NOTES IN CONTEMPORARY WORLD Relevance of this course 1. Studying the outside word is a cure to parechiaism or an outlook that is limited to one's immediate community. 2.11 Is important to study the world because it can teach you more about yourself 3. You need to study the world because you will be interacting with it. LESSON 1: WHAT IS GLOBALIZATION? The story of Gio, Latif and the Laksa ¥ Glo. a second year Intemational affairs student in a university in Cebu ¥ Latif; from a Muslim University in Kuala Lumpur. ¥ Intemational Model UN competition in Sydney Australia. competition about international poitics. ¥ Hawker centers- food park ¥ Best malaysian cuisine- nasi lemak and laksa ¥ Laksa- a rice noodle soup in a spicy coconut cumy sauce. ¥ Flat whites- an espresso drink similar to latte. ¥ Still Connected to other through facebook and instagram. ¥ Gio moved to Singapore as an OFW. ¥ Orchard = Road- Singapore's main commercial road, Two Premises 1. Globalization is @ complex phenomenon that occurs at multiple levels. 2. Itis an uneven process that affects people differently. Globalization. » Primarily on economic process. 5 Characteristics of Globalization. 1. The expansion and intensification of social relations and consciousness across world- fime and across world-space. — Manfred Steger 2. Globalization involves the creation of new social networks and the multiplication of existing connections. 3. Expansion. stretching and acceleration of these networks. 4, Intensification and acceleration of social exchanges and activities 5. Globalization processes do not occur merely at an objective. material level but also involve the subjective plane of human consciousness. Globalisn > Is a widespread belief among powertul people that the global integration of economic markets is beneficial for everyone. Globatity > Is @ social condition characterized by globalization, political, cultural environmental interconnectedness, borderless irelevant, > Manifestation. valve of individualism and competition > existence of economic system of private property. > Communal & cooperative. social relations which is less capitalistic. Hyperglobalists, > Pro-globalistNotionalist ond Activist > Anti-globalist Kinds of globalization according to Arjun Apparudat |. Ethnoscape- global movement of people 2. Mediascape- flow of culture 3. Technoscape- circulation of mechanical goods and software 4. Financescape- global circulation of money Ideoscape- polllical ideas move around LESSON 2: THE GLOBALIZATION OF WORLD ECONOMIC Economic globalization » The Intemational Monetary Fund (IMF) defines it as a historical process representing the result. of human innovation and technological progress. > According fo the IMF. the value of trade (goods and services) as a percentage of word GDP increased from 42.1 percent in 1980 to 62.1 percent in 2007 Increased trace means that invesiments are moving all over the world at faster speeds. » According to the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD). the amount of foreign drect investments flowing across the world was US$ 97 lion in 1982. By 2015, that number was $1.76 tillon International Trading Systems > Silk road ¥ oldest known. international trade route ¥ a network of pathways that spanned China to Middle East and Europe. ¥ traders used the sik Road regularly from 130 BCE when the Chinese v Han Dynasty opened trade to the West unfil 1453 BCE when the Ottoman Empire closed it. v the Sik = Road was intetnational, it was not truly “global” because it had no ocean routes, » According to historians Dennis ©. Flynn ‘and Arturo Giraldez, “Ihe age of globalization began when “all important populated continents. began to exchange products continuously both with each other directly and indirectly via other continents and in valve sufficient to generate crucial impacts on «ill trading partners" » 1571. establishment of the galleon trade that connected Manila in the Philippines ‘and Acapulco in Mexico. > Mercantilism era ¥ countries primarily in Europe. competed with one another fo sell more goods as a means to boost their county's income (called monetary reserves) ¥_ to defend their products from competitors who sold goods more cheaply.imposed high tariffs, forbade colonies to trade with other nations, Yao a system of global trade with multiple restrictions, > Gold Standard ¥ @ more open trade system that emerged in 1867 ¥ its goal was to create a common system that would allow for more efficient trade. ¥ established a common basis for curency prices and o fixed exchange rate system = all based on the value of gold.during World war 1, when countries depleted their gold reserves fo fund their armies. many were forced to abandon the gold standard. Y Great depression- caused by the gold standard and was the worst and longest recession ever experienced by Ihe Western world, ¥ Economic historian Bamy Eichengreen argues that the recovery of the US really began = when having abandoned the —_gold standard. ¥ At the height of World War Il, other major industrialized counties followed suit v¥ Flat currencies. currencies whose value is determined by their cost relative fo other currencies, The Bretton Woody System After the two world wars, world leaders sought to create a global economic system that would ensure a longer- lasting global peace. The Bretton woods sytem — was Inaugurated In 1944 to prevent the catastrophes of the early decades of the century from reoccuring and affecting international fies. It was largely influenced by the ideas of British economist John Maynard Keynes who believed that economic crises ‘occur not when a country does not have enough money. but when money isnot being spent and not moving Global Keynesianism- system of the active role of govemments in managing spending served as the anchor. Two financial institutions ¥ Intemational Bank — for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD or world bank) - too be responsible for funding postwar reconstruction projects ¥ Intemational Monetary Fund (IMF)- which was to be the global lender of last resort to prevent individual countries from spiraling into credit crises After Bretton Woods, various countries also committed themselves to further global economic integration through the General Agreement on Torrifs and Trade (GATT) in 1947. Its main purpose was fo reduce tariffs and other hindrances to free trade. Neoliberalisny andi Ity Discontenty The high point of global Keynesianism came in the mid-1940s to the early 1970s. Governments poured money into their economies, allowing people to Purchase more goods and increase demand for these products. as demand increased, so did the prices of these goods The theory went that, as prices increased, companies would eam more, and would have more money to hire workers Keynesian Economists believed that all this was a necessary trade-off for economic development. In early 1970s, the prices of oll rose showply as a result of the Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries (OAPEC) imposition of an embargo in reponse of the decision of US and other Countries to resupply the Israeli military.ll Embargo- affected the Westen economies that were reliant on oil The stock markets crashed in 1973-1974 after US stopped linking the dollar to gold, effectively ending the Bretton Woods system, Stagflation- a phenomenon in which a decline in economic growth and employment (stagnation) takes place alongside a sharp increase in prices (inflation). Economists such as Friedrich Hayek and Mitton Friedmen argued that govemment intervention in economies distort the proper functioning of the market. Neoliberalism- a new form of economic thinking and became the codified strategy of US treasury department, world bank and IMF. World Trade Organization (WTO)- a new organization founded in 1995 to continue the tariff reduction under the GAT. Washington Consensus- dominated global economic policies. it advocates pushed for minimal govemment spending to reduce goveinment debt Us Pres. Ronald Reagan and British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher justified their reduction in government spending by comparing national economies to households, Thatcher, promoted an image of her mother. Who reined in overspending to reduce the national debt. The problem with this analogy is that governments are not households. Post-communist Russia the IMF assumed that such a move would free industries from comrupt bureaucrats This practice has entrenched an oligarchy that stil dominates the Russian ‘economy 0 this very day. LESSON 3: A HISTORY OF GLOBAL POLITICS: ‘CREATING AN INTERNATIONAL ORDER International Relationy -scholars of politics study this, itis about political. military. and other diplomatic engagements between two or more countries. Internationalizotion -a phenomenon, -deepening of interactions between states - does not equal globalization, but a mejor part of globalization. United Nations -most prominent example of this organization -meeting ground of presidents Globolizotion -encompasses a multitude of connections and Interactions that cannot be reduced to the ties between governments, ‘THE ATTRIBUTES OF TODAY'S GLOBAL SYSTEM Four key attributes of world politics 1. There are counties oF states that are independent and govem themselves 2. These counties interact with each other through diplomacy. 3. There are intemational organizations, ike the United Nations (UN), that facilitate these interactions. 4. Beyond simply faciitating meetings between states, intemational organizations ‘also take on loves of theit own.Notion-Stote -is.a relatively moder phenomenon in human history, and people did not always organize thernselves as countries. The two interchangeable termy of nation — stote “Not alll states are nations and not all nations are slates! Exomples 1. The nation of Scottand has its own flag and national culture but stil belongs to a state called United Kingdom. 2. Many belleve that Bangsomoro Is a separate nation withing Philippines but the authority stil recognizes it as a Philippine state. State -refets to a country and its government. Four attributes of State 1. Citizen Bases in determining principles > Jus Sanguinis > JusSoi > Naturalization ‘Smallest State- Singapore & Vatican Largest State-China & Russia 2. Territory 3. Government -ageney in which the will of the people are established, limited &defined, 3 structures of government 1. Executive 2. Judiciary 3. Legistative Forms of government Monorchial Republican Dictatorial Democratic Presidential 4. Sovereignty -one of the fundamental principles of modem state politics, Internal Sovereignty -no one can operate in a given national teritory by ignoring the state. External Sovereignty -a state's policies and procedures are independent of the interventions of other states. Nation “imagined community’ ~ itis limited because it does not go beyond a given “official boundary" The Interstate System: -the Holy Roman Empire, Spain, France, Sweden. and the Dutch Republic designed a system that would avert wars in the future. Treaty of Westphalia. -a set of agreements signed in 1648 to end the Thirty ‘Years War between the major continental powers of Europe. Napoleon Bonaparte -believed in spreading the principles of the French Revolution (liberty, equality and fraternity)Napolenie Wary “1803-1815 Napoleonic Code -forbade birth privileges, encouraged freedom or religion and promoted meritocracy in government service. Concert of Europe -aliance of “great powers" -sought fo restore the world of monarchical. hereditary and religious privileges of the time before the French Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars. Internotionalivny -one window into the broader phenomenon of globalization. Two categories 1, Liberal 2. Socialist Immanuel Kant = frst major thinker of liberal intemationalism - “establish a continuously growing state consisting of various nations which will ultimately include the nations of the world, he imagine a form of global government. Jeremy Benthom ~ coined the word “international” - he believed that objective global legistators should cim to propose legistation that would create “the greatest happiness of all nations taken together”. Giuseppe Mazzini ~ first thinker to reconcile nationalism with liberal nationalism = an advocate af the unification of the various italian-speaking mini-states and a major critic of the Metternich system. + Believed in Republican Government Weedrew Wilson + Influenced by Mazzini - US president + 20" century's most prominent intemationalist ~ he forwarded the principle of self determination (the belief that the world’s nations had a right to a free and sovereign govemment. - Became the most notable advocate tor the creation of the League of Nations Karl Mare - _ Also an internationalist but who differed from the former because he did not believe in nationaiism, - He did not divide the world into countries. but into classes, Capitalist Class -owners Proletariat Class -workers Friedricly Engels - Co-author of Marx = Believed that in a socialist revoltution seeking to overthrow the state and alter the economy. The Sovialipt International ~ Was aunion of European socialist and labor parties established on Paris in 1889. The Communist International - Served as the central body for directing ‘Communist parties all over the wortd.LESSON 4: THE UNITED NATIONS AND CONTEMPORARY GLOBAL GOVERNANCE Regularities in the general behaviour of tates 1. They more or less follow global navigation routes and, more often than not. respect each other's territorial boundaries. 2. To.adhere to certain global norms means that there is a semblance of world order, Globel Governance -refers to the various intersecting processes that create this order. Sources of global governance 1, States signs treaties and form organizations. in the process legistating public international low. 2. Powerlul transnational corporations can likewise have tremendous effects on global labor laws, environmental legistation and trade policy. International Organization refer fo international intergovernmenial organizations or groups that are primarily made up of member-states. » One major fallacy about intemational organizations is that they are merely amalgations of various state interest. lOs Power of Classification 1, They create powertul global standards. 2. 1Oshave the power to fix meanings. 3. lOshave the power to diffuse norms. United Nations -most prominent intergovemmental organization today. Five ACTIVE ORGANS OF UN Gunerod Ayewbly > Main deliberative policymaking and representative organ > Annually, the General Assembly elect a GA President to serve one-year term of office, > 193members > Flipino Diplomat Carlos P. Romulo was elected GA president, Security Council, ‘Most powerful 15 members Two year term of office Permanent (PS) - China, France. Russia UK and US| » The SC takes the lead in determining the existence of threat fo the peace or an act or aggression. vy Economic and Soviel Council » the principal body for coordination, policy review, policy dialogue, and recommendations on social and environmental issues, as well as the: implementation of internationally agreed development goals. > S4members > Three years term of office . International Court of Justice > tosettle. in accordance with international law, legal disputes submitted to it by authorized United Nations organs and specialized agencies. Seoretariat > Secretary-General and tens of thousands of international UN staff members who carry out the day-to day work of the UN as mandated by the GA.> Itis the bureaucracy of the UN > Members of the secretariat serve in their capacity as UN employees and nota state representatives. Chodlenges of the United: Nations Chief among these are the limits placed Upon its various organs and programs by the need fo respect state sovereianty. > The biggest challenge of UN is related to the issues of security.WORLD OF REGIONS: Regionodization » Societal integration and often indirected process of social and economic integration » End result of regionalism Regionaliso » Emergent, socially constituted phenomenon Set of conscious activities Facets of regioncliso - identities, ethics, religion, ecological sustainability and health Regions are a group of countries located in the same geographically specified area. » China -offersits cheap and huge workforce to attract foreign businesses. > Singapore and Switzerland: compensate for thet lack of resources by fuming themselves into financial and banking hubs. Countries form regional assoviations for several reasons: 1. Formilitary defense > North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO}- most widely known defense grouping formed during the cold war when several Western European countries plus the United States agreed to protect Europe against the threat of the Soviet Union > Warsaw Pact- soviet Union's regional Alliance, consisting of Eastem European countries. 2. To pool their resources Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)- was established in 1960 by tran, ltaq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia and Venezuela to regulate the production and sale of of. Other members of OPEC include Quator. UAE. Ageria and Congo. 3. To protect their independence trom the pressures of superpower politics. » Non-Aligned Movement (NAM)- created by the presidents of Egypt. Ghana, India, Indonesia. and Yugosiavia in 1961 to pursue world peace and equally. -had 120 member countries 4, Economic cri together The Thai economy collapsed in 1996, @ rapid withdrawal of foreign investments bankrupted the economy. This crisis began to spread to other Asian Countries. > ASEAN (Association of South East Asian Nation) long with China Japan and south Korea agreed to establish an emergency fund to Gnticipate a criss that the Asian economies stabilized. compels countries to comeNon-state Regionalism » tiny associations that focuses on a single: issue. > People who share the same values, norms, institutions and system that exist outside of the traditional North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) Reinforest Foundation > protects indigenous people and the rainforest. Contemporary Challenges to Regionalism 1, Resurgence of militant nationalism and populism. > Brexit withdrawal of UK fo European Union 2. The extent fo which member countries should sacrifice their sovereignty for the sake of regional stability. 3. Differing visions of what regionalism should be for. MEDIA AND GLOBALIZATION Globelization > set of multiple, uneven & overlapping historical processes including eco, politics & culture, that have combined with the evolution of media, technology to create the conditions under which the globe itself can now be understood as “an imagined community” (global village) > relies on media as its main cond spread of global culture and ideas, for 5 periody of the evolution of media and globalization 1. Oral Communication » Language- avenue of people who cooperate -allowed for the sharing of information. important fool as human being explored the word experience different cultures 2. Script >» Papyrus > it allowed humans to communicate cover longer space & much longer time > allowed for the writen and permanent codification of economic, cultural & political practices, 3. Printing Press: > information revolution > transferred social institutions >» according to Eizabeth Einstein (1979) the influences of printing press ¥ it changed the nature of knowhwadge v Preserved = & knowledge ¥ Encouraged the challenge of Political & religious authority standardized 4. Electronic Medio » Radio- global medium in reaching regions > TV. most persuasive & powerful mass medium > Combi- visual & aural power 5. Digital Medio , rely on digital codeMedio. » a means of conveying something. such as channel of communication > plural of medium Technologies of mass communication Print Media. > Books, magazines and newspapers 2. Broadcast Media > Radio, film and television 3. Digital Media > Intemet and = mobile — mass communication Morsholl Melua > the medium is the message. » he used his analysis of technology to examine the impact of electronic media » he declared that the television was turning the world into a “global village” Televisi » shapes the social behaviour of users and reorient family behaviour Papyrus > started in Egypt. Cellphones > expand people's senses The Global Village and Cultural Imperialiso Cultural Imeperiolison » media globalization coupled with American hegemony would create a form of this. > american values and culture would overwhelm all others Herbert Schiller > argued that not only was the world being Americanized, but that this process also led to the spread of “American” capitalist valves like consumerism Jobe Tomlinson > cultural globalization is simply a euphemism, for “westem cultural imperialism" since it Promotes "homogenized, _westernized, consumer culture” Critiques of Cultural lmperialisan lew Ang > studied the ways in which different viewers in the Netherlands experienced watching the American soap opera "Dallas" Elinw Katz and Tamar Licbey > they decided to push Ang's analysis » they argued that texts are received differently by varied _ interpretative communites, > Russians were suspicious of the show's content > Americans believed that it was primarily about the lives of the rich Jopancese Brandy Hello kitty, Mario Brothers and Pokemon Sushiv » globalized asian Cuisine JoUlibee > number one choice for fast food in BrunelSovial Media and the ertation of Cyber Ghettors Women’y march > against Donald Trump began with a tweet from a Hawaii lawyer and became a global movement. Splinternet > various bubbles people place themselves in when they are online Cyberbolkanization the phenomenon Vladimir Putin » @ Russian dictator who hired armies of social media to manipulate public opinion through intimidation and the spreading of fake news Troe > paid users who harass political opponents Globel online propaganda > will be the biggest threat to face as the globaization of media deepens Global City Globalzation is spatial because: 1. Htoceurs in physical spaces 2, What makes it move is the fact that it is based in places Saskia Sassen > Her ciiteria for what constitutes a global city were primarily economic. > She initially identified three globel cities New York, London, and Tokyo all of which re hubs of global finance and capitalism Multiple attributes of gobal city 1. Econemic power 2. To measure the economic competitiveness ofacily » The Economist Inteligence Unit criteria, 1. Market size 2. Purchasing power of citizens 3. Size of the midale class 4, Potential for growth 3. Global cities are also centers of authority 4, The cities that house major international organizations may also be considered centers of political influence 5. Global Cities are center of higher leaming ‘and culture The challenges of global cities Cities can be sustainable because of their density 2. The mojor teror attacks of recent years have also targeted cities.