution deal with Cultural and Educational Rights. These articles ensure to every’ section of all the citizens, the protection oftheir language script or culture, Article: 29 Article: 30 Protection forthe intersts of Right of minorities w establish and ‘Minorities administer educational institions a. Protection for the interests of minorities (article: 29) Article:29 states “anysection of citizens residing inthe territory of | India or any part thereof and having a distinct language script or culture of its own, stall have the right to conserve the same”. That ‘means, if there is @ cultural minority which wants to preserve its language, its script and its culture the state shall not by law impose ‘upon it any other culture which may be either local or otherwise. The constitution of India provides adequate provision forthe protection of ‘minorities as regards their linguage , script or culture. No citizen shall bedenied admission to any educational institutions maintained out of state funds on the ground of religion, race, caste, language or any of them, Thus article 29 guaranteed equality in matters of admission to ‘educational institutions bb, Right of minorities to establish and administer educatinn,) tions (article: 30) [Artich: 3041) lays down that all mirotes whether basen eli, rlanguaige shall have the right westblishand administer edueztr, institutions of their choice. This rights funher protected by 5002) which peoibitsthe tate in granting aidto educational ints for their ovn choice. The right is conferred by this clause on y religious and 2. Linguistic.The “abhi indicatesthe right beinginto existence, while herp fdminister” an insitaon means the right w effectively mas and conduct the affairs of he institution Light eunfertedon such authorities i notan absolute ‘hej vermenthastherighto impo reaznabl regulatory mea, forensuring effective and yund administration. Referring to Ker Esha Bille Supreme Cour said that in grating ido mi institutions the state may prescribe reasonable regulations tox the excellence ofthe institu 6. Right ‘To Constitutional Remedies Articles:32 Dr. I8..Ambedkar, the father of Indian constitution desen thissightasthe “heartand soulof Indian Constitution”. This desc i quite justified a in the absence of this right all other right meaningless and useless since they enuld not be enforced. This makes the othe rights justifiable and real Ariele:320 Indian Constitution euarantes the individual rig move the Supreme Court by appropriate proceedings fort énforeanentot is fundamental rights. The eonsittion under atic and 226 empowers the Supreme Court and the High Court to directions uF orders oF writs including weits of Habeas Coty Mandasvoibition,Cetorariand Quo warranto whiche ve tof fundamental rights. th nai appropriate for the enforcer thas the duty as well asthe power to protect th aber inftingement bythe lei review wRITS ‘AW rit is a formal order under seal issuer sovereign government or by 3 ther person to whomitis specified at. In India. the folowing court forthe enforcement °f fun Mandamus, Prohibition , Certiorari and Quo warrant: Habeas Corpus Habeas Corpus” isa Latin term which eral may have the bod petson. In India the powers issue vritot Corpus nly in the Supreme Cour sad the H the Supreme Courtor the High Court free a pers illegally detainess hy the police or, whether the persin has been la. full) cctained or restores the right of the iheyally desir ortried in cordance with Mandamus Mandamus is also a Latin sor oan Itisthe order feom the Supreme (ow cour, or tribunal or public authority or act, which falls within ts dus lower court or tribunal to stop the proses ‘exceeding its jurisdiction, or actin avai 2 ‘example, ajudge may be restrained from hearings 63se in which jy is personally interested. Certiorari Iisa waits proceedings in inferior cour prevent an excess or abuse of ‘wialtoahigher cour. Prohibition and Certiorari are both issued against court tribunals exercising judicial or quast-judicial powers. The fist available atthe earlier stage of proceedings and the seeond is avail, atthe later stage of proceedings ofthe cases. jor court calling up the record sued from super _ forreview. Itmay be used before tra, jurisdictionand remove the case jy, Quo warranto Itisan order fromthe superior courtto any official to showy rightto the office, The higher court can restrain a person from act inanoffice to which he isnot entitled. It may also seek the offices be declared as vacant. It is available only in respect of offices u publicnature. DIRECTIVE PRINCIPLES OF STATE POLICY Articles 36 to 51 of the Part- IV of the Indian Constitatioy deal withthe concepts of Directive Principles of State Policy, promotes the idea of social and economic democracy in India, Th principles are the ambitions and aspirations of the makers of th constitution regarding the establishment of a socialistic patter Welfare state in India, The constitution itself declares that “the: principles are fundamental in governance ofthe country and it shi bethe duty ofthe state to apply these prineiples in making. laws" Directive Principles of State Policy isa set of moral princp! that guide both central and state governments for the establishm! of socialistic pattern of welfare state in India, We adopted thes: ® rings rom the Constitution fish Republi. They had takenshe Prza from the Constitution of Spain which was the fist county to incorporate such principles as part oftheir constitution. Its non~ josiable in character. Itprovide positive detionsto the sat oscil ad economic democracy in India. These principles are like ‘Ipstruments of Instructions, Political Manifesto and a code of Moral precepts which have to guide the government of our country “They are more or less elaboration ofthe principles and ideas contained inthe Preamble of Indian constitution. tis also underlined {nthe philosophy of democratic socialism with touch of Gandhian jdealism. According to B R Ambedkar, the Directive Principles of Stat Policy isa“novel feature which constiutesa very comprehensive politcal, social and economic programme for amodem democratic State.” They lay down a code of conduct for the administrators of India while they discharge their responsibilities as agents of the sovereign power of the nation, Features Of Dpsp 1, There are 16 Articles (Arti: 36 to 51) covering the Part- IV.of the Indian Constitution which deal with the conceptsof Directive Principles of State Policy. 2, These principles are fundamental in govemance of the country and constitutional guidelines to bath central andstae govemments in legislative, executive and administrative matters. ‘We can borrow these principles from the Constitution of irish Republic, They had taken the idea from the Constitution of Spain ‘which was the first country to incorporate such principles asa part ofa constitution, 4. These principles are like the “Instruments of Instructions ‘enumerated in the Government of India Act 1935 for Governors and Governor Generals in India. gationsto 5. Directive Principles of State Policies have postive obi the state towards its citizens and itis non-justiciable, It means “ that they cannot be enforced by the courts like the fundamen Righis 6. Formerly ifthere was a clash between Fundamental Rights ang DPSP then the Fundamental Rights were to be considereg superior But after 42°nd Amendment ofthe Constitution, th DPSPhave been made superior. 7. Itisa setof moral principles that guide both central and stay ‘govemments forthe establishment of socialistic pattern of ‘welfare state in India, 8. Accondingto Gledhill” The Fundamental Rights are injunctions toprohibitthe government from doing certain things: the Directive Principles are affirmative instructions to the governments to do cersinthings.” ‘The Directive Principles are not properly classified in the constitution, yet for the academic point of view they ean be classified into three broad categories -Socialistic Gandhian and Literal intellectual. Socialistic or Welfare Principles (ARTICLES -38,39,39-A, 41 , 42,43, 43-A,45,47) |. The state to secure a social order forthe promotion of welfare ofthe people. (Amicle-38) 2. The state shall directs policy owards securing : (Aticle-39) (@),_ adequate means of livelihood all citizens; (©). proper distribution of community resources for common good! (©). to prevent concentration of wealth and means of production: (@. equal pay for equal work for men and women: (©), protecting thehealth and strength of workers and children against forcible abuse; and (9. protection of children and youth against exploitation, 3. to promote equal justice and to provide free legal aid to the 45 9. (Article-39-A) (added bythe 42nd Amendment 1976.) right to work, to education and to public assistance in cases 4 ‘unemployment ,oldage sickness and disablement | Arnele ay '5,_tosecuring just and human conditions of work and fvemater relief. (Article-42) 6, toprovide living wage and conditions of work all work (Article-43) to provide workers participation in mana and establishments. (Article- 43.4) ( added ‘Amendment Actof 1976.) 8. toraise the level of nutrition andthe stand and to improve public health. (Amicle-47) Gandhian Principles (Articles = 40 , 43, 46,47, 48) ‘These principles are the emboli for reconstruction and developm freedom struggle. Itsecks to orgs order based on Gandhian ideologs. So inthe DPSPs, They are: 1. Organisation of Village Pancha. Acti! industries on an ins tual or o-operative adh sof tie new social and econo basis in rural areas. (Article-43) Promotion of educational and esonomis interests of SCS, S13 and other weaker sections ( Article- 48) 4. Toimprove public healt an the pro sand drugs. (Article-47) 5. Topromote agriculture and animal husbandry and prohibiting cow slaughter. (Artisle-48) 4. Protecting monuments and places of a 6 Principles (Articles - 44 , 45, 48 , 48-2, 49, 50, 51) “These principles are based onthe liberal thinking and emphasig the betterment of the citizens of India. The liberal principles ax embodied in the following provisions of the Constitution of India, 1. Uniform civiteodeforal sitizens of India. (Article- 44) 2. Free and compulsory education toall children upto the age of fourteen years (Artcle-45)~ Through the 86° constitutions ‘Amendment Act of 2002 converted the subject into » fundamental right under Article -21-A. Protection and improvement of environment, safeguarding o forestand wildlife. (Article-48-A) ie oF historic importance, (Article-49) ‘Tobring about the separation ofthe judiciary from the executive (Amicle-50) ‘Toendeavourto secure (a) he promotion of international peace and security; (2) the maintenance of ustand honourable relatos: between nations; and) the settlement of intemational dispus by arbitration (Article-51) Directive Principles outside the Part- IV 1 The sate to spread Hindi language throughout India to proms: unity in diversity. (Amticle-351) The state to ensure that the minorities are taught in their mot | tongue atthe primary level. (Article-350) The claims of Scheduled Castes and scheduled Tribes are take» to consideration while making appointment to services unde th union or state governments. (Article-355) a7 1c between Directive Principles of tate Poicy and Pi repental Rights Fundamental Rights prsp {Negative in character 1. Positive in character 2 Command the state 2. Guide the state 5 imitations tothe tate actions 3 Instruments ofinsntons ‘Cutiiablein character 4. Non-justiciable in character 5, Mandatory in character 5.Optionlincharacter 6, Focuson individual 6.Focuson society 7 Stand for politcal democracy 7. Social and Economic democracy 4 Legal sanctions 8. Moral and politcal sanctions s,Automatically enforced 9. Legislation forenforcement 10. ioatonis invalid 10. Violations not invalid 11 Part AR: 12-35, 11 Partl Arti: 36-51 Implementation of Directive Principles Aaticle 37 of indian Constitution makes the Directive Principles of State Polices * fundamental in governance ofthe country and it shall be the duty of the state to apply these principles in making laws Dr.BR Ambedkar observed in the constituent Assembly thus: if any Government ignores them, they will certainly have toanswer for them before the electorate at the elections time.” That means, the ‘eal sanction behind these DPSP is the public opinion, ifa goverument ignores them; then the people will not vote that government to power inthenext elections ‘The aims ofthe Directive Principles of State Polices are to ‘sablish a Welfare Satin India based upon economic equality. Under Article 39 - the government have abolished the old institution of hereditary properties, such as Zamindars,Jagirdars ete, and made the tillers of the soil real owners of the land. In order to prevent : I tater crac “concentration of lands in the hands ofa few, many state: Iealaton for ing anima ven fan ca be Bel yg eit for ing mei inca be ely inven Tavs ave Ben enacted i il : improving ihe condtons of avr ee 11d evil of Indian society has been dong Unoushaity teageo eae ae an fence punahable by I. For dy See oko conape indies on Al Tia Kha and Vilage Pree ou Sl eallndses Bor, Sik Boas Hadoin uve bom exbised The govemmen ad naa de Bae aa rae unin wages forwokers odzrised labour neste vcd the conden of worker. Minimum Wages Act, reer Guarance Schemes ee. have also been asbed Te SEER nthe pores ofcreaing more and more job in pb ‘SSovteuph many rjc and pln wich arecsblshedin . : The overnmenthaenatonaie ay privat cterpis is santas compunes tocol teal esures

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