Gravitation

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— “oa pavitedtion $C» we Mon Penne’ of emit OPP ond experione Spay bay Bre towne OFM SG Giraritetional Peres other mahtoy, [Bey matter jp thin universe. aktracts aunt, 1% foren. cfd GF» | | a = intne cone oe ee, =) acttractton ovnd i nt fore in nature, an 7 pulaion foyer were, quent. Raw g- Yomag ial as Qe cinta Conch sinks distemce . = » dean pater nvation)acts aleng tue Ling gin) : i oe olepemd on, mraditton angen se teins ‘teed es nd ependend “lens ay gray Uextion | Conservall ve . 7 eh Sn ie, 24 Umivence AHN eatin pale ticle et force. cmd elects Hato toreo Putlors tak stm 1 WOK here do Toe tne “? tres Law 9 law of G ravitetion + . Re 12> -F, aa & }—>— [=m ) Fl By a 7 : {mG Fa Fao Baa @ scanned with Oken Scanner Ao Bary - pelnst | inte VATS2. adtbracts 2: “ey | clue ponticle. with a foree iat re Uh Alvectty ppertlonad to \ so |b pre us, procluct i | ob the. gree obtuse. pontlen oved 4 5 | inverse Pr portional tens | Rie Soe Pp | Pe, Princkple. ob Super position ob Grravitetionol Foreea’ TUL now we howe. ceon tee. exprersion For the. gravitational $10. of ccttraction betwony tod point mocace doch ik Wee | |) hove & cotléstion vb point mares, the RAS yorce 7 anytoa podnt “meeatn pitts Jriclel enleHtly avid uniorgluenced th. py C2. Oh B' y Hence. fee, thaubiorrt grovittional feree, acting on. oy one 2Y-teay G fue. vecter cum of the, gravitational b@rese exited by fut] othor point moasser, Shown’ eke, — poi © an shewn : [Eades TFB] c O® . 3 ae ao at R eS, 3 FR O® Y Gromtectton 1, tue Phimomenn oh interettion betscan Droint monraer onty, bul) Newter’s tous 0 graviietn Pry brvifenry shaped -mawsen only apply ‘ter pelmt mevan am ® =] rental meveren, 4 Pohets onty 4 ef “PS Sginnrtsiead | Gnvons. 6% teragan. 8) Force oh ayayitation between tee mevanen fe pend “Fo be F | in voceumh . Th bata -taasmanaer arte. dipped (n water Of Some! tevncs. -tuen, new puree WLLbe.— i PoE @«KF Geannetsog. A>, + @ scanned with Oken Scanner - yet. ny eer only ae fom polices A, Bie cach ob ong sare tg al ea corntys oh an eguiteders! Henge ue ae Abr Teleareed keeping use. pow tlelor Bom nels ay magnitude. of notamtanter accelerut 6b BR” Ons ar Sm ov a 3 om Rentittanst of tro (Force. )vecter it ce arm A UF] =e A = Gm 5 i ctuciy magni ude ty same tne. (ever » Frey TAP 03%) Facet nog wr F 6 60 ar NGF Fut = V3.G? DP | gE am, fgam ihm eo 9)| "monn &) iE So BV yn sane = eet (SS) pny sepevretecl by aw deem a Laced otw | D Teo pont moares Band ym evre. jdt ona Cine. A thtrd point mona mo bw be. Pelt an toe kine. suche fost Tee pet gravitoctiene! ‘fore on it | been, | The, ditunce. of fewt p. from Tua @) monr ty 6 a G4 af Oa | Fret =0 an i | Fi =F im Gyo _ _ hfivitdn _ | eT dene \® | | ~ 17) 2 pote Fee | mw | dak pq ay Axa =xSH KS | iF A= tern Airmen | yo a wrong. {x= a aes, MEE aj memnionalhy, ZA] FP this hey PTA) 04 (3-4) Hee Tea rex A= ¥, @ scanned with Oken Scanner PORE c FRuenber oh icleaitical paint mavanen mm oe, tated along A at x= = 0422045 Sota sma tucle, 6b grr tection eon emoan ot erlain (x=0) will Pied a Ft hy tt fate | | 9g tg x Oa i a6 Ae O fae | - amt Sm Gor ee fat “Ge te * a | fe Ca etic i A | fan Gant bam 2 i Frat = 617 [ee ee ite | Vy pomehow “the, oistemee, potblogn a Qs end the. early ndeubled . tease grt (Dial GoveL” befevorg qgue m Wwitl become. Odewble @rar @ four timn = fourkey. | G ™: ae Fo Sm ra > fe | ) = 0 | Ff | 4 "Three powticlen each ob men ™, oe, kept al “the. corners ob ( Ot equilateral anata 6h side (12 Feree- exerteel care eager 7 M1 ameter pewshicle 9 ‘moar m placed at the N, at ticle “wit be? © sedi erm rt @ Bee - @ we ae te= ft Saks | sy ostidele FO. ™e0n, q Be av wal forces edits pibuicln “tre, eoerfts ‘a stant be- 7 atau ori fer ae agg] Oh +47 @ scanned with Oken Scanner Ie sints Jnoaaer mm and a @) Gots tnel bee bee OP a a polht Mera 3m, R & Cinta. FV Ie 7 = i Fe nat will Bae trcartetnd Sree, om MG oe 4 @rr @sr Q@1oF yr @ i @—¥ y Ps qm 43am yey E> 7 ina QV Amarr Mis pooken intetoo parts of meaate my and 7. | Hove eve. my ound om, velated! $0 that fires. ad grav jaetenoy } | Chen betuean trt-hys prats b> maxinuvn? a En: @n-m O@u=¥m, Gorm, Ey 7 2 Gxt | Q yt, =M | (a= om] | e+ 3) glamarmy = fer maximum sree dE =o | de oot 7 | Ao aeons i : i 2 Of S( M=2m) | Irate fetes as OD) Tie icentieal ephere. om ove. placed in Raine’ silly each oles | 46 Do tus vadion of each gpiere -teen gravirtat! | behvewn the . Pi Sy | (op cry | | re gh | Ppertiial = i] i Rte OL i, oo ry | Cap ik Teemticag SY = 4 rere = Gym | ~p Same. bor & boty ap hore | clependa on racllain | | | ut $ret e I) Pe erg see 1 | ( cxtlrattin | heme cin se fkieatte, 7m re mug, zoel ree tise. cf i 7 vitotional D jn terest 7 Pus. time perioel ob encts pevrticle , g teraction oa OO ~ 9 mr vl aa ~ Fayravdintional Vv any po Se OT = Aa Veer lea Ca /. = ——_T fe *3 a @ scanned with Oken Scanner k v cl aftele. 0b MAM Wy plated ae a didanle a Prem ge wn (Oe ad with teogt ie pres me ee abat yi oman rituls 6 omd monn 4 ove ahotmnin bgure. Find it q i Groviteticnal force. on tres PLE dues to tey oe ne 4 uv Z ie L te od sulaeee eas ape BE aE | fare em (SEL = Gam Heda @) The. grovitestional comaternt deperda upon spite ob tee kodion @ Gqroivritectional Maso . etean 0 EO Nona. of tose. 6 dirtewnes betesenr, je6- 4 ® =f = a Peres. poo Unit ot -£ |s mown Led Field Tt nvity, 8 oven, purunt mean esl ent > Nite “7 a + dimension MET = M°LTO , Necker > Vivection Parallel +o forer, Obrravitectional field Intenity : @— + —__ T= @ 2577 2 ame 2 exeeteredion pom, Barevitetionoy field enters AMO. +05! | suahace- Tactsite (178) = E om) EG ___outsicte i et [att 2 Sn _____—-» — @ scanned with Oken Scanner fla a at | rellees spears a owl vice, I = I Nest iets tel Trwrbow a bh Timids =0 a Find “Inderal i clue. te Solid phere, luSiononaxavaNoarten)s ct doluy Solid hen Apoirt Aat depth A frm OMA point mean zarth & Surface. Bein placed at oan feentie Fem a Fe Gm! | me Fe Brae Pr] M!= Sx Mid Ws My Wp 8 fae” Med yy Re grein field Trtemity Plectnie Fblel ~twtenat > Moanotic Fo tf @8 WIR) by f he. grevit viol it MM AT kg i, | ovibedtt " Situated ote ABon fey q am eld ~rmdenrind of that point 6 46 5 heg @ aus n/kg, @ scanned with Oken Scanner = Jor # bec the ‘nati Ronin’ ran Gore seein distr pola: owtte, Line Im jning paint ments eee Jrovitetiona! fied Inteniity feo Svoitl be, atclértomes, ose Sear point mes “am 6 i on ay Sirom point rmevn “an 3 OAS Sram print mans (im? x “to 5 ne Sram tua, point mona tm se from point man 4m” 2 P fom) Wot ger planet 2 _ &Hm Pe Fifeyee. on rt duets eati = “Rr ~ Ge oreee legrtion elecetD = Fe = ERE an pony ae ok pint gh jase gle ran] [amb PD uth above: tHe surge , 4a tiniden a point mow mm PF enrtlte be e on ob ten corth pe ke ond foam 10 A Assume. tue. racine ob 207 FS ts Mews) "gh Me 0 Gy Hem [_ ie fe 1 Set | Fo Tae th)* one fee) el In = eee (ew Y i oS Featin(Me) aut due to Cea il ge e feet spo (ote vox) 4 helgut he 4rek, el he OO Hever . ws @ scanned with Oken Scanner will wae. binomial ale” 2 nod Loe] TT In = Jo | ray | Gn= gels “Ae ng WES RN aaa sleep voli Tekm oe 2060kKm J = nds oF =a fe Smee bare fre Chemge Inilg? Altea 2, 24,47, eT Eby api ork 10k Qoowm Cipa)™ KR) my Let un egnnider a which is pr dept @) oelow -te Surface, of Me Carty. cone en 4 vad. 00 Ob cowrth avs Re.cme armen ob Me, i Fuae GoM om | nets LS M Sree, | Herd Fro = Gere ~—s | Rye ~ ants dig Frey = GH tS Spas 7 aie Ets SNY a mn Ip = GM ed) Oece leration dute-tp pris Sr eeritre ee Fa SM (Pe-t) a= Battey a seman @ scanned with Oken Scanner Re : : 19 a Jo (4 Jor “het a ge ec geld ‘an jection 6 b~ tol of Woe following “plots reprarents “tue. VM y ‘Ge Holl of od particle titi, Zitance. ve abassto Tiprevical slo ob raditis R> oo RF + Rr pe a4 bday aay weights JAGN od-tus surface of corty. When 4 to o bolg int of h=aR, were Rt radienat Cortly, th soot weigh @In oR™ O4en gone ® 16 gett. | uw po | Cr Se NE | gente ay | Gn tur Be a n= ter 9 J (Bnz On Lit. 7, ‘Bn “Here n| cad’ Thel » tio planets howe. Cums cleriipbut oufferert 4G wot bo Ova S010, aleeleration oliLe. bo qrewity woul | Boome. ovr bert Is eles He plane 4 Doreaten on tue smaller planet ([g=hnasr ] Grrentere on “Tap horagerr pl plone eee Peperce ml on tro. Listener op planet 945 tue qadlun o4 eomrtn choinks by (EO (mons “€2. malin Same), tee the value. of araritallercd acceleration chernger | Ox, Gna. ee ot af fa an |. dor Leaver onalyain (upto 70 ducted oe hl : : | «te 2 | be ee | goo y fe = — 2 AR xaoe] = ~Ax(- gee rad 165 | e te ina DNL demtty oF a planet f ebpable. fracts 06 tere ere on Wee suxgece. Hiner rt 04 | conth the, acectonation ditt tp | Sethe plot in ange Gn ote Plants eB | Btimon toot om tee. suttece of the eorth, @ scanned with Oken Scanner aaa vel Qi haw sheigint hone. Fee surface of eo tee ips F a dlecseavate WGI? Chaction of te, carte » 640 ' nex enum Gs 129 Km GI1GOolrm, ™ | on ane ge LI BOF. | A gorge A EOD ane Dn-de - ah J i 2 TKE Abn yipp 2h gh xtc = “Bh noe Wim ce @ The. value, of g at te surbace- eb vente 6 gee mS Tham tee valu of yp at~ place yeoatem ebove. Tus sur baceof- att, witl be Yearly (radlun of The erat b &400 lm) Argue m] s vane eee mst A y.2mle. 2 In = JoRD 6400)? _ (64, ~ g-Smis j tRepe > 7 (ieeraae ever? cl @ Th tre. change (n-tee valine. ob 'g Suahate, of tee. conta b same. oo at adeple vat ale iget ‘he x below ib ‘teem lx end boing much smelting Cespen “Me yect'an ot tat earthy, 3 fea) formed Ox= NGI a> ah @ ah @ xb & = ah | 19. —d a d R -ah=-d ~)ad= 2h [a~ 2h] o @ the. acceteration duc teqrewity on a planct t Jog mitt sgt Sofe-t Fumpt> a holgtt of dm ob-fece th feu e poreting age on tet. plant Meiel be sete @byn 6 Bkm Om Asm, SH a ay > given Same, of A object e Neils (iq = content OD ne “UD carta Hx1. 90 = 3x0.¢ N= 3-04 3x94 s QD wegut of a be Du=tsm, Jandel te Aedget UyS4 rmana mde acs by 17 nen idly talon toa dept hin A mie gee surted Th tee body le meme bony 0.31. Odecveonne. by a @ * welgert wlll | @® clecronae. bef st mere ore alg = GOS cor gt = ae Soe ty ne : — Lypss A Bb ete | 2% = os | Bes - Bbc y a @ scanned with Oken Scanner 198 toe. ae doen not have. pure spherica) Pape Pa ae Ce ply how thom tts palo Fe 1 Cae ss = pen oe a 7 oe Pbleteen | Weigh De mar oO Mik’ wit be. > Gama] se Fret = 19, —mwtrecse fut _ ghgy S\Aerrese | “Fecha | | | | | Deghective = Jo WR OS Bene 0° Dees =? Fens = Jo WR per Yebomge, een lute. te q clue. fo Totti = joox 4k = ot fonte “te = = 90° ° gaa nge eg punt weight og emebjert a wotnting, ee eee Gag ip 7 amgaten speed open tiv o dor oil [Wie fens ot OG Re in its Radibny > De creme by mur RB Tneraner by mek : — mar € PA tue, time of veteting : Weg, = Jo Té eonrthstep Toterhing team | Megg = do @ scanned with Oken Scanner \ | aI comer ag eB) pwning motion of a man trom vquoter-to pole of 9 covrll, He 3 Witt (neglect jus. ofbect o& change en aadllr ok e, HAP ING yenaer by 90-347. b GY Deereaae by 0.34% a @ decrease. doy 0. S27. about te anh WH pole. | DIncveares by 6.527, Got pare w earl. b retin ecto iL a tee pesition ot “Wegsective = M9® (equate) ™mgo— moulpeste =) 020° edger: Song, — mugs Chamge. in tn acon mtuee. qroolny dus te rotation ob enrte =a.yy | & Bas we gofur equator to fla pelea, yeu obg QD Remainn tue some crease Iruresaty- GQiod incense ome teem olecieace Fong =Je-W* Reos*e COB qe (e200) Geena = ge gato [e=90J Geté Spas = Jo Y How nuveh, deep imkle tre, cert (rodlun R) shocld 4 no opted or Lots dothat Wh conga becomen one. ~ fourth Surface OF a @ scanned with Oken Scanner be heigt et Wleh foe accolorntiony Ua toppewitiy ts eam ay (where. g = den acceleration hte to rerity on tit, LUT gate gp 9 pen cot) in te be Rte Rader 04 He wort by Of @Rr aR OL | = Rt. aS ithe if. On Carne ~% * Gaye 73 ~ Cy Deph= 3h ofh_= 2k) amereditg of cartes Guootm ondg=o.aml sec’. Th tus be flaced ext hye, equater hon-to boca me, Lae pitlean tre es fheuld make. te. qoheadion m sr hour YW heur Goheuy @ 2qhouy Feggective ~ Gor" - ja gee : ov a > an © pre ange > 28 fo (Ra 17 Were J T= Adina: ~~ Cymniguitiaanean a | Phra weight dba tee Cure tis carte opted foo TE | yadlon $4 fue. ev im plete. of py? evil be! Dero Ovy 3 @ # Pee archaea CP ss Qo One Carpe dae HE One mn ep tue, ent onifit, value. 0p acest recto} 9) The eggeet ot woh dus te gravity in i; 4 ol G3 gr minimum. ot tee. equator ovnol marinus ot ths, ples 9 leh of Fer fotlending ofatemends ome, true, abet: acccisontin | deste g re ity ? os "qdecreanen Tn emeving cua from te centre, if TPR | deerennen tn mating audeay from the centre Hh rXR Ir PE Ley ee | Biopdecrenaen i conta Stopr rotation on its arn, Ow fy LD @ DOD GK bw ga = Gel -Z) | Bde gel) BNE whol: depth pelord tee. suriace. 04 erertn, tus xm? ions, on ted at o height O31. 234m = (@25um eas vcn AS a. stem, gh erg [ahed] wae & axe = ur @ scanned with Oken Scanner re. 198) 4 PO 8 The teres. behawn- 0 hollocs sphere. cmd a point moar at pi Han ghetonin figure » OI ccttractive ond eorntemt i, : ® Ip acttractive ond tiponds ones, position i) q | ob the. point whth vompect to entre. C., | @ tee CGE | @Q 2 «stom : , I 9) tH. moors radia tL -tqat of tae corte and its moa, b Stim trot of Toe. dhote. Th g -represtints the aecelerettion, autectog ray ty on tes surbace. of fire. covrth, frat om TH Surbees | i ob tue mot L, | og wee | 7 ao oF ae. Ge> Sb Eglin sacntice an. a | ete Ate 8)| Raden ob 207th i x9 around doom. ‘The Welget Of body at helgrt of 6000 Lm from eoretn Surbace, become ; | Orie ne -tewrt, @omtird & no sbomge, | te ken ge | . CRER)E re - 7 | YA what helgrt- from cee. ground will tere veliee of Y) bef | | some en matin Iokm oleep mine below tre sur pace df | (O2zoum @® loxm @ iskm Blom |) | Atwhat clistemee promos, Seb | oh {tee comtins Tee vale ob | Acceleration dliee. te gremity pill be. halt ontits on the surface | %& (R= padin 53 “eovern | Oar QR Osyayr WO. 4198, | he y= 22k ere CRth)© A “CR hD | (Rh) [R= @eaR Paul) ® -baaaR) 6 doubled keeping tee He " ue lee @ a Oriya | 49 RY smigr | | | = 3 F 5 a & = A § ae gah eqmag I a z i : @ scanned with Oken Scanner | ae A ane. ame planet haming fue same olemity ove toot ag ie es 9 diner big gon ‘Loan the. erty i'n Slee, Fetiececn |y que te 9 rovlty On THe Curate. 06 tod Cath I gomnel tant on egos 6 hfe naw Planet b g?, for 9°39 @9=% Oy'sog O7'=279, (et Ware) Gey | L- f Po vers tetind sn time _penied of rotntln of tue carta Hgotnat abedy on equecter fools mety welear “fuen “male. | PT R=0 er TH Bk = an TE oah,emin, That alos mean THE carta will hare-to robe, ARBAMWANDRItT preoent rotestionalespesdi( 2tchewr ) za) for & boty ot equctor 54.6 min Fecbe come. Wrigley Tb the omguleve Spoad 9h Cleo earth inerearts tus valereoy) | edroct 4 will checyoarer ect all places except act paler, Since. catty rotten went to cont, we project our melts alas in woot toot direction vo-that- . | rocket less, + Bective 9/=9 - wre] ontes. Jan object placed os aclivteme. § of Ro. from tne Cerrbre o- Gath WGI) mons tH WOM frovnly cisfarbucted y aceeleretton [ob thet objec t= Foliee. te grawhty ot inad» point thi ( goace mele te gvave ty om tae Lurpace of enrth ome Rh free Raddur oe § 20a) (09 @ rq BF, Onow, | Jattitude, pt wields crce% clue, -te qrevity, deereones by 0.1% SpppKimately ! (Radin vp eonth =byooK Sy) rR @ &uxm @ Ruxm @L6km, } Goox 43) = = 2h x100 ot Sor Aan xpoo > 2h? Posy 7 Bs = Y To R Bh=6.ykm | hz 3. Rheem Vtohat ty -tece, percominge. ehomge. in toe, yale, o& 9 om |!idting fram equator "fo paler on fee. camrty’s Surpace, ACBBA 4 Db tee g Speed ob te. cevttvin increaaed , tren tre | spinnin + [Welaut- ‘og Ae weigut ob Tue body ap tte. equator | Dove mut. etomge poubler %\ApeeRBI, ~G Intresnsen, 4 24 \ i deg TR r- z| to gueg -e } rida Be =cleerenne, La @ scanned with Oken Scanner Yr 400 oe wae Sar Tree er eS PEED 1 | becomes a 4% alite. ste. su7bace i * | Hyon tee nm Ry Of Of 20 On | qdz 9 (3-4) : : Kea od ot : 7 heb faz ] | ®) Dembty of newly dlteorered planet & tutes. tant o& The, atteleradion “custo gravity at tus suTbe® sik t plomets 6 equality trate at Gee ourbac. ob Te 2m | Té tue vadlin ef eortu b Ry-pan ter vadin 06 tae Plan mt wold be. a Oar @ar ® + OE | ([GuasigeeeeR ] an = — | afe= 7 RalRp =f) f | Y Te, aceelortion dite. te qrantty on Wek plonet 449 : | timin Aue. accsteratio ewe gyBvidy on planet B. Aman” | Tumps te a helgtet o$ AM on Ful scaface. opt plarctA, teen the maxinwm weget he com ecttain or plo net Wigguld be: rim @1em © 240m Dom =9 tHe ut hy s Er 9a =9Ge 2 Honant on. 6 24 6 Hg seerotemt =H | Baye D> 49x BVex% Gorn Pe =LEM 8) What pit happen to tue weigit ob ve L acl at tte Sout | : pe ‘ btue cart Shpa resting aloud its palads anh 2 | 6 chornge, || D The, balghe atunier weigat ob Tre, beoly soe to mon fe Feat helgui= on fue Surhace, opggorlh x ei | ee iii Ose Bis AR Dar we eit Bard omgeth Bn plovnest- hen soyme dewalt end sme. acceleretion Care, gost on ob Ste Re. | 2Ge Rp = Gh Re | Rp st 2t2 | feet @ scanned with Oken Scanner sd talgint [rr ene OE ee etc AE ecrenace (BUBB) 04 g ot durtace ? 12649, =p R2 fave on Bae [oA EUR = 96 RP > Bg = on big change 100 @tHye 160 SRIUEP OH i R= 4h» , TD Gravitational Potential energ or Errovitetional Patented oles net have. Unique, value uspenda on rife rence. point + ends on pacts onty cleperda on | nitial ound fired! poirition i d | 1? dor not oLepend on. referee. i | | Ug-Up = Gt ravitod pl YRorential Energ OQ —ve work. dome, by gravittional free in bringing a mea from infinity fa. point in Gravitational % fick & | called grav bated potential energy ob aot MA) Ae ingnity) | @ Wark dene. fy € ig ing mon From, | a cit & withent change ink & tind | infinity te Grrovidetional Potential Eeeigy, ot tuat point teed [= “dg ttorm | 408 alusays valid gs HoWep +Wrcp 7 RE Wek + WIN CF Fe Weep st wricg = OWE OU Heine .¢ (Beier > valid wuitte 2 eendifiem, © imeonagrnalive a © aero @ scanned with Oken Scanner - 20 Crravttectt ai tae : pA Crraittectional Potent - a ie 4 =evD work. done. Gravitetional Faves. @ in dorin ae | ie from in fii, ob -inat polnt b Called Crravitect | Potentiol at tat: Points 4 leo ‘ unlit moar, Gravitetional peentye peek] * ite. Orxnnesgt Pas ee "estan (Es Aig erentiate w.rt FO ee te ok change. In brrashtat cae Pertyod we ee On coulted a Grovitation Field Totemnity, ad a & | Q mm) J =o lie) Fle LAV} => pebentin grovel lett ap eee tp =~ f2U4 BUF, au = ai + cae i+ BVF 4 OV4. a Tests BE ie] Pe — dv aay. (ade = — de Ve- (zt @ scanned with Oken Scanner Lacoste hci ROP seeeaieatam ra Sea —( atte Goeno mye its to deereoge) i = Grim (-F 2 °F S4stomn) | Ul potential energy =m afielme Ve = Ig pence to @—vr—__ fp - an ne lovr lees not howe. clirectio , Grorttedionel potential peta combinection ek point Mond , vv ®. v3 ~ | @ i | v= [ae Citity Ste — APB amg | B Vecrreet "Copa paterial oot Tn binity teer, | Grind Peterct'al ond Grraviational dla at psirct P | Osos gan ee vp= AG 20M _ ey G 2 = eee aot | aye 13a | ° | £ eo 9 Tngintle nuumnben Me neis gees Ob vedicn each os meas ay pe Situetted on. 4mj2m; Ymem.... © Bi tg ee end" ll tone O44 wer44 O-4 O-2y ert [Gor ay aya roo ve =a - ee cae Gr P sexton Tes Sime peter Va-Gm (2) = ~lxaxr =-4& . roe | FR @ scanned with Oken Scanner Tape ee Dan paid wk enonion coooting mei 3A cond (Morte. pla “dinteme. on, Twe.grovitetianod poterttial od: e point, (gramitatiom! ftBdmricraty He gy : Bro @ aan € 7a a ap. et, 8 | bo @———» ce eer ee =-BGM Botin © 3 nee ag aT A NGI n2gM — SoH =) ark | Let untakeotain uniterm sphevicoy All ? Hotloay? MOM M4 ond readies R wiht centre acto. % WhEN pir outside tre “roll (ry RD Z (As it whole. moar M i concentrated oct Hee. caret) COOL- TS when Br indde & ° oO Va = —Wirtinity to dovspacr suphero al : . aes Tet work b clone ‘| Ae diplace, tooo on Tat imide za) unite mover oct A ~ pein) PMI ptontow op” un comider a umiyermn solid of maar M amd racine R- Coe T+ when Pir outside, tus phere. (%R) orn in woncentrated atthe contre) = GH MR | iN pat} tyyicle (7 SR) = : = | Va= oft — Weuwrbace-to Pormt & a | al @ scanned with Oken Scanner Poe, x Ba fer decrontove) | BEE gy r + far eI Vourdace” =G4 7 va = tt [ar RD 4 2G + Gl fo? — en = GM yo ph . be oP Re - Ma > ppitiuee _- at Mo eg Hie Va = aN [a aR 8 ae Aa Rp ee 2 234M 4 Mr? Ma ZR - MRE aan eel mn) golicl cm LP? Me (iene Pielia | ~ at contre {(F=9] 4 rte ae UF ol T 7 a Brae | gi Srectenges Sich > Sturgacee. 4 ob court. ty assigned pow verter, 1m, Ractiian =R) eB my mt (@ pou A, poterdiod odt- fig Siarye ait cori will be (Hn 2 A} @ 36M fen rons at com er “ak, ee aR. - aM e (Wp Deoveter ue Ad a (seat nee RR AGAR FR 4 sll @ scanned with Oken Scanner Potential at surface. 0d totlow sphere by Zero ts potential at tue. centte of Hallows opts =O =o ae SF RFS =O : ® te. poterctial Ceapatityy-to tas. work. dens. ee pit in Gravitational gel eulled Grrevitetiona) Seen pe =? worl dons. In bringing soar Um) from ingine / Por in Grrovitetienal gill without cheage. in KiE b colted Gowitetional folerted Enarg 4, | (~ : ee a re wr - erm amm _ Gum a . Us Sao 4 wate te) - ol! y= —4G 2 _ zy ° a / | ly tm [OF AS 2 GE) eno Ee | Find workdene. in bringing Ct nes dB fon imbenity | [tne amtve ob thi. eyed, oo : | (Wee E= AO] =) women - eter = Ue LeU) | > Up - Ui > (ee -¥rm) uv, io oe )-¥ l= ~ @y art 9 Bie Up = 104"14~ sae the @ scanned with Oken Scanner rl \ barton ind extemal eruvyy of tee System a) gam — abt amb go ssa Pte Boer ob cart Mans éystem Ot 1 Be 2 + aw ~—GMm object at halold hy, 4 Vsurteco™ 4 R = Gt, OF Tae) es ein Potential een to haleylct | | Vcentye = 3G He R heme ay 4 (cz) Aus @tm(-b= Pra) ua Gamo ($i 4 RR aso 4 du = hm | N= verysar LER: Bi ftn wus a du = 4 Mmh 2 Vom be 4us VA wy from 8 mows mi artes Sur bece. placed on -earte’s Surbete. wich t treen fo ty hoiget ob Y= BR, ten checnge 1% 1 potential Energ qravitatizral potential Ene ® Sma 1 rat © mae Qmgr Aus By (h= 3a) 8) 4U= Bmnge G Van object am hen -to Weigint 28 above, the earbace ob earth ste inerease- are potential energy if [Ris radia 6], carte) @ge & mh ot, © 2mge (= aR] aa= gor) = emgR 142 hs rane OE in Baro evory whin a bedly om man mo ® alu” MR rom axti’s Surbelte bs (Re Roditis) ma R( G ng R a nt ea ( a) ‘4 By) Orya(zh_} cae ae i n ire | hee mak. mnge * BK | po OE avs anh) | | — @ scanned with Oken Scanner 208 4 ya ei joorke done cle anion. a qnean mm frum Los surtace. OF tag, | earth Ao a hetgint h, which or equal to is 2 tes, | @Bmgx O mR © AMGR E79R Neer , | eng R= mgr trey | Wooye = AU = we z — Burrtio on C0: M-£ poh Mave (im) b released from Surtace Foran pnd 1S Speed phen. it Cress “tan centre. of earth, od fel oeity 20, teorwtomt 2 = ae eats / Git o# 8 =gmvy 3 Gita Ati GH 2 deny K pn. apy aa atetionacrg aQjeet in teleanedl Som a point p ok a clivtevne 3k ence i ecean tne ae b& Which ho vadienR Which b » bell oval : a tes Cre wating i } lng giver the epeod ob @ (Agtyh aan je © gine @ Gating oe RI 2R Go. MB Yectween “Pond subtree eer ee o+ -GHM 21 my? Sys = my? @ scanned with Oken Scanner wr. 05 owrticlea , A, B.C and D each 64 moa, leprae a einae ob & squevre, sielo.L, Mer tere. pevetiele. D i -lelleon ty : or om niecternat agent kesping “tae, otter perv Hider Fel | si iy 0 sronpective. patitien. The. Gyerte. done, ‘i —4U ug- Uy = Yor page Sx) Wd, = = Se (atop) ie acting oe “hoe, an ce item rt tH gaa Grant © oe (acai seb (agen j Wee = ELECTOR”. — Pdowr not os are {veo Ae | ve wos] gn ain External Fever =O [OE MEE] ble Sursface. to inbinity nee MEY bl (ob +P Ey = (HE +PEde ate drm Gti - oro wee is gyi? = thik a ve RSE a eee Pe Wide (i echernical on Ap % evr slayects of maar m projected yar, a4 exci WIC eacape. gpood is py t re To tinite © - atin Gy ~ Mm F = Stim Me ercop, e rrslocity from xortud 1-2 m/s. 5h a body t-te be | MPected jn a Odirection making an emats. yse-te tne vertical, t me ercape “Ve louit 4 ‘4 6 93) | 63 V4.2 Ka umIs Ou yg IS Abul ’ B - | Mame “a M1.Q 4 Ya NR UHI S. err ESeape velouty donot depend m | @ scanned with Oken Scanner r ato "Ole eaeape velocity a condi bh about 1002 iy He gab a hocly from £07, : |assuemp “tists ana and | mations ob “fae cath F be aby 1 amd Stgemws the. mar omd vodiur of tre. moon, ite wn teat Serr prte. of tee, roam Wil be E rr | seta ey vt ° @asd Bhs @ Dans 4 | a - |e % «a | Wmen Jie» fe) - [$e ving he - /Raht fare [ dean VE] Btn Se Tags “tne voto of encope yelactty act carte (ve) ty Hae a pe velocity ad 01 ead meen de NEET~L(RaK velocity at a planet (Vp) ane btester. a tort 06 cove It @uy Ose Oar 1 ave We - vp 8) “the. atmosphere. om or planed hr possible onty ib LNA Veni rool mean square. speed ah gen molecule,’ en plone 234 VE |W encase ve spec om Hts spurgace] . ae @ Vames=Ve WD Viens re | © VoneS” ms B) A belay iy projected vertienlty upwvrdle wits & spesel ake | a (Mb mens and A wy aclers ab €omth) The. bactag il wid ectlan a tacight ot i ! OX, r O58 §@ 2R } font it | Bove a ai. Bets fh ar CR+h) oma" | oe | ce) | 9 3 tue qravidetion) poterctial entice warbace ob earl Virthen potential ata psinl ot height hath 6 b tae vedio | bk ~covttih desu | @vo -\@yav = © vo @® 3Vo | 2 3 3 fate volte Vo= — GM ope vl veetoy “Khon Se : => Toterstilay spacdy = 00 [Geo] ae @ scanned with Oken Scanner Wee" Mo =JvPavg worng EX Rha aK | i od o4, 22 DA becty cy projected w vertealy uphorrd with a speed sb. )0° Hand ema Ris radiim Gob corte), The body witt ottain | : F Shoda ob . @ ue i Oe Vee FR ae | =, [dat he | “a? "RR @ scanned with Oken Scanner Pt “a nomad R bits Tadiun tesn in Riera cee we © Jan eye | [= << o a 7 : Vaiven =C | For Bacrkn (EET) TRL oa Den Ae brld Gros mera : 9 Aver ot profectecd vertically upnarree wie. speed of g ib, “i ‘terete wile. velocity oqued ton Hintes hus. once | veled (Ve) weteelty sh-tes bsdly ost tang betes aad | wt MO ve WET © ve frye Gvelrne Bnew, a es Ss) iO, 9) Fb object & projected vertica| Upiorda witr tpesd, halt Hs e5cape. spool of court, -twer- Hae. movinurm woigirt attalns Wy [bg Ih [Rh radian of erty | ©R Gea ©ar NBR, | he = Hf | ve I Nese 4) “i 4 Seapveledt gcbmam ant WW frorn Suchace. of povety, Me ee h C10 Me — WEF U = (OB FD, gong — Ginn ae — & AY = 649 ;————— | (Raa eR bye _ fzan—] 7 BA » a j = Gar jal: —- Shoo | ee @ scanned with Oken Scanner cl. 0b “mean Ot keh at ves oso WSLRH SR ee OUTER Ob Caetyy abana eos aractitna Anh cae i “meas Sh ener Te minimum speed with wd bole 14 Aron | “be prgen » Ethot it aleen Hot. Yelwrn Atk, in (4b at acal uo qrerihy tus gutboce 9} cerrtty) rope : @ (4% er (any orgs @ Gay wea | “VES = (Fan LAR ; j 8! : ve =f GE : ee eth, Ch 7 | - ve Lofhiae _ MY ey 9 Cary Very neon te pe atm . —atim = - GRE) px teed) ) Pon K ~ ( 4 stm 4M - ym _ Is (mr) 3 Rie alaty) ANA TE Us WERE @ scanned with Oken Scanner } } | | 8) An Artifledad scclellile vevelve. owewnd a pbvact rr lade sm fires. (A) vain wit, chistence.r from its Cartbre. aa Farr Thy. “its Orbital speed , BA Ovo «7h a aN © vay BDvexr mM? og Boy vs 7 amver gy vgn 4 ye : myr ar? (ver vt. } Ver ar + toe. beret. 0 qravitetin Fak. Thun shou “tee. onbil tpazel Jr chreadlour eabrd of pacliean yim gre perky 10. while its time pertecl 7 1, prpertinal -fo vou eee Dim a ix, | any pov CMe Y ny x parr ¥o wefan ¥ Keppla 374 Law 9) Ftha Relaion lw kepplar’s comtmrl and gue consienl G , —) Tae wae me | Gen) | Ts, Vari iP | me copes See Spee og = (2@)r,3_ 4) Th a Sectelléte 06 Mev Yas lex, te v7 Y= OM revolver AotWhd tos. comtiy inJ ove pe ANY GM rtd with Speecl 200s -teram i-t-s \ fae parembin energy ix I Gan ana @-V.0N3 WOGens \ Hs = a0 FOE fam = L xis G8) ba (B= - ax. | = tee xy’ y = lem y I WE> ONT a @ scanned with Oken Scanner oT gravitedl onal free, betwoary Td SWECKS ler” a6 Siael te Yip lard mat arty), weve Rh fos Untermee big Lier, Wem aw par Helo, ino streder pete Cuncler sucha tere) propartional-to aud its obitat L =. pe ric rte nt of O Re QE, a & Pe pc [> lital f Three basic faros ob planetary mnation given fey veopler con be. | Steed a +ollow s'- |, O larmmatgmraamttgs- AU plots move. in elliptical orbits wt ths son) ~ ob toe oct of “ew. oltipy- ation 2a by a min = a(1-e) av Tmo = 0 48) inex eZ ae ns ex | ! serge) yr a= ig gq (METS | An ellipse traced ict loy o planet ormnd . “hes, su The. closert Goin av P (perihelion) (Pesiges ) own the. towrg Seainert Point ACAphebion) VTAR. Line. rect Joins ony planet to “the Stor eect equal oneas Un, equal inteprolsos time, acy Heber yd | PU tlenest) \g4) = content aky qual Avec in dda = vel as = fuel Hm (ve comrternt] Untewal mry The. Planet P moves ovvawnd tee MW on elliptical orbit. The [Angular Shacled ayea is tre. area aa ( Mmertum Swept out ina small interval = eonteart, | ottime at, | Torque acting on] - pxy sino eotti. dua, Sty ‘. ., < . =) sind’ 0 grevitectional faree.| > 51% hot Sun rut Tague. in 2eva = TREN Argelarn memento itt (inva = cot arserved4 | | @ scanned with Oken Scanner op tue Hine. perderd oe Tevlil fon. sori “W200 ay, @ The Square, (oF pl b ional to “tes. cae. of popecti Ub 1s Lapse braved out y tes. flanol. Te Time peried of revolution ot: a planet A= Ser major Onin of tes. ethiprtteend asbit sod out bya Planet 2 cre engin os G5 7, ty RB — R Tar? Tet ast reve) vin otra pl 4) Tae. rabrinasyen. arn ernapirrasyere itor pinkie 4 d og planet Trt fb. 7 | aewnd cum ovte 0 ond R | its ghrajectury bo) its rmaxivam eae Ole oR er 7 ma z A will be — oa Qe Ty scone Ye Veentny = Re Vrain, = ina 3 fimo LY) mon = Ve ana g i 9) A plomet ob mana rn anev en orepuind “Ie. bum of mah tre om eUiptleal onkit. The. rmardrare. ond mini ob-he. plomet from tuo gum. are. ana ten pectivelay - Hime. pertod ob tus. planet iy pm portional +t Ore @ee Crit nh — @ b-raye- oF TK (ota)? 2 te (1%) aT Khan) @ scanned with Oken Scanner 0 pomak oboe tne eantve. @nogartive. @) Paritive Peomtent 3 T=o6 puring motion oF cx planed from portbulian tc ‘ 1 ren pexthelin to opholion poor don we Boree, ops on ite» : ie @Porerd on movi pp | a Pome? |! ote S positive, ® ogy be CB nf Marin, L o Troptotiom REacey 2] da). = te & —— es Toted op SO, i peathation 4KE =~vo. done { We we. a ‘ final velocity < frdticl velocity i! ity time. pertad of a sixteltite of a etveulan oxbit ob renin Rb T Thee pesiod of Aneto satellite. dn acizeular ob abit lob mad AR oar OE NST OF sae 77x RE ye ey 4 Cree? ie A a : < fptidal ‘ovbit Fhe Kinetic emergicnr ob, epi omer [ii om elliptical , about tue SNS) at paiitions A.B.6 wre Kale, Ke as by, AG intire. major au and SB in perporcitulor to Ae at tue pation oh uc, Sum S a sham inte figue. Then, _—aeeee B—_-—_ Oka Kpr ke a ee f I ae Okay narve es oe) alg 7 Oked Ka Angitlowr Sprect. fine. points clinction et retention Some. on earth « Remain ot same. peition ¢ ourty Thhrty peok axbit bh net Possiblo.fer- t Satelite. About Pole | Hime, perlod = i 4 | pevied a I gat ii ok = content ‘ | PE = convent (distonte. prom : } eoeekt, owe csleccuys ) Mie = Consent [l= content i edt ,p-dh Te oe? Fae 7 don leit FL veminb le (dusts dire cticn) a wok =O alehernge. in winedtic ens, Pe veninpte | Speed oconsbnte 4 soy 4 (Fes Ge cme ae ee it eile of auatedlite & tnereased ereentage Whgye tear veclaca dot POE a speed Y) doen Spee tes en Ar O21 57 "@ 34.4% Zocaper prom MS a Orle % ai @ scanned with Oken Scanner Becta te 419) ‘an orbit ibethe. time. ag revolt” ob 4 sockeliite, GT Foam 2 propartional tn m en “4 on et Or 43 @ m /3 | a 1h xa 1 “| da smau sovteUite, t, srevolning meove cOxstl’s Suse. Tt, “ pboitet velod+y with bee root i (Sron's @ siz wenhs, G qumls Gswiss | Ve 42 ta. i a teeter acerca i eee (aa J3b Potential emery of a satellite, & AME, feon tee binding energy os “Sodelaite, b | 4 Oe @ ods @oema @amr Be=jre/= Wl ~ C2MIl mz | Two satellite, o§ moar Mand Em) va are. wevelving in-too dreukovy ovis ah sectit yr omel Sr emeunl tm iomasdhan Plarct , on-tre. swabeee. ob with qyavitattoned perce iy inversely prpartional to clistemce, $8m/ts centye . Ths 1 Hs oc, 2 bid pad #4 worelists Ps } 1 3) Qit ava Aor yr 7 sot? —plomet ssystem to positive ter nen emergy of a sate Soteterte “Sie, : ® mere. around plant in eiretor ovbit more. anund plomed in Eleiptrea) aby : scape. ott vit, mininueym speed ; Escape. out witr ¢pecd greater “tnn escape city, Wasotsetive. So moving in anletpileal obit] araund “fhe eaott, man of tue. cathllite. i> very smell ¢ pened ts tet, 7os - Carl. Then ‘ ont acceferation bh Sh oulwery: OF fae. onvin Bie olin momorhum of & abort tee Covi od teoanin, || mg tt yection, put its magnifels vemadys coment g Tye iat mechanical emery Ob S grew pertodieatty wie. i 6 directed evewels the. contre + & Tha Luan montentum eb S-remaina conten’ 1 magrltude, PayAv vewarianle i. aan SG vimvine p> variable —— iil @ scanned with Oken Scanner 440, ee ae My?” Oi tha gana, chews © ottiptel @bH of A planet mm ee Gun'é oe ehecled tw Sep bpwiee, we Shacled evry Thy hehe. time for Pe planed oof te mare. $71 Co, [ord bre. time fo more rum Ate B-tuen, : 2K a | = f= 2X. L DV Colerlate. the enory required te puta sekebteae arn, from esrin turjacs. Onto a evbit-o redive URE, Where, Reb Vadiin of Gilera fy 1) gleihim et fe (FD) Pim, 2 9) Two satellites of eartn $1 amd & mre moring (NTL SoImy GEBIE Tats rare 84 5, 6 teuvr timen “fre. mas Gf-s,, toblch Fut balinaing strtemerte tere Me ae = potential 2nsraian 6} eatin omd satelite intint0 Be RT ee. ual 1 ond Some ing wit, tne som, speed, Dne kinetc onergihh oy tre tos sodolld ore. equ QKthe time period ot-§, 8% tour timer thet of Sa. Gy te Be J&P 5 Us AD _ OF 7 THAT orbital Speed eloen | Tet cependa upon | MMe ob tre satellite, |B Tre. addition teinstic energy te be provided 4o o sodeltite Pe | ob rmean vn ~tevdlving — vreurek oy plonet 06 maar M, at aimed it fromm adireulor obit of Tadius Ry-t Denoral eee Ren (RP Ra) br [Deena gmm Ce» | @aqmm(4 — 1 qm (4 pe) MEO Lh) WWE = ve WP sctebctte | | ae 8) jy ritin tH HF Optned | H=e-GMm _ /— A cin Ry. | = 6 rt, 4s INE aap | 4 @ scanned with Oken Scanner 224 “ codita ob TAeD TH, ord Mz, ore, ears ot Vert oF agin te cUnteme. Apatt. They eve tue oblowed +0 «move, port each btrer under AUOL eyrocrtiectional odtraction, aaeve. isis clots. | shea is aycit ele ve, velociteg of euppreaee oy betwen “tae is Ss we bai Cay, c 26 ot a] Y @ I wee - aR - © pammp if [+ mm wi] 2 ( Dimarctiaralty) + 26("mym3) com mt — atest vale 2G Basins. mei) | « ennai i & Me m=0 \ / | eto = Bros A lh re No. q ‘ Groh 1 ryeletive. velodity fa yw zave./dam © io am 1 zav =.) 28 a | A tote i A elguct tHfrom tre. surteue ob tee. cove ty tee Eo Sida met bs eqprorl to tee peterctial oF aA bocdnf of equal mors ot ohelgut of aR teyom tre. Gvrpee ok the cot. Tor value, sb th phir RR) ¢ HERR L( Rew =A Preaek yh Catelite. mover ovo ne conth Ina renlon debit of roca visite speed Vi Te the moan of tre satellite bM, its totel ererg ae Lave by su © ane Om wee kus hE : : a Te = buy Va caroctationnry sectetite. A orbiting Jus eaath ato belged 1b RK ahaved tuatsurbace, 0% "d. earth, R being tes, Madly of te. coat. The time period p ob binstoor Satetite AY hours atalelget of BR 0M the curbace. of tes carted | Or Gl ian a ' en TE Rah \ wat au aye — “ek »GY = & PF ODF ase eins a4 nm OT? 222. ei | = ate = @ scanned with Oken Scanner nity ||: Sores: a moven to bh fh body e& mean m b prjae | neighct [RESIS » tne swat | speod ob Prejection it queb ys Arqular momentum abewk o pent With be | cavherved » Lemyr= coml | oka = erg TY3=2V] Cre | | trata Hae emer a es ke Ih | ee abt — ate seh mah an ate | - bblany vd = Gem oy Mom x ( | + fee edge: j Em ar = Stern -g) | BVA - gta 51 R ve [Gitte pS @) Tres, powticles ob equcl moran mM one sthueted a | the, vertier of on eq ullateral trieng lo of sido. L. | work, dene. in dnereaning capil. ob pus trlemgle. fo % widtbe io * rene Borm Grn @ ab Oo T= i ce @ up > mh oo L L oe | ce vps —ermt3 [we a 5 aL w= Bem? trom “tes. ngkcce. 04 toe ent | gh porrtrele- 6 Hind sper tf im [A le a voloity Ke, Whote ve = ores, S| ‘ | By ceonitom eer, I tue bgigtel thee Spe welaity I <3) ie 6b toe eerrtn: CRa=rAaLUA of "tesa evy tiny ona | aye he —— is ice > ——— 4 iis ah ES =] a @ scanned with Oken Scanner jebiile. b vevad ving omownd A planet Oh Moma VA TH a) jack ain ©, The oblbal vod am (eA) B)oml,~%) O an 7 aint Op P : * — 24M — OH 4 a, ay | eet +H a | avr Ret yr Roat | Pee | 2Nve Fan(e Yuli 2 7 a My i cornot* ob oman om morer ina Wig! fue sun ob mew HeThe, marinuum A clatinuem alist” jek He comet fy too. contre. ob “Fae UN AVE " in | aa peolively . jue, magnitude. of- angular memertian ob tae q “feo. sin |comots with reaped” dovtur- cent ye.' e- foto. Ob , i) quer @ (eo % © paeery pe CAPay TH Paci meniy | a 1%) ae Cre ET v0 pr uRk EWochebow eh HOES CONE * a = fae ant, 3 Vet aan (A i (Saeary vo Jaan larry Laur =m 20 mr) { REF] : = [2G nm avn PO (HAT aflor cbrloting from Hs pala steve -maving round of vadeeys equal to nine. tnuS fds Renjoe| witl Be a One. Projectite 6 che det Diana creado pate. Twdllevy oy e wnteR, FIs time Da JE Crean] & a To 20r969 3) olf Te an xlg)% a ba . : mn iM tiptical orbit Ob srt me} or he Mi rei GloUtito. at acliy fovea Go pam te Jocun wlth be, d 4 ) Qenee® | etdipticn anit aren nu di @ scanned with Oken Scanner pe rtata, 97 @ | psiontiat enw ama Kinetic. ergy of a-twe, ia ipa imaginan ee. piel ore. shown: oy CURA Kes aynd te J infigore, Givth eiguiem 9 owned o> @onty pormt AG) onty paint P npn A.B, amde “acai eaints A.B, come D * | Bounded system =? & Ke B Ld tne tomgte ob-tos. oryin T, tue Lalgtst ob toot “TV goa absve, -tue. comli’s surback will alucarys oppoorsd Stetiaram,. from -eontty » will be. — “ge se = gr tesiened ‘vie T= Time pened BN 1 are GN Cry ee ane = ct ~ RF eee | op. @Mtt | | qae i? (Hy? = ON | , qn | Il th i j i | ! a @ scanned with Oken Scanner

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