Keynesian Theory of Employment (With Diagram) : Navigation

2/7/23, 5:54 PM Keynesian Theory of Employment (With Diagram)
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Keynesian Theory of
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As per Keynes theory of employment, effective

demand signifies the money spent on the
consumption of goods and services and on
investment.
The total expenditure is equal to the national

income, which is equivalent to the national
output.
Therefore, effective demand is equal to total

expenditure as well as national income and
national output.
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The theory of Keynes was against the belief of

classical economists that the market forces in
capitalist economy adjust themselves to attain
equilibrium. He has criticized classical theory of
employment in his book. Vie General Theory of
Employment, Interest and Money. Keynes not
only criticized classical economists, but also
advocated his own theory of employment.
His theory was followed by several modern

economists. Keynes book was published post-
Great Depression period. The Great Depression
had proved that market forces cannot attain
equilibrium themselves; they need an external
support for achieving it. This became a major
reason for accepting the Keynes view of
employment.
The Keynes theory of employment was based on

the view of the short run. In the short run, he
assumed that the factors of production, such as
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efficiency of labor, remain unchanged while
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determining the level of employment.
Therefore, according to Keynes, level of
employment is dependent on national income

and output.
In addition, Keynes advocated that if there is an

increase in national income, there would be an
increase in level of employment and vice versa.
Therefore, Keynes theory of employment is also
known as theory of employment determination
and theory of income determination.
Principle of Effective Demand:

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The main point related to starting point of

Keynes theory of employment is the principle of
effective demand. Keynes propounded that the
level of employment in the short run is
dependent on the aggregate effective demand of
products and services.
According to him, an increase in the aggregate

effective demand would increase
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employment and vice-versa. Total feet
employment
of a country can be determined with the help of Read Next Story
total demand of the country. A decline in total
effective demand would lead to unemployment.
As per Keynes theory of employment, effective

demand signifies the money spent on the
consumption of goods and services and on
investment. The total expenditure is equal to
the national income, which is equivalent to the
national output. Therefore, effective demand is
equal to total expenditure as well as national
income and national output.
The effective demand can be expressed as

follows:
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Effective demand = National Income = National

Output
Therefore effective demand affects employment

level of a country, national income, and national
output. It declines due to the mismatch of
income and consumption and this decline lead
to unemployment.
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With the increase in the national income
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consumption rate also increases, but the Read Next Story
increase in consumption rate is relatively low as

compared to the increase in national income.
Low consumption rate leads to a decline in

effective demand.
Therefore, the gap between the income and

consumption rate should be reduced by
increasing the number of investment
opportunities. Consequently, effective demand
also increases, which further helps in reducing
unemployment and bringing full employment
condition.
Moreover, effective demand refers to the total

expenditure of an economy at a particular
employment level. The total equal to the total
supply price of economy (cost of production of
products and services) at a certain level of
employment. Therefore, effective demand refers
to the demand of consumption and investment
of an economy.
Determination of Effective Demand:
Keynes has used two key terms, namely,

aggregate demand price and aggregate supply
price, for determining effective demand.
Aggregate demand price and aggregate supply
price together contribute to determine effective
demand, which further helps in estimating the
level of employment of an economy at a
particular period of time.
In an economy, the employmentThelevel depends

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the employment level of an economy is
dependent on the decisions of organizations

related to hiring of employee and placing them.
The level of employment can be determined

with the help of aggregate supply price and
aggregate demand price. Let us study these two
concepts in detail.
Aggregate Supply Price:
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Aggregate supply price refers to the total

amount of money that all organizations in an
economy should receive from the sale of output
produced by employing a specific number of
workers. In simpler words, aggregate supply
price is the cost of production of products and
services at a particular level of employment.
It is the total amount of money paid by

organizations to the different factors of
production involved in the production
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of
output. Therefore, organizations would
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employ the factors of production until they can Read Next Story
recover the cost of production incurred for

employing them.
A certain minimum amount of price is required

for inducing employers to offer a specific
amount of employment. According to Dillard,
“This minimum price or proceeds, which will
just induce employment on a given scale, is
called the aggregate supply price of that amount
of employment.”
If an organization does not get an adequate

price so that cost of production is covered, then
it employs less number of workers. Therefore
the aggregate supply price varies according to
different number of workers employed. So,
aggregate supply price schedule Id Tut can be
prepared as per the total number of workers
employed.
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Aggregate supply price schedule is a schedule of

minimum price required to induce the different
quantities of employment. Thus, higher the
price required to induce the different quantities
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of employment, greater the level of employment
Read Next Story
would be. Therefore, the slope of the aggregate
supply curve is upward to the right.
Aggregate Demand Price:
Aggregate demand price is different from

demand for products of individual
organizations and industries. The demand for
individual organizations or industries refers to a
schedule of quantity purchased at different
levels of price of a single product.
On the hand, aggregate demand price is the

total amount of money that an organization
expects to receive from the sale of output
produced by a specific number of workers. In
other words, the aggregate demand price
signifies the expected sale receipts received by
the organization by employing a specific
number of workers.
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Aggregate demand price schedule refers to the

schedule of expected earnings by selling the
product at different level of employment
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higher the level of employment, greater the level
Read Next Story
of output would be.
Consequently, the increase in the employment

level would increase the aggregate demand
price. Thus, the slope of aggregate demand
curve would be upward to the right. However,
the individual demand curve slopes downward.
The basic difference between the aggregate

supply price and aggregate demand price should
be analyzed carefully as both of them seem to be
same. In aggregate supply price, organizations
should receive money from the sale of output
produced by employing a specific number of
workers.
However, in aggregate demand price,

organizations expect to receive from the sale of
output produced by a specific number of
workers. Therefore, in aggregate supply price,
the amount of money is the necessary amount
that should be received by the organization,
while in aggregate demand price the amount of
money may or may not be received.
Determination of Equilibrium Level of

Employment:
The aggregate demand price and aggregate

supply price help in determining the
equilibrium level of employment.
The aggregate demand (AD) and

aggregate supply (AS) curve
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determining the equilibrium level
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employment, as shown in Figure-3: Read Next Story
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In Figure-3, AD represents the aggregate

demand curve, while AS represents the
aggregate supply curve. It can be interpreted
from Figure-3 that although the aggregate
demand and aggregate supply curve are moving
in the same direction, but they are not alike.
There are different aggregate demand price and
aggregate supply price for different levels of
employment.
The
For example, in Figure-3, at AS incredible
curve, the secret to improving circulation in
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organization would employ ON 1 number
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workers, when they receive OC amount of sales Read Next Story
receipts. Similarly, in case of AD curve, the

organization would employ ON1 number of
workers with the expectation that they would

produce OH amount of sales receipt for them.
The aggregate demand price exceeds the

aggregate supply price or vice versa at some
levels of employment. For example, at ON1
employment level, the aggregate demand price
(OH) is greater than the aggregate supply price
(OC). However, at certain level of employment,
the aggregate demand price and aggregate
supply price become equal.
At this point, aggregate demand and aggregate

supply curve intersect each other. This point of
intersection is termed as the equilibrium level of
employment. In Figure-3, point E represents
the equilibrium level of employment because at
this point, the aggregate demand curve and
aggregate supply curve intersect each other.
In Figure-3, initially, there is a slow movement

in the AS curve, but after a certain point of time
it shows a sharp rise. This implies that when a
number of workers increases initially, the cost
incurred for production also increases but at a
slow rate. However, when the amount of sales
receipt increases, the organization starts
employing more and more workers. In Figure-3,
the ON1 numbers of workers are employed,
when OT amount of sales receipts are received
by the organization. The incredible secret to improving circulation in
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On the other hand, the AD curve shows a rapid

increase initially, but after some time it gets
flattened. This means that the expected sales
receipts increase with an increase in the number
of workers. As a result, the expectations of the
organization to earn more profit increases. As a
result, the organization start employing more
workers. However, after a certain level, the
increase in employment level would not show
an increase in the amount of sales receipts.
In Figure-3, before reaching the employment

level of ON2, the employment level keeps on
increasing as the organizations want to higher
more and more workers to get the maximum
profit. However, when the employment level
crosses the ON21 level, the AD curve is below the
AS curve, which shows that the aggregate
supply price exceeds the aggregate demand
price. As a result, the organization would start
incurring losses; therefore would
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Thus, the economy would be in equilibrium
when the aggregate supply price and aggregate
demand price become equal. In other words,

equilibrium can be achieved when the amount
of sales receipt necessary and the amount of
sales receipt expected to be received by the
organization at a specified level of employment
are equal.
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2/7/23, 5:54 PM Keynesian Theory of Employment (With Diagram)

As per Keynes theory of employment, effective

The total expenditure is equal to the national

Therefore, effective demand is equal to total

Get Your Math Problems Answered For Free

The theory of Keynes was against the belief of

His theory was followed by several modern

The Keynes theory of employment was based on

employment is dependent on national income

In addition, Keynes advocated that if there is an

Principle of Effective Demand:

The main point related to starting point of

According to him, an increase in the aggregate

As per Keynes theory of employment, effective

The effective demand can be expressed as

Effective demand = National Income = National

Therefore effective demand affects employment

consumption rate also increases, but the Read Next Story

increase in consumption rate is relatively low as

Low consumption rate leads to a decline in

Therefore, the gap between the income and

Moreover, effective demand refers to the total

Determination of Effective Demand:

Keynes has used two key terms, namely,

In an economy, the employmentThelevel depends

the employment level of an economy is

dependent on the decisions of organizations

The level of employment can be determined

Aggregate Supply Price:

Add the extension

Aggregate supply price refers to the total

It is the total amount of money paid by

recover the cost of production incurred for

A certain minimum amount of price is required

If an organization does not get an adequate

Add the extension

Aggregate supply price schedule is a schedule of

Aggregate Demand Price:

Aggregate demand price is different from

On the hand, aggregate demand price is the

Aggregate demand price schedule refers to the

Consequently, the increase in the employment

The basic difference between the aggregate

However, in aggregate demand price,

Determination of Equilibrium Level of

The aggregate demand price and aggregate

The aggregate demand (AD) and

employment, as shown in Figure-3: Read Next Story

In Figure-3, AD represents the aggregate

workers, when they receive OC amount of sales Read Next Story

receipts. Similarly, in case of AD curve, the

workers with the expectation that they would

The aggregate demand price exceeds the

At this point, aggregate demand and aggregate

In Figure-3, initially, there is a slow movement

Read Next Story

Add the extension

On the other hand, the AD curve shows a rapid

In Figure-3, before reaching the employment

Read Next Story

demand price become equal. In other words,

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