Rethorical Figures or Figures of Speech

A rhetorical device is typically defined as a technique or word construction that a

speaker or writer uses to win an audience to their side, either while trying to
persuade them to do something or trying to win an argument.

Alliteration: is a literary device that reflects repetition in two or more nearby words

of initial consonant sounds. Alliteration does not refer to the repetition of
consonant letters that begin words, but rather the repetition of the consonant sound
at the beginning of words. For example, the phrase “kids’ coats” is alliterative;
though the words begin with different consonant letters, they produce the same
consonant sounds. Example: She sells seashells by the sea shore.
Foreshadowing: is a literary device that writers utilize as a means to indicate or
hint to readers something that is to follow or appear later in a story.
Foreshadowing, when done properly, is an excellent device in terms of
creating suspense and dramatic tension for readers.
Foreshadowing is an effective device for nearly any type of literary work and most
forms of storytelling media. This includes poetry, short fiction, drama, novels,
television, and movies.
Here are some famous examples of foreshadowing from these forms of narrative:
Poetry

 The killing of the albatross in “The Rime of the Ancient Mariner”

 The dark, bleak, midnight setting in “The Raven”

Imagery : is used to enhance the vividness of writing and to "paint a picture" for
the reader. A writer who uses imagery well can appeals to the reader's imagination
by linking words with sensory experiences. This can be achieved either through
well-selected use of adjectives and descriptive words or through the use of
metaphors, which can link more abstract thoughts or ideas with utterly concrete
objects and images.

Common Examples of Imagery in Everyday Speech

People frequently use imagery as a means of communicating feelings, thoughts,

and ideas through descriptive language. Here are some common examples of
imagery in everyday speech:
  The autumn leaves are a blanket on the ground.
 Her lips tasted as sweet as sugar.
 His words felt like a dagger in my heart.

Irony: is used in order to indirectly call attention to a point that is different from
the specific words a given person is using. For example, if someone were to say in
a snide tone of voice that he just "loves" a given book, this would actually mean
that he does not care for the book at all. Irony is thus a very important tool for
indirect communication, or when one wishes to call attention to some state of
affairs that cannot be addressed in a direct way. 

Many common phrases and situations reflect irony. Irony often stems from an

unanticipated response (verbal irony) or an unexpected outcome (situational irony).
Here are some common examples of verbal and situational irony:

Verbal Irony

 Telling a quiet group, “don’t speak all at once”

 Coming home to a big mess and saying, “it’s great to be back”
 Telling a rude customer to “have a nice day”

Situational Irony

 A fire station that burns down

 Winner of a spelling bee failing a spelling test
 A t-shirt with a “Buy American” logo that is made in China
 Cuando se trata de un color son opciones monocromáticas

A metaphor is a figure of speech that makes a comparison between two non-similar

things. As a literary device, metaphor creates implicit comparisons without the
express use of “like” or “as.” Metaphor is a means of asserting that two things are
identical in comparison rather than just similar. This is useful in literature for using
specific images or concepts to state abstract truths.

For example, one of the most famous metaphors in literature is featured in this line

from William Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet: What light through yonder window
breaks? It is the East, and Juliet, the sun! In this metaphor, Juliet is compared to the
sun. In fact, this figure of speech claims that Juliet is the sun. Of course, the reader
understands that Romeo does not believe that Juliet is literally the sun. Instead, the
comparison demonstrates the idea that Romeo equates Juliet with the beauty, awe,
and life-giving force of the sun. To Romeo, symbolically, Juliet and the sun are the
same.

Famous Examples of Metaphor

Metaphor is also found in many famous examples of poetry, prose, drama, lyrics,

and even clever quotations. Here are some famous examples of metaphor:

 Your heart is my piñata. (Chuck Palahniuk)

 Life is a highway. (Tom Cochrane)
 For woman is yin, the darkness within, where untempered passions lie.
(Amy Tan)

A simile is a figure of speech in which two essentially dissimilar objects or

concepts are expressly compared with one another through the use of “like” or
“as.” Simile is used as a literary device to assert similarity with the help
of like or as, which are language constructs that establish equivalency. A proper
simile creates an explicit comparison between two things that are different enough
from each other such that their comparability appears unlikely.

For example, the statement “this poem is like a punch in the gut” features a simile.
The poem is being explicitly compared to a “punch in the gut” with the word
“like.” This is an effective simile in that a poem is not at all similar to a punch in
literal terms. However, figuratively, the simile’s comparison and association
between these two things establishes that the impact of the poem on
the speaker has the force of and feels similar to a punch in the gut.

Common Examples of Simile

There are many common examples of simile used in everyday conversation and
writing. Here are some well-known phrases that utilize this figure of speech:

 Nutty as a fruitcake
 Slept like a log
 Sly as a fox
  Definition of Symbolism

 Symbolism is a literary device that refers to the use of symbols in a literary

work. A symbol is something that stands for or suggests something else; it
represents something beyond literal meaning. In literature, a symbol can be a
word, object, action, character, or concept that embodies and evokes a range
of additional meaning and significance.

 For example, in his poem “Fire and Ice,” Robert Frost utilizes symbolism to

indicate to readers how the world may be destroyed:

 Some say the world will end in fire,

Some say in ice.
From what I’ve tasted of desire
I hold with those who favor fire.

Common Examples of Symbolism in Everyday Life

Everyday words, objects, and even concepts often have more than a single
meaning. Across time, certain aspects of everyday life and experience evolve in
meaning and associated significance, making them symbols of something besides
what they actually are. Here are some common examples of symbolism in
everyday life:

 rainbow–symbolizes hope and promise

 red rose–symbolizes love and romance
 four-leaf clover–symbolizes good luck or fortune

Definition of Parallelism

Parallelism is the repetition of grammatical elements in writing and speaking.

Parallelism influences the grammatical structure of sentences but can also impact
the meaning of thoughts and ideas being presented. When writers utilize
parallelism as a figure of speech, this literary device extends beyond just a
technique of grammatical sentence structure. It may feature repetition of a word
or phrase for emphasis, or it can be used as a literary device to create a parallel
position between opposite ideas through grammatical elements as a means of
emphasizing contrast.

Parallelism takes many forms in literature, such

as anaphora, antithesis, asyndeton, epistrophe, etc. Parallelism is a literary device
in itself, but it is also a category under which other figures of speech fall, such as
those mentioned previously. Therefore, these other literary devices and figures of
speech are specific types of parallelism.

Common Examples of Parallelism

Many common phrases feature parallelism through repetition of words, structure,

or other grammatical elements. This calls attention to the wording and can
emphasize the phrase’s meaning. Here are some common examples of parallelism:

 cousins by chance; friends by choice

 no pain, no gain
 in for a penny, in for a pound
 Definition of Denotation LITERAL MEANING – SIGNIFICADO
PRIMARIO PATA DEL PERRO PATA DE LA MESA

A word’s denotation is its literal, dictionary definition. Denotation is the objective

meaning of a word, with no associated emotion. Every word that has a dictionary
definition has a denotation, no matter the language or part of speech. It’s also
possible for similar words to denote the same thing and have the same dictionary
definition.  In addition, denotation is objective; it is not dependent upon a person’s
interpretation or experience. However, denotation isn’t necessarily neutral since its
definition can be inherently positive or negative.

Denotation is an important literary device in that it allows a writer to choose an

exact word to describe or convey something to the reader. Careful word selection
gives writers an opportunity to be as clear, direct, and precise as possible. Any
word substitution can completely change the feeling, tone, and meaning of an
expression.

Common Examples of Denotation in Everyday Speech

People often speak in generalities, which can lead to confusion and

misinterpretation. Denotation brings clarity to everyday speech. Here are some
common examples of generalities and how denotation and specific wording helps
avoid misunderstanding or confusion in everyday speech:

 I enjoy watching movies. / I enjoy watching thrillers.

 Do you feel ill? / Do you feel nauseous?
 I’m looking for a book. / I’m looking for a biography.
  Connotation Definition USO PARA HACER UNA REFERENCIA –
PUEDE SER PORSITIVA O NEGATIVA

 Connotation refers to a meaning that is implied by a word apart from the

thing which it describes explicitly. Words carry cultural and emotional
associations or meanings, in addition to their literal meanings or denotations.

 For instance, “Wall Street” literally means a street situated in Lower

Manhattan, but connotatively it refers to wealth and power.

 Positive and Negative Connotations

 Words may have positive or negative connotations that depend upon the
social, cultural, and personal experiences of individuals. For example, the
words childish, childlike and youthful have the same denotative, but different
connotative, meanings. Childish and childlike have a negative connotation,
as they refer to the immature behavior of a person.
Whereas, youthful implies that a person is lively and energetic.

Common Connotation Examples

Below are a few connotation examples. Their suggested meanings are shaped by
cultural and emotional associations:

 “He’s such a dog.” – In this sense, the word dog connotes shamelessness or

ugliness.
 “That woman is a dove at heart.” – Here, the dove implies peace or gentility.
 “There’s no place like home.” – While home may refer to the actual building
someone lives in, connotatively, it most often refers to family, comfort, and
security.

Definition of Personification

Personification is a figure of speech in which an idea or thing is given human

attributes and/or feelings or is spoken of as if it were human. Personification is a
common form of metaphor in that human characteristics are attributed to
nonhuman things. This allows writers to create life and motion within inanimate
objects, animals, and even abstract ideas by assigning them recognizable human
behaviors and emotions.
Personification is a literary device found often in children’s literature. This is an
effective use of figurative language because personification relies on imagination
for understanding. Of course, readers know at a logical level that nonhuman things
cannot feel, behave, or think like humans. However, personifying nonhuman things
can be an interesting, creative, and effective way for a writer to illustrate a concept
or make a point.

For example, in his picture book, “The Day the Crayons Quit,” Drew Daywalt uses
personification to allow the crayons to express their frustration at how they are (or
are not) being used. This literary device is effective in creating an imaginary world
for children in which crayons can communicate like humans.

Common Examples of Personification

Here are some examples of personification that may be found in everyday

expression:

 My alarm yelled at me this morning.

 I like onions, but they don’t like me.
 The sign on the door insulted my intelligence.

PLANOS DE TRADUCCIÓN
1 Plano fonología , como suenan
2 Plano morfología , word formation , si tenes
sufijo etc
3 plano de la ortografía y tipografía = ortografía
punto, coma, cuando may y cuando min
4 Plano semántico con el léxico , termino – no
cambia- y palabra -polisemia – con muchos
significados
5 plano sintáctico – reordenar las palabras para
 que fluya
6 Plano coherencia y cohesion ,tiene que ver con
TODO, pronombres si es ella no uso he , si
esplural seguir con plural, no repetir las palabras
usar equivalentes
7 Plano pragmatica – context, si es un texto
literario ,lingüístico etc
8 Plano lexico
9 plano gramatica verb agreement , gramatica
pura

Rosemary Timperley
Rosemary Timperley (1920-1988) was born in north London and sold her first  
short story to Illustrated magazine in 1946. She began her freelance writing
career in 1960 after many years working as a school teacher and journalist.
Among her most famous tales are the classic ghost stories "The Mistress in
Black" (1969) and "Christmas Meeting" (1952). Although principally a
mainstream writer, Timperley wrote a large number of short stories that
explored different aspects of the supernatural. She was well known for editing
five volumes in a series of ghost story anthologies. Her writing encompassed
the fields of mystery, horror and suspense fiction and she won critical acclaim
for her many novels, which include The Summer Visitors (1971)
and Inside (1988).

Her work has been collected in many different anthologies, including Roald

Dahl's Book of Ghost Stories (1983) and the horror story collection Return
From the Grave (1976). In addition, Timperley wrote a number of acclaimed
radio and television scripts that were broadcast on a variety of shows in
England. Her short story "Harry" (1955) has been adapted to film several
times.

For many years Timperley was a regular contributor of short stories to

magazines and newspapers such as the London Evening News, Reveille,
the Sheerness Times-Guardian and the London Mystery Selection. In recent
years her work has unfortunately fallen out-of-print. The principal aim of this
website is to assemble all the bibliographic and biographic information about
this writer that I can find. I also hope fans and scholars of Timperley's writings
find the information presented here useful. Explore the contents of this website
by following the links above.

RECURSOS FÓNICOS
  
- Aliteración. Repetición de un fonema ( o conjunto de fonemas), con una
finalidad expresiva.
            “Solares sólo sabe a agua“ “Mami, mi Milka”
 
- Onomatopeya. Intento de imitar sonidos de la realidad.
“Yo ñam, ñam sardinas” “Schhhhhweppes”
 
-         Paronomasia. Vincular palabras formalmente muy similares, aunque
con significado distinto.
“Cuida tu vista en serio, no en serie” “La Cope a tope”
 
-         Rima. Tanto en su variante asonante, como, sobre todo, la consonante.
“Del Caserío, me fío” “Sidra el Gaitero, famosa en el mundo entero”
 

  RECURSOS MORFOSINTÁCTICOS
 
 
-         Elipsis. Se omite algún elemento de la estructura sintáctica, sobre todo
el verbo.
“Parker. La escritura” “Alfa Romeo: la pasión de conducir”
 
-         Anáfora. Repetición, al comienzo de las oraciones, de la misma palabra.
“Así se come en América. Así se baila en América. Así se fuma en
América” “Laster ahorra más. Laster tarde menos. Laster guisa mejor”
 
-         Epífora. Repetición de una palabra al final de oraciones.
 “Todo bombón y nada más que bombón” “Para viajar bien, llegar bien
y quedar bien”
 
-         Anadiplosis. Repetición de una palabra, con la que ha acabado una
frase, al comienzo de la siguiente.
“Esto es lo mini. Mini es lo máximo” “La buena mesa es la debilidad
de don Carlos. Don Carlos, el vino de mesa”
 
-         Epanadiplosis. Repetición de una palabra al comienzo y al final de una
frase.
“Fino La Ina. Imposible beber algo más fino” “Nada comparable al
nuevo Opel Corsa, nada”
 
-         Asíndeton. Suprsión de las conjunciones entre las frases, o sintagmas,
para dar sensación de dinamismo.
“Vuele, navegue, conduzca, viaje con Europ Assistance”
 
-         Tautología. Definición en la que un concepto remite a sí mismo.
“El único que es único” “Lo único igual a Coca-cola es Coca-cola”
 
-         Paralelismo. Repetición de la misma estructura sintáctica en dos o más
frases.
“El placer de conducir. El placer de viajar” “Ha cambiado el placer
del éxito. Ha cambiado el placer de fumar”.
 
-         Políptoton. Uso de palabras que comparten el mismo lexema.
“Haz buen uso. No un abuso”
“Hemos crecido haciendo crecer a otros.”

RECURSOS SEMÁNTICOS
  
 
-         Hipérbole. Exageración.
“Madrid, escenario del mundo”
“Fulminamos los precios”
 
-         Polisemia. Juego con los diferentes sentidos de una palabra.
“Para la cabeza del cabeza de familia en su día”
 
-         Paradoja. Unión de ideas antagónicas.
“Reserva sin reservas”
“Un poco de Magno es mucho”
 
-         Sinestesia. Transferencia de significado de un sentido a otro.
“La música tiene otro color”
 
-         Antítesis. Contraposición de ideas.
“Para unos pocos es un sueño. Para muchos resulta una pesadilla”
“La Ina frío. Un rato cálido”
 
-         Sinonimia. Uso de palabras con significados equivalentes.
“Fuerza, potencia, poder....”
 
-         Comparación. A diferencia de la metáfora, hay un nexo comparativo.
“Sol-Thermic, como el calor del sol”
 
-         Metáfora. Se traslada el significado propio de una palabra a otra: se
designa a un objeto mediante otro gracias una relación de semejanza.
“Eres la primavera del Corte Inglés”
“Oro caribeño” (ron Cacique)
 
-         Metonimia. Nombrar una cosa con el nombre de otra con la que guarda
una cierta relación de causa/efecto.
“Una Casera”, “Un Danone”, “Un kleenex”
 
 
-         Ironía. Dar a entender lo contrario de lo que se dice.
“Gracias por imitarnos”
 
-         Personificación. Atribuir a objetos rasgos humanos.
“¡Pruébame!” (tabaco Gold Coast)

GUIDE SHORT STORIE- CHRISTMAST MEETING

1. Who is the author ? the author is Rosemary Timperley. Narrador omnisciente
2. Whats the title ? Christmas meeting.
3. Is the title clear or obscure ? in my opinion the title is clear, give me an information of a
gathering in Christmas time.
4. With the title I can imagine that there is an expected gathering
5. Theres no narrators

6. The narretors is subjunctive because tells us part of the events as the narrator himself
sees it as part of the story. That is, he is the one who observes what others do and
participates as a character. He can be a main or minor character.

7. Christmas meeting is about a person who is going to spend alone one of the most
important dates of the year, Christmas. The story's unnamed narrator is a middle-aged
woman who lives in a rented room in a boarding house. Her rent is slightly reduced
because her room is also used as a storage room for some of the many books that
belong to her landlady's husband.

8. The setting is unknown

9. Are presented with flashback

10. THE MAIN CHARACTER IS ANNONIMOUS

11. The main character is the person who for

12. What is the theme ? lonely at Christmas time –

13.
 Notes of a class 22-3
Examples of oxymoron
Bitter sweet
Old news
Pretty ugly
Honest tief
Only choice
Deafening silence

Intertextuality is the meaning for the text

Tiene muchos textos adentro del propio libro
Por ejemplo un texto publicitario en una prosa

ANAFORA es la repetición de una o varias palabras al principio de la oración – es

como un paralelismo –
HIPERBOLE – es una exageración
Pregunta retorica es una pregunta que no tiene respuesta
Sinestesia – mirada musical
 ENCUENTRO EN NAVIDAD

Jamás he pasado la Navidad sola . I have never spent Christmas alone before.

Es la primera vez que paso la navidad sola … cambio el tiempo verbal y queda bien

Me genera una sensación extraña estar sentada sola en mi habitación amueblada, con mi mente
llena de fantasmas; la habitación llena de voces del pasado. Es un sensación de ahogo *me ahoga el
sentimiento de las navidades pasadas *– todas las Navidades del pasado regresan de manera confusa ;
la Navidad de mi niñez, la casa con muchos familiares , un árbol en la ventana , seis peniques en el
postre , y LOS DELICIOSOS DULCES DENTRO DEL calcetín en la mañana oscura. La Navidad adolescente,
con mi madre y mi padre, la guerra y el frío glacial y las cartas del extranjero. La primera Navidad de
manera adulta, con un amante – la nieve y el encanto, el vino rojo y los besos y el paseo en la oscuridad
antes de la medianoche, con el suelo nevado/el suelo como un manto blanco y las estrellas que brillan
como diamantes en el cielo, son muchas navidades a través de los años.

Ahora es la primera Navidad sola.

Sin embargo, no tan solitaria. Un sentimiento compartido con todas las personas que pasan Navidad
solas, millones, en el pasado y en el presente. Estoy acompañada por las millones de personas que están
en la misma situación , en el pasado y en el presente.

Tengo la sensación de que Un sentimiento que, si cierro mis ojos, no habría pasado ni futuro ,
solo/sólo puede ir con tilde o sin tilde un presente interminable, ya que es todo lo que tenemos.

Sin importar que tan cínicos o irreligiosos que seamos, pasar la Navidad en soledad te da un
sentimiento extraño.

Siento un alivio absurdo, cuando el joven ingresa. No es nada romántico. Soy una profesora solterona de
casi 50 años , con cabello oscuro; opaco modulación cambiar sombrío por opaco y ojos miopes que
alguna vez fueron hermosos y él es un joven de 20 años , vestido de una manera poco convencional, con
una corbata color vino ; una chaqueta de terciopelo negro y rizos castaños que le vendrían bien las
tijeras de un peluquero/barbero. El afeminamiento de su vestimenta se contradice con sus rasgos
estrechos, tiene sus ojos azules con una mirada penetrante , su arrogante y sobresaliente nariz y
barbilla.

No es que se vea fuerte. Su piel esta dibujada de una manera fina sobre las características prominentes y
de aspecto pálido. Su piel esta trazada con delicada sobre sus fracciones prominentes.

-Irrumpió compensación, palabra con mucha carga en una sola y reducción en la habitación, luego de
una pausa, exclamó : “discúlpeme. Pensé que era mi habitación”. Se dirige hacia la puerta cuando de
una manera dudosa le pregunta : ¿ estás sola ?
-“Si”.

-Es extraño estar solo en Navidad ¿no? ¿ Podría quedarme y hablar?

-Estaría encantada si lo hicieras.

- Entra y se sienta al lado de la chimenea.

- Espero que no piense que entre aquí a propósito, en realidad, pensé que era mi habitación, explica.

- Me alegra que te hayas confudido , eres muy joven para estar sola en Navidad.

- no volvería al campo con mi familia, se atrasaría mi trabajo, soy escritor.

- “ya veo”. No puedo evitar sonreír . Eso explica su vestimenta poco convencional . Y se toma así mismo
muy en serio , este chico joven “ Por supuesto no deberías perder un preciado momento de escritura ”
dijo con un guiño.

- “¡No, ni un minuto!”. Eso es lo que mi familia no comprende. No valoran la urgencia.

- “Las familias no aprecian la labor artística”.

- “¡es cierto!” lo dice seriamente.

- ¿ Qué escribes?

- Una combinación: “entre poesía y diario íntimo” . Se llama mis poemas y yo escrito por Francis Randel.
Ese es mi nombre. Mi familia piensa que mi escritura no tiene sentido, que soy demasiado joven, pero
yo no me siento así. Aveces me siento como un hombre grande, con mucha anterioridad de que el
muera.

- “ Está girando cada vez más rápido con las ruedas de la creatividad”

- “Si, es así” usted entiende. Deberías leer mi trabajo en algún momento. Por favor ¡lea mi obra !

NOTES ABOUT THE CLASS 29/3

Mente en vez de Cabeza, si pasa esto se produce un error semántico.

Lonely vs alone , sola

No se puede empezar con y o con p , pero en textos literarios si , hay q tratar de evitar

Reglas de incisos : si el inciso tiene 3 palabras se puede sacar la coma.

Sin embargo, no obstante , : llevan la coma atrás

, aunque , pero : Siempre llevan coma adelante

Navidad , solitaria. No solitario, sino se produce error de agreement .

Word reference :

Estoy solo

Plural de cortesia , sin importar que tan cínicos seamos,

Dormí sólo 6 hs : únicamente

Adverbio modifica adjetivo

Para describir es mejor resumir

Elipsis verbal , evitar repeticion : maría comió un pan; Jose un pastel

Pongo ; para evitar repetición

Penique o centavo – decisión personal de cada traductor

NOTES OF TRANSLATION 22/3

RASGOS DISTINTIVOS

I TAKE OFF MY SHOES

SHE BRUSHES HER HAIR

SHE LOST HER KEYS

EN ESPAÑOL :

SE SACO LOS ZAPATOS

SE PEINO EL CABELLO

PERDIO LAS LLAVES

Drown – ahogarse – asfixiante

Pre modifier – past participle

MAMMOT- MAMUT

Mammoty debt- deuda enorme

NOTA DEL TRADUCTOR
Se usa para hacer referencias

HOMEWORK : ASSIGMENT UNIT 1

AND, NOW … HASTA VERY WHITE

1RO 2 PREGUNTAS ENTREGAR POR ESCRITO

1 DISCUSS THE THEME THE THAT WAS THEN . LEER SOBRE EL AUTOR ACCOUNT FOR YOUR CHOICE

2 FIND THE FIGURES OF SPEECH OF THAT WAS THEN