Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
REGION VII – CENTRAL VISAYAS
Division of Cebu Province

SELF-LEARNING HOME TASK (SLHT)

Subject: ENGLISH Grade Level: 9 Quarter: 3rd Week: 1

MELC: Differentiate biases from prejudices Competency Code:

EN9LC-IVf-13.3
Objectives: Differentiate bias from prejudice;
: Construct ideas that help eliminate biases
and prejudices; and
: Share honest thoughts to a certain adage
Name: __________________________ Section: ___________ Date: _________

School: ___________________________________ District:__________________

A. Readings/Discussions

I. WHIP IT
Directions: Read the TV commercial transcript and answer the questions
that follow.

Source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_xYsvcKfq8E

Transcript of the shampoo commercial:

“It’s a shame that there still is that double standard. Sayang daw ako,
‘cause I’m a single mother. If a guy gets a girl pregnant, he’s a stud, right?
But if a girl gets pregnant, malandi siya. When the news spread of my
pregnancy, people were like, ‘Sayang! She was at the top of her game’.
People immediately would make up stories about me or assume that I am
malandi or a woman of the world.”

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 “Was I unfairly judged? Yes. But then, did it stop me? No. Um, did it
make me stronger? Yes. And um, will it keep me going? Hell yes.”

“Labels are a challenge. To me, it was challenge accepted. I wanted

to show people that no matter what happens to you, it should never stop you
from being successful. In the end, I’ve got to do whatever I want to do and
as an actress, I’ve never been happier. Being a single mom is really
empowering because there’s more purpose and nothing’s greater than a
mother’s love. I’m blessed”.

“Sayang?” “I don’t think so. Can you whip it? ‘Cause I did”.

- Denise Laurel
Philippine actress

1. What is the transcript about? ______________________

2. What ‘label’ is meant in the transcript? ______________________
3. Why do you think labels in people are
challenging? ______________________
4. How do these labels affect people? ______________________
5. Have you ever been ‘labeled’?
How did you respond or react to it? ______________________

II. BIAS vs. PREJUDICE

Life is very challenging and every day, you wake up to a new bout. Your
actions and words may put up labels on you, that is why you are conscious and
careful.

Labels are important because these help improve one’s self. On the
other hand, these can also be demeaning. It cannot be avoided when people
put their biases and prejudices that they feast on others’ wrongs. More so,
their judgments are often very steamy that may either make or break a
person’s dignity.

But what is bias? prejudice?

Bias is a tendency to lean in a certain direction, either in favor or

against a particular thing. It is in favor of or against one thing, person, or group
compared with another, usually in a way considered to be unfair. For example,
you prefer going out with a friend who handles your tantrums and understands
you anyway than with someone who does not give a care.

There are several examples of biases but Christopher Dwyer, Ph. D.,
enumerates 12 biases that affect how we make everyday decisions. These are
the following:

1. Dunning-Kruger effect, in psychology, is a cognitive bias in which

people wrongly overestimate their knowledge or ability in a specific
area. This tends to occur because a lack of self-awareness prevents

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 them from accurately assessing their own skills. In this sense, the
more you know, the less confident you’re likely to be – not out of
lacking knowledge, but due to caution.

On the other hand, if you only know a little about something, you
see it simplistically – biasing you to believe that the concept is easier
to comprehend than it may actually be.

2. Confirmation Bias is the tendency to process information by looking

for, or interpreting, information that is consistent with one’s existing
beliefs. This biased approach to decision making is largely
unintentional and often results in ignoring inconsistent information.
Existing beliefs can include one’s expectations in a situation and
predictions about a particular outcome. People are especially likely to
process information to support their own beliefs when the issue is
highly important or self-relevant.

3. Self-serving Bias is defined as people's tendency to attribute positive

events to their own character but attribute negative events to external
factors. It's a common type of cognitive bias that has been extensively
studied in social psychology.

4. The Curse of Knowledge Bias is a cognitive bias that occurs when

an individual, communicating with other individuals, unknowingly
assumes that the others have the background to understand.

5. Optimism/Pessimism Bias is a tendency to overestimate the

likelihood of positive outcomes, particularly if we are in good humor,
and to overestimate the likelihood of negative outcomes if we are
feeling down or have a pessimistic attitude. In either the case of
optimism or pessimism, be aware that emotions can make thinking
irrational.

6. The Sunk Cost Fallacy is just as much in tune with bias as faulty
thinking, given the manner in which we think in terms of winning,
losing and ‘breaking even’. For example, we generally believe that
when we put something in, we should get something out – whether it’s
effort, time or money. With that, sometimes we lose… and that’s it –
we get nothing in return. A sunk cost refers to something lost that
cannot be recovered. Our aversion to losing (Kahneman, 2011) makes
us irrationally cling to the idea of ‘regaining’, even though it has
already been lost (known in gambling as chasing the pot – when we
make a bet and chase after it, perhaps making another bet to recoup
the original [and hopefully more] even though, rationally, we should
consider the initial bet as out-and-out lost). The appropriate advice
of cutting your losses is applicable here.

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7. Negativity Bias is not totally separate from Pessimism Bias, but it is
subtly and importantly distinct. In fact, it works according to similar
mechanics as the Sunk Cost Fallacy in that it reflects our profound
aversion to losing. We like to win, but we hate to lose even more. So,
when we decide, we generally think in terms of outcomes – either
positive or negative. The bias comes into play when we irrationally
weigh the potential for a negative outcome as more important than that
of the positive outcome.

8. The Decline Bias (a.k.a. Declinism) refers to bias in favor of the past
over and above ‘how things are going’. Similarly, you might know a
member of an older generation who prefaces grievances with ‘Well,
back in my day’ before following up with how things are supposedly
getting worse. Particularly, it is the predisposition, possibly due to
cognitive bias, such as rosy retrospection, to view the past more
favorably and future negatively.

9. The Backfire Effect refers to the strengthening of a belief even after it

has been challenged. It may work based on the same foundation
as Declinism, in that we do not like to change. It is also like Negativity
Bias, in that we wish to avoid losing and other negative outcomes – in
this case, one’s idea is being challenged or rejected (i.e., perceived as
being made out to be ‘wrong’) and thus, they may hold on tighter to the
idea than they had before. However, there are caveats to the Backfire
Effect – for example, we also tend to abandon a belief if
there's enough evidence against it with regard to specific facts.

10. The Fundamental Attribution Error is similar to the Self-Serving

Bias, in that we look for contextual excuses for our failures, but
generally blame other people or their characteristics for their failures. It
also may stem from the Availability Heuristic in that we make
judgments based only on the information we have available at hand. In
other words, people have a cognitive bias to assume that a person's
actions depend on what "kind" of person that person is rather than on
the social and environmental forces that influence the person.

11. In-group Bias refers to the unfair favoring of someone from one’s own
group. You might think that you’re unbiased, impartial and fair, but we
all succumb to this bias, having evolved to be this way. That is, from
an evolutionary perspective, this bias can be considered an advantage
– favoring and protecting those similar to you, particularly with respect
to kinship and the promotion of one’s own line.

12. The Forer Effect (a.k.a. The Barnum Effect), in psychology, is the
phenomenon that occurs when individuals believe
that personality descriptions apply specifically to them (more so than
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 to other people), despite the fact that the description is actually filled
with information that applies to everyone. The effect means that
people are gullible because they think the information is about them
only when in fact the information is generic. The Barnum Effect came
from the phrase often attributed (perhaps falsely) to showman P. T.
Barnum that a “sucker” is born every minute. Psychics, horoscopes,
magicians, palm readers, and crystal ball gazers make use of the
Barnum Effect when they convince people that their description of
them is highly special and unique and could never apply to anyone
else.

Prejudice, on the other hand, is an idea or opinion that disregards basic facts.
It's akin to ignorance, or a lack of knowledge, experience or education. It's
something that should not be tolerated, as we all strive for betterment and
higher learning. It is an adverse judgment or opinion formed beforehand or
without knowledge of the facts. It is any preconceived opinion or feeling,
whether positive or negative.

The following are the types of prejudice.

1. Racism, also called racialism, is the belief that humans may be

divided into separate and exclusive biological entities called “races”;
that there is a causal link between inherited physical traits and traits of
personality, intellect, morality, and other cultural and behavioral
features; and that some races are innately superior to others.

2. Sexism is prejudice or discrimination based on sex or gender,

especially against women and girls. Although its origin is unclear, the
term sexism emerged from the “second-wave” feminism of the 1960s
through the ’80s and was most likely modeled on the civil rights
movement’s term racism (prejudice or discrimination based on race).
Sexism can be a belief that one sex is superior to or more valuable
than another sex. It imposes limits on what men and boys can and
should do and what women and girls can and should do. The concept
of sexism was originally formulated to raise consciousness about the
oppression of girls and women, although by the early 21st century it
had sometimes been expanded to include the oppression of any sex,
including men and boys, intersexual people, and transgender people.

3. Sexual Prejudice encompasses all negative attitudes and

assumptions directed toward an individual or group based on sexual
orientation.

4. Ageism Prejudice refers to prejudice, discrimination, and

stereotyping against someone based on his or her age. While it can
refer to prejudice against younger persons, ageism, as the term is
used by most researchers, typically refers to prejudice against older
persons.

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 5. Ableism Prejudice is the discrimination of and social prejudice
against people with disabilities based on the belief that typical abilities
are superior. At its heart, ableism is rooted in the assumption that
disabled people require ‘fixing’ and defines people by their disability.

B. Exercises.

Exercise I. Directions: Draw a if the statement is fair and if it is unfair.

_____ 1. Women are better company managers than men.

_____ 2. Sixty-year-olds can no longer work their house chores efficiently

due to old age.

_____ 3. Men with tattoo are bad influencers in the community.

_____ 4. Men and women can lead a team.

_____ 5. The teacher is unapproachable because she always wears a

frowning face.

Exercise II. Directions: Write B if the utterance is biased and P if it is

prejudiced.

_____ 1. I don’t think anyone would like her in the campus because she’s not
really pretty at all.

_____ 2. There is no need to expound this topic. You belong to the highest
section in Grade 9 so I believe you understand everything very well.

_____ 3. The slow internet connection caused my low grades because I can
hardly submit my outputs and answers.

_____ 4. That student should not be in the achievers’ class because he might
not be able to cope with the standards.

_____ 5. I am not the teacher’s pet that is why he doesn’t call me to recite
during discussions.

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Exercise III. Directions: Below are various pictures. On the second column,
identify whether the picture shows bias or prejudice.
On the third column, tell what type of bias or prejudice
the picture shows.

Type of Bias or
Pictures Bias or Prejudice
Prejudice

1.

2.

3.

Exercise IV. Directions: Fill-in the pyramid with your ideas and suggestions that
will help eliminate biases and prejudices.

1.

2.

3.

4.

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 Exercise V. Directions: Share your thoughts to these scenarios and write three-
sentence ideas to express your opinion.

1. Kenya is a transferee from a public school. She is intelligent, good, and

pretty but no one wants to befriend her. Your classmates think that she
doesn’t deserve to be in your class simply because she doesn’t fit in. You
know very well that your classmates’ behavior is unbecoming and that they
should learn to accept anyone regardless of his/her life’s status. How will
you let them realize that their acts are unacceptable?

_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________

2. Your parents went shopping but before they left, your mother handed
your younger sister money to buy snacks for both of you. You were quite
furious because the money should have been left to you knowing that
you are the older one. Furthermore, you believe that you are wiser in
choosing the best because you are experienced compared to your
sister. If you were the younger sister, how would you respond to your
older sister’s belief?

_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________

C. Assessment/Application/Outputs (Please refer to DepEd Order No. 31, s.

2020)

Directions: Write a paragraph sharing your personal experience of time when

you were treated with bias or prejudice. Be guided with the
questions below.
1. Have you ever been treated with bias or prejudice before? How did it
feel?
2. How did such action or label affect you? What thoughts lingered in your
mind back then?
3. What ways or mechanism did you do to cope with the bias or
prejudice? Was it successful? Challenging?

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D. Suggested Enrichment/Reinforcement Activity/ies

Directions: Write a five-sentence paragraph expressing your idea to this

quote:

“Common sense is the collection of prejudices acquired by age eighteen”.

-Albert Einstein

R1. Rubrics for paragraph writing.

CATEGORY 4 3 2 1
Introduction The introduction The introduction The introduction is There is no
captures my attempts to use a not very evidence of an
attention and uses unique writing interesting. introduction.
a unique writing technique.
technique.
Topic sentence The topic sentence The topic sentence The topic sentence The topic is
is clearly stated is generally stated. is vague and hard unclear or
to determine. confusing

Organization The paper follows The paper is The paper does The paper is
a logical order and arranged fairly well not have confusing and
does not skip back and makes sense. paragraphs does not make
and forth between arranged in an sense.
points. order.
Main idea and The topic or The topic is The topic is vague The topic is
supporting details subject is clearly generally stated. and hard to unclear or
stated. Supporting Some of the determine. The confusing. The
sentences provide supporting details supporting details details in
details about the get off topic. are weak. supporting
topic. sentences are
either unrelated or
poorly written.
Transition Transition Not all paragraphs Few transition Transition words or
sentences sentences have a transition words are used to sentences do not
between sentence leading create flow from exist in this paper.
paragraphs create into the next one paragraph to
a clear flow from paragraph. the next.
one paragraph to
the next.
Conclusion The conclusion The conclusion The conclusion There is no
wraps up atleast does not include a does not wrap-up conclusion.
three main points wrap-up of at least my main points.
and brings my three main points.
paper to an end.
Source: http://rubistar.4teachers.org/index.php?screen=ShowRubric&rubric_id=1903
428&

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References:

Department of Education Curriculum and Instruction Strand, K to 12 Most Essential

Learning Competencies With Corresponding Codes accessed August 14, 2020,
K-to-12-MELCS-with-CG-Codes.pdf.

https://www.slideshare.net/stephenjulagtinginocencio/lesson-plan-in-english-grade-
10-54275412 accessed January, 18, 2021

https://broadcastcriticism.wordpress.com/2014/11/18/whipit/ accessed January 18,

https://www.askdifference.com/prejudice-vs-bias/ accessed January 21, 2021

https://examples.yourdictionary.com/examples-of-bias.html accessed January 21,

2021

https://examples.yourdictionary.com/examples-of-bias.html accessed January 21,

2021

https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/thoughts-thinking/201809/12-common-
biases-affect-how-we-make-everyday-decisions accessed January 21, 2021

https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/in-practice/201301/the-self-serving-bias-
definition-research-and-antidotes accessed January 21, 2021

https://www.psychologytoday.com/intl/basics/dunning-kruger-effect. accessed
January 21, 2021

https://uxplanet.org/the-curse-of-knowledge-d0d5ce26bd20 accessed January 21,

2021

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declinism#:~:text=Declinism%20is%20the%20belief%20
that,more%20favourably%20and%20future%20negatively accessed January
21, 2021

https://www.simplypsychology.org/fundamental-attribution.html accessed January

21, 2021

https://www.britannica.com/topic/racism accessed January 21, 2021

https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007%2F978-0-387-79061-9_2624

https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/psychology/ageismaccessed January 21, 2021

https://www.accessliving.org/newsroom/blog/ableism101/#:~:text=Ableism%20is%20
the%20discrimination%20of,defines%20people%20by%20their%20disability.
accessed January 21, 2021

https://unsplash.com/photos/DQtPm88SlZY accessed January 21, 2021

https://www.aresprism.com/resources/white-paper/sunk-cost-fallacy/ accessed
January 21, 2021

https://www.goodreads.com/quotes/tag/prejudice accessed January 22, 2021

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Prepared by:

FAITH LALAINE A. LOPEZ

Member, Module Development Team

Edited by:

SONIA M. LAURONAL
Content Editor

RESDALE VENZ R. PALABRICA

Proofreader

Reviewed by:

MA. CHONA B. REDOBLE, EdD

Education Program Supervisor - English

GUIDE

For the Teacher

Provide all necessary guidance to learners and home tutors.

For the Learner

Take time to learn the concepts. Seek help from teacher, if needed.

For the Parent/Home Tutor

Kindly monitor that the learner answers the SLHT during study period. Please
contact subject teacher for assistance, if needed.

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 ANSWER KEY

For Teachers’ Use Only.

Exercise I. Exercise II. Exercise III.

1. P 1. prejudice, Racism
1.
2. P 2. bias, The Fundamental Attribution Error
or Self-Serving Bias
3. B
2. 3. bias, The Sunk Cost Fallacy
4. P

5. B
3.
Exercise IV.

Answers may vary.

4.
Exercise V.

5. Answers may vary.

C. Assessment/Application/Outputs

Answers may vary.

D. Suggested Enrichment/Reinforcement
Activity/ies

Answers may vary.

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