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Nota Bab 2
Nota Bab 2
Nota Bab 2
2.1 Sel – Struktur, Fungsi dan Organisasi 3. Jenis-jenis sel dalam tumbuhan:
• Sel epidermis
1. Sel adalah unit asas bagi semua benda hidup.
• Sel palisad
2. Benda hidup juga dikenal sebagai organisma. • Sel pengawal
3. Bahagian terkecil dalam suatu organisma ialah sel. • Sel rerambut akar
4. Sel boleh menjalankan proses hidup seperti respirasi, 4. Urutan organisasi sel:
pertumbuhan, pembiakan, perkumuhan, pergerakan dan Sel → Tisu → Organ → Sistem
bergerak balas.
5. Terdapat 11 sistem dalam badan manusia:
5. Sel adalah sangat seni dan hanya boleh dilihat dengan (i) Sistem perkumuhan
menggunakan mikroskop.
(ii) Sistem rangka
Sel Haiwan dan Sel Tumbuhan (iii) Sistem limfa
(iv) Sistem pencernaan
1. Sel haiwan mempunyai membran sel, sitoplasma, nukleus
dan mitokondria. (v) Sistem otot
(vi) Sistem integumen
2. Sel tumbuhan mempunyai membran sel, dinding sel,
sitoplasma, nukleus, vakuol, mitokondria dan kloroplas (vii) Sistem saraf
(dalam tumbuhan hijau sahaja). (viii) Sistem peredaran darah
(ix) Sistem respirasi
Organisma Unisel dan Multisel
(x) Sistem endokrin
1. Organisma boleh dibahagikan kepada: (xi) Sistem pembiakan
(a) Organisma unisel: Organisma yang terdiri daripada
6. Fungsi utama sistem dalam badan manusia adalah seperti
satu sel sahaja
di bawah:
(b) Organisma multisel: Organisma yang terdiri daripada
banyak sel Sistem Fungsi
2. Contoh mikroorganisma unisel ialah:
(i) Sistem Menyingkirkan hasil
• Amoeba
perkumuhan perkumuhan seperti urea
• Paramecium dan asid urik daripada
• Chlamydomonas badan
• Euglena
(ii) Sistem rangka Menyokong badan dan
3. Contoh organisma multisel ialah:
melindungi organ dalaman
• Hydra seperti hati
• Spirogyra
• Mucor (iii) Sistem limfa Mempertahankan badan
• Ikan emas daripada serangan penyakit
• Cacing
(iv) Sistem pencernaan Mencernakan bahan
• Kerbau
makanan yang kompleks
• Burung kepada bentuk yang lebih
• Manusia ringkas supaya mudah
diserap oleh badan
Organisasi Sel
1. Badan manusia terdiri daripada berjuta-juta sel yang (v) Sistem otot Membantu dalam
pelbagai jenis. pergerakan badan
2. Sel-sel dalam badan manusia adalah berbeza dari segi (vi) Sistem integumen Melindungi badan daripada
saiz, bentuk dan fungsi. jangkitan dan memelihara
• Sel epitelium badan daripada kehilangan
• Sel saraf air secara berlebihan
• Sel otot
(vii) Sistem saraf Menghantar maklumat
• Sel darah merah
dalam bentuk impuls
• Sel darah putih saraf, mengawal dan
• Sel pembiakan mengkoordinasikan aktiviti
badan
Notes Chapter 2
2.1 Cell – Structure, Function and 3. Types of cells in plants:
Organisation • Epidermis cells
• Palisade cells
1. Cells are the basic units of all living things. • Guard cells
2. Living things are also known as organisms. • Root hair cells
3. The smallest living part in an organism is the cell. 4. The order of cell organisation:
4. Cells can perform living processes such as respiration, Cell → Tissue → Organ → System
growth, reproduction, excretion, movement and reaction. 5. There are 11 systems in the human body:
5. Cells are very tiny and can only be seen by using a (i) Excretory system
microscope. (ii) Skeletal system
(iii) Lymphatic system
Animal Cells and Plant Cells
(iv) Digestive system
1. Animal cells have a cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus
(v) Muscular system
and mitochondria.
(vi) Integumentary system
2. Plant cells have a cell membrane, cell wall, cytoplasm,
(vii) Nervous system
nucleus, vacuole, mitochondria and chloroplast (in green
plants only). (viii) Blood circulatory system
(ix) Respiratory system
Unicellular and Multicellular Organisms (x) Endocrine system
1. Organisms can be divided into: (xi) Reproductive system
(a) Unicellular organism: Organisms which are made 6. The main functions of human body systems are as below:
up of only one cell
(b) Multicellular organism: Organisms which are made System Function
up of many cells
(i) Excretory system Removes excretory products
2. Examples of unicellular microorganisms are:
such as urea and uric acid
• Amoeba from the body
• Paramecium
• Chlamydomonas (ii) Skeletal system Provides support to the body
• Euglena and protects internal organs
such as liver
3. Examples of multicellular organisms are:
• Hydra (iii) Lymphatic Defends the body against
• Spirogyra system infections
• Mucor
• Goldfish (iv) Digestive system Breaks down complex food
• Worm into smaller form so that
the nutrients can be easily
• Buffalo
absorbed into the body
• Bird
• Human (v) Muscular system Assists humans in movement
2. The cells in the human body are different in sizes, shapes (vii) Nervous system Carries information in the
and functions: form of nerve impulses and
• Epithelium cells coordinates all the body
• Nerve cells activities
• Muscle cells
• Red blood cells (viii) Blood circulatory Transports respiratory gases,
system nutrients, hormones and
• White blood cells
waste products
• Reproductive cells
C6H12O6 + 6O2 : 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy (ATP) End product: carbon End product: oxygen and
Glucose Oxygen Carbon Water dioxide, water and energy glucose
dioxide
Occurs at all times Occurs only in the
2. Photosynthesis is the process of producing food in presence of light
green plants from water and carbon dioxide in the
presence of light and chlorophyll.
6CO2 12H2O Light C6H12O6 6O2 6H2O
+ 999: + +
Carbon Water
Chlorophyll Glucose Oxygen Water
dioxide