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    11 views36 pages

    M 4

    Uploaded by

    Sumit Shukla

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
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    Part-2 Part-3 Part-4 Ee Part-1 ; Statistica) Techniques Ih —__——- CONTENTS Sampling, Testing of Hypothesis ., and Statistical Quality Control : Introduction, Sampling Theory (Small and Large) Hypothesis, Null Hypothesis, Alternative Hypothesis, Testing a Hypothesis, Level of Significance, Confidence Limits Test of Significance of... Difference of Means 5-4C to 5-70 T-Test, F-Test, Chi-Square Test One Way Analysis of Varianes (ANOVA) + 5-7C to 5-170 Statistical Quality Contro} {SQC) Control Charts, Control Charts for Variables (¥, R Charts) aie 5-17C to 5-24C Control Charts for vy, +p and C Charts). ariables .., ~ B-24C to. 5-33C Seatisticat Locbresepcs 85 E , Testing of Hyputhesie und Suistiont Gunta _gampling, Testin Withesis und Bsistical Quality © te pompling io ae, (Breall and piheep hares / ive Hypotherts, Testing u Hypraheste, Level of Sanificance, Confidence Lintag significance. Sapyose the coin is unbaised. Then the probability of getting the head in 2 to . Expected number of succes: Vt+ Pi=BO Tee chserved value of successes Tras the excess of observed value ove Abo SD of simple sampling = «mp9 = \ Hence = 220p ' a16 7° Tinpqi 18 5% level of significance ie. we M2 <1.96, the shesis is accepted at 4 . the hypothesis i oy 5a level significance Onelude that the coin is unbaised 2t had « certain slight physical defect 5 camps of 1600 school boys bad the same defect. Is the titterence between the proportions a] 5-3C (CC-Sem-3 Mathematics -IV eS) Mathematics-1Y/~ 18) Le Thus oa; 7 Assad ’ 1,4) - oor -o19x081( 5+ 3560 7 es 0.04 (approx.) ae 15 oo 2-2 0.015 _ 93 Also Px-Pa™ 399 - oe ‘Asz<1,,the difference between the proportions is not significant. ‘The mean of a certain normal population is equal to the Standard Error (SE) of the mean of the samples of 100 from that Standort ion, Find the probability that the mean of the sample of 5 from the distribution will be negative ? If, ie cremsal and o the SD of the distribution, then 5 so = SE. of the sample means = 7 = 75 ‘Also for a sample of size 25, we have z-y o/V25 l0r—o,5_l0e-6 _ be 1 10 o 20 o 2 z Since Z is negative, 2<- + 2 «The probability that a normal variate 2 <— ; =.0.5-0.915 = 0.3085, from normal table. ‘An unbiased coin is thrown n times. It is desired that the relative frequency of the ay ie betwee 049 and0SLFy ppearance of heads should lie betw’ pysenieal. Find ie smallest value of n that will ensure this res! Sof the proportion of heads = [EZ - fuda oi _ 90% of confidence = mn N22n an Wether 45 % ofthe total area under the normal curve 02% +. The corresponding value of z =. 1.645, from normal table. Vs EN sic(cC-Sem-3 & 4) Thus P F 1.6450 = 0.49 0r0.51 je, 0.5 L645 1 . 52 Bim * O49 and0.5+ 1.645 — =051 in . 32 Hence Qa 700108 a = ” one PART-2 Test of Significance of Difference of Means. 6765 approximately Questions-Answers Long Answer Type and Medium Answer Type Questions Que 5.5. | Explain the test of significance of difference of means. Answer Given two independent samples x,, x3) Xu 0%, ANd Ip Ia I's means x and 7 and standard deviations o, and o, from anormal populations with the same variance, we have to test the hypothesis that the population mean jt, and p, are the same. with Forthis,we calculate ¢ het) It can be shown that the variate { defined by eq. (5.5.1) follows the t-distribution with n, + n, ~ 2 degrees of freedom. It the calculated value of ¢ > fps: the difference between the sample means in said to be significant at 5% level of significance. ' ILC > fogu the difference is said to be significant at 1% level of significant. ALE 63. Hence, we take v, =n, ~1=8, and v,=n,-1=6. We define Null hypothesis, H,: 6;= 63. 22 62, Alternate hypothesis, H, At5 % level of significance, we have, Fy os (8, 6) = 4.15 Now, the F-statisticis given by 21.875 _ 1.981 < 4.15 15.8333 Therefore, we accept the null hypothesis H,. The two random samples might have come from two normal populations with the same variance. Ree] ‘Two random samples of sizes 9 and 6 gave the following values of the variable Samplei]15 | 22 | 28] 26 | 18 | 17| 29 | 21| 24 Sample 2 | 8 wz | 9 | 16 | 16 | 10 1 | ignithe difference of the estimates of the population variance at 5% significance. Yl have ALC COSemg 4) 7, 53 = 8.8881, 6, ¥ = 11.6667, 52 26,9 n= 3. = 10.6657. Now, 62> ag. We take oy =~ 37% ants We define Null hypothesis, Hy * a= Hy: 4 5 6}. | | | Alternate hypothesis, 4 | ‘At B Golovel of significance, we have, Moos (8, 5) = 4.82 | Now, the F-statisticis given by | 62 _ 24.4456 | = GL, PAE 2 1.381 < 4.82 Fe 3” 10.6657 | | | | ‘Therefore, we accept the null hypothesis. There is no significant dire, between the population variance. By using z-test, find out whether there is a association between income level and type of schooling : ‘Social Status Health | Poor| Rich | Total Below Normal 130 | 20 150 Normal 102 | 108 | 210 Above Normal 24 | 96 120 Total 256 | 224 | 480 Let us suppose the null hy is is - —_ 7 is pothesis is that betwet income level and type of schooling, at there is no association ‘The expected frequencies are E(130) = 256150 _ 430 8 E(29) = 224x150 480 E(102) = 256 x 210 agp = 212 E18) = 224x210 2 480 =98 : : (cC-Sem-3 & 4) a Statistical Techniques I (24) = 256x120 _ 480 224 x 120 (96) = T= =56 fe | fe | G-f) | €-7)? ft. 130 80 50 2500 31.25 20 70 | —50 2500 36.71 02 112 -10 100 0.89 108 98 10 100 1.02 24 64 —40 1600 25.00 96 56 40 | 1600 28.57 yeh f = 122.44 Table value of x? at 5 % level of significance for 5 degree of freedom is 11.07. Since the calculated value is greater than table value therefore null hypothesis is rejected. Thus, there is an association between income level and type of schooling. A survey of 240 families with 4 children shows the following distribution : Number of boys 4 3]2fifo Number of families 10 55 | 105 | 58 2 {Gitthe hypothesis that male and female births are equal probable. op = 9.49 and 11.1 for 4 df and 5 d.f. respectively) N "hypothesis, H,: Male and female are equally probable. Number of boys 4 3 | 2 1 o Number of girls 0 112 3 4 Number of families | 10 | 55 | 105 | 58 | 12 hypothesis, H, : Male and female birth are not equally probable, of expected frequencies (q +P)", 5-13. C (CC-Sem-3 4 4 Mathomaves IV — 7 2 Probability of female birth = 1 Probability of male birth = 2 “ (qapreg ttePa™ * uO (y+) 1,4,8,4.25 Number ofgirls = 240|<5 +76 "16" 16 regptgt + ":B8a 4 1 7 S 4.940 x4 +240x4 = 7g 120% te" 16 ry = 15 + 60 +90+ 60 +15 ‘These are the expected frequencies of fer: 1 x +240 240x565 ale births. EP 167 55 | 60 -5 25 0.41 105 | 90 16 225 25 58 | 60 -2 4 0.067 wz | 15 =3 9 06 Total 5.247 Given, 72,95 = 9.49 and 11.1 for 4df. and 5 df. Bice the calculated value of 7? (5.247) < 7? value at 4 d/f. and z ie : Hones the nl hypothesis is accepted i.e., the male and female birth is Que5.16.| It is desired ‘sired to compare three hospitals with regards to the number of death selected from the recordsof exch hens of death records were | r jull hypothesis, H, : There i months among three hospi: ‘¢ is no difference in the number of deaths per [Alternate hypothesis, 1: There is a sig : . ‘fdeaths per months among three ce difference in the number Level of significance : We use 5 % level of significance. Test statistic: To find the variance rati ve find the sample totalsas : ince ratio, F, we set up an ANOVA table and y, =34+4434540=15 By, =643434444= 20 Bye = 743444645525 Grand Total (G.T.) = By, +3¥p + Bye = 60 Correction Factor (C.F) (G.TY _ (60° =240 n 15 ‘sum of squares of samples : E yh = Be dhe 4 B+ 0 = 59 Dyh = Or P+ + H+ A= 86 Lye = T4384 dt + G+ 5? = 135 = Lyte lopt Dye-CF. ‘Total sum of squares = 59 + 86 +135 - 240 = 40 Sum of squares between samples es eee _ Ent, E90) Pr)! or. moe asf, 20% , 25° 940-10 cee” Sum of squares within samples =Total sum of squares - Sum of squares between sample = 40-10 = 30 Degree of freedom for total sum squares Degree of freedom for hospital = #— Degree of freedom for error == C-Bem-3 & 4) Botweon san Within samples 40 spit fv, = 25 02 = Tis 9 [pana wlevel oraignificane ‘The tabular value of F at 6% . significant and we conclude Ht . i. o differen Conclusion :Since May

    UCL= Fiasple points do not lie between control control. en Hence, the process js out 5-21 C(CC-Sem-3 «4 Mathematies PY 00 ; X -Chart 45,2. @ OUt of control 45 UCL = 44.98 44 CL =42.9 8 é 43 a B42 . 40.96 : 41 io | Out of control | 0 1 3 | Sample Number | Fig. 5.20.1, | From the control chart table, D, = 0, Dy = 2.115 | R-chart : j | 6 | a | £5 | 24 4 4 4 : < | a6 3 CL=3.4 2 ‘ LCL | Sample Number | 5.20.2. Limits for R-Chart : UCLy= D,R = 2.115 «3.427.191 | LCLy= DR = | CLa= R =34 Allsample points lie between control limite, Hence, the variability is 6°" control. But process is out of control dueto X - chart, 5-22 € (CC-Sem-S & 4) eens ‘Sample Number | 1 Eee 6 eleTe Observed [49 | 50 was 50 aft ef x 54 SIS ole | || || 2/50 a) al fee heed eet eo esd eee 47 | 53 | 45 | 50 | 45 | 57 | 51 | 56 Here, we have “Sample 1 2])3fa4 Number oi (at eames ee e 49 | 50 | 50 | 48 | 47 | 52 | 49 | 55 | 53 | o Observed 55 | 51 | 53 | 53 | 49 | 55 | 49 | 55 | 50 | 54 measurement 54 53 48 51 50 | 47 49 | 50 | 54 | 52 49 46 52 50, 4 | 56 53. 5a] 47 | 54 53 50 47 | 83 43 | 50 45 57 | 51 | 56 ix 260 | 250 | 250 | 255 | 236 260 | 245 | 270 | 225 | 270 52 50 50 51 47 | 52 49 | 54 | 51 | 54 R [55-49 [5346] 59-47 [53-48 [50-44 /56-47 | 53-45 57-50)54-47 56-62, we | -7{-o|-5 | <6 f=] 78 {e771 e* Mean of the means X = —— WG , From th ol chart table for sample of 5 item, A, = 0 ee 9.451247 + 52+ 49454 +514 54 10 __ 5245045 4.7505 Control Limi X - chart: eee fix 51.04 (0.679 65 =5 17.2495, ucL= X+4: 31.0 - (0.577) 6.524 yeL= ¥-A, R= 5-28 C (CC-Sem-3 @ 4 =e ’ aD * CL=510 Sample Mean X 51] 50} 49) agp Neer 47 46) oTes25 67 8 9 0 Sample Number seman # a Since X,=47

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