AISC Live Webinar Rafael Sabelli 2014

AISC Live Webinar Seismic Load Paths for Steel Buildings
June 19, 2014
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Copyright © 2014 @Seismicisolation

@Seismicisolation
American Institute of Steel Construction
1
June 19, 2014
Course Description
Copyright Materials Seismic Load Paths for Steel Buildings
June 19, 2014
This presentation is protected by US and International

Structures require a complete load path to maintain stability. Load path
Copyright laws. Reproduction, distribution, display and
connects each point of application to a point of resistance. In seismic
use of the presentation without written permission of design, every element with mass is considered a point of application and
AISC is prohibited. the foundation is considered the point of resistance. This live webinar
focuses on seismic load path and the role of diaphragms
and components of diaphragms including chords, collectors and collector
© The American Institute of Steel Construction 2014 connections. Foundation issues will be discussed and the concept of
deformation compatibility of the entire structure will be presented.
Learning Objectives
• Gain an understanding of load path for the design of steel Seismic Load Path for
framed structures Steel Buildings
• Become familiar with diaphragm behavior and design
principles.
• Learn and understand about foundation design concepts for
steel framed structures.
Rafael Sabelli, SE
• Learn and understand about deformation compatibility in
steel framed structures.

@Seismicisolation
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June 19, 2014
Session topics
• Seismic Design Seismic Design
• Load path
• Foundations
• Diaphragms
• Collectors
• Deformation compatibility
9 10
Seismic Design Reduced response
Acceleration
• Reduced response
Required strength
2/ for elastic structure
Elastic response 3
spectrum (MCE)
• Force levels
DBE response 1/ “DBE” base shear
spectrum (2/3 MCE) R
• “Fuse” concept 1.5R

Elastic design
response spectrum Elastic Required design
(2/3 MCE/R) period base shear strength
(implicitly allows for
Period inelastic behavior)
11 12

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June 19, 2014
Capacity design (system):

Force levels Fuse concept
1.5RE: Elastic response
• Provide a complete
Elastic
stiffness load path
Critical elements Columns
Lateral load
 oE designed for this load Collector beams Fuse box • Proportion elements in
o 25
the load path
2 to 3 AMP o Provide yielding elements
E: required design base shear strength to control overall force
Fuses designed for this load • Make fuse ductile
o Protect non-yielding
50 AMP max wire
Deformation,  elements
• Estimate maximum force from
fuses
13 14
Fuse concept:
Concentrically braced frames
• Encourage Fuses
Load path
o Yielding of braces
o Buckling of braces
• Avoid
o Buckling of columns
o Buckling of beams
(including collectors)
o Connection failure
15 16

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June 19, 2014
Load path Load path

• Connects “point of Lateral-load-
resisting framing
application” to “point
of resistance”
Gravity
• In seismic design, framing
every element with
mass is considered a
point of application
• Foundation is
considered point of
resistance
17 18
Wind vs. seismic loads Wind load path

• Wind loads
o External
• Exposed areas
participate
• Seismic loads
o Inertial
• All mass participates
• Load path required
between mass and
foundation
19 20

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June 19, 2014
Seismic load path Seismic load path

Mass without connection to structure:
No load path • All masses must have positive connection
to seismic-load-resisting system
• Magnitude of connection force due to
o Ground motion
o Mass of item
o Building dynamics (local acceleration)
• Diaphragms contain the majority of typical
building mass
21 22
Seismic-load-resisting system Load path issues

• Vertical frames • Continuity
o Beams o Load path must
o Columns be continuous
o Braces (if any) between mass
• Diaphragms and foundation
o Deck
o Chords
o Collectors
• Foundations
23 24

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June 19, 2014
Load path issues Load path issues

Compression
• Eccentricity Tension
• Change in direction
o Horizontal eccentricity o At a change in
between mass and direction load path
frame causes flexure there is an
in diaphragm additional force
o Vertical eccentricity • Vertical
between mass and o Overturning
foundation causes
overturning in frame
25 26
Offsets and load path

• Offsets in lateral Foundations
system
o Shear and overturning
separate
• Follow overturning down
• Follow shear horizontally
27 28

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June 19, 2014
Foundations Shallow foundations: support

• Shallow foundations • Deep foundations • Overturning at
o Support o Support frames
o Lateral resistance o Lateral resistance o Bearing pressure
o Stability o Stability • Short-duration
increase in resistance
• Idealized as triangular
• Or modeled with soil
springs
o No tension!
29 30
Shallow foundations: Shallow foundations:

lateral resistance lateral resistance
• Lateral resistance • Lateral resistance Grade beam
o “Sliding” o “Sliding”
o Friction o Friction
H H H
H
o Bearing (passive o Bearing (passive
pressure) pressure)
o Engagement of o Engagement of H H H
H
H
multiple footings multiple footings
• Relative lateral
H H H
H
movement of footings
can be problematic
31 32

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June 19, 2014
Shallow foundations: stability Shallow foundations: stability

• May be governing • Implications of
consideration for designing for stability
foundation with reduced loads
• Nonlinear o Rocking may be
governing mode
o May be stable under ASD and
unstable under LRFD loads o System above may have
lower ductility demand
• Minimum requirement: Evaluate
under ASD o Displacements may be
• Design footings for soil capacity larger than anticipated
(amplified)
33 34
Deep foundations:
Deep foundations: support
lateral resistance
• Overturning at • Lateral resistance
frames o Pile shear and bending
o Compression o Pile-cap bearing
• End bearing (passive pressure)
• Friction o Engagement of multiple
o Tension footings
• Friction
o Batter piles
o Short-duration
increases
35 36

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June 19, 2014
Deep foundations:
Deep foundations: stability
lateral resistance
• Lateral resistance Grade beam
• Stability
o Pile shear and bending o Addressed by strength
o Pile-cap bearing design of piles
H H H H
(passive pressure) o Upper-bound soil
o Engagement of strength difficult to
multiple footings H H H H establish
o Buildings tied together o Rocking mechanism not
• Engage all piles applicable
H H H H
• Prevent relative
movement
37 38
Steel Deck (AKA “Metal Deck”)
Diaphragms Shear load

path through
steel deck and
fasteners.
Steel chords
and collectors.
39 40

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June 19, 2014
Steel deck with reinforced

Deck and Fill
concrete fill
Shear load path Shear load path through
through steel reinforced concrete and
deck and shear studs.
fasteners. Chords and collectors:
Steel members, or
Concrete stiffens Reinforcement in
deck and deck
prevents
buckling.
Shear studs.
Steel chords and Reinforcement

collectors.
41 42
Horizontal truss diaphragm Diaphragms

Shear load • Roles of Diaphragms
path through
steel • Diaphragm Components
diagonals and
framing. • Diaphragm Behavior and Design
Principles
Steel chords
and • Building Analysis and Diaphragm Forces
collectors.
• Diaphragm Analysis and Internal
Deck is for
gravity only. Component Forces
Truss
43 44

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June 19, 2014
Roles of diaphragms Distribute inertial forces

• Support gravity
• Deliver forces to
frames
• Brace columns
for stability
• Transfer forces
between frames
• Resist P- thrust
45 46
Lateral bracing of columns Resist P- thrust
Vertical
beam
reaction
KL
Sloped Horizontal
column thrust
(K=1) axial
force
47 48

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June 19, 2014
Transfer forces between frames Transfer diaphragms

Setbacks Podium
49 50
Transfer diaphragms Backstay Effect
Demand at
backstay
diaphragm
Shear reversal at
Stiff “plaza level”
plaza level
diaphragm
Horizontal Force
Couple
Vertical Force
V M
Couple
51

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June 19, 2014
Diaphragm Components Diaphragm Components

Collector Collector
Deck Deck
(“diaphragm”) (“diaphragm”)
Chord Chord
53 54
Diaphragm rigidity Diaphragm types and analysis

• Determinate • Indeterminate
• Flexible, or • Rigid, or
• 3 lines of resistance • Semi-rigid
o Analyze diaphragm o Analyze building
Flexible
Rigid • Relative frame stiffness
o Diaphragm reactions
load frames • Diaphragm rigidity
• Frame location
o Forces to frames =
diaphragm collector
forces
Semi-Rigid
55 56

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June 19, 2014
Analysis of Flexible Diaphragms Typical diaphragm analysis
Fcoll
33% 33%
17% 17%
17% 17%
33% 33%
V
Fchord
Fp
57 58
Typical diaphragm analysis Alternate diaphragm analysis

Chord Chord
Tension Tension
Collector Collector
Collector Collector
Uniform Chord Non- Chord

shear Compression uniform Compression
shear
59 60

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June 19, 2014
Alternate diaphragm analysis Alternate diaphragm analysis

Chord Chord
Tension Tension
Collector Collector
Collector Collector
Non-uniform shear Non-uniform shear

Local chords Local chords
Chord Chord Internal collectors
Compression Compression
61 62
Alternate diaphragm analysis Analysis of Non-flexible

Chord
Diaphragms
Tension
Non-flexible diaphragms
Collector activate the perpendicular
Collector system to help resist
torsion (due to eccentricity
between center of mass
and center of rigidity)
Non-uniform shear
Local chords
Chord Internal collectors
Critical for Shear
design Compression
63 64

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June 19, 2014
Analysis of Non-flexible
Using the results of 3-D analysis
Diaphragms
Building Analysis Diaphragm Analysis
Moment
Shear
Moment
Correction
Corrected
Moment
A 3-dimensional analysis
captures this effect
Combination of orthogonal
load effects is necessary Critical for design:
Collectors and chords
65 66
66
Collectors
Collectors • Protected element
• Reinforcement in composite deck
• Steel framing
67 68

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June 19, 2014
Combining diaphragm and

Diaphragm forces
transfer forces
• Vertical force distribution insufficient
Applied for transfer forces
F5 Fp5 F5 F5 F5
F4 Fp4 F4 F4 Fp4
F3 Fp3 F3 Fp3 F3
F2 Fp2 Fp2 F2 F2
Building Diaphragm Analysis Analysis Analysis

design design for 2nd-floor for 3rd-floor for 4th-floor
ELF Diaphragm Design forces forces diaphragm diaphragm diaphragm
Fx Fpx + transfer + transfer + transfer
forces forces forces
69 70
Collector and frame loads: Case 2

Reinforcement in deck
(i) = [V ]/V
(i) )–Fp (i+1) Force
V’(i+1) = (i) V(i+1)

Colors • Wide section of deck
Diaphragm o Low stress
Shear entering For static Capacity o Stability not critical
frame line equilibriumV(i+1)
F2(i) = (i) Fp Statics • Eccentricity from frame
= Fleft (i) Fp(i)
o Local chords
+Fmid(i)
+Fright(i)
V(i)
• Concentrated shear
transfer
V(i) =(Tmax(i) +Cmax(i))cos((i))
72
71

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June 19, 2014
Reinforcement in deck Reinforcement as collector

e
oE / A=  0.5 fc’
Reinforcement
(unconfined concrete)  oE
used for collector L
forces
oE / (wt)=  0.5 fc’
C
w ≥ oE / (0.5 fc’ t)
C
e = w/2
Braced frame
Local chord force: w
C = e (oE)/L
 oE
73
Beam-columns Beam-columns
• Compressive • Compressive
strength strength
o Wide-flange with discreet o Wide-flange with
lateral and torsional continuous lateral
bracing bracing
• Major axis flexural buckling • Major axis flexural
• Minor-axis flexural buckling buckling
• Torsional buckling • Constrained-axis flexural-
o Higher strength than torsional buckling
minor-axis FB for same o Strength between
unbraced length minor-axis FB and
torsional buckling
75 76

@Seismicisolation
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June 19, 2014
Constrained-axis
Beam-columns
flexural-torsional buckling
• Constrained-axis
flexural-torsional
buckling
o Use 0.9 PE to calculate
Fcr
Pe  
 
 π 2 E Cw  I y a 2 
 GJ  2 2
1
 K z L 2
 rx  ry  a 2
Minor axis flexural buckling Constrained-axis Torsional buckling
(no restraint) Flexural-torsional buckling (restraint at a
(restraint at top flange) centroidal axis)
77 78
Beam-columns
• Compressive
strength
o Wide-flange with
continuous torsional
bracing
• Major axis flexural 
buckling
• Required torsional
stiffness TBD

o Slab stiffness
o Web stiffness 
79


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June 19, 2014
Beam-columns Collector connections

• Flexural strength • Gravity
o Composite deck o Shear forces
• Composite strength
• Seismic
o Steel deck only
o Axial forces (horizontal)
• Lateral bracing with
flutes perpendicular o Rotation
• Unbraced with flutes
parallel
81 82
Collector connections Collector connections

Limit States
Plate Yield & Rupture  Rn (y)
Bolt shear from Manual
Bearing & Splitting Vu
Block Shear Hu 2 2
Weld Rupture Hu Vu
+ 1
 Rn (x)  Rn (y)
 Rn (x)

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June 19, 2014
Collector connections Collector connections

• Rotation • Rotation
o Single-plate connection o Welded top flange
• Follow Manual rules • Introduces some
o Plate thickness eccentricity
o Bolt size o Moment connection
o Spacing
• Attracts moments
o Double column of bolts • May have ductility
• Extended plate method demands
• Proportioning rules • Detail for ductility
Deformation compatibility
• Shear distortion adjacent Deformation compatibility
to tall frames Amplified
rotation
o Due to
• Lateral drift
• Column axial deformation
o May result in large
rotation demands
87 88

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June 19, 2014
Deformation compatibility Necessity

• Necessity • Inelastic response
• Connections o Large drifts
• Lateral system
• Flexible diaphragms • Gravity system
• Stairs • Performance goal
• Pounding o Prevent collapse
• Global
• Critical conditions • Local
89 90
Gravity connections Flexible diaphragms

• Connection rotation angle • Diaphragm
~ drift angle deformation adds to
• Simple connections in the story drift
Manual provide inelastic • Columns and
rotation capacity connections at Gravity
o 3% (minimum) for design range diaphragm mid-span column
o Seismic drift assumed to be o Increased rotations

accommodated o Increased P-
91 92

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June 19, 2014
Stairs Stairs
• Act as braces One approach:
o Stiff
Hard
• Not ductile Movement connection
allowed
• Continued function
necessary
• Detail to allow
movement
o Maintain gravity support
93 94
Pounding Critical conditions

• Dynamic effects Column
• High consequence
• Column damage damage o Loss of gravity support
o At offset levels Pounding
o Loss of egress
Member spanning
• Treat with extra care seismic separation
o Estimate upper-bound
displacements Support on
bracket
o Absolute sum, not SRSS
95 96

@Seismicisolation
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June 19, 2014
Critical conditions Critical conditions

m1+m2 m1+m2
m1 m1 m2 m2 m1 m1 m2 m2

mi =1.5iR/Cd mi =1.5iR/Cd
N
m1+m2
Critical condition
for pounding
97 98
Critical conditions
m1+m2
m1 m1 m2 m2

mi =1.5iR/Cd Summary
2m1+2m2
Critical condition
for bracket and
joint cover
99 100

@Seismicisolation
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June 19, 2014
Summary Summary
• Structures require a complete load path to • Foundations and diaphragms are an
maintain stability integral part of the load path
• The seismic load path connects all mass • The entire structure must be capable of
through the lateral-load-resisting system to deforming along with the seismic load
the foundation, resisting system
• The seismic load path is proportioned
o To promote controlled yielding in certain “fuses”
o To protect other elements from yielding
101 102
Additional resources
Question time
http://www.nehrp.gov/pdf/nistgcr11-917-11.pdf
103 104

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AISC Live Webinar Seismic Load Paths for Steel Buildings

June 19, 2014

AISC Live Webinars

Thank you. Alternatively, to hear the audio through the

AISC is a Registered Provider with The American Institute of

Questions related to specific materials, methods, and services will

Copyright © 2014 @Seismicisolation

This presentation is protected by US and International

Copyright © 2014 @Seismicisolation

Seismic Design Reduced response

• “Fuse” concept 1.5R

Copyright © 2014 @Seismicisolation

Capacity design (system):

Copyright © 2014 @Seismicisolation

Load path Load path

Wind vs. seismic loads Wind load path

Copyright © 2014 @Seismicisolation

Seismic load path Seismic load path

Seismic-load-resisting system Load path issues

Copyright © 2014 @Seismicisolation

Load path issues Load path issues

Offsets and load path

Copyright © 2014 @Seismicisolation

Foundations Shallow foundations: support

Shallow foundations: Shallow foundations:

Copyright © 2014 @Seismicisolation

Shallow foundations: stability Shallow foundations: stability

Copyright © 2014 @Seismicisolation

Steel Deck (AKA “Metal Deck”)

Diaphragms Shear load

Copyright © 2014 @Seismicisolation

Steel deck with reinforced

Steel chords and Reinforcement

Horizontal truss diaphragm Diaphragms

Copyright © 2014 @Seismicisolation

Roles of diaphragms Distribute inertial forces

Lateral bracing of columns Resist P- thrust

Copyright © 2014 @Seismicisolation

Transfer forces between frames Transfer diaphragms

Transfer diaphragms Backstay Effect

Copyright © 2014 @Seismicisolation

Diaphragm Components Diaphragm Components

Diaphragm rigidity Diaphragm types and analysis

Copyright © 2014 @Seismicisolation

Analysis of Flexible Diaphragms Typical diaphragm analysis

Typical diaphragm analysis Alternate diaphragm analysis

Uniform Chord Non- Chord

Copyright © 2014 @Seismicisolation

Alternate diaphragm analysis Alternate diaphragm analysis

Non-uniform shear Non-uniform shear

Alternate diaphragm analysis Analysis of Non-flexible

Copyright © 2014 @Seismicisolation

• Reinforcement in composite deck

Copyright © 2014 @Seismicisolation

Combining diaphragm and

Building Diaphragm Analysis Analysis Analysis

Collector and frame loads: Case 2

V’(i+1) = (i) V(i+1)

Copyright © 2014 @Seismicisolation

Reinforcement in deck Reinforcement as collector

Copyright © 2014 @Seismicisolation

Copyright © 2014 @Seismicisolation

Beam-columns Collector connections