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Escrarnes, “Boro XapaM" W CTparervata Ha x@008 sss 8B 71 Teoprues, CeGutanra a Mewes e Kowrexcra wa Tpanccbopmaunsra Ha ToneMMa BAWSbK TOK ne 103 B. Lmukoa, Mepcnextasure sa opmnpane a Heommnepcnn yeHTpoBE 18 apaBCKO-MOCIONMAHCKIR CBT nnn sae Teocrparernn x Teen, Hosara cparer 28 omypocr wa CAll Here BPONHCKH NPOEKUMA. 0 pee 128 Teonmonommna H. Cretpatos, Npoexrsr TTIP u waprunannsaynara wa Epona. 134 B. Karpanaxmes, MexayHapontara sanytHo-punaHcosa cricrema 8 pagapa Ha reononmTiKara .. = 141 H. Karacovios, FnoGanvunr snr: qeeTe vacrn Ha aAcOepra 150 71. Damirpos, Wesxose, wera u dbowepcu: pasmecraanero wa nnacrosere. ‘8 cBeTosHaTa HedbreHa THproBR, eee 159 Wctopma m reononutaKa H. Lalbopr, Bus MOXHUST BAMSEK [STOR one 168 Oco6en nomen X. Teres, Cocbun: Pistis Sophia... 174 Keun . Panep, Mo meta ke Mimnepmsra: Kpwaara Ha esponelicKMA NPOeKT..... 182 Wwrepeio Mpoxpecop AAxetimc Ponxcepe aa ‘pyckata nonwruxa” Ha CALL. 185BBATAPHA BbIITAPCKOTO [PAKQAHCTBO KATO MHCTPYMEHT 3A PEASIM3MPAHE CTPATEFMYECKMTE WENN HA CTPAHATA HU M0 OTHOLUEHME HA AMACTIOPATA 2 pasnwka oT APyTM AwpxasH MneHKA Ha EC, KOWTO uMaT MHOTOBpoiHa AMacnopa, Benrapua Hawa paspaGoTeH crparernyecki AOKyMEHT 3a pa6oTa c GbnrapcKnTe oBuyHocTu san rpannua. B neHA, 8 KoiiTo npaswTencracTo Ha Mame Opewapcxy nonane ocraska, MusitcTepcxnsT coset npwe "HauMoHanta crpaterua sa Obnrapcknre rpaxna- HW MCTOpHYeCKUTe GenrapcKM OSu\HOCTH NO caeTa’. BenpeKn, ve Gewe uspa6oTeHa © AKTHBHOTO CeAe/ICTaNe M Bnese B AHESHIA pea NoA CHNHNA HaTACK Ha CefrapcKara wacnopa, HiTO eqMH npeACTaBMTeN Ha CMeHANMTe Ce Cneq TOBa NpaBMTeNcTEa He & ‘S3en cTHoWEHHe To HeA, KOeTO NOCTaRR penNLIa BuNPOCH No CTHOWEHMe Ha GEAEWETO Hh Bunrapennre o6uioetn no cnera Kum HacTORUMA MOMeHT eNWHCTBEHO Ha ObMUMANHaTa WHTepHET cTpaHMa Ha Depxasvara areHuua 3a GenrapuTe 8 uyxKOuHa, KOATO NO NpesyMN4NA NpoBeKna Abpxasiara nonwTuKa KbM Auacnopara, KaTO CTpaTerM¥eCK YeNM Ca NOCOUEHU Cbx- paHABaHETO Ha BrnrapcKOTO eTHOKYNITYPHO NPOCTPAHCTBO, AYXOBHOTO EANHEHME Ha ‘Bevan Genrapn no ceeTa c Benrapna n wsrpaxgaveTo Ha Genrapckn noGura 8 4yx6uHa, OrcecTeneTo Ha Takiea npHopTeTH, KaTO HanpHMep NpespbujaHeTo Ha GenrapoKn- Te OujHOCTM B MOCT 9 CBTPYAHNYECTBOTO MeXAY BbNTapHA M AbPNABHTe, B KOUTO NpeGvsasar Genrapure sag rpaxnya, nocTasa senpoca 3a NpasMnHoTo cPopMynupaHe *Bummeapcxo 2eononumuyecko Opyxscmeo TEONONATHKACnac Tawee Ha Senrapensre crparermveckn Yenw H pauMoHanHoTO ManonsBaHe Ha pasnWHuTe Mexannau 32 TAXHOTO nocTuraHe. TyeTpa6ea na ce uma npeaena, Ye CbnrapcKara abpxasa pasenea no-MacoBa eM Hoc cpeg Waa TpiTe wunioHa npeAcTasirenn Ha GbnrapcKaa AMacTOpa NO TpM OCHOBHH HanpaBnennn: npwem Ha CTyAeHTH oT BenrapcKn nponsxoR (no KONO 550 Ay\wM roAMUHO), O6ysaBane Ha Genrapown Aeua 8 4yaGnHa (8,7 XHN. yHeHMUM 3a y4eOHaTa 2014-2015) H HaTypanugayna Ha niya oT Senrapckn npowsxon (cpeAHoromMHo no oKono 15 xAnaQM Ayn npes nepwona 2002-2013). Or ean gain ce einKga, ve 0 HACTORLMA MOMENT Hall-MacoBaTa NONHATMKA, KOATO Bunrapua nposexaa cpen Ginrapure an rpaHuya, e ceBpsana c npenocTaBAHETO Ha Senrapcro rpaxsiancreo. Tasn nonwTika sanoea Owe B HaianoTO Ha AeMOKpaTHNHHR ‘npexog ato o6.yo sa nepwona 1990-2013 Han 201 xMNAQH AYUM ca KaHANAATCTEANH M pugo6unn SenrapeKo rpaxqancrso. Pesyntature or AocerawHara nonwTHKa Viamunanuat 24-rogmuieH nepvog € AOcTaTeYHO AbMer M ce e HaTpynana AocTaTEHHO kpirnuiia Maca, KoeTo nossonaea na ce Hanpash ahanns Ha ecbexrute oT ocerawnaTa ‘epxasia nonuTuka 3a WaTypanwsauna Ha nnyara OT GenrapcKn npowsxoa, Ha npaKrHka, Mexay 10% u 14% oF npedcTasirenuTe Ha WcTOpMYeckHTe ObnrapcKn COUIHOCTH Bee ca nonyinn GenrapcKo rpaxgancreo. Karo ce mMaT npeABMA M AeUATa, poneHM chen npxgoSusane Ha GenrapcKo rpaxnancrso OT POAMTeNHMTe KM, MOMe Aa Ce NPMEMe, He ‘ANeC oKono 15% oT ucTopMueckaTa Genrapcxa qvacnopa e npwena rpaxnaHcTEoTo Ha csonra npaponuna Benrapua. Cam no ceGe cx, nogoGer peaynrar e snevarnaBauy, sawjoro ce HaSniogaea npoUec, KoMITO OT NpaBHa regHa TO¥Ka cbaeicTea 3a MspaB- HapaHe craryca Ha MCTOpHMeCKHTe BrnrapcKH COUINOCTH © TOSM Ha HoBaTa Genrapcxa emurpayua. Taxa Hanpnmep camo 8 PenyGnnka MakenoHna npes neproaa 2001-2013 87 xanngu Gnrapy ca craHann GunrapcKu rpaxqann, 8 Monaosa - 28 xunaaM, 8 Cep- Gua 5 xunani u TH. Cregpa a ce ahannsnpa, Ao Kaxea creneH Tosn npouec e nosnian sepxy nocTHra- Hero Ha fexnapypaknte crparermecia enn Ha Bunrapis no oTHOWeHNe Ha Gunraporara Awacnopa. Tash oushka e HsknioMiTTenHO BaxHa, 32LOTO MOKE fla NOC KaTO.OcHOBA 38 YCRERPWEHCTBaNe Ha CLgeujaTa Genrapcka AbpMaBHa NoniTAKA nO BENPOCA. ‘Taka Hanpnmep, npv HannuveTo AHec Wa Han 60 xAnsqK BtnrapcKs rpaxnaHn Ha ‘Tepwropusra Ha PenyGnixa MaKeaoHin, Moe Ala Ce AOnycHe, Ye Tosa KONMYECTEO anune 3a no-sabenexnMo saqenGovaBaHe Ha ABYCTPAHHUTE OTHOLUEHMA MM NOHE 3a NPeBpLUlAHeTO WM B HeKaKLS non/THMecKM chakTop. HaKOU AebAHHpaxa TOS NpoUeC ‘c HecbaceM ycnewnHnR TepMi "peObnrapwsaynn” (He BAXAAM Kak MOXE fla ce peOen- rapnanpa Makegouna, crea KaTO W KLM MOMeHTa Hag 50% OT HeMHOTO HaceneHne € c Senrapenn npousxon, HO C pasnM4in CTeneHH Ha CbxpaHeHNe M uaRBa Ha GanrapcKo Haynonanno cbsHalie). 3a CemaneHne, sb3 OCHOBA Ha NocoYeHOTO No-Tope OcHOBAHHE, oROGHO saknioveHne He MOxe fla GpAe HanpaBeHo. BunpochaTa OGUIHOCT OT GtnrapcKn Tpaxqann, 3a pasniuxa oT OGuocTHTe Ha MaKeAOHCKHTe anGaHUN, CEpOM, TYPUA Mn AOpH Brac, no HHKaKeB HANH He ce e NpespHana B peanen cbaKrop 8 O6UeCTBeHO- onurrayecksa 21807 Ha PenyGnika Maxenonia, nopam KoeTo He npentcTasnsa wHTepec ‘3a MaxenoHcniTe nonirruvecka cpeau, Hewo noseve, He ce saBennaea H saAbnGOwaBaNe a epaKe Ha TasM OOuHocT Benrapua. Taxa HanpHMep npK nposexnaleTo Ha nap- namenrapaure nsGopi 8 Benrapus npes 2014, 6 Tpure wsGyparendu cexywn 8 Ckonve M = FEONOAMTIKA eee_Ssneapcromo epaxtancmso Kamo uhompy Mek 3a peanusupane crpameeuveckume uent we cmpaHAme Mi ‘Srons ca rmacysann §28 ayn (or KonTo 71 rnaca ca Hegevicrenentw). Tosa osHaHasa, “se 8 PenySnka Maxegonia ca racysanm enea 0,88% oT BonuKH GBnrapcKy rpaKaaHH. “Manco no-o6pa, Ho Ges cbujecraeHn pasnisus, © cuTyausTa cpea o6u\HocTTa Ha Obn- sapcnuTe rpaxaann 6 Mongosa. Ta npes 2014, s paskparire 6 na6mpaTennn CeKuMN, Ca smacysann o6ujo 589 ayum (oT Kono 47 maca ca HenelicreuTentin). Tam us6npaTennaTa ‘qcrusHoct @ 2,1%. CpasnuTenio manoSpoiiKn cam oprannsaumnTe Ha MCTOpMYecKuTe GonrapcKn ‘oSuyHoorH. Ewmrpmpanute wa Sanaq Texkw npencTasuTenn mK MHOTO pABKO cTasaT smmevose Ha opranneaynu Ha HoBara ObnrapcKa emMrpauiaR, [oTOMUMTe HM Ha npaKruKa me noceujasar GunrapcaiTe yuunnula 2a rpaHnua (C MAnKH uskmO4eHHA 8 BpasHnis), Baan apeska usrnexaa ocHosarenen senpocer, ann npenocrasaHero Ha Genrap- (exo rpaxxaaHcTeo Ha nya OT GrapcKA NPONSKOA Npes BENPOCHHA NlepHOA e CbAeIICT- ano sa Paspeuiasate Ha acT OT npoGnemuTe, NopomeHH OT AeMorpatbckaTa KpM3a 8 crpaviara. B npwerara npes 2008 Hauwovanka crparerun na PenyOnaka Bonrapwa no urpauna w MHTerpaua, KATO m.pea cTpaTerMuecka Yen e onpeneNeHO NpMaNWYAHETO Ha smuua c Benrapexo rpaxaaHcTs0, KUBEELM Ha TEpHTOpMATA Ha APYTU CTPAHM, M Ha NLA (oF GenrapcKn npowsxon ¢ Hy 0 rpaxAaHCTEO M TAXHOTO TpaaHo SaBpbulaHe M 3acen- save 8 Benrapua. B Crparerunra Ha Bunrapua e oGnactra Ha MurpaunnTa, YOexMUWeTO sm msrerpaymnra (2011-2020) coujo ce OOpbuja BHHMaHMe Ha MurpA\MOHHaTa NonuTAKA nO OTHOWIeHMe Ha xNBeeUINTE san (panna BenrapcKn rpaxnaHn m nM\aTa oT GenrapcKn npousxon 8 4yxGnla. Te Ce pasrnexaar KaTO BLSMOMeH pecype 3a NpeononABAHe Ha seraTuBHnTe Aemorpacbon TeHaeHUKH B Benrapan, Cornacko annie or npeGponanero Ha HacenenneTo 8 Benrapmsinpes 2011, y Hac ca.ce npecenunn unm sasmpHann or wyx6nHa O6WO 131 xMnAAM AyUM. OT TAX 72 XHTABM ‘ca Senrapeku rpaxqann, Towa noxasea, ve saepr>ujaujara ce MATPa\MA cpea NpencTaBH- ‘Tenmre Ha HosaTa Opnrapcxa emurpauua npeacTasnasa peanex nemorpatboru peseps. Enea 22 xnnnan aywn oT sacenunure ce 8 Btnrapna a0 2011 oBave, ca Aeknapmpani, $e ca C ABOMHO rpaxaalicTeo. Mo-ronaMara 4acT OT TAX ca MMeHHO Mya ¢ BBnrapcKn npowsxoa, nonyunnn GesnrapcKo rpaxnaHCTsO, Tet KATO, CbfnacHo pasnopenGure Ha Saxowa sa OnrapcKoTo rpaxdaHcTeo, OcHOBHO Tash KaTeropHA He Ce OcBOBOxaasa oT FpawgancTeoTo Ha Abpxasara no nponsxoa. Apyrata vacT OT TasM rpyna ca OBnrapcKH rpaxgann no poxgesne, npAgOGWnM M YyKnO rpaxqaHcTeo. TeaK AaKHA noKaseaT, We ena 10% ot npvaoGmeaure GenrapcKo rpaxaaHcTBo Ha OcHOBAHNe Ha ObnrapcKn ponsxoA ce ycTaHoBsBaT Aa xvBeRT 8 BUnrapwA Tosa son 0 usB0na, Ye AocerauHara nlonwruka 3a npenocrasAHe Ha GenrapcKo Fpaxqancrao He © fosena 0 NOCTATaHeTO Ha CBUECTBEHM pesyNTATH NO HATO EAHA OT cTparermeckuTe ueni Ha Btnrapia no oTHoWeHNe Ha BbnrapcKara Avacnopa. Tosa € “Taka, 3auyoTO npes vaMMHaNHR NepHon NpoUeceT Ha NpHAOGMBAHE Ha GenrapcKo rpax- aHCTBO OT AMA C BArapCKN NpoMsxoR Ce OcHOBABA Ha NoxKpHBAKETO Ha chopManHH spiTepw, a He Ha cbakTwMeckoTO ycTaHOBABaHe HanMMeTO Ha SenrapcKo caMocEsHa- ute w uyecrao sa eptska c Benrapir. Upes npespeijakeTo Ha cpeACTEOTO B CaMOLen & waryGex cMcemsT, KOTO npaBHara Hayka Bnara B OnpemeneHMeTO 3a “rpaxKnaHcTac’, @ mteHHo, 4e To e Thalia M yoTORNNBa BPb3Ka MEXAY ‘USHMECKOTO MHYE W AePxaBATa, Dannure oBave noKassar, Ye npu 90% oT cnyyaie, OcBeH nonyaBaHeTo Ha GenrapcKw ‘aCnopT, HAMA ApyTM OTHOWEHKE MexAy M>PMaBATa M HaTYpANKSMPAHHA Ha OCHOBAHNE a Genrapcrn nponsxon rpaxaanin. Cam no ceGe cw, TosM peayntar He e TonkoBa tbaTaneH aKo He ce nMa npeABMA, Ye © Aocerawnna mogen sa npegocrasale Ha rpannancTeo Binrapus (paKTH¥ecky Ce Ni- FEONONUTUKA, C2)Cnac Tawos luiaBa OT OCHOBHINA MHCTPYMeHT 3a peanHo BLaAeNICTEMe BLPXY Tash KaTeropMA NMYa OT Genrapcra nponsxoa. Taka crurame 40 napafoKcanHuA W380, He BMECTO Ala CbACIICTBA, ocerawnara npakraka qesanenpa GenrapcKoTO rpaMslaHCTBO, KATO B CbUIOTO BpeMe Ce 16x WHCTPyMeHTeT 3a NocTHraHe Ha CTpaTerMYeck#Te Yen CpeR No-ronaMaTa 4acT OT Apegcrasnrenure Ha ucTopmMeckuTe GenrapcKn OBWHOCTH. Nocnequunre or ocerawHata nonuTaKa ‘Toon cna6 pesyntar oBa4e WMa BiCOKA YeHa, HapasnBauya Ce B pricKoReTe 3a HaLW- owanHaTa HM CHrypHOCT WM SaTpyAHeHNATa NpeA NOcTuTaHeTO Ha APYTM CrpaTerMueckH enw Ha ABpxasHara nonuTaKa KaTO HanpHMep anMsaHeTo Ha Bunrapwn B WeHTEHCKOTO pocrpaHcrso. Hai-ronawara sannaxa KM HaCTORUIMA MOMeHT NpOMSTHYa OT BbSMOMHOCTTA ‘ama, HocHTenn Ha penurnoseH byHmaNeHTannabM M APYTH PaguKanh WAeN, Aa CTa~ Har Genrapcxn rpaxaann. KaKro € u3BeCTHO, NO BpeMe Ha OTOMAHCKOTO BNaAMYECTBO ena act oT Genraperoro Hacenenne 8 SanaaHa MaKenoHia, KocoBo M AnBaHna & nognomeHo Ha McnAMMsa\MA. AHeWHiTe HeroBK npegcTaBHTeNh ca c GeacnopeH Gen- rapexn nponsxon, KoviTo MOKe Aa Ce NOTspAM AOpM MH OT chakra, He TexeH MaiTuNH E3MK fe MecTHHRT Genrapckn roBop, a cbonknopeT, HapoAHATe TaHUM, WEBMURTE W AOPIA TO NonnMMaTa ca GenrapcKn. B CbLIOTO BpeMe, YACT OT TOBA HaceneHMe CTpafa OT KPHsa Ha wjeHTnuHocrTa,, Hai-Be¥e non BnuAkMe Ha penrMosHia cbaKTop. Criopen, OUeHKuTE Ha pasnnuiu excnepTu, 8 HavanoTo Ha 2015, oT perona Ha Bankakwre 3a “VicnawcKa ADpxasa” ce cpaxaeat oKono 1000 Goiiun. HakoK OT TAX ca MMeHHO oT GanaqHa Ma- Kenonns m Kocoso. Oceel Toba, “pes MECTHHTe BNACTH BBB BBNDOCHHTE PEFMOHIM, He & ‘npoGnem a ce waAasar, SEpxy OpurHHaNHM Gal, AOKyMEHTH C HEBAPHO CbAbpMaHNE (Hanpumep axrose sa paxqane). Taka moxe a ce nogMeHA caMonWsHOcTTa Ha oTgenKH kanangarn 3a GenrapcKo rpaxgaHcTao, 8 T. W HSKOM Aa GoaaT Ges peanex GenrapcKn ponsxoa, OcseW venpaujaHeTo Ha 6OnuM B KOH¢>ruKTHUTe orHMuya B ENHaKAA M3TOK, ‘upes TOaM MexAHiSbM MOraT a C2 CbanlaBAT M MCTAMMCTKA KTETKM KaKTO Ha TepHTOpHATA a Benrapin, Taka w Ha yenna EC. He e no-pasnisa e Kapruiara 8 HAKOM rpynn Ha xpMCTURKNTe OT GBnrapcKM npo- waxog Bes Bapaapcka Maxegonnr. Oule npes OTOMAHCKHA PexAM YaCT OT BbnrapuTe 8 Asor x MlopeneTo nonagat nog sniskieTo Ha CepCoMalcKara nponaranga. Npes nepvoga Ha cpeGokara oKynauns OT TexHATe Cpe”M ce CeaqasaT CpbECKuTe KOHTPANe- 7M, npoTasonocTanun ce Ha BMPO, a npes 1941-44 Tanna Obnrapn cepGoMaHn ce ‘cpaxasat saegHo ¢ THTOBHTe NapTMsaHH nM YeTHHUNTe Ha [\paxa Muxaiinosv4 cpewiy Genrapexara anwmnuctpauua. OT nogoSum cpean npowanusaT M Hall-OTABNeHATe aHTH- Genrapu 8 Maxenonns. Taxa Hanpamep Slasap Konuuiea(ckn) npes 1941 nvwe cneaHoTO 8 mon6a go Llap Bopwec Il: “Cm cow Ha poawenn Gonrapm, 4yBCTBAN CbM ce M yCeWiAaM ce Btnrapnn, senpekn CTpawHoTo pocTBO - sanasin CbM OMT, M esMK, M HpaBM Bnrap- cau’. HaniicakoTo e eapHo, Konnuies(cKv) HaMCTHHa © OT GBnrapcKA NpOMSxOA, HO TOBA He My nionpewm fla Ce npesspHe 8 enw OT Hal-roneMMTe NOTUCHHUM Ha GenrapuTe B Maxenorua, MonoGex noxymexT e nican m Gauata Ha Apyr OTABNeH aHTHBENrapHH ~ Muxaiino Anocroncky: "MOAT CMH, KoiITo e Genrapik, poneH oT Gunrapok ponMTenn. Cneg 1944 To craga onnyeTeopeHne Ha npecnejsaHero Ha BCHMKO BpnrapcKo B Ma~ wepoHMs ‘Teaw npamepi scHo nokaseat sannaxara oT GeskpurTnyHoTo npanarane Ha nono6eH noaxoA AHeC, S2uIOTO Taka Genrapero rpaxqaHcTeo MoKe Aa BbAe NonyYeHO H oT NUYA, om TEOMONMTHKA_Ssneapcxomo epenrdancmeo namo uncmpywenm 3a peanusupane cmpameewvecrume Uert Wa CmpaNaMe HU ‘mponosaqsaUyn arTHGenrapcen (HanpAMep MaKeAOHHCTKM) Waen. Tosa ce ynecHABa oT -oceraulHara npaKruka, pM KORTO YeCTO MSTH AM\aTAa, HENPMTeMABALIM KOHKDETHM -AoxazarencTea 3a Genrapcrw npovsxon upes pogcTeeHa apeaKa C Genrapun, nonbnear ‘moTapnanio saseperia aeKnapaunn, 8 KORTO ce Kasea: AS AonynoANMCAHHAT ..., AekNa~ ‘bepaM, ve uMtaM Gtnrapcxo HaMOHANHO CaMOCEsHaHWe M BbnrapcKn NDOMSKOA, Thi KATO ‘wowre ponurenn ... ca Osnrapn". Sa ceManeHne, TeHeHUMATA Ma Ce NPUKPHBa MaKenOHMCTKOTO ChsHaHKe 3am ‘Popmanko Aeknapmpan SenrapcKn npousxoA ce npoRBABa M cera. Taka HanpMMep ‘cauo sa nocnenHoTo Tpnmeceuve Ha 2014 suuenpesnneHTeT e OTKasan Aa NORMMWIE ‘yraowTe Ha 39 nuya, KowTO sBnpeKH, Ye ca eKnapmpann GenrapcKn npoMsxon, no- enw KoeTO ca nonyunnn CoTBeTHHTe yAOCTOBepeHiA OT [ePKaBHaTa AreH\NMA 3a Genrapnre 8 4yxOnxa, no BpeMe Ha MHTepaIoTaTa B MuHMCTepCTBO Ha NpaBoCAMeTO, pH nogasaHero Ha AOKyMeHTH 3a BbNrapcKo rpaxqaHcTEO, Ca Ce HSABHNM KATO NMYA ‘oT weGenrapcka HapoqHocr. Mi Tosa ca caMo OHeaM, KOUTO He ca yonenu a NpMKpHRT ‘osu chaxr. Cnensa a ce uma npensi, ve peanua nocpeaHHuM, aM He CAMO TaKEa, secTpykTupar nonobHW KaHANaTH, Kak Na Ce ABPKaT Ha MHTepsIOTATa, PerMcTpApaHh (€2w HaKonKo cyyas Ha eTHAYECKH anBaHilA, noAMCANK NoAOOHM AeKNapayWn. TaKa sanpakruka ce nogmena ayXeT Ha 3aKoHa, NoCneAMUNTe OT KOETO Ca TpesOmHH H MOrAT a aHecaT weTH Ha OenrapcKaTa ALpKasHa NoNMTHKa No BBNpOCA. 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