Introduction

1. Defintion
2. History of AI
3. Types of AI
4. Types of intelligence

5. AI and inventivity

Quantification and reduction to data

Creatvity machine

This machine created by computer scientist and AI pioneer, Dr Thaler in 1994. Thaler claimed that
this was the closest humanity at the time came to emulating “the fundamental mechanisms
responsible for idea formation.”1 The machine used artificial neural networks which are ‘weighted
switches’ that both decide what connections to make, and what information/data/connections are
more valuable than others2 (hence the ‘weight’). The switches in this network programs itself by
making decisions and attributing values without human intervention (thus creating and
reprograming software) which results in the generation of novel ideas. 3 This is similar to the human
performance of ‘brainstorming’ as it involves self-stimulation. 4 Much to Thalers pleasure, his
machine created eleven thousand novel songs, after exposing the machine to his favourite music.

Artificial neural netoworks are modelled on the brain and how neurons function and interact in
performing cognitive functions.5 This machine has ‘invented’ previously which resulted in a patent
being granted (US patent No.5852815) in 1998. This is thought to be the first patent that was
granted to an AI generated invention. 6 In applying for the patent, Dr Thaler didn’t inform the USPTO
of the machines involvement and opted to list himself as the sole inventor. 7

The inventivity Machine

John Koza created this machine which is modelled on the process of biological evolution and was
developed through genetic programming. 8 The invention machine is also responsible for patented
innovation, much like the creativity machine.

1
See www.imagination-engines.com for more info
2
Artificial Neural Networks, IMAGINATION ENGINES INC., http://imagination-engines. com/iei_ann.php
[https://perma.cc/BB8K-G3FH]
3
Abott I think therefore I invent 2016 page 1084
4
Abbott pg 1084
5
The neocortex of the brain with its interaction with the thal is generally thought to be the seat of higher
consciousness and cognition in the human brain. The process of active thinking involves the cortex creating a
6
http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_48540_WP_End_of_Innovation_Protecting_Patent_Law.pdf pg 6
7
Abbott at 1085-86.
8
Abbott at 1086-87.