ODERN ELECTRICS ahha baalMODERN EL (BARE) CS Guaranteed for one year. Our Free Catalog C12 is worth your having Send 10 cents in stamps for our book “ Ignition, Vaporization, Installation and Operation of a Motor."” UNITED MFG. CO., Dept. Z, Detroit, Mi When writing please mention “Modern lectrics"” “LIVE WIRE” GOODS AT “LIVE WIRE” PRICES x |) TUBULAR ELECTRIC The -‘New York” Motor Ay SEARCH SCARFPIN pratie. "x summer" tr cwery Te Epest. Runa acco revolut.p Mon one LIGHT Montceatng now. diy call Devers sursibing amos ‘Without question the WPiherent enters, will un in diferent diictiog The arent ice ia Owe lead, Hie tid er acd to-day. Guaranteed tescent. Pricey wai, By mal sc exis for o.e0 Mathes. Io- tense white light. 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Hooks 101 Transformer 103 Condenser | Experimental and Electrical W New Bulletin on Rough Castings for Dynamos and peel wil? Inventions Designed and Perfected, BUBIER PUBLISHING COMPANY, si LYNN, MASS. | WAGNER MODEL WORKS, ‘When writing please mention “Modern Blectricx.” rwosooes: PATENTS cevcncnmrie cnventor's Guide” (SRFPNPECIAT, OFFER: Send sketedes or model and dee UaB” tigi ofiverton toc REE SEARCH of Part’ Ofice ao Recor and Report so uenabity. You wil sae TIME a ‘Fortunes in Patents” MONEY. Hipketefeensa. = ogls't'd Patent Ai Maier EE. E. VROOMAN b:8cocWestiouton, 8.2. When writing please mention “Modern lection” Southern Pacific Telegraph School Fa Reie ard erecta ties gers 2 {eiton efanded”™Salries $y 0 S90 month “Addesess SCHOOL OF TELEGRAPHY, 300 : 12th st., Onkland ‘When writing please mention “Modern Electrion” COYNE TRADE SCHOOL ELECTRICITY, PLUMBING, PLASTERING P BRICKLAYING. DAY AND MIGHT. NO BOOKS. Pree Catalogue. Scholars 15 to 80 years old. Rater Now. 236 8th St. Sam Francisco ‘When writing please mention “Modern Blectris. lf you wish to sell or ceenalze enytbing: do When writing please mention If you wish to buy somethl don’t know where to #°t Modern Electric’ Il information giver free<“&«\ -— —- MODERN ELECTRICS Vol. I. MAY, 1908. No. 2. Testing a Modern Electric Locomotive By J. Sruarr FREEMAN. { t In the eighty years of the develop- of locomotives for long-distance nsportation, only a dozen years ‘or so sed since the electric locomotive has en in the field. But fourteen years 0 no such thing had been heard of, d, while the steam locomotive of to- is the result of three-quarters of a tury of invention and improvement, Present perfection of the electric lo- Motive has been reached after only a cade of experimental and research For some of us who are more or familiar with them the novelty has to wear off, but there are hun- Feds of engineers who would place value upon a trip on one of them. those of my readers who are among less fortunate, T will attempt to de- a trip on one of these modern Eaters,” The Famous ‘6000.’ We board an electric car at Schenec- tady, N. Y., the home of the electric engine, and go west through the Mo- hawk Valley. We have to ride but three miles when our car, running parallel to the New York Central tracks, gets abreast of the eastern end of the well- known and much-feared third rail, with its familiar signs at short intervals, reading: DANGER, LIVE THIRD RAIL, Here we see one of those silent, mys- terious bulks of iron, standing quietly and with no puffing and blowing, as in the case of a steam engine, impatient to be off, but with a majestic silence, tell- ing us of vast power pent up within it and but temporarily subdued.No. 3424 Making 79 Miles Per Hour. Continuing up the valley, we look out of the window, and are allowed but a few seconds in which to catch a glimpse of the once still engine now devouring the track on which it runs at an enor- mous rate of speed, and soon becoming invisible in the distance, although we are running in the same direction at 50 miles per hour. Soon, however, we ar- Interior of No. 3424. rive at Wyatt’s crossing, the location of the sub-station and barn. Here we await the return of the engine, and in the meantime wander about the station. High up on one side of the wall the 33,000 volt lines enter from the outside, and immediately below are the curiously shaped lightening arresters and the long, slim main switches. Down on the floor are a set of transformers which reduce the alternating current of 33,000 volts to a much lower potential. From these the current runs to the rotary converter, shown in the illustration, which, in tay gives off a direct current of but 6 volts, which current is supplied to third rail, paralleling the track ontsée But the engine is awaiting us noq having been stopped by one of the ployees, so we must hurry aboard, Fin however, the conductor must take a pass so as to protect himself in oa anything should happen to us. He fal all is right and signals to go ahead, bell clangs forth a few strokes and “engineer,” who is a motorman, opens his “throttle.” Slowly, s and with almost no sound, we begia move. The motorman does not hold lever on the first notch, but quickly pa it over the entire first set, of which are three, and the motors continu accelerate perfectly smooth until their limit of speed under that set, W he gives them additional “juice.” Starting from the western end, have a straight stretch of three-at of a mile, at the end of which até eral sharp, double. curves. Along he is not allowed to exceed a speed 65 miles per hour for ‘safetys $4 This is rather fast traveling, after 99) having gone faster than about per hour, and we wonder at the with which our steed takes the leaning far over to the inside ‘? when standing erect we are 10 “% from the perpendicular. At the ¢f the curve she rights herself and “oy Ieans in the opposite direction 0° ©) around the next curve. (Continued on page 2) ]MODERN ELECTRICS A Silicon About a year ago the writer had the / epportunity of examining a Pickhardt/ Silicon Detector, and after listening to| it in operation, decided to build one him- self. The operator, a friend, explained the action of the detector in’ detail, say- ing in part there were no batteries to run down, that the adjustment was very easy, and when once adjusted it could be depended upon not to get out of or- der, and that the connections were very "simple. From his explanation) the instrument hereinafter Genet was built, at a "cost of about $3.00, and was afterward tested on one of the Fall River Line steamers, where it proved to be so sen- sitive that wireless telephone could be heard with it. A silicon detector, when used with le receivers wound to 1,000 or 2,000 ohms resistance, is as sensitive, if, ‘Tot more so, than the electrolytic de- tector, and it does not get out of adjust- ent casily. However, _ telephones Wound to a high resistance must be used, without such telephones the ad- tages are not so appreciable. The writer has experimented with a mber of detectors, among them the f ' . . q b Detector By A.C. Aust, Je The illustration Cherewith shows all the receiving apparatus, except the tun- ing coil,, “A” being the detector proper, “a 1” is the silicon and “a 2” the brass point resting thereon, “B” is the con- lenser and “C” the telephone receivers. ” are leads to the tuning coil, thence to the aerial switch and aerial, and “G” | through the same switch to the ground. |“ whe materials for this detector may be obtained from any good supply or importing house, and directions for con- struction are as follows: Procure a wooden base such as is used for pony relays, same to be of the dimensions as shown in Fig. 1; bore 9 holes, as per Fig. 1, large enough to accommodate 8/32” screws, countersink- ing them 3/16’ so as to ‘accommodate washers and screw heads, and then cut the grooves for the connections, making them of sufficient depth to allow the i strument to set flat when completed. There must also be six small binding posts to set in holes “a,” “by” “em mq Ee and “i Procure a piece of hard rubber 3° thick and trim to size 146" x 1 27/32" and bore holes as per Fig. 2, “g” and “h” to be large enough t6 accommodate 8/32” screws. Also two round-head brass screws 8/32" thread, about 34” long. Make a piece of brass of the dimen-n Vv oe ea vo i) a a a 4 co) a ° =MODERN ELECTRICS The Dynamophone ee aE, ile conducting some experiments ireless telephony I made the discov- ‘of quite an interesting combination |, to my knowledge of the art, has been tried up to this date. (0 produce mechanical effects direct- nan. is obliged to exert his muscular , by bringing his muscles in con- with the object to be moved, or an indirect way, namely, by in- ing a tool between the muscle and object. This tool might be a lever might be a telegraph key, which E if desired, will move or disturb the another medinm, ERNSBACK, the vibrations should close a certain cir- cuit, which in turn could be relayed, to transmit or start power, has always proved a failure on account of the vibra- tions of the diaphragm, created by the human voice, being exceedingly weak. My arrangement, as described below, to transmit or start power, etc., simply by talking into a transmitter, will there- fore be found novel, especially if it is considered that the transmitter is not connected with the receiving station whatsoever. The transmission is made by means of wireless electric radiations. No new apparatus being needed in my arrangement, any amateur can easily per- “form the experiment. Referring to plan, M represents the ‘common transmitter as used on most tel-46 MODERN ELECTRICS A Magazine devoted entirely to the Electrical Arts. PUBLISHED MONTHLY BY Modern Electrics Publication NEW YORK CITY, N. Y. H. GERNSBACK, EpiTor. Subscription Price: For U. S. and Mexico, $1.00 per year, payable in advance. New York City and Canada, $1.25. Foreign Countries, $1.50 in Gold Stamps in payment for subscriptions not ac- cepteds Checks on out of town Banks cannot be ac- cepted unless the usual exchange is added, SINGLE COPY, 10 CENTS. . Forms close the 20th. of the month preced- ing date of publication, Advertising rates ‘on application. The Editor is always pleased to receive contributions of timely interest pertaining to the electrical and the affiliated arts, Articles with good drawings and clear photographs especially desired. If accepted, articles will be paid for on publication, at ‘regular rates. ‘No manuscripts will be returned unless return postage is enclosed. Address all communications to: MODERN ELECTRICS PUBLICATION ‘84 West Broadway, New York, N. Y. Copyright, 1908, by MODERN ELECTRICS “PUBLICATION, itered as Second Class matter March 31, 1008; atthe ‘New York Post Ofice, ander the ‘Act of Congress of March 3, 1879. MAY, 1908. ELECTRICS We are proud to say that 600 letters received, cher a that did not contain congratuty i a few nice words. 4 We were a little “shaky” at we did not know if we had sq right, but the avalanche of kin) received encouraged us enormong we know now that we do not 12 fear for the future. We know that “MODERN gy TRICS” has come to stay, for th ple reason that it fills a long-fet and because “we have the goods) A strange disease is spreading over this country and threatens fect every young man over 15 yean No antidote has been discovered against its ravages, and parent greatly alarmed, the new disease same. time taxing pocketbooks and books heavily. The name of the infecting ge Bugum Y-erlessum and creates called “Wireless Craze.” The dises incurable. Never before was the strongly developed as. this countable cases are reported fi land, Me., to Portland, Ore., an statistics show that out of five men two are infected. 1 “cl Since “‘ MODERN made its appearance a month Editor has been flooded with ma the hundreds of congratu received 159 (one hundred at nine) up to this writing deal ing but Wireless. Most read the “Wireless some even went as far publish nothing but W many wanted a descrMODERN ELECTRICS A Long-Distance Writer By Our Bertin Corresronpent, ‘The writer has had the good fortune to witness some interesting tests with Mr, Gustav Grzanna’s new hhreiber” (long-distance writer.) inventor, a young German from -Steglitz, exhibited his apparatus “Zoo-Hall” in Berlin. The new ‘i has also been tested by the German postal authorities, d extraordinary results were obtained smitting handwriting, sketches, ., by wire from Berlin to Dresden, a nce of 150 miles. telegraph or telephone line and the re- sulting current variations are recorded in the receiver. The problem was to transform these variations into writing, and it is here where Mr. Grzanna has shown his genius. One end of the line i sensitive electro-magnet. If little cu- Tent is sent out from the sender, the re- ceiving electro-magnet is magnetized lit- tle; if much current is cut in, the electro- magnet is energized more, etc. A little mirror fastened on an iron foil is hung up in front of the pole of the electro- magnet; this mirror moves around its horizontal axis and will move more or less, according to how much or how little current is sent out from the sender. aoe A beam of light from a small 4-volt tantalum lamp, concentrated through a lens, is directed upon the mirror and is reflected in such a manner that it traces connected to a line, long or short, all depend- h the ¢lectro-magnet is ener- at the sender48 MODERN The two light beams are reflected in such a manner that they fall upon’ the same point; as soon as the magnets are in operation the light rays trace lines and curves upon a band of sensitized photographic paper. These curves and lines are nothing else than the compo- nents of the original writing and each and every move at the sending station must be accurately reproduced at the dis- tant receiver, The sensitized paper after passing through the fixing tanks, 10 seconds after the original dispatch was written LECTRICS down, emerges from the mad while moist one can read the yr well as if it had been jotted pen, The instrument works automat all one has to do is and the receiving of a message, the apparatus is connected with the ular telephone line, quite a good deq business can be transacted by this m od, which would be quite impossij any other way. Large business will undoubtedly soon adopt these derful “Fernschreibers.” tng do Demonstration of Electrical Lines of For While it is comparatively easy to dem- onstrate a magnetical field with iron filings by strewing them on a piece of paper and place the magnet or magnets directly below the sheet, successful lines of force made by the électrical current itself have never been obtained hereto fore. To Mr. C. Fischer belongs the honor of discovering a method to accomplish this, and as will be seen, the arrange- is simplicity itself. Many demonstrare an clecirical field of either + and — poles or + and + i s, etc., paste two strictly round tinfoil about fue then placed in the centre of the the + and — wire are connected tt discharge balls of a small static m: Before the machine is started the must be covered with a film of s light particles which should be long thin, not round. After innumerable trials Mr. Fis found that crystals of gypsum ga best results, besides having the advar of being cheap. It is to be reco to prepare different grades of pow a few experiments will be the best gu If the machine is started the er will arrange themselves in certait finite lines which demonstrate the el cal lines of force. Not too high a tension should | in connection with these experin it will tend to scatter the crystals their true lines; irregular figures of at all will be the result. If the machine is too tance away from the tinfoil will reduce the strength of somewhat.MODERN ELECTRICS Wireless Telephony By Newetr A. Tuompson, Jr. the present time there are three electro-magnetic induction method. A. Lknown methods of transmitting very good example of this means of the wirelessly. They are (r) by a transmission of speech talk in a of light, or as it is more commonly telephone system; words spoken on one wn, radiophony; (2) by clectro- wire being heard in the telephone on a 3 and (3) by electro- second parallel wire. At the St. Louis wes. Bach one has been fully Exposition Mr. M. R. Hutchison gave d pete fo predict from the an excellent demonstration of this sys- obtained that transatlan- tem. Fig. 2 shows his apparatus, which will follow closely ; ie {= ‘ = ‘ni : 4 its sister, wireless teleg-50 MODERN ELECTRICS methods, but these amounted to little, owing to the low frequency current used in transmitting. Electro-magnetic wave telephony has only of late become a pos- ry by the invention of various de- Fie teter Fig. 4 shows the receiving dey this system, ‘The keynote tori’ lies in the “audion,” an invention o de Forest. This apparatus is three as sensitive than any receiving known. The “audion” is simply tric light with two platinum wings inside. The oscillations impinge antenna and affect the audion the transformer circuit. The d amplitude of the oscillations resistance of the gas ionized by of the filament in the lamp,MODERN ELECTRICS :, with a thin fixed armature Veerotviae feldl riagnet with’ three dred and sixty polar projections, An iting current of 150,000 cycles per and an E. M. F. of 65 volts is dat the speed of 139 revolutions ond. Even at this high speed no experienced with the machine, alternator the high frequency is led through the transformer, makes the emitted wave sharp tent. The microphone, D, is the antenna at a potential node voltage is only about 15. The change in the microphone, D, ie current and in proportion to the tial of the antenna ANEW SPARK GAP FOR WIRELE! A new method to obtain more regu- larity of discharg connection with condenser ci has been invented by a German electrician, Mr. . Eickhoff. It is well known that the starting of the discharge in the spark gap is some- what irregular if condensers are used; in other words, the discharge does not always take place just when it ought to. Mr, Eickhoff uses a brass rod and files a fine point at the free end. ‘The other end is soldered or connected by other means to the negative terminal of the spark coil, as shown in sketch.RN ELECTRICS 52 MOD An Electric Sun Alarm By H. Gexnspack. tially translucent form, and whey to the light it will be found to hg dark red color. In this state the ment is non-metallic and a di-clecty fact, it has a good many properties cheaper brother—glass, whom it re bles. good deal while in its vitrous Tf, on the other hand, we melt ium’ and let it cool off very siow will, be found after cooling to changed into a crystalline form of a gray color. In this state it is am and conducts electricity as. such, now also opaque to light. "The construction of a selenium a by no means an easy task, as the n only works successfully when appli another metal in form of an extre thin film. Tt is quite hard, too, to. establis good contact between a selenium film other metals and a good deal of pati is required. ‘A good. selenium cell, however worth while spending time upon, ost interesting experiments can be 4 formed with it and new researches carried out, "As selenium has a very high ance, even in its crystalline form, necessary to offer the current mum paths in the construction of a sco To those wishing to rise with the sun each morning the apparatus described in this article is to be recommended. The present paper also tells how to make a SELENIUM CELL, as quite a few readers requested the description of sch. A good many readers not being familiar with selenium, a few words about its characteristics and peculiarities will no doubt be welcomed. Selenium is an element and was dis- covered by the famous chemist, Ber- zelitts, in 1817. It takes its name from selen—the moon. In its crystalline form the element is a metal. Fig. 1. In 1873 Willoughby Smith acciden- tally discovered the peculiar property that selenium changed its resistance by merely exposing the metal to a source of light. ‘While experimenting with selenium sticks, which he used as resistances on a telegraph circuit, he was troubled a good 2 deal -by fluctuations of the current, for Fig 2 : Gihich he could not account. On careful A. very good type of cell sa8y Wictigation he found that when the is shown in Fig. r5 a and bf ae gine box in which he had placed two brass strips, each about 2. cree onium was closed, the current was 1/16" thick and 74° wide. I prcood deal weaker than if the box was tration b, is shown in a brok a eee Parther researches established the facilitate the study. | t the electrical resistance of se- ; ” with the amount of theMODERN "we place between the two prepared brass ‘eg ‘a and b (not shown in illustra- tion), and proceed to wind the strips into an oval spiral. It is of the utmost importance that this winding is done ac- curately, as the finished spiral must be absolutely smooth and straight on the face where the selenium is to be applied. ‘A steel square can be used to good advantage; it will greatly facilitate to “obtain a smooth and even surface, Two oak boards which have a connect- ing plate, cc and d d respectively, and which are in metallic connection with two binding posts, A and B, are now con- tructed and the completed spiral is d between these boards by means. the two bolts, nn, as shown in illus- .. The brass strips, a’ and b’, con- with the plates, cc and dd, re- LECTRICS 53 the temperature should be reduced as quickly as possible. Slow cooling will give bad cel The selenium cell is now ready for use, and to prevent its surface from being seratched or damaged it should be paint. ed with a thin layer of a very clear solt- tion of shellac in alcohc Tf the cell is well constructed it have a resistance of about 600 to ohms in the dark. In full sunlight resistance may fall below 300 ohms. The writer constructed cells as per above description, which would ring” a bell through a relay if a match was lighted near it in the dark. The selenium cell can be put to a variety of uses; the best known one probably is found in Prof. Graham Bell’s tadiophone, in which transmission of speech is effected by means of light rays without wire connections. This was the first wireless telephone. A beam of light is thrown e a reflecting mis will 700 this54 Wireless Departmens Wireless Telegraph Oddities SicNor GuGLIELMO Marconi. By “On Nov. 27, 1901, I left for New- foundland with two assistants. As it was impossible at that time of the year to set up a permanent installation with poles, I decided to carry out the experi- ments by means of receivers connected to elevated wires supported by balloons or kites—a system which I had previ- ously used when conducting tests across the Bristol Channel for the British Post Office in 1897. “Tt will be understood, however, that when it came to flying a kite on the coast of Newfoundland in December, this method was neither an easy nor a com- fortable one. When the kites were got up, much difficulty was caused by the variations of the wind producing con- stant changes in the angle and altitude ‘of the wire, thereby causing correspond- ing variations in its electrical capacity and period of electrical resonance. “My assistants at Poldhu, in Cornwall, England, had received instructions to send on and after December 11, during certain hours every day, a succession of ‘S's’ followed by a short message, the whole to be transmitted at a certain pre- arranged speed every ten minutes, alter- hating with five minutes’ rest. “On December 12 the signals trans- mitted from Cornwall were clearly re- ceived at the prearranged times, in many, cases a succession of ‘S's’ being heard distinctly, although, probably in con- Sequence of the weakness of the sig- nals and the constant variations in the height of the receiving aerial, no actual message could be deciphered. “The following day_we were able to ‘ the result. The signals were confit toad by myself and tually igs, Kemp. 2 MODERN ELECTRICS ‘by my as-_ it would be possible to send mess across the Atlantic Ocean with the sa facility with which they were being sey over much shorter distances. “About two months later, in Febru ary, 1902, further tests were carried out between Poldhu and a receiving statio on board the American liner Philade phia en route from Southampton to N York. The sending apparatus at Pold was the same as that used for the New foundland experiments. The, receivin, aerial on the ship was fixed to the mast, the top of which was 60 meter (197 feet) above sea level. “As the elevated conductor was fixe and not floating about with a kite, 3 in the case of the Newfoundland expe ments, good results were obtained on syntonic receiver, and the signals wer all recorded on’ tape by the ordi Morse recorder, “On the Philadelphia readable mes sages were received from Poldhu up a distance of 1,551 miles, ‘S's’ and oth test letters as far as 2,099 miles. “The tape records of the signals in my possession, and some of are here exhibited to-night. The 4 tances at which they were received all verified and countersigned by Captain and chief officer of the shi who were present during the tests. “A result of some scientific inte which T first noticed during the tests 0 the Steamship Philadelphia, was the ve marked effect of sunlight on the pr gation of electric waves over great tances. & “At the time of these tests Iw the opinion that this effect might been due to the loss of energy at transmitter by daytime, caused by disglectrification of the highly transmitting elevated conductor by the influence of suntMODERN ELECTRICS the sun are largely absorbed Bieeimimeanbepliere of the coat it is probable that the portion of the atmosphere which is facing the n will contain more ions or electro that portion which is in darkne nd thereiore, as Prof. J. J. ‘Thomson fas shown, tais illuminated and ionized * will absorb some of the energy of ‘ic waves, esrarerstar thst clear sunlight blue skies, though transparent to act as a kind of fog to powerful waves. Hence the weather jons prevailing in this country are “suitable for long-distance wire. by. ‘operation of the long-distance ns in England and America made a given direction can be obtained than can be obtained all round by means ot the ordinary aerials, “When this type of aer at Glace Ba: e strengthen- ig of the rec I signals at Poldhu was ‘as, therefore, decided to adopt the directional aerial at all long- distance stations, “A further improvement introduced at Clifden and Glace Bay consisted in the adoption of air condensers, composed of insulated metallic plates ‘suspended: in air at ordinary pressure. In this man- ner_ it is possible to prevent the dissi- pation of energy due to losses caused by the dielectric of the condensers previous- ly employed, and a very appreciable economy in working, resulting from the absence of breakages of the dielectric, is effected. These air condensers, which have been in use since May of last year, have been entirely satisfactory. “After considerable time and expense the new station at Clifden was got ready for tests by the end of May, 1907, and ~ peri were then commenced with —56 a considerable wes of the received waves, while if stormy conditions pre- vail all the way across the Atlantic no interference is noticeable. Electric wave shadows, like sound shadows, may be formed by the interference of reflected waves with the direct waves, whereby signals may be much less effective or im- perceptible in the area of such electric wave shadow. “In the same manner as there exist periods when signals across the Atlantic are unusually weak, there exist other conditions, especially at night, which make the signals abnormally strong. Thus on many occasions ships and sta- tions equipped with apparatus of a nor- mal range of 200 miles have been able to communicate over distances of over 1,000. This occurred recently, when a ship in the English Channel was able to correspond with another in the Medi- terranean, But the important factor about wireless telegraphy is that a ser- vice established for a certain distance shall be able to maintain reliable com- munication over that distance. “The erection ‘of long-distance sta- tions for the purpose of telegraphing across the Atlantic met at the outset with the severe criticism of a certain important section of the English tech- nical press, which, although one would imagine it existed for the purpose of en- couraging and promoting the progress of electrical science and industry, always seemed more inclined to champion the particular interests of the cable com- ies. “Without wishing to enter into any controversy on this point, I venture to predict that some of the statements pub- lished with reference to long-distance wireless telegraphy will make very amus- ing reading in a few years to come. TUT ong-distance stations are now in course of erection in many parts of the world, the most powerful of all being that of the Italian Government at Col- tano, and I have not the slightest doubt that telegraphy through space will soon he MODERN ELECTRICS America, there is no longer need 4 doubt. Although the stations hayc’ worked for only a few hours dai ® z o aly, 945 words of press and commer sages had been transmitted aon ocean by this means up to the February last, since the 4 opened. The best judges of a service those who have made use of it among newspapers the chief users hg been the New York Times and the [2 don Times, which have already publ expressed ‘their opinion of this ag metnod of communication. Whether the new telegraphy will will not injure or displace the cables still a matter of conjecture, but in m opinion it rests a good deal on what th cables can do in the way of cheaper rata “Whatever may be the view as to shortcomings and defects, there can no doubt that wireless telegraphy acra the Atlantic has come to stay, and not only stay but continue to advana “Cable telegraphy across the Atlat was subjected at the commencement a series of discouraging failures and appointments, but whatever its diffi ties I think I am not unjust in say that it enjoyed one advantage over wi less telegraphy, namely, that it was fr from the natural hostility of vested terests representing over sixty mili sterling, now invested in cables, rightly or wrongly consider long- => (ederim Gilectries— We are indebted to Mr. V. F. Alder- son of Downs Grove, Ills. for the ac- companying picture; we publish it gladly on account of its originality. We only have one suggestion: If we had been Mr. Alderson we would have placed one of the sweet singers on a “third rail” or on a trolley wire—it would Clecnenttcnesustects, have been a bit more “modern.” mot As it is, we cannot quite see where the “MODERN ELECTRICS” comes in, We even have a suspicion that Adam al- ready threw his boot or a brick out of the window when his neighbor's cats gave a free concert on the fence nearby. P. S.—Fips,” our office boy, just e in and explained to us that elec- tricity was not invented at Adam’s time; Wwe consequently are forced to take it all back and apologize to Mr. Alderson, If you are easily shocked, don’t come to. Ne York, “you might acciden- tally walk on the “BATTERY.”— “Pips.” Tt is simple to invent a new trolley whee! are patented each weekMODERN ELECTRICS How to Remedy Troubles in Wireless Telegraph Instruments (Coneluded.) Experimenters and amateurs usuall prefer the filings coherer on account of its simplicity and because loud signals are obtained with that type. Audible signals are especially desired for dem- onstration purposes, and the best work- ing detector in connection with the finest 1,000 ohm telephone receiver would nat- urally be of little use in demonstrating wireless telegraphy to a large audience, or toa novice, to whom the faint click in the telephone receiver would not con- vey the idea of space telegraphy as well as a coherer in parallel with a loud ham- mering sounder. While the commion filings coherer is fairly reliable, it is not possible to trans- mit with same messages as fast as with auto-coherers or detectors. The usual speed of the filings coherer is about 12 to Ts words per minute. On account of this, modern wireless stations usually employ the filings co- herer for calling only; the message _ proper is read through a detector by Preans of high resistance telephone re- ceivers. As soon as the operator hears the call bell or sounder, he cuts out the filings coherer by means of a double- throw knife switch, which connects the antennae to the detector. He then takes the message, after which the aerial is again connected to the coherer and its call apparatus, ready to await the next message. ‘Of course this arrangement can only be used where the distance from the tending station is not too great to affect the filings coherer. Tf the range becomes too wide, it will ‘operator to keep ously to the ear In this instance be necessary for the the receivers continu- of a filings coherer centers in the ff We have also pointed out ow a it is to keep humidity and especialy or fatty substances from coming i tual contact with the filings, but of importance are the filings themseh Many experimenters "have grieved time and again through the possibility to obtain the right mix and it is quite surprising to find many misleading articles are publi every year in text-books and in cals on this topic. The writers in cases probably never tried their own ceipts,” or they would have been convinced that while, for instance, a up 5 cent piece, mixed with a few of a dime, might work satisfactory distance of 3 feet, things change q good deal when it comes to signal 500 feet or over 1 mile. 4 ‘The most common mixture tt nickel and silver in the following portions: Nickel 96, silver 4 While this mixture works fairly w short distances, if the pure metals been used for making the filings. i not be claimed-that such a com! has ever been used successfully for a short distance of 1 mile. | The misleading receipts publi often are to be traced directly patent claims of the inventors, W tirally wishing to keep the right f for themselves, simply change portions of the materials used am substitute different metals. This is quite a common and we cannot expect that inven! give away such receipts which ™ represent a generous outlay, hard work of months, and maybe on the part of the investigator. Tt may be assumed that Ma other early workers used the silver combination, but we feel 4 tain that for long distanMODERN ELECTRICS 61 a very soft metal, the sparking be- een the filings themselves will so vear away the sharp projections and th soherer will be found to refuse working er after a short while. resistance of the coherer in a short more than double the amount it ‘at the start. ‘a rule filings mixtures are a com- 1 The unoxydizable one instance, silver, serves to decrease nce of the mixture and only per ‘of same is used. isles, or silver alone, makes “on account of over- is absolutely Bescon ot be Of course the opening of test tube is to be closed with a piece of clean paper and not with the uncovered thumb. ‘The resulting mixture should now be tested in a cohcrer, and if found satis- factory the remaining filings should be kept in a small glass vial which had been washed out previously and dried care- fully over the stove. When taking out new filings from the bottle use nothing but a clean, rather stiff piece of paper bent in V form. The metals used for making filings must be pure; alloys, as for instance a 10 cent silver dime, are worthless for coherers, on account of the admixture of other metals used, to keep the silver piece from wearing off too rapidly. A combination which nas been in use for years, while expensive, gives excel- lent results, It is made by mixing 90. to 95_parts of gold with 5 to 10 parts of bismuth. has been used success~ ways given satisfaction. ‘A combination which we have used - years and which has the advantage ‘cheap and suitable as well for or long distance work, is made ‘a certain kind of soft steel and lowing proportions : eight), silver 12- t be strictly.MODERN ELECTRICS Electrical Patents for the Month ‘rmny. Pind dae 1, i006" Baral RO Ep aval a vise a Seas he ten Pa aaa S oman arce ream ea ner a Ye orang ane ag Soest Electrical Inventions for Which Letters Patent Have Been Gra for the Month Ending April 14th. ‘$62,558, $92,051, BLOCK-SIGNAL SYSTEM. Fred B. ‘Gorey, Schenectady. “N.Y. SES" BEECTRIC SIGN, “Samuel B. Doane, Cleve:MODER) BLUCTRICAL PROTECTIVE APPARATUS, a Soe RES! = te, Banenectady, hak” Sureewatine Satine Be verest sue THERMOSTAT Sinsiand NIT. ¥ SURRENT REG! Rugby, England Charles J. Fox, LATOR, TBRA Andrew prunswick, Canada ENGINE-STOP. Vernon J. King, Lorain, ss.00), VAPOR ELECTRIC APPARATUS. Oslas Guiruh, Schenectady, N.Y. C MACHINE. John P. x Pittsburg, Pa. seus. TTRICALLY-OPPRATED ” SWIACH. Sleniy F. Starrett, afilwaukee, Wis. sou STRAIN-RELIEVING ATTACHMENT FOR {ELEGRAPH-KEYS. William H. Teachworth, Waxahachie, ‘Tex. sgn CONTROLLER FOR ‘RIC MOTORS, ‘fomas 1, Barnuta, ‘Milwaukee, Wie ss TELEPHONE INSTRUMENT. Cole, Birmingham, Ala DINIDED-CENTRAL, TELEPHONE SYS- clitora.E. ‘Dean, Chicago, Herman L, Harten- VAPOR ELBCTRIC APPARATUS. 1 Kkruh, Soneneetady, N.Y. si), ACTUATING MECHANISM FOR ELECTRIC SWITCHES, Harry B, Snell, ‘Toledo, “Obi ‘610, ELBCTRODE FOR Tue RECOVERY oF METALS FROM. SOLUTIONS BY ELECTRO- Lysis. Samuel B. Christy, Berkeley, Cal. sit, ELBCTRIC STREET-RAILWAY SWITCH. “ohn P. Dowd and Thomas P. Dowd, Cedar ‘Bapias, Towa. sg SYSTEM OF DISTRIBUTION. Norwood, -Obto. san, “CONTROLLER FOR ELECTRIC MOTORS. Henry D. James, Pittsburg, Ps. S931 TERMINAL CONNECTOR. Harry 7. John- ‘on, New York, N.Y. su, AUTOMATICALLY-TRIPPING TROLLEY- Tolin MBCHANISM. Thomas H. Mars, Chicago, S25, COUPLING APPARATUS FOR ELECTRIC GinCUETS. Nicholas 1 Niegeriander, $t- Lou SG. INSULATOR, Baward F. Paden, Chlcats sila qrracmwent FOR TROLUEY-HARPS. Villian’ Asvage, Coumbus, Ohi. ni ties DYNAMO-ELECTRIC MA- ‘HINER Bieeriog, Pitsburg, Pa. sii coubitep "rose. GoNECTOR AxD LicursintesenesTER FOR BUBGTRIC Hines “recaerce Gr Woods, Gatcebure, i, sia e'sWitcH, "Chien ave Jomer sth “ickcrnowacwnic Moron. Artie 3 ois, enn soi” Liguining ARESTER, xllard Berry Parcuetier Stat SECURITY cicHTNING-ARRESTER. Wi- Tam Drake, Grand tniana, Neb, sim "Bad'anenito. Device drank W. Gay- white Paine, Ne sit, "IROLLEY-HARE, award J. Harrison, uth Bend teas $8.51. ELECTRICAL SMELTING-FURNACE. Karl ostas David Han, Sie ee SEIT ELECTRICS é GCaboratory Contest The accompanying photograph is awarded the prize of Three (3) Dollar: for this month’s Electrical Laboratory Contest. S Numerous photographs were received, but only very few were clear enough for reproduction. From these Mr. Kimball's was selected, being the most interesting, Photographs to be used in this contest should be as clear and sharp as feasible it is impossible to reproduce a “hazy” or over-exposed as well as under- exposed photograph. Contestants will please bear this in mind when sending in pictures, e YOUNG ELECTRICAL EXPERT. Mr. Irving Kimball, a young electrical expert and inventor of Boston, Mass., has recently perfected some valuable and highly important inventions in the elec- trical line. He has made a scientific study: of the electrical transmission and reproduction of sound, and his improved methods of reproducing music have attracted con- siderable attention. His . “VITAPHONE,” a combined motion picture and sound-reproducing device, is not far from perfection. ‘The original model of his “MOTOR- PYROGRAPH,” an automatic electri- cally operated P) or wood-burn- ing machine, works to perfection. the illustration herewith shows Mr. Kimball at his laboratory desk, and here he can usually be found long after the clock has passed the midnight hour. This photo was taken by Mr. Kim- ball himself with an automatic electric: flashlight of his own invention.MODERN ELECTRICS Wireless Signals to be Flashed Around the Globe (Paris Correspondent of “Mopern Ei An interesting proposal has been pre- sented to the Academy des Sciences, by Bouquet de la Grye, the famous French scientis| This gentleman proposes to equip the Hiffel Tower with such powerful instru- ments that the exact time according to Paris or Greenwich can be flashed to every vessel afloat in the world, no matter what its position may be. By prearranged signals either at noon or midnight the time could be indicated, which would enable the ships to lear the exact longitude without the trouble to take-observations by the sun. Trials to this effect have already been Tt is now a comparatively easy Pari to keep up communi- -TRICS.”) doubt, that the officials and scientist the United States will heartily endg the scheme. The Eiffel Tower, which thas ty been equipped with ‘new, powerful j struments, now furnishes rapid and fect wireless communication with army in Marocco; the Government nothing but praise for the. system greatly encourages the new art. From the lofty top of the great tow 4 cables are carried down, facing Avenue de Suffren; the length of i cables is about gro feet each, forms the highest stationary antennae in world. These copper cables termini in several sheds in which the inst ments are housed. ‘The officials int to construct a new, large building on southwest side of ‘the tower, if the periments prove successful ‘to. wan the erection of a permanent and ¢ station, ‘At the present time experiments a new system being used. that telephone conversation can be ¢ ried on up to a distance of 80 Ki metres. No details of the system : available at this writing. Mr. Branly—the real inventor of filings coherer—has succeeded in dit ing’ and manoevring government does by means of wireless; the sys is astonishingly simple, and it is clai that these manoevres cannot be fered with by the enemy,—a lai true, will be of the utmost value to French Government. Messages by means of the new 5} have already been sent as far as L} and Le Havre; uninterrupted se however, cannot be maintained so f sputtering, dat ae Bg uae Ngati. er can be easily quietened—bu must know how to go at them.—“Fifs: — to hear bo can transmit ov" ‘if there is sleet °°to now the most sensitive relay asthe Siemens polarized relay, which ‘ould close its contacts with about 05 ( ravaue ) amperes. ‘The new selenium relay invenfed by Mr. G. Allstrom is said to respond to less fhan 6. 000 000 000 0Or (one hundred hillionth) ampere. ‘This would make it en more sensitive than a telephone re~ ceiver, and experiments have shown that for wireless work it will soon find uni- ersal adoption. The instrument was {sed lately in connection with electro- ‘detectors, which were always wnt. successftl only in connection th telephone receivers. Loud, audible 5 were never obtained so far with h detectors, but the new Allstrom selenium relay makes it possible to use ‘sounder or tape register with any kind ‘detector, no matter how sensitive. ‘This will come as good news to wire- ss telegraph experimenters, and’ we de- cribe herewith the arrangement of the Up MODERN ELECTRICS 65, A Relay Working With One Hundred Billionth Ampere course be dark. By means of parabolic mirror a beam of light R, is thrown upon the small suspended mirror on A. This beam is reflected towards S, but as long as the foil A, is motionless, the beam of light does not fall through the slot of S. However a minute current—such as a wireless wave—passing through the windings of M, will magnetize its core sufficiently to turn the very light mirror on A, and the ray can now fall through the slot of S, which reduces the resist- ance of the selenium cell. This is suf- ficient to operate relay R, which in turn will actuate bell B. With suitable means the oscillations of ‘A can be dampened so that it will return in its original position immediately after the current had passed through M. AURORA BOREALIS. Passengers on the Philadelphia Enjoy Nature’s Fireworks. Passengers who arrived a few weeks ago on the American liner Philadelphia from Southampton were still discussing when they landed the ae borealis e 7 ight.MODERN ELECTRICS “Krick-Kuacks” Brews Your Coffee While You Sleep By M, G. Huco If you happen to be a hustler and if you must have your coffee ready five minutes after you wake up, the follow- ing arrangement will be welcomed. It is entirely automatic and when well con- structed, never fails to work: Attach a wire to. the inner frame of your alarm clock and another wire to a thin brass strip, which is best glued to the pasteboard’ dial; it should be ar- ranged in such a way that only the hour hand can touch it. The minute hand must pass over it without touching. Let us suppose you have to be up by 5 o'clock in the morning. In that case the contact brass strip is glued to the dial at that point, which is reached by the hour hand at 10 minutes before five. The alarm itself is set for 5 A. M. If now at 10 minutes to five the hour hand establishes contact with the brass strip (thereby closing the circuit), Bat- tery B, (4-5 dry cells) will heat the one- inch piece of platinum wire P, (0.008 Cerhnical Notes eae aC SOLDERING FLUE, ie cial muriatie acid, inch in diameter) to a white heat, heat is sufficient to light the small hol lamp A, and in about five miy the water in the glass flask H, will mence to This as flask has a. soft rub stopper into which fits a glass tube into two right angles, as shown sketch. It is necessary’ that the ru stopper fits tight in the flask and that glass tube fits the stopper snugly. On a block of wood a coffee is placed which contains the amount of ground coffee. Instead of cover, a circular piece of, wood is vided, through which the other free of the glass tube passes. Now as soon as the water comme to boil, enough pressure is created drive a certain amount of boiling through the tubing in the coffee pot, if in five more minutes the alarm off and you wake up, all you will to do is-to reach over and pour cup of delicious hot coffee. It is to be recommended to keep arrangement some distance away you—not because there is danger explosion or fire, etc., is impossi but because if you drink your co! bed, you might’ go back to sleep! It is understood that you will blow out the flame of the alcohol as soon as you wake up; also the must be disconnected, or else the ee will be lighted anew at 5 P. e day, No. 2 Borax 1 oz., sal-ammoniac 114 rosin 13% ozs., powdered and scrap zinc and cut fine, 16 o7s., FI. ozs. Mix a See stand for 10MODERN uerien and quetions puvibbed trot ot hangs” BD bent et rade. Coma answers in any, ete an ons Sinu‘nen waiting’ agai questions tatorm ‘io the charges involved. me and address. must alw $ald\to Iatters not observing’ above’ rules: PSP you want anything th sven information “tree, TO CHANGE DIRECT CURRENT FAN INTO AN ALTERNATING ONE. (14,) Hexnet Bowrer, San Diego, Cal., writes: "Thave a direct current fan motor and changed pertaining to the electrical arts addressed to thi Only answers to. inqul as to. take. its be celther by Ifa quick repiy is wanted by mall, a charge of 18 cet juring "a" large “Amount of" calculation. and. labor “eanmet “Ture Onactt tas ‘no fixed’ rate for auch “werk be given in all. etter ot more than five questions. ELECTRICS partment will be ries of general interest will be published bere for tbe possible to print all the Correspondents should bear this in Spectal ‘be furnished without ‘but will Inform the correspondent When writing only one side of jswered atone time. No attention 1& electrical and’ don't know where to get it, THR Onact will give you brushes can be cleaned every five min- utes, but the grease will come again. Please advise. * You are using too much oil on the bearings. The fast revolution of the armature sucks up every drop and gums up the commutator. Use a little vaseline on bearings ; oil is suitable only for large motors having well protected gs. : CHARGING STORAGE BATTERIES. ce BLANcHaRD, Man-68 MODERN the bubbles stop appearing. Take the paper out and hang up to dry. ‘A, 4.—You will need more current to run the alternator. A 16 C. P. lamp, which we presume you are using, only allows 4 ampere to pass. You need about 2 amperes ; connect 4 lamps (16 C. P.) in bank as per sketch. This will make it work. WIRE FOR SPARK COIL, (18) Harry C. Tromrson, Ludlow, Vt, writes: —I have about a quarter of a pound of No. 36 double cotton covered mag- net wire and plenty of such as the sample -enclosed. If I can make a spark coil of this amount of wire, what would be the best dimensions, length, diameter of core, ‘number of layers in primary? 2.—Kindly explain why zinc chloride is used in recharging dry batteries in- stead of sal ammoniac? A. 1—Sample of wire submitted is ‘single cotton covered magnet wire No. 14S. W.G. It is a good deal too heavy for a small coil. We recommend N. 18 ‘or 16 D. C. C. well paraffined wire. You can undoubtedly use your No. 36 wire, however ¥4 1b, will hardly give much cover 4 inch spark. We refer you to our- ‘well written book, “Induction Coils and How To Make Same,” by Marshall. Price, postpaid, 25 cents. A.'2——Chloride of zine has the prop- ‘erty of being hygroscopic, which means ‘that it will collect the moisture from the air. It will consequently help to keep ‘any renewed dry cell from drying up too fast. Besides this chemical, as an excit- ing electrolyte (in connection with chlo ie of ammonium, sal ammoniac) ly reduces the internal resistance of Bea stance o LL. ELECTRICS A. 1.—We re in this issue. A. 2—Wee cannot tell unless revolutions your moiges YOU to inguin how many per minu WHAT SPARK LENGTH Woyy COLL FURNISH? (20.) Crarence M. Krug, p Pa,, writes: 7 What size spark would a coil giy primary being wound with 125° No, 18 wire and the secondary 1,000 feet of No. 25 wire? A.—A coil made with a quant wire as per above directions will hy give a jump spark, In-the first No. 25 wire is entirely too heavy. long distance wireless coils are ever wound with as thick a wire as 30. Furthermore, 1,000 feet of wit the secondary is a good deal too Use about 34 Ib. No. 36 D.C. C and your spark coil will give about spark, The primary does not need g as much wire as you state. Al feet will be sufficient. GRAVITY CELLS FOR LIGHTING (21.) SrepHen F. Ruswack IIL, writes: —Please let me know whether g ity cells (blue stone cells) can be to light small incandescent lamps, whether they can be used in closed cuit? ‘@ 2-—What is used to keep the litha and red lead from dissolving after plates of a home-made storage bat are formed? Or what would be to retain the same in the holes? A. 1.—Yes, but you cannot light 5 small. incandescent lamps the high internal resistance of cells allows only very little currem pass. Even large cells of this | hardly ever give more than 1-1/4 peres. By using the new tantalum ment lamp gravity cells can be ust good advantage; such lamps use about 34 ampere, against 34-1 a the common carbon filament |:MODERN ELECTRICS jn this respect act exactly like port- cement. As soon as the cement has though water was used to pre- it—water cannot dissolve it after- It is the same with red lead or ke the Ti the right fluid was used to paste, viz.: sulphuric acid, gly- iquid ammonia, ete., etc,, the re- cement will not dissolve any more, ¢ it has set. One of the best liquids ise for pasting either red lead or lith- is made by mixing 10 parts of liquid jonia, 26", with 2 parts of glycerine, 69 (b) Is not a resistance sometimes in- troduced in the circuit between the aerial and coherer also? 2.—Where a telephone receiver is used to take wireless messages how is the re- ceiving party “called uj Is not the telephone receiver and electrolytic “coherer” now regarded as more efficient than the filings coherer, relay, sounder, decoherer, etc. ? 4.—What is the address of some com- pany where I may purchase tubes of cel luloid for wireless coherers? 5—Does a Leyden jar (condenser) when connected to the secondary termin- als of a spark coil increase or decrease its sending qualities? I notice that when T connect my jar with the coil the spark becomes much fatter and more vigorous. A, 1—(a) This is hardly ever used now, and we doubt if much benefit could be derived from such an arrangement. Fixed resistances and choke coils are ou probably have in mind ing coil to vary amount70 MODERN stich lines A. 1—Yes. "If your receiving appa- ratus are sensitive enough, nothing pre- vents yout to receive messages 1,000 miles iy. If, on the other hand, you have only a t-inch spark coil with which to transmit, the sending distance at best will only be about 1-1/4miles. The range ot a wireless station does not depend so much’on the aerial as on the efficiency of the instruments. A. 2—A, © and U form part of the * German alphabet. £ forms part of the French alphabet (e accent aigu)—sharp accent—as in café. Ch is used a good deal in the French language. In this country, when transmitting telegrams the letters are used separately, viz.: C-h. A. 3.—180 feet. A. 465-85 feet. DATA ON ONE-INCH SPARK COIL. (25.) Macee Apams, Milford, O., as those of the Clyde and Ward If a wireless receiving station is equipped with a receiver using a tele- phone receiver, is there any way to call, that is, ring a bell or the like? 2.—What is the best and most efficient type of antennae for a small wireless plant using a microphone or electroly- tic detector ? 3—Is there any danger of the sec- ondary wire in a spark coil burning out, ‘except.on an overloaded primary ? . 4——Please give data for a spark coil that will give a spark 1” long and as big around as a lead pencil or larger, that would not use wire finer than No. 30 B. & S. D.C. C. in the secondary. A. 1—We refer you to ‘s‘Oracle,” query No. 23, in this issue. Al 2—A mast about 40-50 feet high, carrying glass ey a pee a _bare copper wire, No. 14 B. & S. gauge, “is led down. ELECTRICS D. C. C. paraffined magnet yin or 15. For the secondary use 1 No. 30 D. C. C, or, better, s magnet wire THE DYNAMOPHONE, (Continued from Page 5) Every time the circuit is close a series of sparks will jump acr balls at S, creating oscillations, oscillations, traveling through the arrive at the receiving station ; they impinge on the antenna A erate the coherer O through ‘The decoherer D is also shown, coherer and decoherer are all op by a single dry cell L. This i circuit as in my “Telimco” wirele tem. Relay R’ has in addition tw tionary contacts T and T’, which, the armature Z closes, complete circuit, as, for instance, through motor P, an incandescent light, As long as words are spoken is transmitter M, oscillations will up in S and the receiving stati work continuously tntil the voice stops. Motor P will, of course, | in motion only as long as the voit into M. WIRELESS TELEGRAPH ODDIM (Continued from Page) and Clifden, ant between Glace B Montreal. “I find, however, that probal greatest ignorance prevails in what is termed ‘tapping,’ or interes wireless messages. No telegraph is secret. The contents of evet gram are known to every operato handles it, aNorires there a peu tached to the tapping of a eS and it a be ES ae it, since the passing of the jraeerinerracea England, penalties involved if any wire tions are erected or worked with nsent of the |MODERN ELECTRICS 71 ELECTRICAL PATENTS {continued from Page 63.) ; s exSmimgusramn, cam >, Wireless Telegraph Outfit i ANNUNCIATOR. Bitte 3, Hetaricn; GREATEST INVENTION OF THE AGE. DallewegpnING FOR ELECTRIC CONDUITS, Si0, TTanin, New York N.Y. “ei Sausar AN BRUSE-HOLDER FoR Drwa. en MepmeTROLYTIC PRODUCTION OF PURE i8- Khoiphe J.-M. Thirot, Bourges, France, Thy, sait85, PROCBSS OF OBTAINING 3IETALS MRD ALLOYS BY REDUCTION, Emilien Viel, ‘Rennes, France. ey LIGHTNING-ARRESTER. Henley V. Bas- tim, Lancaster, Ky. CABLE TERMINAL, Frank B, Cook, Chi- se te Gok, Caius, Wg SAFETY DRVice FOR ELucrRIC Pour Noh tot A seals, a ING, tANP Coil, Oscillator Balls, Key, Coherer and Decoherer, Oni Rely. sending aad Resiving Wren ce ee “rman Guaranteed Incveryrexpect. rice remarkably ow Gl. ELECTROLYTIC PRODUCTION OF CHRO- CARRIED IN STOCK IN SAN FRANCISCO Ie ACID. Max Le Blanc, Karlrume, Germany. LEVY ELECTRIC CO. SAN FRANCISCO, - = = = + CALy ‘When writing please mention “Modern Blectrics.” Electrical Novelties? ‘Yes, we have them. Drops. line if you wish "to. get acquainted with our Geissler Tubes, Static Machines, Reflectors. Wireless Goods, ete, ete. "A two.ceat stamp brings & Gataloguctnat wil interestyou. Writeatonce CLAIR STREET TOLEDO, AN ELECTRIC SUN ALARM, (Continued from Page 52) ‘As long as no light rays fall on the cell relay, R, is not capable to close con- tacts, G, as the resistance of C is too In the morning, however, at sunrise enough diffused light reaches the cell “to lower its resistance and if the light has grown strong enough alarm, B, will ring until switch, S, is opened, or until fight ceases falling on the cell. | "This arrangement will be found to work quite satisfactory and is very re- liable, if the instruments are good ones well adjusted. “yery seldom that the alarm willMODERN OF moN, She ssitmn mest’ R. Cram ELECTRIC-LAMP SOCKET, Mortimer tien, New. York, N.Y $84,105, 884,107, $6,108, $8,100, ssit0. SPACE TELEG- RAPHY. Cambridge, Mass. ssh il, BL SPARK-COLL GAS OR VAPOR Edward Q. Hams, Syracuse, N.Y. ‘AUTOMATIC I$ TO BE OCCUR; OSPITAL-BEDS, RIC ALARM FOR fb BY PATIENTS, SUCH Frank Apold, Philadel- 8 KOR THE ELECTROLYSIS OR COMPOUNDS. Henry phia, Pa ssla2k, PROC FLUID SALT: Blackmore, Mount Vernon, N.Y. S81,18. ELECTRIC SIGNAL. Arthur J. Cleveland, and ‘Frank S. Brown, Minneapolis, Kans. Stim. “EEmCrRIC TIME-SWITCH. James J. Coachman,” "London, England, Si,18. INSULATOR, Brest J. Foreman, Trinidad, Colo, {84.58 SYSTEM OF AUTOMATIC BLOCK-SIGNAL- ING FOR ELECTRIC RAILWAYS. Winthrop K. Howe, Buffalo, N.Y. 84,110. THIRD-RATL ELECTRIC-RAILWAY SYS- ‘TEM. Charles Kozesntk, New York, N. ¥. 84226. RATLWAY-SIGNAL John &, Sim: each, Cal, assignor of one-half to Edward Millar, Longbeach, Cal S8i.2%,. " RECEIVER FOR TELEPHONES, Steinberger, New York, N.Y. 884217, “COIN-CONTROLLED APPARATUS. Wedgewood, Peterboro, Ontario, Canada. S261. STORAGE BATTERY. George A. Carpenter, few York, N. Y., administratrix of Hiram Henry Carpenter. Sill. ELBCTRIC-LIGHT SOCKET, ofski, North Braddock, Ps $81.29," ELECTRIC” CURLING-IRON, Rickards, Portland, ‘Ore. 89,212. “ELECTRICAL CONNECTOR, Garnall, “New York, N.Y. $8128. ELECTRIC WATER-HEATER. Herbert N. Ttoche, “San Prancisoo, Cal. $91.58." ELECTRIC SWITCH. Herbert H. Berry, Enflel, England. S48, | BLECTRICALLY-SYNCHRONIZED ‘TIME- MEASUREING INSTRUMENT. Bahne’Bonnikeen, Coventry, and Frederick A. Chandler, Leamington, S07, ELECTRICAL WATER-HEATER. award j. Condon, New “York, N.Y. sisi, THLEGRAPH-TRANSMITTER, Mark §. ‘Baling, Weaver, Minn. S897. OVERHEAD TROLLEY, Allen P, Lord and ‘Nathaniel Wilking, Bradford, Pa. S142. ELECTRICAL FLUID-HEATER. Mark Seymour, Bemus Poin, and Alton W. Ball, Stowe, $4441," COIN-CONTROLLED APPARATUS. John ‘A. Weser, New York, N.Y. Nathan Booth, Ssi.is6, “INSULATING ‘COMPOUND. ‘Alexandria, Ind. 881,458. ELECTRIC-CURRENT REGULATOR. Ar ‘thur W, Brice, Rochester, N.Y. 446s, SWITCH-BOX. Thomas J. Cleland, Chica- 0, ssiio. COIN-COLLECTOR. award B, Craft, Chi- ‘cago, lin, TELEPHONE DESK-STAND. Anton Mf, or 5 Franz Frank: Cra A. James Le ELECTRICS 84.068, MACHINE Wiliam ssi. ELECT Stafiond, Beleheryil Pe Lapp, Green PROLLEY. POL aver, Philadelphia, Pa. SshGt. TRLEPHONE APPACKn Tiythiner, Philadelphia, Pa, Shit, HANGING INSULATOR, ‘New York, N.Y. sshoin Si64, S946 SYSTEAC Fo) RAILWAYS. Arthur C- Bastwood, Glee Ssh. ELBCTROLYTIC CEL “George's New York, N.% Sshtsh DEPOLARIZER FOR GAtwanto Ernst W. Jungner, Knelppoeng, nm, Swesien sshish. ‘TROLLEY HARP _AND WHEEL, Th Rockwell, Bristol, Conn. ELECTRIC IGNITING DEVICE _ New York, N.Y. shit, i868 SIGNALING SYSTEM, “Kleinschmidt, New York, N.Y. S308 URLECHRIG TYPEWRITER, nye le. Senntielm. tera Sshiis, BLECTRIC SWITCH. Adolph R, Louisville, Ky. ssh 78, $8,794. SIGNAL SYSTEM FOR RAT Mfaximilinn (> ‘Vnistiander, dartison, Che Ssh. AUTOMATIC ELECTRIC. CROSSIN Prank G. Layher, Jackson, Stich SiG ALTERNATING-CURRENT GENE Garl A. Lohr, Wilkinsburg, Pa she. MONEY-DRAWER ALARM. i ‘Costa, Newman, sJeiien, Tenn. seh, Stan. PROCESS FOR MAKING GEN OXIDS FROM AIR, “August Gra) ant Russ, Vienna, Austria-Hungary. ssh00,, “ELECTRODE. FOR" REVERSIBLE WANIC BATTERIES, met W. Jungner, Daden, Norrkoping. Sweten Soh.” THERMOSTATIC CIRCUIT-CLOSER. "Woods, Hiverse,, Wash. sshiza. AUTOMATIC INDICATOR OR SCOPIG SIGNAL FOR HEATED TOOL VESSELS. James I ayer, Cambria, Sehsh, S807, Sohaks.” WIRDLESS "THLE Guglielmo. Sfareon!, London, Pnaland S500, $85,001, 85,002. SWITCH FOR TR TEwwan Cameron, Drcokiyh, N.Y. TESTING A MODERN ELE LOCOMOTIVE. (Continued from Page #2) In this way we pass over that the test track containing several and a slight up grade, which ends one mile west of the sub-station. ‘we enter a straight stretch, endin long, well-balasted curve, equal to 70 degrees of the circumference circle, and on the inside of which, to the track, is the sub-station and and just beyond the crossing. upon leaving the (sharper curv motorman gives his gearless (the axles 2 the drivers are the POR MAKING 1y¢ SYSTEM, Nowe OR mark =“ Sam Te a FIRE-ALARY gy Yardley, Pay TAILWAY-SIGNaT, Ira P, Waltaker: 4% Watter @MODERN ELECTRICS EAKING ARC LIGHTS IN RAILROAD DEPOTS. The speaking are lamp has at las ound practical use-in some of the large rman towns. Most Americans are now so used to bellowing, howling individual in our ge railroad stations, who pretends tell- us what the destination of the next jin is, that they do not mind his un- hetic roar any more. There are even ne people who boast that they can un- erstand every “word” which these train nouncers trumpet out, but the poor nger_would much rather hear a Sioux braves howl their war oops than try to make out where the train stops first. ly the Germans were the first “realize tas Gabarae: Gf having sient way to call out trains, and fet they first equipped some of 73 CLASSIFIED ADVERTISEMENTS. Advertisements in this column 2 cents\a word, no display of any kind. Payable in advance, stamps not accepted. Count 7 words\per line. Minimum, 2 lines. Heavy face type 4 cents a word. Mini- mum, 3 lines.. ELECTRICAL APPRATUS. STUDY ELECTRICITY AT HOME-—A\ complete ‘AL home, containing 50-page detall Gatalowne Otter’ remarkable offers. "Tuoinas 3. ‘Ninth 'Ave., New York, its, 4.54 Be! Stam Palmer tl Philacelphia, B my is." expiaine “this ‘and mst John, 848 Df real mmctrument co,3 ‘seh Street, z above Market, ELECTRICAL GOODS at catalogue. Harold Decker, La Porte, Ind. price. Send forMODERN ACCURATE. COMPACT INEXPENSIVE. Send for, complete catalog of portable and switchboard Voltureters, Amme ters and Volt-Am- meters. L. M, PIGNOLET 82 Cortlandt Street New York New Round Switchboard, voltor Ammeter, inches im diameter. Sample Prepaid tor 35¢. Agents Wanted EMPIRE ELECTRIC WATCH THIS SPACE Bly, tags oom \4 and GOOD attention paid to you, write us. ‘Ourtrade mark shows “what's what.” A generous catalog, showing a line of the best supplies in this country will be mailed to. you | promptly on receipt of 17 cents for Postage. ME Fletcher-Stanly Co. 36 FRANKFORT ST., NEW YORK ‘When wilting please mention “ModeraBieotrign”™ BELL TRUST SMASHED Rowing to bay cheap ‘Box q ELECTR ELECTRICS TESTING A MODERN LOCOMOTIVE. (Continued from Pager) piercing blasts, grasps his « brake levers, and we rush upon gl sub-station, which is situated at gal end of the curve and partially hide awe ae la trees. We are now half-way aroun move at a terrific speed when it gy ly appears almost in our very path on it comes, increasing in size unt finally dash up to it and just migl passing barely to one side. Wha abreast of it there is a deafening i of the whistle and we rush past ong far side, and, looking back, we ba pedestrians at the crossing holding a their hats and one another, while told we rapidly grow smaller in the dist We have now entered the tvoal straightaway with no crossing, chang] grade or curve within that distanced] the whole six miles of track thered mile, half, and quarter-mile posts if one, two and three black hands on tig respectively. These we pass in qui succession after leaving Wyatt's when within a half-mile of the where the power mst be shut couple of the men time our flight stop watches. Eleven and seconds is the verdict. We know this is for a whole quarter of @ and with it comes the realization are covering distance at the rate of miles per hour, But how easily think. The objects outside have us with incredible rapidity, thought of such speed would when we would think of the ve) sway and the entire absence of. ward lurching. 4 Now we realize that the trait steam tracks, which, we overtoo left behind us in our mad rh really a limited making up lost it now. flies past us at a speed yesterday we would have ded being “fast!” Our short journey is over now and as the applied we come quietly 0 4 take a long breath a4 ‘we have experien™Send fe Send for it + ae nd for it Sr fag Send for it Send jet end for it “ t Send for it nd for it Send for it Send for it] Send for it Send for Send for it ¢ Seren nd for it Send fuga eublisi Send for it it Ti rc end for it Send forg Send for it Send for it J apes é nd for it Send for Send for it Send for it Send for it Send for Send for it Send for it Send for it Send for it Send for it Send for it Send for it Send for it Send for it Send for it Send for it Send for it Send for it Send fat Send for it Send for it Send for it Send for it Send for it Send for Send for it Send for it Send for it Send for it Send for it Send fot ing please mention “Modern fleet A School Within Itself Sji*sinisl/cscat eerr= te tomobiles, outlining their construction, mg sublets earfly witten and ep Mnatecsaes aed Seer Seekers ae SE Bt sumer Teetie Cirealt fof size of Wire 1% ER ryan tt cers pene ses