University of Dental Medicine

Yangon, Mandalay
Myanmar
Department of Orthodontics
Undergraduate Orthodontic Course
(4th year BDS & 5th year BDS)

Lecture Notes

Compiled by Nay Aung, BDS, PhD

 DEPARTMENT OF ORTHODONTICS

Definition and scope.

Orthodontics is one of the clinical dentistry, which studies the normal craniofacial growth and
development, the function of craniofacial complex and the biomechanical tissue response. Based
on these knowledge, orthodontic intervention and prevention of malocclusion, diagnosis and
treatment of morphologic disharmony derived from the abnormality of the craniofacial complex
are main area of study.

Departmental objectives.
Knowledge.
The student should acquire the knowledge of
-normal craniofacial growth and development, development of occlusion and
concepts of ideal occlusion, normal occlusion and malocclusion.
-biomechanical tissue response to functional and orthodontic / orthopedic forces.
-the development of malocclusion and dentofacial deformity.
-the analysis of malocclusion and set-up proper diagnosis and treatment plan.

Skill.
-The student should be able to fabricate Hawley type removable orthodontic appliance,
removable type expansion appliance, and space maintainers.

Attitude.
-The student should aware of the role of orthodontics in maintaining and
improving the function, esthetic and psychosocial conditions of and individual.

Orthodontics
Fourth Year B.D.S.
1. Programme Objectives
At the end of the course of instruction, the student should –

1.1 be able to acquire the knowledge of -

1.1.1 the concepts of ideal occlusion, normal occlusion, and malocclusion.
1.1.2 craniofacial growth and development and the functions of craniofacial
complex.
1.1.3 the development of occlusion and transition from primary to permanent
occlusion.
1.1.4 the design, construction and uses of removable orthodontic appliances.
1.2 be able to develop skill in -
1.2.1 wire bending and removable appliance construction.
1.3 have acquired the attitude of -
1.3.1 the importance of orthodontics in maintaining and improving the function,
esthetic and psychosocial condition of an individual.
 1.3.2 the importance of basic orthodontics for the understanding of diagnosis and
treatment planning of orthodontic patient.

Lesson Plan for Fourth Year B.D.S. Course.

Title 1. Introduction to Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics.
Sr.No Objectives. (S.L.O) Content Method Media Time
1. At the end of the Definition and scope of Lecture White 2 hr
session the student orthodontics and board
should- dentofacial orthopaedics.
-be able to define Slide
orthodontics and Terminology. projector
dentofacial Occlusion- line of
orthopaedics. occlusion, centric OHP.
occlusion, centric relation,
-understand the overbite, overjet, open bite,
scope of deep bite, cross bite.
orthodontics and
dentofacial Alignment- angulation,
orthopaedics. inclination, procline,
retrocline, protrusion,
-understand the retrusion.
technical terms
frequently used in Dentitional- rotation,
orthodontics. ectopic eruption, ankylosis,
peg shaped teeth,
-be aware of the supernumerary teeth,
prevalence of delayed eruption,
malocclusion and macrodontia, microdontia.
dentofacial
deformity within the Spaced anomaly- crowding,
community and spacing, tooth size jaw size
realize its impact discrepancy.
upon the physical Definition of malocclusion
and psychosocial and dentofacial deformity.
health of and Prevalence of malocclusion
individual. and dentofacial deformity
in the community.
Need and demand for
orthodontic treatment.
Effects of malocclusion and
dentofacial deformity on
the physical and
 psychosocial health of an
individual.

Title 2. Classification of Occlusion, Malocclusion and Craniofacial Skeletal Structures.

Sr.No Objectives. (S.L.O) Content Method Media Time
2. At the end of the Lecture White 2 hr
session the student board
should- Tutorial 2hr
-be able to write the Definition and concept of Slide
definition of ideal ideal occlusion. projector
occlusion, normal Definition and concept of
occlusion, normal occlusion. OHP
malocclusion.
Models
-understand the Definition and concept of
concepts of ideal malocclusion.
occlusion, normal
occlusion and
malocclusion.

-be able to classify Angle's classification of

the occlusion occlusion.
according to Angle's
classification.
-be able to classify Classification of
the craniofacial craniofacial skeletal
skeletal structures. structures into skeletal
pattern I, II and III.

Title 3. Etiology of Malocclusion and Dentofacial Deformity.

Sr.No Objectives. (S.L.O) Content Method Media Time
3. At the end of the Factors contributing to the Lecture White 4 hr
lesson the student development of board
should- malocclusion and
-be able to list the dentofacial deformity. OHP
three main causes of -hereditary causes
malocclusion and -environmental causes Slide
dentofacial -specific causes. projector
deformity.

-understand how the Hereditary causes.

hereditary factor -positional malrelation of
could contribute to maxilla, mandible and
the development of cranial base.
malocclusion and -size disharmony between
dentofacial maxilla and mandible.
deformity. -teeth size jaw size
discrepancy.
Environmental causes.
-be able to list the -Equilibrium effects on
environmental the dentition and jaw size
causes affecting the and shape.
position of teeth. -Masticatory function.
-Sucking and other habits.
-Tongue
-be able to explain position/thrusting.
the effects of thumb -Mouth breathing.
sucking and tongue Specific causes.
position on the -Disturbances in
dentoalveolar embryologic
structure. development.
-Skeletal growth
disturbances.

-be able to list the -fetal moulding and birth

specific causes of injury.
malocclusion and -childhood fracture of
dentofacial the
deformity. jaw.

-Muscle dysfunction.
-be able to explain
the effects of -Disturbances in the
supernumerary teeth dental development.
on eruption and -congenital missing
position of teeth. teeth.
-malformed and
-be able to supernumerary teeth.
understand the -interference with
sequeale of early loss eruption.
of deciduous teeth on -ectopic eruption.
permanent dentition.
 -Improper guidance of
-be able to eruption.
understand the -early loss of primary
consequences of teeth.
missing permanent -functional shift of
teeth, ectopically mandible.
erupting teeth,
ankylosed
primary/permanent
teeth, malformed
teeth on the
developing
permanent dentition.
-be able to explain
the effects of dental -Trauma to teeth.
trauma to the
development of
malocclusion.

Title 4. Growth and Development of Craniofacial Complex.

Sr.No Objectives. (S.L.O) Content Method Media Time
4. At the end of the Functional components Lecture White 4 hrs
lesson the student of craniofacial skeletal board
should- structures.
- be able to explain OHP
bone remodeling, Sites and types of growth
sutural growth, in the cranial vault, Slide
synchondrosis, cranial base, projector
cartilaginous bone nasomaxillary complex,
growth. and mandible.

-know the sites and Growth of the

types of growth in nasomaxillary maxillary
the cranial vault, complex and mandible.
cranial base,
nasomaxillary
complex and
mandible.
-be able to explain
the growth of the
nasomaxillary
complex and
 mandible according
to functional matrix
theory.
Pubertal growth spurt
-know the various and its relationship to
methods used to jaw growth.
predict the pubertal
growth spurt.
-Prediction of pubertal
-be aware of the growth spurt.
importance of -Clinical application.
predicting growth
spurt in the growth
modification
orthodontic
treatment.

Title 5. Development of Occlusion.

Sr.No Objectives. (S.L.O) Content Method Media Time
5. At the end of the The eruption of Lecture White 3 hrs
session the student permanent teeth. board
should- -preemergent eruption.
-be able to -postemergent eruption. OHP
understand different -postemergent spurt.
stages of permanent -juvenile occlusal Slide
tooth eruption. equilibrium. projector.
-adult occlusal
-know the eruption equilibrium.
sequence of
permanent teeth The eruption sequence
and timing.
-know the timing of
eruption of teeth at Features of primary
various dental ages. dentition before
transition.
-be able to list the
characteristic Space relationships in
features of primary the replacement of
dentition. incisors.

Space relationships in
-be able to explain replacement of canines
the space and primary molars.
relationships during
transition from
 primary to
permanent incisors.

-be able to explain

the space
relationships during
transition and the
development of
Angle's class I, II
and III molar
relation.
Title 6. Removable Orthodontic Appliances.
Sr.No Objectives. (S.L.O) Content Method Media Time
6. At the end of the Definition of Lecture White 1 hr
session the student orthodontic appliance. board.
should-
-be able to define Definition of removable OHP
orthodontic orthodontic appliance.
appliance.
Components of
-be able to list the removable orthodontic
various removable appliance.
orthodontic -base plate.
appliances -action unit.
-anchorage and
-be able to define retention unit.
various components
of Hawley type Functions of each
removable component.
orthodontic
appliance and the
function of each
component.
-be able to apply this
knowledge in the
construction of
removable
orthodontic
appliances.
Title 7. Orthodontic Technique Course.
Sr.No Objectives. (S.L.O) Content Method Media Time
7. At the end of the Wire bending Practical Stainless steel 45 hr
course the student techniques. wire.
should- -adam clasp
-labial bow Wire bending
pliers,cutters.
 -have developed -finger spring, "z"
skills in bending spring, buccal canine Models.
wires. spring

Title 8. Introduction to Clinic.

Sr.No Objectives. (S.L.O) Content Method Media Time
8. At the end of the Clinical observation. Chairside Patient 3 hr
session the student History taking. teaching
should-
-have developed the
communication and
interpersonal skills
for taking proper
history.

2.1 Total Teaching hours

Hours
Lecture/Revision/Tests 16
Tutorial/Practical/Discussion 50
Total 66

3. Assessment
3.1 Formative assessment
3.1.1 Class tests
3.1.2 Mid-term test
3.1.3 Practical
Product assessment on wire bending and
appliance construction.

3.2 Summative assessment

3.2.1 Theory
One three hour theory paper (Combined with
Children's Dentistry)
3.2.2 Practical
One hour practical assessment.
3.2.3 Viva Voce is not compulsory

3.3 Marks allocation

Formative assessment 30%
Summative assessment 70%
Theory 50%
Practical 20%
1. Reference Book

Proffit, W.R. and Fields, H.W. (Jr.) . Latest edition.

Contemporary orthodontics 2nd ed.
Mosby-Year-Book, Inc.

Graber, T.M.,
Principles and practice of orthodontics. Latest edition.

Moyers, R.E,
Handbook of orthodontics. Latest edition.
Year-Book Medical Publishers, Chicago.

Houston, W.J.B. 1982.

Orthodontic diagnosis Latest edition.
John Wright and Sons Ltd. Bristol, London and Boston.

Donald D. Enlow,
Hand book of facial growth Latest edition.

Tulley, W.J. and Campbell, AC (1976)

A manual of practical orthodontics Latest edition.
John Wright and sons Ltd. Bristol.

Gordon c. Diokson. Albert. E. Whealthy 19788.

An atlas of removable orthodontic appliances Latest edition.

Joan L. Blazucki, RG, BS, 1990.

Bench – Top orthodontics, Latest edition.
Quintessence Publishing Co, Inc.

Foster, T.D. (1982).

A textbook of orthodontics Latest edition.
Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford.

Mills, J.R.E (1982)

Principles and practice of orthodontics. Latest edition.
Churchill Livingston Edinburgh, London, Melborne and New York.

C.D. Stephens, K.G Isaacson 1990.

Prqctical orthodontic assessment, Latest edition.
Heinemann Medical Book.

K.G. Isaason J.K williams 1984.

An introduction to fixed appliances. Latest edition. Wright Bristol.
 DEPARTMENT OF ORTHODONTICS
FINAL YEAR B.D.S.

1. Programme objectives
At the end of the course of instruction, the student should have –
acquired the knowledge of –
1.1.1 underlying principles required for the treatment planning of an orthodontic
patient.
1.1.2 various treatment modalities for various dentofacial anomalies of
cranofacial complex.
1.1.3 differentiating those orthodontic problems requiring referral to the
specialist.

1.2 acquired skill in –

1.2.1 conducting proper history taking, clinical examination, and diagnosis of an
orthodontic patient. Vc
1.2.2 formulating the correct treatment planning, design, and construction of
orthodontic appliances.

1.3 develop the attitude of –

1.3.1 importance of orthodontics in maintaining and improving the function ,
esthetic and psychosocial condition of an individual.
1.3.2 importance of orthodontic treatment as an adjunct to other phases of dental
practice.
1.3.3 importance of referral to the specialist for the sake of achieving the optima
oral health.
 Lesson Plan for Final Year B.D.S. Course.
Title 1. Orthodontic Diagnosis.
Sr.No Objectives. (S.L.O) Content Method Media Time
1. At the end of the Process of orthodontic Lecture White 12 hrs
session the student diagnosis. board
should- Tutorial 5 hrs
-be able to to History taking. OHP
conduct proper -methods. Chairside
history taking for -chief complaint. teaching. Slide
orthodontic patients. -evaluation of physical projector.
growth status.
-be able to perform -social and behavioral Study
clinical examination history. model
of orthodontic
patient so as to Clinical examination. X-rays
develop adequate Extraoral examination of
database for face
diagnosis. -profile view
-front view
-be able to analyse -soft tissue
data from history, Intraoral examination.
clinical examination -general examination of
and analysis of teeth, periodontium and oral
diagnosis records mucosa.
for the development -specific orthodontic
of problem list or examination.
diagnosis. -counting the teeth.
-intraarch anomalies.
-alignment anomalies.
-spaced anomalies.
-dentitional anomalies.
-dentoskeletal relation
-interarch anomalies.
-molar, canine and incisor
relation. (anteroposterior)
-overbite. (verical)
-crossbite.(lateral)
-soft tissue examination.
Analysis of diagnostic
records.
Study model.
 -model analysis.
-space analysis.
-diagnostic setup
Radiographs.
Photographs.
Writing clinical summary
and diagnosis.

Title 2. Treatment Planning.

Sr.No Objectives. (S.L.O) Content Method Media Time
2. At the end of the Formulation of treatment Lecture White 6 hrs
lesson the student plan. board
should- -extraction / nonextraction
-be able to -orthodontic / orthopaedic OHP
formulate treatment -choice of teeth for
plan in conformity extraction. Slide
with the best -timing and sequencing of projector
possible esthetic, treatment.
function and -choice of appliance and
stability. mechanical treatment plan.

Title 3. Treatment in Mixed Dentition.

Sr.No Objectives. (S.L.O) Content Method Media Time
3. At the end of the Treatment of crowding . Lecture White 4 hrs
lesson the student -diagnosis. board
should- -treatment protocol Tutorial
-be able to write the -space management. OHP
treatment protocol -space regaining. Chairside
for treatment of -space maintaining. teaching Slide
crowding in mixed -expansion. projector.
dentition. -appliance used for space
regaining, maintaining and
-be able to expansion.
diagnose space
management Diagnosis and treatment of
problems and spacing.
recognize the need
for treatment. Diagnosis and treatment of
-be able to select local crossbite.
and design various
types of space Growth modification
regaining and treatment.
maintaining
appliance.
 -be able to
diagnose and
planning treatment
for spacing and
crossbite.
-be able to
recognize condition
requiring growth
modification
treatment and the
need for referral.

Title 4. Treatment in Permanent Dentition.

Sr.No Objectives. Content Method Media Time
(S.L.O)
4. At the end of the Treatment of crowding. Lecture White 17 hrs
session the student -treatment protocol. board
should- -clinical presentation of Chairside
-be able to crowding. teaching OHP
diagnose and treat -treatment methods-
simple crowding extraction, non-extraction. Slide
using removable -removable expansion projector
appliance. appliance.

-be able to Treatment of spacing.

diagnose and treat
spacing, Treatment of orthodontic
supernumerary problems associated with
teeth, median supernumerary teeth, ,high
diastema using fraenum.
removable
appliance. Treatment of proclined
incisors.
-be able to -diagnosis and treatment
diagnose and treat of thumb sucking.
thumb sucking, -diagnosis and treatment
tongue thrusting. of tongue thrusting.

-be able to treat Treatment of rotation and

rotated and malaligned teeth.
malaligned teeth.
Conditions requiring
-be able to referral.
recognize
 conditions
requiring referral.
Title 5. Biologic Tooth Movement and Biological Tissue Response.
Sr.No Objectives. (S.L.O) Content Method Media Time
5. At the end of the Histologic structure of Lecture White 8 hrs
lesson the student periodontal ligament and board
should- alveolar bone.
-be able to write the OHP
sequence of Response of tissues to
biologic response orthodontic and orthopaedic Slide
to orthodontic and forces. projector.
orthopaedic forces.
-be able to state the Types of orthodontic tooth
different types of movement.
orthodontic tooth
movement.
-be able to apply
this knowledge in
application of force
and appliance
design.
Title 6. Role of Orthodontics in Cleft Lip and Palate.
Sr.No Objectives. (S.L.O) Content Method Media Time
6. At the end of the Effects of cleft lip and Lecture White 4 hrs
lesson the student palate in the position and board
should- alignment of teeth and
-be able to list the dentofacial structures OHP
effects of cleft lip and
palate in the teeth and Timing of orthodontic Slide
dentofacial structures. interventions in cleft projector
patients.
-know the timing of
orthodontic treatment
in cleft patient.

Title 7. Removable Orthodontic Appliance.

Sr.No Objectives. (S.L.O) Content Method Media Time
7. At the end of the session Review of removable Lecture White 8 hrs
the student should- orthodontic appliance. board
-be able to list the -types of appliance Tutorial 5 hrs
various orthodontic -choice of appliance OHP
appliances -care of appliance :
-patient instruction Slide
-be able to select correct projector
choice of appliance.
 -be able to write
instructions to patient for
the care of appliance.

Title 8. Materials Used in Orthodontics.

Sr.No Objectives. (S.L.O) Content Method Media Time
8. At the end of the lesson Stainless steel wires Lecture White 3 hrs
the student should- Base plate material board
-be able to know the Expansion screws
physical properties of Materials used in fixed
stainless steel wires and appliance treatment.
base plate material.

Title 9. Retention.
Sr.No Objectives. (S.L.O) Content Method Media Time
9. At the end of the lesson The objectives of Lecture White board 4 hrs
the student should- orthodontic treatment.
-be able to write the Tutorial Retention 1 hr
reasons for the need of Importance of the appliances
retention appliance. stable orthodontic
treatment result.
-be able to list various
types of retention The need for retention
appliance. and retention
appliances.
-be able to select suitable
retention appliance.

Title 10. Laboratory Exercises.

Sr.No Objectives. (S.L.O) Content Method Media Time
10. At the end of the Wire bending Tutorial Models 9 hrs
session the student Soldering Pliers/Wire
should- Removable appliance Practical s 50
-be able to construct construction White hrs
Hawley type Functional appliance. board
removable appliance Arch expansion Appliances.
and retainers. appliance
Retainers
-be able to construct
removable arch
expansion appliance.

-be able to list the

various types of
functional appliances.
Title 11. Clinical Training.
Sr.No Objectives. (S.L.O) Content Method Media Time
11. At the end of the Chair side. Chairside Patient 10
clinical training the -history taking teaching. Hours
student should- -patient examination
-be able to take proper and diagnosis. Practical
orthodontic history -orthodontic Demonst:
taking and perform impression taking
patient examination. -explanation of
treatment plan
-be able to take
orthodontic impression. -appliance adjustment,
-develop delivery and patient
communication skill in instruction.
explaining treatment
plan and giving patient
instruction.
-be able to make
appliance adjustments
and appliance delivery.

2.1 TOTAL TEACHING HOURS

Hours
Lecture/Revision/Tests 66
Tutorial/Practical/Discussion 80
Total 146

3.1 Assessment
3.1.1 Formative assessment
Theory
- Class test
- Mid - term test
- Practical
- Product assessment on wire bending and appliance construction.
3.1.2 Summative assessment
Theory
- One three hour theory paper, combined with Paedodontics
- Practical
- One hour practical assessment
- Viva voce is not compulsory
3.1.3 Marks allocation
formative assessment 30%
Summative assessment 70%
Theory 50%
Practical 20%

REFERENCE BOOK
Proffit, W.R. and Fields, H.W. (Jr.) Latest Edition
Contemporary Orthodontics 2nd ed.
Mosby - Year - Book, Inc.

Graber, T.M
Principles and practice of orthodontics. Latest edition.
W.B. Saunders, London.

Moyers, R.E,
Handbook of Orthodontics. Latest edition.
Year - Book Medical Publishers, Chicago.

Houston, W.J.B. 1982.

Orthodontic diagnosis Latest edition
John Wright and Sons Ltd. Bristol, London and Boston.

Donald D. Enlow,
Hand book of facial growth, Latest edition.

Tulley, W.J. and Campbell, AC (1976)

A manual of practical orthodontics, Latest edition.
John Wright and Sons Ltd. Bristol.

Gordon C. Dickson. Albert. E. Whealthy 1978

An atlas of removable orthodontic appliances, Latest edition.

Joan L. Blazucki, RG. BS, 1990.

Bench- Top orthodontics, Latest edition, Quintessence Publishing Co, Inc.

Foster, T.D. (1982), A textbook of orthodontics, Latest edition.

Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford.

Mills, J.R.E (1982)

Principles and practice of orthodontics, Latest edition.
Churchill Livingstone Edinburgh, London, Melborne and New York.

C.D. Stephens, K.G Isaacson 1990.

Practical orthodontic assessment, Latest edition.
Heinemann Medical Book.

K.G Isaason J.K williams 1984.

An introduction to fixed appliances, Latest edition.
Wright Bristol