Science

and

Elementary Technology

Pupil's Book

Primary 5
 Copyright © 2022 Rwanda Basic Education Board
All rights reserved.
This book is the property of the Government of Rwanda.
Credit should be given to REB when the source of this book is quoted.
 FOREWORD

Dear Pupil,
Rwanda Basic Education Board is honoured to present to you this Science
and Elementary Technology book for Primary Five which serves as a guide
to competence-based teaching and learning to ensure consistency and
coherence in the learning of Science and Elementary Technology subject.
The Rwandan educational philosophy is to ensure that you achieve full
potential at every level of education which will prepare you to be well
integrated in society and exploit employment opportunities.
The government of Rwanda emphasises the importance of supporting
teaching and learning materials with the syllabus to facilitate your learning
process. Many factors influence what you learn, how well you learn and the
competences you acquire. Those factors include the instructional materials
available among others. Special attention was paid to the activities that
facilitate the learning process in which you can develop your ideas and make
new discoveries during concrete activities carried out individually or with
peers.
In competence-based curriculum, learning is considered as a process of
active building and developing knowledge and meanings by the learner
where concepts are mainly introduced by an activity, a situation or a scenario
that helps the learner to construct knowledge, develop skills and acquire
positive attitudes and values. For effective use of this textbook, your role is
to:
• Work on given activities which lead to the development of skills;
• Share relevant information with other learners through presentations,
discussions, group work and other active learning techniques such as
role play, case studies, investigation and research in the library, from
the internet or from your community;
• Participate and take responsibility for your own learning;
• Draw conclusions based on the findings from the learning activities.
I wish to sincerely extend my appreciation to the people who contributed
towards the development and editing of this textbook, particularly REB staff
who organized the whole process from its beginning. Special gratitude goes
to teachers, illustrators and designers who carefully worked to successful
completion of this textbook. Any comment or contribution would be welcome
for the improvement of this textbook for the next edition.

Dr. Nelson MBARUSHIMANA

Director General, REB
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I wish to sincerely extend my special appreciation to people who played a

major role in development and editing of this Science and Elementary
Technology book for Primary Five book. It would not have been successful
without the participation of different partners that I would like to express my
deep gratitude.
My thanks go to the Rwanda Basic Education Board leadership who
supervised the whole activity and staff who were involved in the process of
development and editing this book. I also wish to extend my appreciation to
primary school teachers, lecturers and different education experts for their
valuable support.

Joan MURUNGI
Head of Curriculum, Teaching and Learning Resources Department
(CTLRD)
 Table of Contents

TOPIC AREA: TOOLS AND OBJECTS PRODUCTION....................... 1

UNIT 1: CARPENTRY TOOLS ........................................................................2
ʸƔʸƓ º»ÄÊ¿Ű¹·Ê¿ÅÄż¹·ÈÆ»ÄÊÈÏÊÅÅÂÉ............................................................2
ʸƔʹƓ É·½»·Äº÷¿ÄʻķĹ»żÉÅû¹·ÈÆ»ÄÊÈÏÊÅÅÂÉ .................................4
ʸƔʺƓ ·Ä½»ÈÉż¹·ÈÆ»ÄÊÈÏÊÅÅÂɷĺ¾»·Âʾ·ÄºÉ·¼»ÊÏû·ÉËÈ»É .............. 11
Revision Activity 1 ......................................................................................13

UNIT 2: MASONRY TOOLS..........................................................................16

ʹƔʸƓ ηÃÆ»Éż÷ÉÅÄÈÏÊÅÅÂÉ ...............................................................16
ʹƔʹƓ É·½»·Äº÷¿ÄʻķĹ»żÉÅû÷ÉÅÄÈÏÊÅÅÂÉ ................................18
ʹƔʺƓ ·Ä½»ÈÉż÷ÉÅÄÈÏÊÅÅÂÉ ..................................................................22
Revision Activity 2 ......................................................................................23

UNIT 3: OBJECTS PRODUCTION ...............................................................26

ʺƔʸƓ ·Á¿Ä½ÊÅÏÉËɿĽÉÅȽ¾ËÃÉÊÈ·ÍɷĺÉÊ¿¹ÁÉ ....................................27
ʺƔʹƓ ·Á¿Ä½Ëʿ¿ÊÏŸÀ»¹ÊÉ¿ÄÍÅź.............................................................29
ʺƔʺƓ ·Á¿Ä½»·ÈĿĽ÷ʻȿ·ÂÉ¿ÄƷƻȷĺ÷Ŀ·Æ·Æ»È .........................30
ʺƔʻƓ ·¿ÄʻķĹ»żËʿ¿ÊϷĺ»·ÈĿĽŸÀ»¹ÊÉ .........................................33
Revision Activity 3 ......................................................................................34

TOPIC AREA: ICT ............................................................................... 37

UNIT 4: COMPUTER MY FRIEND ................................................................36
ʻƔʸƓ ·Ê··ÄºûÃÅÈÏ ..............................................................................37
ʻƔʹƓ ηÃÆ»Éżº·Ê··ÄºûÃÅÈ¿»É ........................................................38
ʻƔʺƓ ¾·È¿Ä½·ºÅ¹ËûÄÊ ...........................................................................44
Revision Activity 4 ......................................................................................46

UNIT 5: WRITING SKILLS............................................................................49

ʼƔʸƓ ÄÉ»ÈÊÊ·¸Â»É·Äº¿Ã·½»É ....................................................................50
ʼƔʹƓ ÄÉ»ÈÊÆ¿¹ÊËȻɷĺ¿Ã·½»É .................................................................54
Revision Activity 5 ......................................................................................56

UNIT 6: COMPUTER RESEARCH................................................................58

ʽƔʸƓ ÈÅÍÉ»·Äºʾ»ËÉ»ż»Ɩ÷¿ÂÉ ...........................................................58
ʽƔʹƓ ÈÅÍÉ»¹Ê¿Ì¿ÊÏ ..................................................................................61
Revision Activity 6 ......................................................................................64

iii
UNIT 7: PROGRAMMING FOR CHILDREN .................................................67
ʾƔʸƓ ȷͿĽ
»ÅûÊÈ¿¹¾·Æ»É ...............................................................67
7.2 ȿʾûʿ¹ƻȷʿÅÄÉ ........................................................................71
ʾƔʺƓ È»·Ê»¿·ÂŽ˻·Äº·ÈÊÅÅÄÉ ...........................................................75
ʾƔʻ Ƚ·Ä¿Ð·Ê¿ÅÄ ......................................................................................79
Revision Activity 7 ......................................................................................82

TOPIC AREA: OUR ENVIRONMENT ................................................. 85

UNIT 8: WATER ............................................................................................86
ʿƔʸƓ ÃÆÅÈʷĹ»żÍ·Ê»È ...........................................................................86
ʿƔʹƓ ÅËȹ»ÉżÍ·Ê»È ................................................................................90
ʿƔʺƓ ÈÅÆ»ÈÊ¿»ÉżÍ·Ê»È .............................................................................92
8.4: Rain Water .........................................................................................93
ʿƔʼƓ ·Ê»ÈÆÅÂÂËÊ·ÄÊÉ .................................................................................98
ʿƔʽƓ ·Ä½»ÈÉżÍ·Ê»ÈÆÅÂÂËÊ¿ÅÄ ..................................................................99
ʿƔʾƓ Ȼ̻ÄÊ¿ÅÄżÍ·Ê»ÈÆÅÂÂËÊ¿ÅÄ ............................................................ 101
ʿƔʿƓ ·Ê»ÈËÈ¿Ű¹·Ê¿ÅÄ»Ê¾ÅºÉ ..............................................................102
ʿƔˀƓ ·Á¿Ä½·Í·Ê»ÈŰÂÊ»È .........................................................................103
8.10: ·Ê»ÈÉÊÅÈ·½» ..................................................................................104
Revision Activity 8 ....................................................................................105

UNIT 9: SOIL ...............................................................................................108

ˀƔʸƓ ȻƷȷʿÅÄżÉſ¼ÅȹËÂÊ¿Ì·Ê¿ÅÄ.......................................................108
ˀƔʹƓ »Èʿ¿ɷʿÅÄżÉſ¼ÅȹËÂÊ¿Ì·Ê¿ÅÄ....................................................... 111
ˀƔʺƓ ÃÆÅÈʷĹ»ż¼»Èʿ¿ɻÈÉ.................................................................... 115
Revision Activity 9 .................................................................................... 118

UNIT 10: ANIMALS .....................................................................................120

ʸʷƔʸƓ 
 »»Æ¿Ä½¹¾¿¹Á»ÄÉ ............................................................................. 120
ʸʷƔʹƓÏÆ»Éż¸È»»ºÉ ............................................................................... 121
ʸʷƔʺƓ¾¿¹Á»ÄÈ»ÆÈź˹ʿÅÄ ....................................................................... 123
ʸʷƔʻƓÈÅƻȼ»»º¿Ä½ż¹¾¿¹Á»Ä................................................................. 125
ʸʷƔʼƓ¾¿¹Á»Äº¿É»·É»É·ÄºÆ·È·É¿Ê»É ....................................................... 127
ʸʷƔʽƓÃÆÅÈʷĹ»ż¹¾¿¹Á»Ä¼·ÈÿĽ ......................................................... 129
ʸʷƔʾƓ¾¿¹Á»Ä¼·ÈÿĽÆÈŹ»ÉÉ..................................................................130
Revision Activity 10 ..................................................................................133

iv
UNIT 11: PLANTS AND ENVIRONMENT...................................................135
ʸʸƔʸƓ º»ÄÊ¿Ű¹·Ê¿ÅÄż¿ÃÆÅÈʷĹ»żÆ·ÄÊÉ ................................................ 135
ʸʸƔʹƓÅÃÃÅÄ¿ÃÆÅÈʷĹ»żÊÈ»»ÉÅÄ»ÄÌ¿ÈÅÄûÄÊ .................................. 142
ʸʸƔʺƓ Ů»¹ÊÉż·ŮÅÈ»ÉÊ·Ê¿Åķĺº»¼ÅÈ»ÉÊ·Ê¿ÅÄÅÄʾ»»ÄÌ¿ÈÅÄûÄÊ ........... 145
Revision Activity 11................................................................................... 149

TOPIC AREA: HUMAN BODY .......................................................... 151

UNIT 12: DIGESTIVE SYSTEM ..................................................................152
ʸʹƔʸƓ ËĹʿÅÄÉżʾ»º¿½»ÉÊ¿Ì»ÉÏÉʻà ..................................................... 152
ʸʹƔʹƓ·ÈÊɷĺ¼ËĹʿÅÄÉżʾ»º¿½»ÉÊ¿Ì»ÉÏÉʻà ...................................... 153
ʸʹƔʺƓÊ·½»Éżº¿½»ÉÊ¿ÅÄ ..........................................................................154
ʸʹƔʻƓϽ¿»Ä»żº¿½»ÉÊ¿ÅÄ ........................................................................ 156
ʸʹƔʼƓº»ÄÊ¿Ű¹·Ê¿ÅÄż·¸·Â·Ä¹»ºº¿»Ê ........................................................ 158
ʸʹƔʽƓËÊÈ¿Ê¿Åĺ»Ű¹¿»Ä¹Ïº¿É»·É»É ...........................................................163
Revision Activity 12 ..................................................................................166

UNIT 13: REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM .........................................................168

ʸʺƔʸƓË÷ÄÈ»ÆÈź˹ʿ̻ÉÏÉʻà ............................................................. 169
ʸʺƔʹƓϽ¿»Ä»ż¼»Ã·Â»·Äº÷»½»Ä¿Ê·ÂÅȽ·ÄÉ ...................................... 170
ʸʺƔʺƓ»Î˷¹¾·È·¹Ê»È¿ÉÊ¿¹É·ÊÆ˸»ÈÊÏ ..................................................... 171
ʸʺƔʻƓ·¼»È»ÉÆÅÄÉ¿¸Â»¸»¾·Ì¿ÅËÈ .............................................................. 177
ʸʺƔʼƓÅÌ»Åȿļ·ÊË·Ê¿ÅÄ ............................................................................ 179
Revision Activity 13 ..................................................................................180

TOPIC AREA: ENERGY .................................................................... 182

UNIT 14: LIGHT ..........................................................................................183
ʸʻƔʸƓ ¿½¾ÊÆÈÅÆ·½·Ê¿ÅÄ ............................................................................. 183
ʸʻƔʹƓ»º¿ËüÅÈ¿½¾ÊÊÈ·ÄÉÿÉÉ¿ÅÄ ...........................................................184
ʸʻƔʺƓ·ÍÉż¿½¾ÊÆÈÅÆ·½·Ê¿ÅÄ .................................................................186
Revision Activity 14 ..................................................................................189

UNIT 15: ELECTRICITY..............................................................................191

ʸʼƔʸƓ ÃÆÅÈʷĹ»ż»Â»¹ÊÈ¿¹¿ÊÏ ................................................................... 192
ʸʼƔʹƓÈź˹ʿÅÄż»Â»¹ÊÈ¿¹¿ÊÏ .................................................................... 193
ʸʼƔʺƓÅÃÃÅÄÊÅÅÂÉËÉ»º¿Ä»Â»¹ÊÈ¿¹¿ÊÏ...................................................... 197
ʸʼƔʻƓÅÃÃÅÄ÷ʻȿ·ÂÉËÉ»º¿Ä»Â»¹ÊÈ¿¹¿ÊÏ ............................................... 197
ʸʼƔʼƓ¿ÃÆ»»Â»¹ÊÈ¿¹¹¿È¹Ë¿Ê .......................................................................198
15.6: ·Ä½»ÈÉż»Â»¹ÊÈ¿¹¿ÊÏ .......................................................................200
Revision Activity 15 ..................................................................................202

v
TOPIC AREA: MATERIALS AND STATE OF MATTER ................... 204
UNIT 16: MATERIALS.................................................................................205
ʸʽƔʸƓ 
 ·ÉÉ¿Ű¹·Ê¿ÅÄż÷ʻȿ·ÂÉ ................................................................205
ʸʽƔʹƓɻɿ¹ÅÃÃÅÄûʷÂÉ ...................................................................208
ʸʽƔʺƓ·¿ÄʻķĹ»żûʷÂÉ .....................................................................209
ʸʽƔʻƓ»ÄÉ¿ÊÏ............................................................................................ 210
Revision Activity 16 .................................................................................. 216

ÂÅÉÉ·ÈÏ................................................................................................... 218
»¼»È»Ä¹» ................................................................................................222

vi
TOPIC AREA : TOOLS AND OBJECTS
PRODUCTION
ÅÅÁ·Êʾ»¼ÅÂÂÅͿĽÆ¿¹ÊËÈ»ÉƔ

(1) (2) (3)

(4) (5)

(6) (7) (8)

ƺ·ƻ ¾·Ê¿É¹ÅÃÃÅÄ¿ÄÆ¿¹ÊËÈ»ÉʸÊÅʿ·¸ÅÌ»Ɯ
ƺ¸ƻ ÈÅÃÏÅËÈÈ»ÉÆÅÄÉ»¿Äƺ·ƻ·¸ÅÌ»ƑÆÈ»º¿¹Êʾ»ÊÅÆ¿¹·È»·¹ÅÄÊ»ÄʼÅÈƺʸƻÊÅƺʿƻƔ

1
 UNIT 1 CARPENTRY TOOLS

Introduction
·ÈÆ»ÄÊÈÏ¿Éʾ»·ÈÊż÷Á¿Ä½ÍÅź»ÄÆÈź˹ÊÉƔ·ÈÆ»ÄÊ»ÈÉËÉ»¹·ÈÆ»ÄÊÈÏ
ÊÅÅÂÉÊÅ÷Á»ÍÅź»ÄÆÈź˹ÊÉƔ·ÈÆ»ÄÊÈÏ¿É·Ä¿ÃÆÅÈÊ·ÄÊ·ÈÊʾ·ÊÆÈÅÌ¿º»É
»ÃÆÂÅÏûÄÊƔ
Look at the following pictures.

(a) ƺ¸ƻ ƺ¹ƻ (d)

(e) ƺ¼ƻ ƺ½ƻ

»É¹È¿¸»ʾ»Ã¸È¿»ŲÏƔ
È»º¿¹Ê;·ÊÏÅË·È»½Å¿Ä½ÊÅ»·ÈÄƔ

ʸƔʸƓ º»ÄÊ¿Ű¹·Ê¿ÅÄż¹·ÈÆ»ÄÊÈÏÊÅÅÂÉ
Activity 1.1: Identifying carpentry tools
(i) ·Ã»ʾ»ÊÅÅÂÉʾ·Êʾ»Ê»·¹¾»È¾·Éº¿ÉÆ·ϻº¿Ä¹Â·ÉÉƔ
(ii)  Ê˺Ïʾ»¼ÅÂÂÅͿĽÊÅÅÂÉƺÆ·½»ʹ·ÄºʺƻƔ
(iii) 
 È·Í·ÂÂʾ»ÊÅÅÂÉ¿ÄÏÅËÈÄÅÊ»¸ÅÅÁƔ

2
 (a) ƺ¸ƻ ƺ¹ƻ

(d) (e) ƺ¼ƻ

ƺ½ƻ ƺ¾ƻ (i)

ƺÀƻ ƺÂƻ

(m) (k) (n)

ƺÅƻ ƺÆƻ (q)

(r) ƺÉƻ

ƺ¿ÌƻɿĽÄÊ»ÈĻʷĺÅʾ»È¹·ÈÆ»ÄÊÈϸÅÅÁÉ¿Äʾ»ɹ¾ÅÅ¿¸È·ÈϽ¿Ì»ʾ»
¹ÅÈÈ»¹ÊķûÉżʾ»ÊÅÅÂÉƔ
ÊÅÅ¿ɷ¾·Äº¾»Âºº»Ì¿¹»ËÉ»ºÊŹ·ÈÈÏÅËÊ·Æ·ÈÊ¿¹Ë·È¼ËĹʿÅÄƔ

3
1.2: Usage and maintenance of some carpentry
tools
Activity 1.2: Using and maintaining carpentry tools
(i) ¿É¿Ê·ʿø»ÈÍÅÈÁɾÅÆƔ
(ii) ¸É»ÈÌ»ʾ»Ì·È¿ÅËÉÊÅÅÂɷĺÍÈ¿Ê»ºÅÍÄʾ»¿ÈķûÉƔ
(iii) ÉÁʾ»¹·ÈÆ»ÄÊ»ÈÊź»ÃÅÄÉÊÈ·Ê»¾ÅÍÌ·È¿ÅËÉÊÅÅÂÉ·È»ËÉ»ºƔ
ƺ¿Ìƻ È·¹Ê¿¹»¾ÅÍÊÅËÉ»·Äº÷¿ÄÊ·¿ÄÌ·È¿ÅËɹ·ÈÆ»ÄÊÈÏÊÅÅÂÉƔ
ÅÊ»Ɠ Be careful when using tools to avoid injuries or damaging the
tools.

• ¾»ÄÏÅ˽»Ê¸·¹ÁÊÅɹ¾ÅÅÂƑº¿É¹ËÉÉƓ
(i) É»ż¹·ÈÆ»ÄÊÈÏÊÅÅÂÉƔ
(ii) ·Ä½»ÈÉżÌ·È¿ÅËÉÊÅÅÂɼÅËĺ¿Äʾ»¹·ÈÆ»ÄÊÈÏÍÅÈÁɾÅÆƔ
(iii) ·¼»ÊÏÆÈ»¹·ËÊ¿ÅÄÉ;»Ä¿Äʾ»ÍÅÈÁɾÅÆƔ

1. Workbench
Activity 1.3: Use and maintenance of a Workbench
(i) »ÃÅÌ»·ÂÂʾ»ÊÅÅÂÉʾ·Ê·È»ÄÅÊ¿Ä
ËÉ»¼ÈÅÃʾ»ÅÈÁ¸»Ä¹¾Ɣ¿Æ»ʾ»
¸»Ä¹¾·Äº¹¾»¹Á¿¼ʾ·Ê¿ÉŰÈ÷ĺ
ÉÊ·¸Â»Ɣ
(ii) ·¹»·Æ¿»¹»żÍÅźÅÄʾ»
ÅÈÁ¸»Ä¹¾·Äº¹ËÊ¿Ê¿ÄÊÅÊÍÅËɿĽ
·É·ÍƔ
(iii)ÃÅÅʾ»ÄÅĻƷÈÊżʾ»ÍÅźÅÄ
ʾ»ÅÈÁ¸»Ä¹¾Ɣ ɿĽ·ÅÈÁ¸»Ä¹¾Ɣ

Ê¿É·ÉËȼ·¹»ÅÄ;¿¹¾·¹·ÈÆ»ÄʻȺŻɾ»ÈÅȾ¿ÉÍÅÈÁƔ
ÅÈÁʾ·Ê¹·Ä¸»ºÅÄ»ÅĿʿĹÂ˺»ÉÃÅÅʾ¿Ä½ÍÅźƑ¹ËÊʿĽƑû·ÉËȿĽ·Äº
÷Á¿Ä½ÀÅ¿ÄÊÉÅÄÍÅźƔ
·ÈÆ»ÄÊÈÏÊÅÅÂÉ·È»¿ÃÆÅÈÊ·ÄÊƔ¾»Ï·È»ËÉ»ºÊÅ÷Á»¿Ê»ÃÉ¿Á»Ê·¸Â»ÉƑ¹¾·¿ÈÉ
·Äºº»ÉÁÉƔ
·ÈÆ»ÄÊÈÏÊÅÅÂÉɾÅ˺¸»ËÉ»º·ÆÆÈÅÆÈ¿·Ê»ÂÏƔ¾»ÏɾÅ˺¸»÷¿ÄÊ·¿Ä»ºÍ»ÂÂƔ

4
2. Saw
Activity 1.4: Use and maintenance of a saw
(i) ¾»¹Á¿¼ʾ»¾·ÄºÉ·Í¸Â·º»¿Éɾ·ÈÆƑ¿¼
¿Ê¿ÉÄÅÊɾ·ÈƻĿÊËɿĽ·Ű»Ɣ¾»¹Á¿¼
ʾ»¾·ÄºÂ»¿É¿Ä½Åź¹Åĺ¿Ê¿ÅÄƔ
(ii) ź·Æ¿»¹»żʿø»È·Äº¹ËÊ¿ÊËɿĽ
·¾·ÄºÉ·ÍƔ
(iii) ËÊ·ÄÅʾ»ÈÆ¿»¹»żÍÅźËɿĽ·¸ÅÍ
É·ÍƔ
ƺ¿Ìƻ¸É»ÈÌ»ʾ»¹·ÈÆ»ÄÊ»ÈËɿĽ·Ê·¸Â»
É·ÍƔ
ƺÌƻ ¼Ê»ÈËɿĽʾ»É·ÍÉÈ»ÃÅ̻ƿ»¹»Éż ¾·ÈƻĿĽ·É·ÍƔ
ÍÅźɾ·Ì¿Ä½ÉÊ˹ÁÅÄʾ»¸Â·º»ËɿĽ
·ÉÊ¿¹ÁƔ

¾»È»·È»Ì·È¿ÅËÉÊÏÆ»ÉżÉ·ÍÉƔηÃƻɷȻƓ
• ·¸Â»É·ÍƑ¸ÅÍɷͷĺÍÅźÉ·ÍƔ

(a) Bow saw

• É ·ÂÉÅ ÁÄÅÍÄ ·É · ¼È·Ã» É·Í ÅÈ
¸Ë¹ÁÉ·Í.
• Ê ¿É ËÉ»º ÊÅ ÷Á» ÉÊÈ·¿½¾Ê ·Äº
¹ËÈÌ»º¹ËÊÉÅÄÍÅźƔ

¿½ƔʸƔʸƓ¾¿ÂºÈ»ÄËɿĽ¸ÅÍÉ·ÍÉƔ

(b) Table saw

• Ê¿É÷º»ËÆż·¹¿È¹Ë·È
¸Â·º»ʾ·Ê¿ÉÃÅÌ»º¸Ï·Ä
»Â»¹ÊÈ¿¹ÃÅÊÅÈƔ¾»¸Â·º»¿É
¾»Âº¿ÄÆ·¹»¸Ï·Ê·¸Â»ÅÈ
¸»ÄºƔ
• Ê¿ÉËÉ»ºÊŹËÊ·¸ÂŹÁż
ÍÅź¿ÄÊÅÉ÷ÂÂÆ¿»¹»ÉƔ

¿½ʸƔʹƓËÆ¿ÂÉËɿĽ·Ê·¸Â»É·ÍƔ

5
(c) Wood saw
• ʿɹÅÃÃÅÄÂϹ·Â»ºʾ»¾·ÄºÉ·Í.
• Ê¿ÉËÉ»ºÊŹËÊÆ¿»¹»ÉżÍÅź¿ÄÊÅ
º¿Ů»È»ÄÊɾ·Æ»É·ÄºɿлÉƔ

3. T-square ¿½ƔʸƔʺƓɿĽ·ÍÅźÉ·ÍƔ

Activity 1.5: Use and maintenance of a T-square

(i) ·¹»·ƖÉÇË·È»ÅÄ·¸ÂŹÁżÍÅźƔ
(ii) È·Í·ÉÊÈ·¿½¾Ê¿ĻÅÄʾ»ÍÅź·ÂÅĽʾ»»Ľʾ·ÄºÍ¿ºÊ¾żʾ»ƖÉÇË·È»Ɣ
(iii)»·ÉËÈ»ʾ»·Ä½Â»¼ÅÈûº·ÄºÍÈ¿Ê»ºÅÍÄÏÅËÈ·ÄÉÍ»ÈƔ
ƺ¿Ìƻ»·Äʾ»Æ·ÈÊÉÊÅÈ»ÃÅÌ»ºËÉʷĺɷͺËÉÊƔÊÅÈ»ʾ»ƖÉÇ˷Ȼɷ¼»ÂÏ
·¼Ê»ÈËÉ»Ɣ
ƺÌƻ ÆÆÂÏÅ¿ÂÅÄʾ»ûʷ¿¹Æ·ÈÊÉżʾ»ƖÉÇË·È»ÊÅÆȻ̻ÄÊÈËÉʿĽƔ

Åź
¿½¾Ê
·Ä½Â»
Ê¿ÉËÉ»º¼ÅȺȷͿĽ·Äºû·ÉËȿĽ ƖÉÇË·È»
È¿½¾Ê·Ä½Â»ºŸÀ»¹ÊÉƔ

4. Claw hammer ¿½ƔʸƔʻƓɿĽ·ƖÉÇË·È»Ɣ

Activity 1.6: Use and maintenance of a claw hammer

źȿ̿Ľʾ»Ä·¿Â¿ÄÊÅÍÅź
(i) ÄÉËÈ» ʾ·Ê ʾ» ¾·ÄºÂ» ¿É ŰÈÃÂÏ
·ÊÊ·¹¾»º ÊÅ ʾ» ¾»·º ż ʾ» ¾·ÃûÈƔ
»Æ·¹»ÍÅÈÄÅËÊÅȸÈÅÁ»ÄÆ·ÈÊÉƔ
(ii) ź · Ä·¿Â ÅÄÊÅ · Æ¿»¹» ż ÍÅź ·É
ɾÅÍÄ¿Äʾ»Æ¿¹ÊËÈ»Ɣ
(iii) źʾ»¾·ÃûÈŰÈÃÂϷĺ¾¿Êʾ»Ä·¿Â
ɻ̻ȷÂʿûÉËÄʿ¿ʻÄÊ»ÈÉƔ ȿ̿Ľ·Ä·¿Â¿ÄÊÅÍÅźƔ

6
 ÅÈ»ÃÅÌ»ʾ»Ä·¿Â¼ÈÅÃʾ»ÍÅź
(i) ¿º»ʾ»¹Â·Í¾·ÃûÈËĺ»Èʾ»Ä·¿Â¾»·ºƔ
(ii) ËÂÂʾ»¾·ÄºÂ»ÊÅͷȺÉÏÅËÊÅÈ»ÃÅÌ»ʾ»
Ä·¿ÂƔ
(iii) ÊÅÈ»ʾ»¾·ÃûÈ¿Ä·ºÈϷĺɷ¼»Æ·¹»
·¼Ê»ÈËÉ»Ɣ
»ÃÅ̿Ľ·Ä·¿Â¼ÈÅÃÍÅźƔ

Ê¿ÉËÉ»º¼ÅȺȿ̿Ľķ¿ÂÉ¿ÄÍÅź·Äº·ÂÉżÅÈÆË¿Ľʾ»ÃÅËÊƔ

5. Plane
Activity 1.7: Use and maitenance of a plane
(i) ÅÅÁ ·ÈÅËĺ ʾ» ÍÅÈÁɾÅÆ ·Äº
¿º»ÄÊ¿¼Ï ʾ» º¿Ů»È»ÄÊ ÊÏÆ»É ż
Æ·ĻÉƔ
(ii) ¾ÅÅÉ»ʾ»È¿½¾ÊÆ·¹»¼ÅÈʾ»Ê·ÉÁƔ
(iii) ¾·ÈÆ»Äʾ»¸Â·º»·ÄºŰοÊÅÄʾ»
Æ·ĻƔ
ƺ¿ÌƻºÀËÉÊ ʾ» ¸Â·º» ÊÅ ʾ» º»É¿È»º
·Ä½Â»Ɣ¿Âʾ»Æ·ĻƔ
ƺÌƻ ·¹» · Æ¿»¹» ż ÍÅź ÅÄ ʾ»
ÅÈÁ¸»Ä¹¾·ÄºÉÃÅÅʾ»Ä¿ÊËɿĽ ¿Â¿Ä½·À·¹ÁÆ·ĻƔ
·Æ·ĻƔ

Ê¿ÉËÉ»º¼ÅÈÉÃÅÅʾ¿Ä½ÍÅźÉÅ·ÉÊŽ¿Ì»ÉÃÅÅʾ·Äºɾ¿ÄÄÏÉËȼ·¹»ÉƔ
ηÃÆ»ÉżÆ·ĻÉ·È»ɾÅÍĸ»ÂÅÍƔ

 Å¿ÄÊ»ÈÆ·Ļ ÃÅÅʾ¿Ä½Æ·Ļ ·¹ÁÆ·Ļ

¿½ʸƔʼƓÏÆ»ÉżÆ·ĻÉ

7
6. Axe
Activity 1.8: Use and maintenance of an axe
º»ÄÊ¿¼Ï·Ä·Î»¿Äʾ»ÍÅÈÁɾÅÆƔ
(i) ÅÅÁ·Êʾ»¸Â·º»żʾ»·Î»ƔÉ¿Êɾ·ÈÆƜ
• ¾·ÈƻĸÂËÄʹËÊʿĽ»º½»Éżʾ»·Î»Ɣ
• »Æ·¹»ʾ»ÍÅÈÄÅËʸ·º»ÉͿʾÄ»ÍÅÄ»ÉƔ
• ÄÉËÈ»ʾ»·Î»¿ÉŰÈÃÂÏŰλºÊÅʾ»¾·ÄºÂ»Ɣ
(ii) źʾ»¾·ÄºÂ»żʾ»·Î»Ê¿½¾ÊÂϷĺ¹ËÊÅÈÉÆ¿ÊÆ¿»¹»ÉżÍÅźƔ
(iii)»·Äʾ»¸Â·º»·ÄºÉÊÅÈ»ʾ»·Î»¿Ä·¹Â»·ÄºÈÏÆ·¹»Ɣ

• ķλ¿ÉËÉ»º¼ÅÈÉÆ¿ÊʿĽ·Äº¹ËÊʿĽÍÅźƔ
• Ê¿É·ÂÉÅËÉ»º¼ÅȹËÊʿĽºÅÍÄÊÈ»»É·Äº
ËÆÈÅÅʿĽÉÊËÃÆÉƔ

¿½ƔʸƔʽƓÆ¿ÊʿĽÍÅź
7. Screw driver ËɿĽ·Ä·Î»Ɣ

Activity 1.9: Use and maintenance of a screwdriver

(i) ¿¹Áʾ»ɹȻÍÉÊŸ»Űλº¿ÄÊÅʾ»Æ¿»¹»ż
ÍÅźƔ
(ii) »Â»¹Ê·ɹȻͺȿ̻ÈͿʾ·Ê¿Æʾ·Ê÷ʹ¾»É
ʾ»¾»·ºżʾ»ɹȻÍƔ
(iii)ÄÉËÈ» ʾ» Ê¿Æ ż ʾ» ɹȻÍ ºÈ¿Ì»È ¿É ÄÅÊ
º·Ã·½»ºƔ »Æ·¹» ¸ÈÅÁ»Ä ÅÈ ÍÅÈÄ ÅËÊ
¾·ÄºÂ»ÉƔ
ƺ¿Ìƻ
È·ÉÆ ʾ» ¾·ÄºÂ» ż ʾ» ɹȻÍ ºÈ¿Ì»È ·Äº
ËÉ» ¿Ê ÊÅ ºÈ¿Ì»  ʾ» ɹȻÍ ¿Ä ʾ» Æ¿»¹» ż
ÍÅź·ÉɾÅÍÄ¿Äʾ»Æ¿¹ÊËÈ»Ɣ ȿ̿Ľ·ɹȻÍ¿ÄÊÅÍÅź

Ê¿ÉËÉ»ºÊźȿ̻ɹȻÍÉ¿ÄÍÅźƔÊ¿É·ÂÉÅËÉ»ºÊÅÈ»ÃÅÌ»ɹȻÍÉÅËÊżÍÅźƔ

8
8. Brace
Activity 1.10: Use and maintenance of a brace
(i) ÄÉËÈ» ʾ·Ê ʾ» ¾·ÄºÂ» ·Äº ʾ» ¾»·º ż ʾ»
¸È·¹»·È»Í»ÂÂŰλºƔ
(ii) ÄÉËÈ»ʾ·Êʾ»¹ËÊʿĽÊ¿Æżʾ»¸È·¹»¿Éɾ·ÈÆƔ
(iii)·Ï · Æ¿»¹» ż ÍÅź ÅÄ ʾ» ÅÈÁ¸»Ä¹¾ ·Äº
÷ÈÁʾ»¾Å»ÊŸ»ºÈ¿Â»ºÅÄʾ»ÍÅźËɿĽ·
ƻĹ¿ÂƔ
ƺ¿Ìƻ·¹»ʾ»¸È·¹»ÅÄʾ»Æ¿»¹»żÍÅźƔ·Á»·
¾Å»¿Äʾ»ÍÅź¸ÏÈÅʷʿĽʾ»¾·ÄºÂ»Ɣ
ƺÌƻ »·Ä ·Äº ÉÊÅÈ» ʾ» ¸È·¹» ¿Ä · ¹Â»·Ä ·Äº ºÈÏ
Æ·¹»Ɣ »·ÈÄ»ÈËɿĽ·¸È·¹»

¾»¸È·¹»¿ÉËÉ»º¼ÅȸÅȿĽ¾Å»É¿ÄÍÅźƔ Åȹ»¿É·ÆÆ¿»ºÅÄÊÅƷĺʾ»
¾·ÄºÂ»ÈÅÊ·Ê»ºͿʾÅÄ»¾·ÄºƔ

9. Clamp or Jointer

Activity 1.11: Use and maintenance of a clamp or Jointer

(i) ÄÉËÈ» ÏÅË ¾·Ì» ʾ» ½ÂË»
·Äºʾ»Æ¿»¹»ÉżÍÅźÊŸ»
·ÊÊ·¹¾»ºÊŽ»Ê¾»ÈÈ»·ºÏƔ
(ii) ¾»¹Á·Äº»ÄÉËÈ»ʾ»ɹȻÍ
·Äº Åʾ»È ÃÅ̿Ľ Æ·ÈÊÉ ż
ʾ» ¹Â·ÃÆ ·È» ſ»º ·Äº
¼ËĹʿÅĿĽÍ»ÂÂƔ
(iii)ÆÆÂϽÂË»ÅÄʾ»Æ¿»¹»Éż
ÍÅź·Äº·ÂÂÅÍ¿ÊÊźÈÏƔ
ƺ¿ÌƻÊÊ·¹¾ ʾ» ½ÂË»º Æ·ÈÊÉ ż
ÍÅź ·Äº ŰÎ ʾ»Ã ÊÅ ʾ» ·ÄËɿĽ·¹Â·ÃÆ
¹Â·ÃÆƔ
ƺÌƻ ¿½¾Ê»Äʾ»ɹȻÍżʾ»¹Â·ÃƷĺ»·Ì»¿Ê¼ÅÈ·;¿Â»Ê¿ÂÂʾ»Æ·ÈÊÉ·È»
ŰÈÃÂÏÀÅ¿Ä»ºƔ
ƺÌ¿ƻÂÅÍÅËʺ¿ÈʼÈÅÃʾ»ÀÅ¿ÄÊÉżʾ»¹Â·ÃƷĺͿƻ¿ÊͿʾ·ÃÅ¿ÉÊÆ¿»¹»
ż¹ÂÅʾƔ

¹Â·ÃÆ¿ÉËÉ»ºÊžźʎ»Ê¾»ÈÆ¿»¹»ÉżÍÅźÊŸ»½ÂË»ºƔ
Ê·ÂÉžźÉÊŽ»Ê¾»Èʾ»½ÂË»ºÆ·ÈÊÉËÄÊ¿Âʾ»½ÂË»¿ÉºÈϷĺʾ»Æ¿»¹»Éż
ÍÅź·È»ŰÈÃÂÏÀÅ¿ÄÊ»ºƔ

9
11. Spirit level
Activity 1.12: Use and maintenance of a Spirit Level
(i) ¿Æ» ʾ» ÉËȼ·¹» ż ʾ» ÉÆ¿È¿Ê
»̻ ÊÅ È»ÃÅÌ» ºËÉÊ ·Äº º¿ÈÊ
¼ÈÅÿÊƔ
(ii) ź ʾ» ÉÆ¿È¿Ê »̻ ŰÈÃÂÏ ·Äº
Æ·¹» ¿Ê ÅÄ ʾ» ÍÅź»Ä ÉËȼ·¹»
ʾ·ÊÏÅËÍ·ÄÊÊŹ¾»¹ÁƔ
(iii)¿»Í·ÄºÄÅÊ»ʾ»ÆÅÉ¿Ê¿ÅÄżʾ»
¸Ë¸¸Â»¿Äʾ»ÉÆ¿È¿Ê»̻ÂƔ
»·ÈÄ»ÈËɿĽ·ÉÆ¿È¿Ê»̻ÂƔ

Ê¿ÉËÉ»ºÊŹ¾»¹Á¿¼ʾ»ÍÅźÉËȼ·¹»¿É¾ÅÈ¿ÐÅÄÊ·ÂÅÈÌ»ÈÊ¿¹·ÂƔ
¾»ÉÆ¿È¿Ê»̻¿ÉÆ·¹»ºÅÄ·ÍÅź»ÄÉËȼ·¹»Ƒʾ»Äʾ»ÆÅÉ¿Ê¿ÅÄżʾ»¸Ë¸¸Â»
¿Äʾ»Ì¿»Í¿Ä½ÆÅ¿ÄÊ¿ÉÄÅÊ»ºƔ
źʾ»ÉÆ¿È¿Ê»̻ÂŰÈÃÂÏ;»ÄËɿĽ¿ÊƔÅÄÅʻʿʺÈÅÆÅÄ·¾·ÈºÉËȼ·¹»
¸»¹·ËÉ»¿Ê¹·Ä»·É¿ÂϸȻ·ÁƔ

Practice Activity 1.1

1. ¿Â¿Äʾ»½·ÆÉÊŹÅÃÆ»ʻʾ»ÉʷʻûÄÊɸ»ÂÅÍƔ
(a) ͨͨͨͨͨͨͨ¿ÉËÉ»ºÊźȿ̻ɹȻÍÉ¿ÄÊÅÍÅźƔ
ƺ¸ƻ ÊÈ·¿½¾Ê·Äº¹ËÈÌ»º¹ËÊÉ·È»÷º»ÅÄÍÅźËɿĽ·ͨͨͨͨͨͨͨͨͨƔ
ƺ¹ƻ ÍÅźÉ·Í¿É·ÂÉÅÁÄÅÍÄ·ÉͨͨͨͨͨͨͨͨƔ
2. ·Ã»ʾ»ÊÅÅÂɸ»ÂÅÍƔ
¿Ì»ʾ»¿ÈËɻɷÉÍ»ÂÂƔ
(a) ƺ¸ƻ

ƺ¿ƻÅÅÂͨͨͨͨͨͨͨƺ¿¿ƻÉ»ͨͨͨͨͨͨͨ ƺ¿ƻÅÅÂͨͨͨͨͨͨͨƺ¿¿ƻÉ»ͨͨͨͨͨͨ

ƺ¹ƻ
(d)

ƺ¿ƻÅÅÂͨͨͨͨͨͨͨƺ¿¿ƻÉ»ͨͨͨͨͨͨ
ƺ¿ƻÅÅÂͨͨͨͨͨͨͨƺ¿¿ƻÉ»ͨͨͨͨͨͨ

10
 3. È¿Ê»ºÅÍÄʹʾ¿Ä½ÉÏÅ˺ÅÊÅ÷¿ÄÊ·¿Ä·Ä·Î»Ɣ
4. ¾·Ê¿Éʾ»mainÈ»·ÉÅļÅÈ·ÆÆÂϿĽÅ¿ÂÅÄʾ»ûʷ¿¹Æ·ÈÊÉż·Æ·ĻƜ
5. ͨͨͨͨͨͨͨͨͨ¿ÉËÉ»º¼ÅȺȷͿĽ·Äºû·ÉËȿĽÈ¿½¾Ê·Ä½Â»ºŸÀ»¹ÊÉƔ

¾»½»Ä»È·Â÷¿ÄʻķĹ»ÆÈ·¹Ê¿¹»Éż¹·ÈÆ»ÄÊÈÏÊÅÅÂÉ·È»·É¼ÅÂÂÅÍÉƓ
(i) ¾»ÊÅÅÂÉÄ»»ºÊŸ»ËÉ»º¼ÅÈʾ»È¿½¾ÊÆËÈÆÅÉ»Ɣ¾¿É¿É¹·Â»ºÆÈÅÆ»ÈËÉ»Ɣ
(ii) ¾·ÈƻĿĽ¹ËÊʿĽÊÅÅÂÉƔÅÅÂÉͿʾ¹ËÊʿĽ»º½»ÉÉ˹¾·É¹¾¿É»ÂƑÉ·ÍƑ·Î»
·ÄºÆ·ĻÄ»»ºÊŸ»È»½Ë·ÈÂÏɾ·ÈƻĻº;»Äʾ»Ï¸»¹Åû¸ÂËÄÊƔ
(iii) »·Ä¿Ä½ÊÅÅÂÉ·¼Ê»ÈËÉ»Ɣ
ƺ¿Ìƻ »Æ·¿È ·Â ¸ÈÅÁ»Ä Æ·ÈÊÉƔ »Æ·¿È¿Ä½ ¸ÈÅÁ»Ä Æ·ÈÊÉ ÷Á»É ʾ» ÊÅÅÂÉ »ů¹¿»ÄÊ
·ÄºÉ·¼»ÊÅÍÅÈÁͿʾƔÈÅÁ»Ä¾·ÄºÂ»É·Äº¸Â·º»ÉÄ»»ºÊŸ»ȻƷ¹»ºƔ
ƺÌƻ ¿Â¿Ä½ûʷ¿¹Æ·ÈÊɾ»ÂÆÉÊÅÆȻ̻ÄÊÈËÉʿĽƔ¿Â¿Ä½ÃÅ̿ĽÆ·ÈÊÉÈ»ºË¹»É
¼È¿¹Ê¿ÅÄƔ
ƺÌ¿ƻ ÈÅÆ»ÈÉÊÅÈ·½»Ɣ¾»ÊÅÅÂÉÄ»»ºÊŸ»ÉÊÅÈ»ºÆÈÅÆ»ÈÂÏÊÅ·ÌÅ¿ºº·Ã·½»Ɣ¾»Ï
·È»·ÂÉÅÉ»¹ËÈ»º¼ÈÅÃʾ¿»Ì»ÉƔÈÅÆ»ÈÂÏÉÊÅÈ»ºÊÅÅÂɹ·ÄÄÅʹ·ËÉ»¿ÄÀËÈ¿»ÉÊÅ
Æ»ÅÆ»Ɣ

1.3: Dangers of carpentry tools and health and

safety measures
Activity 1.13: Identifying dangers of carpentry tools
(i) È¿Ê»ºÅÍÄķûÉżº·Ä½»ÈÅËɹ·ÈÆ»ÄÊÈÏÊÅÅÂÉƔ
(ii) ¾·Ê·È»ʾ»º·Ä½»ÈÉżʾ»ÊÅÅÂÉʾ·ÊÏÅ˾·Ì»ķûºƜ
(iii) ¿ÉʺÅÍľ»·Âʾ·ÄºÉ·¼»ÊÏû·ÉËÈ»ÉÊÅÊ·Á»;»ÄËɿĽʾ»É»ÊÅÅÂÉƔ
ƺ¿Ìƻ¾·ÊÍÅ˺ÏÅ˺ſ¼ÏÅËȼȿ»Äº¾ËÈʾ¿ÉŰĽ»ÈÅȾ»ÈŰĽ»È;¿Â»ÏÅË
ͻȻËɿĽ·¹¾¿É»ÂƜ

·ÄϹ·ÈÆ»ÄÊÈÏÊÅÅÂɹ·Ä¸»º·Ä½»ÈÅËÉ¿¼ÄÅʾ·ÄºÂ»ºÆÈÅÆ»ÈÂÏƔ

Most dangerous carpentry tools

1. Table saw
Dangers
• ÊÈÅʷʻɷʾ¿½¾ÉÆ»»º·Äº¾·É·ɾ·ÈƸ·º»Ɣ
• ¼ÄÅÊͻ¾·ÄºÂ»ºƑʾ»¸Â·º»ÿ½¾ÊÉ¿¹»ÅŮʾ»ËÉ»ÈÉŰĽ»ÈÉÅÈ·ÈÃƔ

11
• ¾»Ê·¸Â»É·Íÿ½¾ÊʾÈÅ͸·¹ÁÆ¿»¹»ÉżÍÅźƑ;¿¹¾ÿ½¾Ê¾¿Êʾ»ËÉ»ÈƔ
¾¿É¿ÉÁÄÅÍÄ·ÉÁ¿¹Á¸·¹Á.
Health and safety measures
• ÅÄÅʸȿĽÏÅËÈŰĽ»ÈÉÅÈ·ÈùÂÅÉ»ÊÅ·ÈÅʷʿĽ¸Â·º»Ɣ
• ÂÍ·ÏÉÍ»·È·¾»Âûʷĺ½Å½½Â»ÉƔ¾»É»Í¿ÂÂÆÈÅÊ»¹ÊÏÅËȾ»·º·Äº»Ï»ÉƔ
• ¾»Äʾ»É·Í¿É¿ÄËÉ»ƑÉʷĺ·Ê·É·¼»º¿ÉʷĹ»¼ÈÅû·¹¾É¿º»żʾ»É·ÍƠÉ
¸Â·º»Ɣ

¿½ʸƔʾƓɿĽ·Ê·¸Â»É·Í¹·È»¼ËÂÂÏƔ
How can kickbacks in a table saw be minimised?

2. Chisel
Dangers
• ¾» ¹¾¿É»Â ¾·É · ɾ·ÈÆ ¹ËÊʿĽ »º½»Ɣ ¾¿É »º½»
¹·Ä¿ÄÀËÈ»ÏÅË¿¼¹·È»Â»ÉÉÂϾ·ÄºÂ»ºƔ
• ¹¾¿É»Â¿ÉºÈ¿Ì»Ä¿ÄÊÅÍÅź¸Ï·÷»ÊƔ¾»È»¿É·
º·Ä½»Èż¾¿ÊʿĽÏÅËÈ·ÈÃ;¿Â»¾¿ÊʿĽʾ»¹¾¿É»Â
¾»·ºƔ
Health and safety measures
• ÂÍ·ÏÉÁ»»Æʾ»¹ËÊʿĽ»º½»żʾ»¹¾¿É»Âɾ·ÈÆƔ
What will happen if you use a blunt chisel?
• ÂÍ·Ïɹ·ÃÆʾ»ÍÅÈÁÉ»¹ËÈ»ÂÏÅÄʾ»ÅÈÁ¸»Ä¹¾Ɣ
• »·È½ÂÅÌ»ÉÊÅÆÈÅÊ»¹Ê¾·ÄºÉƔ ¿½ʸƔʿƓ·¼»¾·ÄºÂ¿Ä½ż
Name two other health and safety measures that you ¹·ÈÆ»ÄÊÈÏÊÅÅÂÉƔ
need to take while using a chisel.

12
3. Clamp or jointer
Dangers
• ËȿĽ¹Â·ÃƿĽƑÏÅ˹·Ä·¹¹¿º»ÄÊ·ÂÂÏÊÈ·ÆÏÅËÈŰĽ»ÈÉÅȾ·ÄºÉƔ
• ¼ʾ»Æ·ÈÊɸ»¿Ä½¹Â·ÃÆ»º·È»ÂÅÅÉ»ÂϾ»ÂºƑʾ»Ï÷ϸȻ·Á·Äº¼·ÂÂÅȺÈÅÆ
ÅÄÏÅËȾ·ÄºÉÅÈ»½É¿ÄÀËȿĽʾ»ÃƔ
Health and safety measures
• źʾ»Æ¿»¹»ÉżÍÅź¸»¿Ä½½ÂË»ºÊŽ»Ê¾»ÈŰÈÃÂÏƔÂÅÉ»ʾ»À·ÍÉżʾ»
¹Â·ÃÆËÄÊ¿Âʾ»¹Â·ÃÆ¿ÉÊ¿½¾Ê¸»¼ÅÈ»ËɿĽ¿ÊƔ
• »·È½Å½½Â»ÉÅÈ·¼·¹»ɾ¿»ÂºÊÅÆÈÅÊ»¹ÊÏÅËȾ»·ºƔ
4. Shaper
Dangers
ɾ·Æ»È¾·Éɻ̻ȷ¸·º»Éʾ·Ê¹ËÊÍÅźÊŽ¿Ì»¿Êº¿Ů»È»ÄÊɾ·Æ»ÉƔ¾»É»
¸Â·º»É¹·Ä¿ÄÀËÈ»ʾ»ËÉ»ÈƔ

Health and safety measures

• ¾·Æ»ÅÄÂÏÅĻƿ»¹»·Ê·ʿûÊÅ·ÌÅ¿º¹ÅļËÉ¿ÅķĺÂÅÉÉż¹ÅĹ»ÄÊÈ·Ê¿ÅÄƔ
• ÅÄÅÊ»·Ì»·ɾ·Æ»ÈÈËÄĿĽͿʾÅËÊÉÅûÅÄ»·ÈÅËĺƔ
• ÅÄÅÊÆ·¹»ÏÅËȾ·ÄºÉÄ»·Èʾ»Æ·ÈÊżÍÅźʾ·Ê¿É¸»¿Ä½¹ËÊƔ
• ÌÅ¿º¹Â»·È¿Ä½ʾ»ÍÅÈÁ¿Ä½Ê·¸Â»;»Äʾ»ɾ·Æ»È¿ÉÈÅʷʿĽƔ»ÃÅÌ»ƿ»º
ɷͺËÉÊËɿĽ·Æ¿»¹»żÍÅźÅÈ·ÂÅĽ¸ÈËɾƔÅÄÅÊËÉ»¸·È»¾·ÄºÉƔ

Revision Activity 1
1. ͨͨͨͨͨͨ¿Éʾ»½»Ä»È·Âķû½¿Ì»ÄÊÅʾ»¹ËÊʿĽ»º½»ż·ÊÅÅÂƔ
 ƺ·º»Ƒ·ÄºÂ»ƻ
2. (i) ·Ã»·ÄÏʺ¹·ÈÆ»ÄÊÈÏÊÅÅÂÉËÉ»º¼ÅȹËÊʿĽÍÅźƔ
(ii) È·Íʾ»¼ÅÂÂÅͿĽ¹·ÈÆ»ÄÊÈÏÊÅÅÂÉƓ
(a) ƖÉÇË·È» ƺ¸ƻ Æ¿È¿Ê»̻Â  
ƺ¹ƻ ˽»È¸¿Ê (d) Åź¹¾¿É»Â
3. ·Ê¹¾ʾ»ÊÅÅÂÉķûº¿ÄͿʾʾ»¿ÈÆÅÉÉ¿¸Â»ËɻɿÄ
(A) Tools (B) Uses
(a) ·Í ȿ̿ĽɹȻÍÉ¿ÄÊÅÍÅź
ƺ¸ƻ ·Ļ ËÊʿĽÍÅź
ƺ¹ƻ Metre ź¿Ä½Æ¿»¹»ÉżÍÅźÊŽ»Ê¾»È
(d) ·ÃÆ »·ÉËȿĽʾ»»ĽʾżÍÅź
(e)  ¹È»ÍºÈ¿Ì»È ÃÅÅʾ¿Ä½ÍÅź

13
4. »ÃÅÄÉÊÈ·Ê»¾ÅÍÊÅËÉ»ʾ»¼ÅÂÂÅͿĽ¹·ÈÆ»ÄÊÈÏÊÅÅÂÉ;¿ÂÉÊ·ÌÅ¿º¿Ä½
ʾ»¿ÈÆÅÉÉ¿¸Â»º·Ä½»ÈÉƔ
(a) Hammer ƺ¸ƻ 
 ÅźÉ·Í    ƺ ¹ƻ  λ
5. ¾»¼ÅÂÂÅͿĽÆ¿¹ÊËÈ»ÉɾÅÍËÉ»·Äº÷¿ÄʻķĹ»ż·¾·ÄºÉ·ÍƔ

(i) (ii)
(a) 
 ¾¿¹¾Æ¿¹ÊËÈ»ɾÅÍÉ÷¿ÄʻķĹ»ż·¾·ÄºÉ·ÍƜ
ƺ¸ƻ 
 ¾¿¹¾Æ¿¹ÊËÈ»ɾÅÍÉËÉ»ż·¾·ÄºÉ·ÍƜ
ƺ¹ƻ 
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   É ·ÍƔ
6. (a) 
 ¾·Ê¿Éʾ»ķûżʾ»¼ÅÂÂÅͿĽÊÅÅÂƜ

ƺ¸ƻ Ä;·ÊÍ·ÏÉ¿Éʾ»ÊÅÅÂËÉ»¼Ë¿Ĺ·ÈÆ»ÄÊÈÏƜ
ƺ¹ƻ 
 ÎÆ·¿Ä¾ÅÍ¿Ê¿É÷¿ÄÊ·¿Ä»ºƔ
7. À·¹ÁÆ·Ļ·¿ÉÌ»ÈÏ¿ÃÆÅÈÊ·ÄÊÊÅÅ¿Ĺ·ÈÆ»ÄÊÈÏƔ
(a) 
 ËÊ¿Ļʾ»Ëɻɿʾ¿ÉÊÅÅÂƔ
ƺ¸ƻ Ĺ·É»ÏÅ˺ÅÄÅʾ·Ì»·À·¹ÁÆ·ĻƑ;·ÊÅʾ»ÈÊÅŹ·Ä¸» 
   Ë  É»ºÊźŷɿÿ·ÈÀŸƜ
ƺ¹ƻ 
 ÅÍ¿Éʾ»À·¹ÁÆ·Ļ÷¿ÄÊ·¿Ä»ºƜ
8. (a) 
 ¾·Ê¿É·ÅÈÁ¸»Ä¹¾Ɯ
ƺ¸ƻ  ·Ã»ÊÍŹ·ÈÆ»ÄÊÈÏ·¹Ê¿Ì¿Ê¿»Éʾ·Ê·È»ºÅÄ»ÅÄ·ÅÈÁ¸»Ä¹¾Ɣ
ƺ¹ƻ 
 Å͹·ÄÏÅË»ÄÉËÈ»ÏÅËÈÆ»ÈÉÅÄ·ÂÉ·¼»ÊÏ;¿Â»ÍÅÈÁ¿Ä½ÅÄ·
     ÅÈÁ¸»Ä¹¾Ɯ
9. Ê·¸Â»É·Í¿É¼ÅËĺ¿Ä÷ÄÏÍÅÈÁɾÅÆÉƔ
(a) 
 ·Ã»·ÄÏÊÍÅÆ·ÈÊÉż·Ê·¸Â»É·ÍƔ
 ƺ¸ƻ   ¿ÉÊÊÍź·Ä½»ÈÉż·Ê·¸Â»É·ÍƔ

14
 ƺ¹ƻ   ¾·Ê¾»·Âʾ·ÄºÉ·¼»ÊÏû·ÉËȻɹ·Ä¸»Ê·Á»ÄÊÅÆȻ̻ÄÊ
   ¿ÄÀËÈ¿»É¼ÈÅ÷ʷ¸Â»É·ÍƜ
10. ËÊ¿Ļ ʾ» º¿Ů»È»Ä¹» ¸»ÊÍ»»Ä ʾ» ¼ÅÂÂÅͿĽ É·ÍÉ ¿Ä Ê»ÈÃÉ ż
·ÆÆ»·È·Ä¹»·ÄºËÉ»ÉƔ
(a)  ·¸Â»É·Í·Äº¾·ÄºÉÅÍ  
ƺ¸ƻ  ÅÍɷͷĺÍÅźÉ·Í
11. (a) º»ÄÊ¿¼ÏŰÌ»¹·ÈÆ»ÄÊÈÏÊÅÅÂÉʾ·Ê·È»ÄÅʼÅËĺ¿ÄÏÅËÈɹ¾ÅÅÂÅÈ
  ¾  ÅûƔÈ¿Ê»ºÅÍÄʾ»¿ÈËÉ»ÉƔ
 ƺ¸ƻ ÎÆ·¿Äʾ»÷¿ÄʻķĹ»ÆÈ·¹Ê¿¹»É¹·ÈÈ¿»ºÅËÊÅÄʾ»É»ÊÅÅÂÉƔ
 ƺ¹ƻ È¿Ê»¿ÄÏÅËȸÅÅÁʼ½»Ä»È·Â¾»·Âʾ·ÄºÉ·¼»ÊÏû·ÉËÈ»ÉÊÅ 
  ŸɻÈÌ»;»ÄËɿĽ¹·ÈÆ»ÄÊÈÏÊÅÅÂÉƔ

Word list
1. »·ºʾ»¼ÅÂÂÅͿĽÍÅȺÉ¿ÄÆ·¿ÈÉƔ
• ÅÈÁ¸»Ä¹¾ • ·ÈÆ»ÄÊÈÏ • ·Â»Ê
• È·¹» • ·ÃÆ • ÆÅÁ»Éɾ·Ì»
• ˽»È¸¿Ê • ·¹ÁÆ·Ļ • Æ¿È¿Ê»̻Â
2. Æ»ÂÂʺÍÅȺÉ;¿Â»ÏÅËȼȿ»ÄºÍÈ¿Ê»Éʾ»Ã¿Ä¾¿ÉÅȾ»ÈÄÅÊ»¸ÅÅÁƔ»Ê
ÏÅËȼȿ»Äº·ÂÉÅÉÆ»ÂÂʺÅʾ»ÈÍÅȺÉ·ÉÏÅËÍÈ¿Ê»ʾ»Ã¿ÄÏÅËÈÄÅÊ»¸ÅÅÁƔ
3. ¿É¹ËÉÉͿʾÏÅËȼȿ»Äºʾ»û·Ä¿Ä½ż·ÄÏʺÍÅȺÉ¿Äʾ»ÍÅȺ¿ÉÊƔ
»¼»ÈÊÅÄÅʻɿÄÏÅËÈÊ»ÎʸÅÅÁƔ

15
 UNIT 2 MASONRY TOOLS

Introduction
·ÉÅÄÈÏ¿Éʾ»·ÈÊż÷Á¿Ä½ÉÊÈ˹ÊËȻɼÈÅÃÉÊÅÄ»ÉƑ¸È¿¹ÁÉÅÈʿ»ÉƔ·ÉÅÄÉ
ËÉ»÷ÉÅÄÈÏÊÅÅÂÉÊÅ÷Á»ÉÊÈ˹ÊËÈ»ÉÉ˹¾·É¸Ë¿Âº¿Ä½É·Äº·Ä¿Ã·Âɾ»ÂÊ»ÈÉƔ
Look at the following pictures.

(a) ƺ¸ƻ ƺ¹ƻ

(d) (e) ƺ¼ƻ

»É¹È¿¸»»·¹¾Æ¿¹ÊËÈ»Ɣ
È»º¿¹Ê;·ÊÏÅË·È»½Å¿Ä½ÊÅ»·ÈÄƔ

2.1: Examples of masonry tools

·ÉÅÄÈÏÊÅÅÂÉ·È»ÊÅÅÂÉËÉ»º¿Äʾ»¹ÅÄÉÊÈ˹ʿÅÄż¼·ÈÃÉÊÈ˹ÊËȻɷĺ¸Ë¿Âº¿Ä½ÉƔ
Activity 2.1: Identifying masonry tools
(i) º»ÄÊ¿¼Ïʾ»ÊÅÅÂɺ¿ÉÆ·ϻº¸Ïʾ»Ê»·¹¾»È¿Ä¹Â·ÉÉƔ
(ii) È·Í·ÂÂʾ»ÊÅÅÂÉ¿ÄÏÅËÈÄÅÊ»¸ÅÅÁÉƔ

16
(iii)ȷͷĺÍÈ¿Ê»ʾ»ķûÉżʾ»¼ÅÂÂÅͿĽÊÅÅÂÉ¿ÄÏÅËÈÄÅÊ»¸ÅÅÁƔ

(a) ƺ¸ƻ ƺ¹ƻ

(d) (e) ƺ¼ƻ

ƺ½ƻ ƺ¾ƻ (i)

ƺÀƻ (k) ƺÂƻ

(m) (n) ƺÅƻ

ƺ¿Ìƻ¾¿¹¾żʾ»É»ÊÅÅÂɾ·Ì»ÏÅ˻̻ÈÉ»»ÄƜ¾»È»º¿ºÏÅËÉ»»ʾ»ÃƜ

17
2.2: Usage and maintenance of some masonry
tools
Activity 2.2: Using and maintaining masonry tools
(i) ¿É¿Ê·¹ÅÄÉÊÈ˹ʿÅÄÉ¿Ê»Ɣ
(ii) ¸É»ÈÌ»ʾ»Ì·È¿ÅËÉÊÅÅÂɷĺÍÈ¿Ê»ºÅÍÄʾ»¿ÈķûÉƔ
(iii) ÉÁ·÷ÉÅÄÊź»ÃÅÄÉÊÈ·Ê»¾ÅÍÌ·È¿ÅËÉÊÅÅÂÉ·È»ËÉ»ºƔ
ƺ¿Ìƻ È·¹Ê¿¹»¾ÅÍÊÅËÉ»·Äº÷¿ÄÊ·¿ÄÌ·È¿ÅËÉ÷ÉÅÄÈÏÊÅÅÂÉƔ
ÅÊ»Ɠ»¹·È»¼ËÂ;»ÄËɿĽÊÅÅÂÉÊÅ·ÌÅ¿º¿ÄÀËÈ¿»ÉÅȺ·Ã·½¿Ä½ʾ»
ÊÅÅÂÉƔ

·ÉÅÄÈÏÈ»¼»ÈÉÊŸ˿º¿Ä½ÉÊÈ˹ÊËÈ»ÉËɿĽÉÊÅÄ»ÉÅȸȿ¹ÁÉƔËȿĽ÷ÉÅÄÈÏ
ÍÅÈÁƑ÷ÉÅÄÈÏÊÅÅÂÉ·È»ËÉ»ºƔ

1. Trowel
Activity 2.3: Using and maintaining a trowel
(i) ÄÉËÈ» ʾ» ¾·ÄºÂ» ż ʾ» ÊÈÅͻ ¿É ¿Ä
½Åź¹Åĺ¿Ê¿ÅÄƔ
(ii) ɿĽ·ÊÈÅÍ»ÂÿÎʾ»ÃÅÈÊ·ÈƔ
(iii)¹ÅÅƷĺ·ÆÆÂÏʾ»ÃÅÈÊ·ÈËɿĽʾ»
ÊÈÅͻ·ÉɾÅÍÄƔ
ƺ¿Ìƻ»·Ä·ÄºÁ»»Æ¿ÊºÈÏ·¼Ê»ÈËÉ»Ɣ

ɿĽ·ÊÈÅÍ»ÂƔ

Ê¿ÉËÉ»º¼ÅÈÿοĽƑɹÅÅƿĽ·Äº·ÆÆÂϿĽÃÅÈÊ·ÈƔWhat is mortar?

2. Plumb line
Activity 2.4: Using and maintaining a plumb line
(i) ·ÃûÈ · Ä·¿Â ¿ÄÊÅ ÉËȼ·¹» ÏÅË Í·ÄÊ ÊÅ
¹¾»¹ÁƔ
(ii) ¿»ʾ»ÉÊȿĽżʾ»ÆÂËø¿ĻÊÅʾ»Ä·¿ÂƔ
(iii)»·ÉËÈ» ʾ» º¿ÉʷĹ» ¼ÈÅà ʾ» Ì»ÈÊ¿¹·Â
ÉËȼ·¹»żʾ»Í·ÂÂÊÅʾ»ÊÅÆżʾ»ÉÊȿĽƔ
ƺ¿Ìƻ·ÈÁʾ»ÆÅ¿ÄÊÉÏÅËÍ·ÄÊÊÅŰĺͿʾ¹¾·ÂÁƔ
ƺÌƻ »·Ä ʾ» ÆÂËø ¿ĻƑ Å¿Â ¿Ê ·Äº ÉÊÅÈ» ¿Ä
É·¼»ÂÏ¿Ä·ºÈϸÅÎƔ ɿĽ·ÆÂËø¿ĻƔ

18
Ê¿É·ÂÉÅÁÄÅÍÄ·É·ÆÂËø¸Å¸.
Ê¿ÉËÉ»ºÊź»Ê»ÈÿĻ;»Ê¾»ÈÍ·ÂÂÉż¸Ë¿Âº¿Ä½Ëĺ»È¹ÅÄÉÊÈ˹ʿÅķȻ̻ÈÊ¿¹·ÂƔ

3. Spirit level
Activity 2.5: Using and maintaining a spirit level
(i) ¿Ê¾ÏÅËȹ·ÉÉ÷ʻÉʷĺ·Êʾ»ÂŹ·Ê¿ÅÄÏÅËÍ·ÄÊÊÅ»̻ÂƔ
(ii) źʾ»ÉÆ¿È¿Ê»̻·½·¿ÄÉÊʾ»ÉËȼ·¹»ÏÅË·È»»̻¿ĽƔ
(iii)É» ¹¾·ÂÁ ÊÅ ÷ÈÁ ʾ»
ÉÆÅÊÅÄʾ»Í·ÂÂ;»È»ʾ»
Í·Ê»È ¿Ļ ¿ÄÉ¿º» ʾ» Ê˸»
¼·ÂÂÉƔ
ƺ¿Ìƻ»·Ä ʾ» ÉÆ¿È¿Ê »̻ ·Äº
ÉÊÅÈ»¿Ê;»ÄºÈÏƔ
Write down the use of a »·ÈÄ»ÈÉËɿĽ·ÉÆ¿È¿Ê»̻ÂƔ
spirit level.

Ê¿ÉËÉ»ºÊÅû·ÉËÈ»ʾ»¾»¿½¾Êɿ·Ê¿ÅÄÉʾ·Ê·È»¼·È·Æ·ÈÊÅÄ·ÉËȼ·¹»Ɣ
ηÃÆ»ÉżÉ˹¾ÉËȼ·¹»É¿Ä¹Â˺»ŲÅÅÈɷĺͷÂÂÉƔ

4. Float

¹Ê¿Ì¿ÊÏʹƔʽƓɿĽ·Äº÷¿ÄÊ·¿Ä¿Ä½·ŲÅ·Ê

(i) ÄÉËÈ»ʾ»¾·ÄºÂ»żʾ»ŲÅ·Ê¿ÉŰÈÃƔ
(ii) ÆÈ»·º¹ÅĹȻʻÅÌ»Èʾ»ŲÅÅȷĺͷ·É
ɾÅÍÄƔ
(iii)»·Ä ¿Ê ·Äº Å¿Â ʾ» ûʷ¿¹ Æ·ÈÊÉ ż ʾ»
ŲÅ·ÊƔ
ƺ¿ÌƻÊÅÈ»ʾ»ŲÅ·ÊÅÄ·È·¹ÁƔ

ɿĽ·ŲÅ·ÊƔ

19
¾»È»·È»ÊÍÅÊÏÆ»ÉżŲÅ·ÊÉƔ¾»É»·È»Ɠ

ƺ·ƻ Ê»»ÂŲÅ·Ê ƺ¸ƻÅź»ÄŲÅ·Ê

Ê¿ÉËÉ»º¼ÅÈÆ·ÉʻȿĽÍ·ÂÂɷĺ Ê¿ÉËÉ»º¼ÅÈÉÆÈ»·º¿Ä½¹ÅĹȻʻÅÌ»È
ŲÅÅÈÉƔ ŲÅÅÈɷĺͷÂÂÉƔ

Åź»ÄŲÅ·ÊƔ
Ê»»ÂŲÅ·ÊƔ

¿½ƔʹƔʸƓ ÂÅ·ÊÉƔ
5. Metre ruler
Activity 2.7: Using and maintaining a metre ruler

(i) ·¹»·ûÊÈ»ÈË»ÈÅÄʾ»Í·ÂÂƔ
(ii) »·ÉËÈ»ʾ»»Ľʾżʾ»Í·Â¿ÄûʻÈÉƔ
(iii) ÌÅ¿º ÁÄŹÁ¿Ä½ ʾ» »º½»É ż ʾ» ÈË»È
·½·¿ÄÉÊŸÀ»¹ÊÉƔ
ƺ¿Ìƻ»·Ä¿Ê·¼Ê»ÈËÉ»Ɣ

ɿĽ·ûÊÈ»ÈË»ÈƔ

É»º¿Ä·¹¹ËÈ·Ê»û·ÉËȻûÄÊż»ĽʾÉƔʾ·É·û·ÉËȻûÄÊżÅÄ»ûÊÈ»
ƺʸʷʷ¹»ÄʿûÊÈ»ÉƻƔ
6. Tape measure

Activity 2.8: Using and maintaining a tape measure

(i) źʾ»Ê·Æ»û·ÉËȻ̻ÈÊ¿¹·ÂÂÏÅÄ·Í·ÂÂƔ
(ii) »»Æʾ»»º½»ÉÉÊÈ·¿½¾ÊƔ
(iii)»·ÉËÈ»ʾ»º¿ÉʷĹ»·Äº÷ÈÁͿʾ·ƻĹ¿Â
·ÉɾÅÍÄƔ
ƺ¿ÌƻÌÅ¿ºÈ˸¸¿Ä½ÅÈɹȷʹ¾¿Ä½ʾ»Ê·Æ»û·ÉËÈ»Ɣ

ɿĽ·Ê·Æ»û·ÉËÈ»Ɣ

Ê¿ÉËÉ»º¼ÅÈû·ÉËȿĽº¿ÉʷĹ»ÉƑ¸ÅʾÌ»ÈÊ¿¹·ÂÂϷĺ¾ÅÈ¿ÐÅÄÊ·ÂÂÏƔ

20
7. Jointer
Activity 2.9: Using and maintaining a jointer
(i) ÄÉËÈ»ʾ»ÄËÊÉż·ÀÅ¿ÄʻȷȻʿ½¾ÊƔ
(ii) ËÄ · ÀÅ¿ÄÊ»È ·ÂÅĽ · ÃÅÈÊ·È ÀÅ¿ÄÊ ·Äº
¹ÅÃÆ·¹Ê¿ÊƔ
(iii)¹È·Æ»Î¹»ÉÉÃÅÈʷȼÈÅÃʾ»ÀÅ¿ÄÊƔ
ƺ¿Ìƻ»·ÄƑºÈϷĺÉÊÅÈ»¿Ê¿Ä·ºÈÏÆ·¹»Ɣ
Name two uses of a jointer.

ɿĽ·ÀÅ¿ÄÊ»ÈƔ

Ê¿ÉÈËÄ·ÂÅĽ·ÃÅÈÊ·ÈÀÅ¿ÄÊÊŹÅÃÆ·¹Ê¿ÊƔÊ·ÂÉÅɹȷÆɻι»ÉÉÃÅÈʷȼÈÅÃ
ʾ»ÀÅ¿ÄÊƔ
8. Brick frame
Activity 2.10: Using and maintaining a brick frame

(i) ·¹» · ¸È¿¹Á ¼È·Ã» ¹·È»¼ËÂÂÏ ÅÄ · Ų·Ê

ÉËȼ·¹»ÊÅ·ÌÅ¿º¸È»·Á¿Ä½¿ÊƔ
(ii) ·¹Á Í»Ê ¹ÅĹȻʻ ÅÈ ÉÅ¿Â ¿ÄÊÅ ¿Ê ÊÅ
ÆÈź˹»È»¹Ê·Ä½Ë·Èɾ·Æ»º¸È¿¹ÁÉƔ
(iii)»·Ä ·Äº ÉÊÅÈ» ¸È¿¹Á ¼È·Ã»É ¿Ä · ºÈÏ
È·¹ÁƔ
ƺ¿Ìƻ¿Âûʷ¿¹¼È·Ã»ÉÊÅÆȻ̻ÄÊÈËÉʿĽƔ
»·Ä¿Ä½·¸È¿¹Á¼È·Ã»Ɣ

ÊÆÈź˹»ÉÈ»¹Ê·Ä½Ë·Èɾ·Æ»º¸È¿¹ÁÉƔ¾»É»¸È¿¹ÁÉ·È»ËÉ»º¿Ä¹ÅÄÉÊÈ˹ʿÅÄƔ

9. Wheelbarrow
Activity 2.11: Using and maintaining a wheelbarrow
(i) ÄÉËÈ» ʾ» ¾·ÄºÂ»É ·È» ŰÈà ·Äº ʾ»
ÃÅ̿ĽÆ·ÈÊÉ·È»½È»·É»ºƔ
(ii) Å·º ɷĺƑ ½È·Ì»Â ÅÈ ÉÊÅÄ»É ¿ÄÊÅ ʾ»
;»»Â¸·ÈÈÅÍƔ
(iii) Ëɾ ʾ» ;»»Â¸·ÈÈÅÍ ÊÅ ;»È» ʾ»Ï
are needed.
ƺ¿Ìƻ»·Ä¿Êͻ·ĺſ·¼Ê»ÈËÉ»Ɣ ¿Â¿Ä½·;»»Â¸·ÈÈÅÍƔ

Ê¿ÉËÉ»º¼Åȹ·ÈÈϿĽɷĺƑ½È·Ì»Â·ÄºÉÊÅĻɼÅȹÅÄÉÊÈ˹ʿÅÄÉƔ

21
10. T-square
Activity 2.12: Using and maintaining a T-square
(i) ·¹»·ƖÉÇË·È»ÅÄʾ»ŲÅÅÈͿʾʾ»¾»·º
È»ÉʿĽ·Ê·ˀʷͮ·Ä½Â»Ɣ
(ii) »·ÉËÈ»ʾ»È¿½¾Ê·Ä½Â»Ɣ
(iii)ÌÅ¿º È˸¸¿Ä½ ʾ» ƖÉÇË·È» ·½·¿ÄÉÊ ¾·Èº
ÉËȼ·¹»ÊÅ·ÌÅ¿ºÈ»ÃÅ̿Ľ÷ÈÁ¿Ä½Ɣ
ƺ¿ÌƻÌÅ¿º ¸»Äº¿Ä½ ʾ» ƖÉÇË·È» ÊÅ ÆȻ̻ÄÊ
¸È»·Á·½»Ɣ
ɿĽ·ƖÉÇË·È»Ɣ

Ê¿ÉËÉ»ºÊŹ¾»¹Á;»Ê¾»Èʾ»ÉÊÈ˹ÊËÈ»¿ÉÉÇË·È»ÅÈÄÅÊƔ
·ÉÅÄÈÏÊÅÅÂÉÄ»»ºÊŸ»ÉÊÅÈ»ºÆÈÅÆ»ÈÂÏ¿Ä·ÊÅÅÂÈ·¹Á·ÉɾÅÍĸ»ÂÅÍƔ

¿½ƔʹƔʹƓ·ÉÅÄÈÏÊÅÅÂÉÉÊÅÈ»ºÆÈÅÆ»ÈÂÏƔ

2.3: Dangers of masonry tools

Activity 2.13: Dangers of masonry tools
(i) ÄÏÅËÈÍÅÈÁ¿Ä½½ÈÅËÆÉÉ»·È¹¾¼ÅȺ·Ä½»ÈÉż÷ÉÅÄÈÏÊÅÅÂÉÅÄÏÅËÈ
¸ÈÅÍÉ»ÈÅÈʾ»ɹ¾ÅÅ¿¸È·ÈϸÅÅÁÉƔ
(ii) ¿ÉÊʾ»ÃºÅÍÄ¿ÄÏÅËÈÄÅÊ»¸ÅÅÁÉƔ
(iii) »É»·È¹¾ÅÄʾ»É·¼»ÊÏÆÈ»¹·ËÊ¿ÅÄÉÊŸ»Ê·Á»Ä;»ÄËɿĽ÷ÉÅÄÈÏ
ÊÅÅÂÉƔ

1. ÅûÊÅÅÂɹ·Ä¸ÈË¿É»ÏÅË;»ÄÏÅËÈ˸·½·¿ÄÉÊʾ»ÃÅÈ;»Äʾ»Ï¼·ÂÂÅÄ
ÏÅËƔ

22
2. Åû ÷ÉÅÄÈÏ ÊÅÅÂÉ ¹·Ä ¹ËÊ ÏÅË ¿¼
¾·ÄºÂ»º¹·È»Â»ÉÉÂÏƔ
3. ¾»Äʾ»É»ÊÅÅÂÉ·È»ÄÅÊÉÊÅÈ»ºÆÈÅÆ»ÈÂÏƑ
ÅÄ»¹·ÄÊÈ¿ÆÅÄʾ»Ã·Äº¼·ÂÂƔ
4. Åû ÊÅÅÂÉ ¹·Ä ·ÂÉÅ Æ¿»È¹» ʾ» ÉÁ¿Ä ¿¼
ÉÊ»ÆÆ»ºÅÄƔ

¿½ƔʹƔʺƓ÷ÉÅÄ¿ÄÀËÈ»º¸Ï·
÷ÉÅÄÈÏÊÅÅÂƔ

Revision Activity 2
1.  ·Ã»ʾ»¼ÅÂÂÅͿĽÊÅÅÂÉƓ

(a) ƺ¸ƻ ƺ¹ƻ

(d) (e) ƺ¼ƻ

2. ¾·Ê¿Éʾ»ÍÅÈÁż·Ɠ
(a) ÈÅͻ   
ƺ¸ƻƺ¿ƻÊ»»ÂŲÅ·Ê(ii)Åź»ÄŲÅ·Ê  
ƺ¹ƻÆ¿È¿Ê»̻Â 
(d) ÂËø¿Ļ
3. ·Äº·ÄºÉÊÅÄ»ÉÄ»»ºÊŸ»º»Â¿Ì»È»ºÊÅ·¹ÅÄÉÊÈ˹ʿÅÄÉ¿Ê»Ɣ
(a) »Â»¹Ê·ÉË¿Ê·¸Â»÷ÉÅÄÈÏÊÅÅÂʾ·ÊÏÅË·È»½Å¿Ä½ÊÅËÉ»Ɣ

23
 ƺ¸ƻ ·ÈÈÏʾ»ɷĺ·ÄºÉÊÅÄ»ÉÊÅʾ»¹ÅÄÉÊÈ˹ʿÅÄÉ¿Ê»Ɣ
ƺ¹ƻ ·¿ÄÊ·¿Äʾ»ÊÅÅ·¼Ê»ÈËÉ»Ɣ
4. »É¹È¿¸»¸È¿»ŲÏʾ»÷¿ÄʻķĹ»ż
(a)·ÉÊ»»ÂŲÅ·Ê       ƺ¸ƻ·ÍÅź»ÄŲÅ·ÊƔ
5. É»·Äº÷¿ÄÊ·¿Ä·ûÊÈ»ÈË»ÈƔ
6. ËÊ¿Ļʺº·Ä½»ÈÉż÷ÉÅÄÈÏÊÅÅÂÉƔ
7. ¾·Ê¿Éʾ»½»Ä»È·Â¿ÃÆÅÈʷĹ»ż÷ÉÅÄÈÏÊÅÅÂÉƜ ËÉÊ¿¼ÏÏÅËÈ·ÄÉÍ»È
ËɿĽÉË¿Ê·¸Â»»Î·ÃÆ»ÉƔ
8. (a) ËÊ¿ĻËɻɿ·ÃÅÈÊ·ÈÿλÈƔ
ƺ¸ƻ ƺ ¿ƻ ¼ÏÅ˺ÅÄÅʾ·Ì»·ÃÅÈÊ·ÈÿλÈƑ;·ÊÅʾ»ÈÊÅÅÂɹ·ÄÏÅËËÉ»Ɯ
(ii) »É¹È¿¸»¸È¿»ŲϾÅÍʾ»ÊÅÅÂÉͿ¸»ËÉ»ºƔ
ƺ¹ƻ 
 ÅÍ ºÅ ÏÅË »ÄÉËÈ» ʾ·Ê · ÃÅÈÊ·È ÿλÈ Ȼ÷¿ÄÉ ¿Ä ½Åź ÍÅÈÁ¿Ä½
¹Åĺ¿Ê¿ÅÄƔ
9. ¾»¼ÅÂÂÅͿĽÆ¿¹ÊËÈ»ɾÅÍÉ·¹ÅÄÉÊÈ˹ʿÅÄÉ¿Ê»Ɣ

(a) º»ÄÊ¿¼Ïʾ»÷ÉÅÄÈÏÊÅÅÂɸ»¿Ä½ËÉ»ºƔ
ƺ¸ƻ ¾·ÊÊÅźŻÉʾ»÷ÉÅÄÄ»»º;»ÄÿοĽɷĺ·Äº¹»Ã»ÄÊƜ
10. (a) »É¹È¿¸»÷¿ÄʻķĹ»ÆÈ·¹Ê¿¹»É¹·ÈÈ¿»ºÅËÊÅÄ·¸È¿¹Á¾·ÃûÈƔ
ƺ¸ƻ ¾·Ê¹·Ä¾·ÆƻĿ¼·ÍÅź»Ä¸È¿¹Á¼È·Ã»¿ÉÆËÊ¿Ä·º·ÃÆÆ·¹»Ɯ
11. (a) ¾·Ê¿Éʾ»ËÉ»ż·ÆÂËø¿ĻƜ
 ƺ¸ƻ ÉÆ¿È¿Ê»̻¼ËĹʿÅÄÉ¿Á»·¹»ÈÊ·¿Ä¹·ÈÆ»ÄÊÈÏÊÅÅÂƔ
   
 ¾·Ê¹·ÈÆ»ÄÊÈÏÊÅÅ¿ɿÊƜ
ƺ¹ƻ 
 ÅͿɷͷʻȻ̻ÂËÉ»ºƜ

24
Word list
1. »·ºʾ»¼ÅÂÂÅͿĽÍÅȺÉ¿ÄÆ·¿ÈÉƔ
• ÈÅͻ     • ÅÈÊ·È   • ÂËø¿Ļ  • Cement
• ·Æ»û·ÉËÈ»  •
 ȷ̻   • ¾Å̻   • ËÉʿĽ
• ¾»»Â¸·ÈÈÅÍ  • »Æ·¿È¿Ä½
2. Æ»ÂÂʺÍÅȺÉ;¿Â»ÏÅËȼȿ»ÄºÍÈ¿Ê»Éʾ»Ã¿Ä¾¿ÉÅȾ»ÈÄÅÊ»¸ÅÅÁƔ»Ê
ÏÅËȼȿ»Äº·ÂÉÅÉÆ»ÂÂʺÅʾ»ÈÍÅȺÉ·ÉÏÅËÍÈ¿Ê»ʾ»Ã¿ÄÏÅËÈÄÅÊ»¸ÅÅÁƔ
3. ¿É¹ËÉÉͿʾÏÅËȼȿ»Äºʾ»û·Ä¿Ä½ż·ÄÏʺÍÅȺÉ¿Äʾ»ÍÅȺ¿ÉÊƔ
»¼»ÈÊÅÄÅʻɿÄÏÅËÈÊ»ÎʸÅÅÁƔ

25
 UNIT 3 OBJECTS PRODUCTION

Introduction
ÅÏÉƑËʿ¿ÊÏŸÀ»¹Êɷĺ»·ÈĿĽ÷ʻȿ·ÂÉ·È»¿ÃÆÅÈÊ·ÄÊ¿ÄÅËȺ·¿ÂÏ¿̻ÉƔ
¾»É»ŸÀ»¹Êɹ·Ä¸»¸Å˽¾Ê·ÄºËÉ»ºƔÅͻ̻ÈƑÍ»¹·Ä÷Á»ÅËÈÅÍÄÊÅÏÉƑ
Ëʿ¿ÊÏŸÀ»¹Êɷĺ»·ÈĿĽ÷ʻȿ·ÂÉ»·É¿ÂÏËɿĽÂŹ·ÂÂÏ·Ì·¿Â·¸Â»÷ʻȿ·ÂÉƔ
Look at the following pictures.

ƺ¸ƻ ƺ¹ƻ

(a)

(e) ƺ¼ƻ

ƺ½ƻ
»É¹È¿¸»»·¹¾żʾ»Æ¿¹ÊËÈ»ÉƔ
É»ʾ»Æ¿¹ÊËÈ»ÉÊÅÆÈ»º¿¹Ê;·ÊÏÅË·È»½Å¿Ä½ÊÅ»·ÈÄƔ

26
3.1: Making toys using sorghum straws and
sticks
Activity 3.1: Making toys using straws and sticks
(i)
Å¿ÄÊÅʾ»Ä»·È¸ÏŰ»ÂºƔÅ»¹ÊºÈÏÉÊÈ·ÍɷĺÉÊ¿¹ÁÉƔ
(ii) ÂÉŹŻ¹ÊÆ¿¹ÊËÈ»Éż¸¿¹Ï¹Â»É·Äº¾ËÊÉƔ
(iii) ¾ÅÅÉ» ʾ» ¸»ÉÊ ÷ʻȿ·ÂÉ ÊÅ ÷Á» ÊÅÏÉ ¼ÈÅà ʾ» ÅÄ»É ÏÅË ¾·Ì»
¹Å»¹Ê»ºƔ

a) Making a toy house using sticks and sorghum

straws
Materials required:
÷ÂÂŲ»Î¿¸Â»ÉÊ¿¹ÁÉƑ¸¿½ÉÊ¿¹ÁͿʾ·ɾ·ÈƻĻº»ÄºƑÅȽ¾ËÃÉÊÈ·ÍÉƑ
ÊȿĽÉÅÈÍ¿È»É

What to do:
1. »·È·É÷·Ȼ·¿Äʾ»ɹ¾ÅÅ 2. È¿Ì»ʾ»ÉÊ¿¹ÁͿʾ·ɾ·ÈƻĻº
Ű»ÂºËɿĽ·¾Å»ÅÈ·ÉÆ·º»Ɣ »Äº¿ÄÊÅʾ»½ÈÅËĺƔ
3. È·Í·¹¿È¹Â»·ÈÅËĺʾ»ÉÊ¿¹Á 4. ·¹»ÉÅûÉ÷ÂÂÉÊ¿¹ÁÉ·ÈÅËĺ
·ÉɾÅÍĸ»ÂÅÍƔ ʾ»¹¿È¹Â»Ɣ

5. ¿» ʾ» Ų»Î¿¸Â» ÉÊ¿¹ÁÉ ·ÈÅËĺ 6. ·Á» ʾ» ÈÅż ËɿĽ ÉÊ¿¹ÁÉ ·É
ʾ» Åʾ»È ÉÊ¿¹ÁÉ ÊÅ ÷Á» ʾ» ɾÅÍĸ»ÂÅÍƔ
Í·ÂÂƔ

27
 7. ¿Î ʾ» ÈÅż ÊÅ ʾ» ¾ÅËÉ» ·É 8. ɿĽÉÅȽ¾ËÃÉÊÈ·ÍÉÊÅ
¼ÅÂÂÅÍÉƔ ʾ·Ê¹¾ʾ»ÈÅżƔÉ»ÉÅûż
ʾ»ÉÊÈ·ÍÉÊÅŰÂÂÉÆ·¹»É¿Äʾ»
Í·ÂÂÉƔ»·Ì»ÉÆ·¹»É¼ÅÈʾ»
ºÅÅȷĺͿĺÅÍÉƔ

b) Making a toy bicycle

Materials needed:
• Ê¿¹ÁÉƑÊÈ·ÍÉƑʾȻ·ºÉƭÉÊȿĽÉ
What to do:
(i) Å»¹ÊÉÊ¿¹ÁɷĺÉÊÈ·ÍÉ. (ii) ·Á»ʾ»¼È·Ã»żʾ»¸¿¹Ï¹Â»
·ÉɾÅÍĸ»ÂÅÍƔ

(iii) »Äºʾ»ÉÊ¿¹ÁÉÅÈÉÊÈ·ÍÉ
¿ÄÊÅ·ÈÅËĺɾ·Æ»Ɣ¿»ʾ»Ã
ŰÈÃÂÏËɿĽ·ÉÊȿĽÊÅ÷Á»
;»»ÂÉƔ
É»ÉÊÈ·ÍÉÅÈÉÊȿĽÉÊÅÊ¿»ʾ»
ÉÊ¿¹ÁÉÊŽ»Ê¾»ÈƔ
ƺ¿Ìƻ ¿Îʾ»;»»ÂÉÅÄÊÅʾ»¼È·Ã»
ʾ·ÊÏÅË÷º»¿ÄÉÊ»Æƺ¿¿ƻ

ÅËȸ¿¹Ï»¿É¹ÅÃÆ»ʻÆ·ÏͿʾ¿ÊƔ

28
3.2: Making utility objects in wood
Activity 3.2: Making utility objects in wood
(i) Å»¹Êʾ»É»ÊÅÅÂɼÈÅÃʾ»ɹ¾ÅÅÂÍÅÈÁɾÅÆÅȼÈÅ÷Ļ·È¸Ï
ÍÅÈÁɾÅÆƓ¾¿É»ÂƑÉÆÅÁ»Éɾ·Ì»·ÄºÉ·ÍƔ
(ii) Å»¹ÊÉ¿É·ÂŰ¸È»É·ÄºÆ¿»¹»ÉżÍÅźƔ
(iii) ȿĽʾ»¼ÅÂÂÅͿĽËʿ¿ÊÏ¿Ê»ÃÉÊÅɹ¾ÅŃÉÆÅÅÄɷĺ¾Å»¾·ÄºÂ»Ɣ
Name 3 other utility items used in your home.

a) Making a spoon in wood

Materials needed:
• ÉżÊÆ¿»¹»żÍÅź   • Ä¿¼»ÅÈ÷¹¾»Ê»  • »Ä¹¿ÂÅÈÆ»Ä
• ÆÅÁ»ɾ·Ì»ÅÈɷĺÆ·Æ»È         • ¹¾¿É»Â
What to do:
1. ¸Ê·¿Ä · ʾ¿¹Á Æ¿»¹» ż ÍÅź ż 2. È·Íʾ»ɾ·Æ»żʾ»
·¸ÅËÊʺʷ¹ÃÂÅĽ. ÉÆÅÅÄÅÄʾ»ÍÅźËɿĽ·
ƻĹ¿Â.

3. ɿĽ·ÁÄ¿¼»ÅÈ÷¹¾»Ê»Ƒ 4. ɿĽ·¹¾¿É»ÂƑɹÅÅÆÆ·ÈÊÉ
È»ÃÅÌ»ʾ»»ÎÊÈ·÷ʻȿ·Â¼ÈÅà żÍÅźƔÅÂÂÅÍÅËÊÏÅËÈ
Æ
ʾ»ÅËÊ¿Ļżʾ»ÉÆÅÅÄƔ ÉÆÅÅÄÊÅʾ»È¿½¾Êº»ÆʾƔ

5. Ĺ»ʾ»ÉÆÅÅľ·É·¹ÇË¿È»ºʾ» 6. ÅËÈÉÆÅÅÄ¿ÉÄÅÍÈ»·ºÏ.
º»É¿È»ºɾ·Æ»ƑÉÃÅÅʾ»Ä¿ÊËɿĽ
ɷĺÆ·Æ»ÈÅÈ·ÉÆÅÁ»Éɾ·Ì»Ɣ

29
 b) Making a hoe handle
Materials needed:
• ·ÄºÉ·Í  
• ÂÅĽʾ¿¹ÁÆ¿»¹»żÍÅźƺ·¸ÅËÊʸÃÂÅĽƻ
• ÷¹¾»Ê»ÅÈÉÊÈÅĽÁÄ¿¼»      
• ÉÆÅÁ»Éɾ·Ì»ÅÈɷĺƷƻÈ      
What to do:
1. ¸Ê·¿Ä·ÉÊÈÅĽ·ÄºÉÊÈ·¿½¾Ê 2. ÃÅÅʾ»Äʾ»¾Å»¾·ÄºÂ»
Æ¿»¹»żÍÅź. ¾·Æ»ʾ»¾Å» ËɿĽ·ÉÆÅÁ»Éɾ·Ì»ÅÈɷĺ
ÉÊ¿¹Á¸ÏÈ»ÃÅ̿Ľʾ»¸·ÈÁ·Äº Æ·Æ»ÈƔ
ÉÅûÆ¿»¹»ÉżÍÅźƔ

3. ÅËȾŻ¾·ÄºÂ» 4. Å˹·Ä¿ÄÉ»ÈÊ¿Ê¿Ä·¾Å»
¿ÉÄÅ͹ÅÃÆ»ʻƔ ¾»·º·ÉɾÅÍĸ»ÂÅÍƔ

ʿ¿ÊÏ¿Ê»ÃÉ·È»ËÉ»º¿Äº·¿ÂÏ·¹Ê¿Ì¿Ê¿»ÉƔÅûżʾ»É»¿Ê»ÃɿĹÂ˺»ÉÆÅÅÄÉƑ
¸·ÉÁ»ÊÉƑ¹¾·¿Èɷĺ¾Å»¾·ÄºÂ»ÉƔ

30
3.3: Making learning materials in paper and
manila paper
»·ÈĿĽ÷ʻȿ·ÂÉ·È»ËÉ»º¿Ä¹Â·ÉÉÊÅ÷Á»»·ÈĿĽ»·É¿»È·Äº»ÄÀÅÏ·¸Â»Ɣ
ÄʼƑͻͿÂÂ÷Á»ɾ·Æ»ÉÉ˹¾·ÉȾÅøËÉ»ÉƑƷȷ»ŽȷÃɷĺÊȷƻпËÃÉƔ
Activity 3.3: Making learning materials in paper
ȾÅøËÉ¿É·Ű½ËÈ»ʾ·Ê¾·É¼ÅËÈ»ÇË·ÂÉ·ÄÊ»ºÉ¿º»ÉƔ
Materials needed:
• ¹¿ÉÉÅÈÉ  • »Ä¹¿Â   • »ÄÅÈ÷ÈÁ»È
• Ë»È   • ·Ä¿Â·Æ·Æ»È  • ÈÅÊÈ·¹ÊÅÈ

a) Making a rhombus
What to do:
(i) ·Á»·È˻ȷĺºÈ·Í·ʹʷ¹Ã (ii) ·Á»·ÆÈÅÊÈ·¹ÊÅȷĺû·ÉËÈ»
¿ĻƔ·ÈÁ¿ÊÉÉÊ·ÈÊ·ÉÆÅ¿ÄÊ ʸʹʷͮ·ÊÆÅ¿ÄÊƔ¾»Äû·ÉËÈ»
·Äº¿Êɻĺ·ÉÆÅ¿ÄÊƔ ʹʷ¹Ã¼ÈÅ÷ĺ÷ÈÁ·ÉƔ

ʹʷ¹Ã
ʸʹʷͮ
ʽʷͮ

ʹ ʷ
¹Ã
ʽʷͮ
ʹʷ

ʸʹʷͮ
¹ Ã

ʹʷ¹Ã
B

B  (iii) È·Í·Ʒȷ»Â¿ĻÊÅ
·Äº÷ÈÁ¿ÊƔ Å¿ÄƔÅËÈ
ȾÅøËɿɹÅÃÆ»ʻƔ

ƺ¿ÌƻËÊÅËÊÏÅËÈɾ·Æ»ËɿĽ· ƺÌƻÅÂÅËÈ¿ÊËɿĽ·Ä·ÊÊÈ·¹Ê¿Ì»
Æ·¿Èżɹ¿ÉÉÅÈÉƔ ¹È·ÏÅÄÉÅÈ÷ÈÁ»ÈÆ»ÄÉƔ

C


31
b) Making a parallelogram
What to do:
(i) È·Í·¾ÅÈ¿ÐÅÄʷ¿Ļ. (ii) »·ÉËÈ»·Ä·Ä½Â»żʽʷ‫·ܨ‬Êʾ»
»Äºżʾ»¿Ļ·Äº÷ÈÁ¿ÊÅËÊƔ

D C

(iii) »·ÉËÈ»ʸʹʷ‫ܨ‬ÅÄʾ»
Åʾ»È»Äº·Äº÷ÈÁ
ÅËÊƔ ʽʷͮ ʸʹʷͮ
 ʿ¹Ã B

ƺ¿Ìƻ Å¿Äʾ»÷ÈÁ»ºÆÅ¿ÄÊÉ ƺÌƻÅËÈƷȷ»ŽȷÿɹÅÃÆ»ʻƔ

ËɿĽ·ÈË»ÈƔ D C

 B
Measure opposite angles. What do
D
B you realise?


32
 c) Making a trapezium
What to do:
(i) È·Í·¾ÅÈ¿ÐÅÄʷ¿Ļʿ¹Ã. (iii) »·ÉËÈ»ʾ»·Ä½Â»¼ÅÈûº
·ÈÁÅÄ¿Êʼ¹ÃƔ ¸»ÊÍ»»Äʾ»¿ĻɺȷÍÄ¿Äƺ¿ƻ
(ii) Å¿Ä·ʼ¹ÃÆ»Èƻĺ¿¹Ë·È¿Ļ ·Äºƺ¿¿ƻÊÅ»ÄÉËÈ»ÏÅ˾·Ì»·
¼ÈÅÃʾ»ʼ¹Ã÷ÈÁƔ È¿½¾Ê·Ä½Â»Ɣ

C B 

ƺ¿ÌƻÈ·Í·¾ÅÈ¿ÐÅÄʷ¿Ļ¼ÈÅà ƺÌ¿ƻËÊÅËÊÏÅËÈÊȷƻпËÃËɿĽ·
ʾ»ÊÅÆżʾ»Æ»Èƻĺ¿¹Ë·È Æ·¿Èżɹ¿ÉÉÅÈÉƔ
¿Ļƺʻ¹ÃƻƔ
E D
ʻ¹Ã
ʼ¹Ã

 ʼ¹Ã B ʺ¹Ã C

ƺÌƻ Å¿Äʾ»ºÅÊÊ»º¿ĻÉ
·ÆÆ»·È¿Ä½¿ÄÉÊ»Æƺ¿Ìƻ·¸ÅÌ»
ÊÅŸʷ¿ÄÏÅËÈÊȷƻпËÃƔ

3.4: Maintenance of utility and learning objects

Activity 3.4: Maintenance of utility and learning objects
(i) Å»¹Ê¸ÅλÉÉ·¹Áɷ帷½ÉƔ
(ii) ËÊÉÅûÍÅź»ÄÉÆÅÅÄɷĺ¾Å»¾·ÄºÂ»É¿ÄÅÄ»ºÈϹÅÈÄ»Èżʾ»
¹Â·ÉÉƔ
(iii) ·Ä½ʾ»Ȼ÷¿Ä¿Ä½ÍÅź»ÄÉÆÅÅÄÉÅÄ·È·¹ÁƔ
ƺ¿ÌƻÊÅÈ»ÏÅËÈȾÅøËÉƑƷȷ»ŽȷÃɷĺÊȷƻпËÃÉÅÄ·ɾ»Â¼ÅÈ¿Ä·
ºÈϸ·½Ɣ
ƺÌƻÅËÄÊÏÅËÈɾ·Æ»ÉÅÄ·ÉżÊ¸Å·Èº·Äº¾·Ä½ÅÄʾ»¹Â·ÉÉÍ·ÂÂƔ
ƺÌ¿ƻÅÍÍ¿ÂÂÏÅËÁ»»Æʾ»ʾ¿Ä½Éʾ·ÊÏÅ˾·Ì»÷º»Ɯ

33
• Åź»ÄÉÆÅÅķĺ¾Å»¾·ÄºÂ»¹·Ä»·É¿ÂÏÈÅÊ¿¼Æ·¹»º¿Ä·ÃÅ¿ÉÊÆ·¹»Ɣ
•  ¾Å» ¾·ÄºÂ» ɾÅ˺ ¸» Á»ÆÊ ¿Ä · ÊÅÅ ÉÊÅÈ»Ɣ Åź»Ä ÉÆÅÅÄÉ ɾÅ˺ ¸»
¾ËĽÅÄ·È·¹ÁƔ
• »·ÈĿĽ÷ʻȿ·ÂÉɾÅ˺¸»ÃÅËÄÊ»ºÅÄ·ÉżÊ¸Å·Èº·Äºº¿ÉÆ·ϻº¿Ä¹Â·ÉÉƔ
• ¾»Ï¹·Ä·ÂÉŸ»ÆËʿĹ·Éɹ·¸¿Ä»ÊÉƑɾ»ÂÌ»ÉƑ¹ËƸŷȺɷĺ¸ÅλÉƔ

·Ä½¿Ä½ÍÅź»ÄÉÆÅÅÄÉ
ÊÅȿĽŸÀ»¹ÊÉÅÄ·ɾ»Â¼Ɣ ÊÅȿĽŸÀ»¹ÊÉ¿Ä·¸ÅÎƔ ÅÄ·È·¹ÁƔ
¿½ʺƔʸÈÅÆ»ÈÉÊÅÈ·½»żŸÀ»¹ÊÉ
• ÊÅÈ»ÏÅËÈÊÅϸ¿¹Ï¹Â»¿Ä·¹ÅÅÂƑºÈϷĺɷ¼»Æ·¹»Ɣ
• ÈÅÊ»¹ÊÏÅËÈÉÊ¿¹Á¾ÅËÉ»¸Ï¹Å̻ȿĽ¿ÊͿʾÆ·Æ»ÈÅÈ»·Ì»ÉƔ

Revision Activity 3
1. ·Á»·ÊÅϸ¿¹Ï¹Â»ËɿĽÉÊÈ·ÍɷĺÉÊ¿¹ÁÉƔ
2. ·Á»·ÍÅź»Ä¾Å»¾·ÄºÂ»Ɣ
3. (a) º»ÄÊ¿¼ÏʾȻ»ÊÅÅÂÉʾ·ÊɾÅ˺¸»ËÉ»º;»Ä÷Á¿Ä½·¾Å»¾·ÄºÂ»Ɣ
ƺ¸ƻ 
 ·Á»·ÊȷƻпËüÈÅÃÍ·Éʻƿ»¹»ÉżÆ·Æ»ÈƔ
(i) ÅÂÅËÈʾ»ÊȷƻпËÃËɿĽ¹È·ÏÅÄÉƔ
(ii) ÊÅÈ»ÏÅËÈÊȷƻпËÃÉ·¼»ÂÏƔ
4. º»ÄÊ¿¼ÏÍ·ÏÉż÷¿ÄÊ·¿Ä¿Ä½Ëʿ¿ÊϷĺ»·ÈĿĽŸÀ»¹ÊÉƔ
5. È·Í·ȾÅøËÉƑÊȷƻпË÷ĺ·Ʒȷ»ŽȷÃƔ
A pupil made a toy house as shown below.

34
6. (a) º»ÄÊ¿¼Ïʾ»ÊÅÅÂÉʾ·Êɾ»ËÉ»ºƔ
ƺ¸ƻ Åͺ¿ºɾ»ËÉ»ʾ»ÊÅÅÂÉƜ
7. (a)   ·Ã»ʾ»ÂŹ·Â÷ʻȿ·ÂÉʾ·Êɾ»ËÉ»ºƔ
ƺ¸ƻ ¾»È»º¿ºɾ»½»Êʾ»÷ʻȿ·ÂÉƜ
8. ¾·ÊÆÈ»¹·ËÊ¿ÅÄɺ¿ºɾ»Ê·Á»;¿Â»ËɿĽʾ»ÊÅÅÂɷĺ÷ʻȿ·ÂÉƜ
9. ÅÍÍ¿ÂÂʾ»½¿ÈÂ÷¿ÄÊ·¿Äʾ»ÊÅϾÅËÉ»Ɯ
10.
¿Ì»ʾ»Ëɻɿʾ»¼ÅÂÂÅͿĽËʿ¿ÊÏ¿Ê»ÃÉƔ

ƺ¸ƻ
(a) ƺ¹ƻ

Word list
1. »·ºʾ»¼ÅÂÂÅͿĽÍÅȺÉ¿ÄÆ·¿ÈÉƔ
• Å»     • ʿ¿ÊÏŸÀ»¹ÊÉ  • ÊÈ·ÍÉ  • »½  
• ·ÂÂÆ·ʻ   • ¹¿ÉÉÅÈÉ    • È¿ÂÂ
• ÆÅÁ»ɾ·Ì» • ¾¿É»Â     •
Å˽»   
• ·ÄºÆ·Æ»È  • ¿·½ÅÄ·Â    • ¿É»¹Ê   
• ÈÅÊÈ·¹ÊÅÈ  • ÅÃÆ·ÉÉ    • ¿É·Â
2. Æ»ÂÂʺÍÅȺÉ;¿Â»ÏÅËȼȿ»ÄºÍÈ¿Ê»Éʾ»Ã¿Ä¾¿ÉÅȾ»ÈÄÅÊ»¸ÅÅÁƔ»Ê
ÏÅËȼȿ»Äº·ÂÉÅÉÆ»ÂÂʺÅʾ»ÈÍÅȺÉ·ÉÏÅËÍÈ¿Ê»ʾ»Ã¿ÄÏÅËÈÄÅÊ»¸ÅÅÁƔ
3. ¿É¹ËÉÉͿʾÏÅËȼȿ»Äºʾ»û·Ä¿Ä½ż·ÄÏʺÍÅȺÉ¿Äʾ»ÍÅȺ¿ÉÊƔ
»¼»ÈÊÅÄÅʻɿÄÏÅËÈÊ»ÎʸÅÅÁƔ

35
TOPIC AREA : ICT

ÅÅÁ·Êʾ»¼ÅÂÂÅͿĽÆ¿¹ÊËÈ»ÉƔ

(2)

(1) (3)

(4) (5)

(6)

(7)
(8)
ƺ·ƻ ÅͺŻÉÆ¿¹ÊËÈ»ƺʸƻȻ·ʻÊÅɹȻ»ÄɾÅÊÉʹƑʺƑʻƑʼƑʽƑʾƑ·ÄºʿƜ
ƺ¸ƻ È»º¿¹Êʾ»ÊÅÆ¿¹·È»·¹ÅÄÊ»ÄʼÅÈʸÊÅʿƔ

36
 UNIT 4 COMPUTER MY FRIEND

Introduction
¹ÅÃÆËʻȿɷĿÃÆÅÈÊ·Äʺ»Ì¿¹»Ɣʹ·ÄÉÊÅÈ»º·Ê·¿Ä¿ÊÉ¿ÄÊ»ÈÄ·ÂûÃÅÈÏƔ
¿Ä¹»·¹ÅÃÆËʻȹ·ÄÉÊÅÈ»¿Ä¼ÅÈ÷ʿÅÄ¿Ê¿É·Ì»ÈÏ¿ÃÆÅÈÊ·Äʼȿ»Äºʾ·ÊÏÅË
Ä»»º¿ÄÏÅËÈ¿¼»Ɣ
Look at the following pictures.

(a) ƺ¸ƻ ƺ¹ƻ

(d) (e) ƺ¼ƻ

»É¹È¿¸»»·¹¾Æ¿¹ÊËÈ»·¸ÅÌ»Ɣ
PÈ»º¿¹Ê;·ÊÏÅË·È»½Å¿Ä½ÊÅ»·ÈÄƔ

4.1: Data and memory

Activity 4.1: Finding out what data is
ÎÆ·¿Äʾ»û·Ä¿Ä½żº·Ê·Ɣ

Meaning of data
·Ê··È»¼·¹ÊÉ·ÄºŰ½ËÈ»Éʾ·ÊÄ»»ºÊŸ»ÆÈŹ»ÉÉ»º¸Ï·¹ÅÃÆËÊ»ÈƔ
ÈŹ»ÉÉ»ºŰ½ËȻɷĺ¼·¹ÊÉ·È»¹·Â»º¿Ä¼ÅÈ÷ʿÅÄ.
ηÃÆ»żº·Ê·¿Ä¹Â˺»Ɠ
• »ÊÊ»ÈÉżʾ»·Âƾ·¸»ÊƑ¼ÅȻηÃÆ»Ƒ BƑ
CƑ D»Ê¹Ɣ
• Ëûȿ¹ÄËø»ÈÉÉ˹¾·É0Ƒ 1Ƒ 2Ƒ 3»Ê¹
• ÏøÅÂÉ¿Á»*Ƒ $Ƒ %Ƒ –Ƒ =»Ê¹ ¿½ƔʻƔʸƓÅÃÆËÊ»ÈÁ»Ï¸Å·ÈºƔ

37
¾»º·Ê·¿É»ÄʻȻº¿ÄÊÅʾ»¹ÅÃÆËÊ»ÈËɿĽ¹ÅÃÆËʻȿÄÆËʺ»Ì¿¹»É¿Á»ʾ»
Á»Ï¸Å·Èº·ÄºÃÅËÉ»Ɣ

Meaning of memory
Activity 4.2: using memory
(i) È¿Ê»ºÅÍÄʾ»ķûżÏÅËÈɹ¾ÅÅÂƔ
(ii) È¿Ê»ºÅÍÄʾ»ķûżʾ»Ê»·¹¾»È;Åʷ˽¾ÊÏÅË¿ÄʸƔ
How were you able to remember your P1 teacher?

»ÃÅÈÏÈ»¼»ÈÉÊÅÆ·ÈÊÉżʾ»¹ÅÃÆËÊ»Èʾ·Ê·È»ËÉ»ºÊÅÉÊÅÈ»º·Ê·ÅÈ
¿Ä¼ÅÈ÷ʿÅÄƔ

Roles of memory
Activity 4.3: Typing in the Write Activity
(i) Ê·ÈÊʾ»È¿Ê»¹Ê¿Ì¿ÊϼÈÅÃʾ»Åû¿»ÍƔ
(ii) ÏÆ»ʾ»¼ÅÂÂÅͿĽ¿ÄÈ¿Ê»¹Ê¿Ì¿ÊÏƓ
• ·Ã»żÏÅËȺ¿ÉÊÈ¿¹Ê  • ÅËÈķû
• ·Ã»żÏÅËÈɹ¾ÅÅ • ·Ã»żÏÅËȹ·ÉÉÊ»·¹¾»È
(iii) ¾»È»¿Éʾ»¿Ä¼ÅÈ÷ʿÅÄʾ·ÊÏÅ˾·Ì»ÊÏÆ»ºÉÊÅÈ»ºƜ
ƺ¿ÌƻÅÍÉ·Ì»ʾ»¿Ä¼ÅÈ÷ʿÅÄʾ·Ê¾·É¸»»ÄÉÊÅÈ»ºÅÄ·Ų·É¾º¿ÉÁƔ

ÅÈ·¹ÅÃÆËÊ»ÈÊÅÉÊÅÈ»¿Ä¼ÅÈ÷ʿÅĻٻ¹Ê¿Ì»ÂÏƑ¿ÊɾÅ˺¾·Ì»ûÃÅÈÏƔ
»ÃÅÈϾźɿÄÉÊÈ˹ʿÅÄɷĺº·Ê·Ä»»º»ºÊŹÅÃÆ»ʻÊ·ÉÁÉƔ

4.2: Examples of data and memories

Internal memories
Activity 4.4: Storing data in memory
(i) Ê·ÈÊÈ¿Ê»¹Ê¿Ì¿ÊÏƔ
(ii) ÏÆ»ʾ»¼ÅÂÂÅͿĽƓ
• ·Ã»żÏÅËÈɹ¾ÅÅÂ
• ·Ã»żÏÅËȹ·ÉÉ
• ÅËÈķû
(iii) ÂÅÉ»ʾ»ºÅ¹ËûÄʷĺ¹¾»¹Á¿¼ʾ»Ű»¿É·Ì·¿Â·¸Â»¿Äʾ»ÀÅËÈÄ·ÂƔ

¾» ÅËÈķ¿Éʾ»¿ÄÊ»ÈÄ·ÂÉÊÅÈ·½»żʾ»·ÆÊÅÆƔ
¾»É»·È»ʾ»ÉÊÅÈ·½»É·ÄºûÃÅÈ¿»É¼ÅËĺ¿ÄÉ¿º»ʾ»¹ÅÃÆËÊ»ÈƔ

38
¾»È»·È»ÊÍÅÊÏÆ»ÉżûÃÅÈ¿»É¿Äʾ»¹ÅÃÆËÊ»ÈƔ¾»É»·È»Ɠ
(a) ¾»¹ÅÃÆËÊ»ÈûÃÅÈÏƺƭƻƔ    ƺ¸ƻ ·Èºº¿ÉÁƔ

Hard disk
Activity 4.5: Accessing a saved document in the journal
(i) ¿¹ÁÅÄʾ» ÅËÈķ¿¹ÅÄ·Êʾ»¸ÅÊÊÅÃżÏÅËÈ·ÆÊÅÆƔ

(ii) Æ»Äʾ»ºÅ¹ËûÄÊʾ·ÊÏÅËÊÏÆ»º¿Ä¹Ê¿Ì¿ÊÏʻƔʺ¸ÏºÅ˸»¹Â¿¹Á¿Ä½ÅÄ¿Ê.

• ¾»¾·Èºº¿ÉÁ¿É·ÂÉÅÁÄÅÍÄ·Éʾ»¾·ÈººÈ¿Ì»Ɣ
• ¾»¾·Èºº¿ÉÁ¿É·ÉÊÅÈ·½»º»Ì¿¹»¼ÅËĺ¿ÄÉ¿º»
·Â¹ÅÃÆËÊ»ÈÉƔ
•  ¾·Èº º¿ÉÁ ¿É ÃÅÉÊÂÏ ËÉ»º ÊÅ ÉÊÅÈ» ¹ÅÃÆËÊ»È
ÆÈŽȷÃÉƔ
• ¾»¾·Èºº¿ÉÁ¾·É··Ƚ»ûÃÅÈÏÉÆ·¹»Ɣ
¾»È¿Ê»¹Ê¿Ì¿ÊÏ·ËÊÅ÷ʿ¹·ÂÂÏÉ·Ì»ÉÏÅËÈÍÅÈÁ
ÊÅʾ» ÅËÈÄ·ÂƔ¾» ÅËÈÄ·ÂÉÆ·¹»¿É¿Äʾ»¾·Èº
¿½ƔʻƔʸƓ·Èºº¿ÉÁƔ
º¿ÉÁƔ

Activity 4.6: Saving documents

(i) ¼Ê»È¹È»·Ê¿Ä½·ºÅ¹ËûÄÊƑ¹Â¿¹ÁÅÄʾ»
»»Æ¸ËÊÊÅÄƔ¾·ÊºÅÏÅËŸɻÈÌ»Ɯ
(ii) ¿Äºʾ»Ä»Í ÅËÈķ»ÄÊÈϹȻ·Ê»ºƔ
(iii)
ÅÊÅʾ»¿ÉÊʾ·ÊɾÅÍÉ¿Ê»ÃÉ¿Äʾ»
ÅËÈÄ·ÂƔ
¿Ì»ʾ»·¹Ê¿Ì¿ÊÏÏÅ˾·Ì»
É·Ì»º·º¿Ů»È»ÄÊķûƔ

39
ŹËûÄÊÉ·È»ÄÅÈ÷ÂÂÏÉ·Ì»º¿Äʾ»Ű»¼ÅÈ÷ÊƔ¿ÉÆ»ÄŹËûÄÊ
ÅÈ÷Ê.
¾»È»·È»ʿûÉ;»ÄÏÅË÷ÏÆÈ»¼»ÈÊÅÉ·Ì»ÏÅËȺŹËûÄÊ¿Ä·ÄÅʾ»È
¼ÅÈ÷ÊƑÅʾ»Èʾ·Äʾ»¼ÅÈ÷ÊƔźÅʾ¿ÉƑËÉ»ʾ»»»Æ¸ËÊÊÅÄƔ
¾»»»Æ¸ËÊÊÅÄ»ÊÉÏÅËÉ·Ì»·¹ÅÆÏżÏÅËȺŹËûÄÊ¿ÄÈ¿¹¾Ê»ÎÊƺ ƻƑ
¾ÏÆ»ÈÊ»ÎÊƺƻÅÈÆ·¿ÄÊ»ÎÊƺƻ¼ÅÈ÷ÊÉ¿Äʾ» ÅËÈÄ·ÂƔ

ROM and RAM

ROM

Activity 4.7: Boot-up process

(i) Ϳʹ¾ ÅÄ ʾ» ·ÆÊÅÆ ¸Ï ÆÈ»ÉɿĽ ʾ» ÆÅÍ»È ¸ËÊÊÅÄƔ ¸É»ÈÌ» ;·Ê
¾·ÆÆ»ÄɼÈÅÃʾ»ʿûʾ»·ÆÊÅÆ¿ÉÉͿʹ¾»ºÅÄËÄÊ¿Âʾ»˽·ÈÅû
¿»Í¿Éº¿ÉÆ·ϻºƔ
(ii) È¿Ê»ºÅÍÄÏÅËÈŸɻÈÌ·Ê¿ÅÄÉ¿ÄÏÅËÈÄÅÊ»¸ÅÅÁƔ¾·È»ÏÅËÈŰĺ¿Ä½É
Ϳʾʾ»È»ÉÊżʾ»¹Â·ÉÉƔ

ÉʷĺɼÅÈ»·ºÄÂÏ»ÃÅÈÏƔÊÅÄÂÏ·ÂÂÅÍÉÈ»·º¿Ä½ż¿ÊɹÅÄÊ»ÄÊƔ¾»
Ëɻȹ·ÄÄÅʹ¾·Ä½»¹ÅÄÊ»ÄÊÅÄ¿ÊƔ
¾¿É ÊÏÆ» ż ûÃÅÈÏ ¿É · Æ»È÷ĻÄÊ ÉÊÅÈ·½»Ɣ
¾»ÄÆÅͻȽŻÉÅŮƑº·Ê·ÍÈ¿ÊÊ»ÄÅÄ¿Ê¿ÉÄÅÊÂÅÉÊƔ
¾¿ÉûÃÅÈÏ¿Éʾ»È»¼ÅÈ»¹·Â»ºÄÅÄƖÌÅ·ʿ».
 ¹ÅÄÊ·¿ÄÉ º·Ê· ʾ·Ê ¿É ËÉ»º ;»Ä ÉÊ·ÈʿĽ
¹ÅÃÆËÊ»ÈƑ ¹¾»¹Á¿Ä½ ʾ»  ·Äº ;»Ä ÂÅ·º¿Ä½
Åʾ»È¹ÅÃÆËÊ»ÈÆÈŽȷÃÉ.
¿½ƔʻƔʹƓ¹¾¿ÆƔ
RAM
ÉʷĺɼÅȷĺÅù¹»ÉÉ»ÃÅÈÏƔÊ¿É·Ê»ÃÆÅÈ·ÈÏûÃÅÈÏƔ
ÅÉÊ ¹ÅÃÆËÊ»ÈÉ ºÅ ÄÅÊ ÉÊÅÈ» ;·Ê ÏÅË ·È» ÍÅÈÁ¿Ä½ ÅÄ ·ËÊÅ÷ʿ¹·ÂÂÏƔ ¾»Ä
ÆÅͻȽŻÉÅŮÉ˺º»ÄÂÏƑ;·ÊÏÅ˾·Ì»¸»»Ä
ÍÅÈÁ¿Ä½Åĺ¿É·ÆÆ»·ÈÉƔ
¾¿É¾·ÆÆ»Äɸ»¹·ËÉ»º·Ê·¿ÉÉÊÅÈ»ºÅÄʾ¿É
ûÃÅÈÏÊ»ÃÆÅÈ·È¿ÂÏƑ;»ÄÆÅͻȿÉÅÄƔ¾¿É
ûÃÅÈÏ¿ÉÉ·¿ºÊŸ»ÌÅ·ʿ».

¿½ƔʻƔʺƓ¹¾¿ÆƔ

40
Role of temporary memory
Activity 4.8: Drawing a picture and writing a story
(a) Drawing a picture in Paint Activity
(i)  Æ»Äʾ»·¿Äʹʿ̿ÊÏƔ
(ii)  ¿¹ÁÅÄʾ»ÈËɾÊÅÅÂʾ»ÄÈËɾÆÈÅÆ»ÈÊ¿»ÉÊÅÅÂ
ÊÅÉ»Êʾ»ºÈ·Í¿Ä½¹ÅÂÅËÈÏÅËͿɾÊÅËÉ»Ɣ
(iii) È·Í·ɾ·Æ»żÏÅËÈÅÍĹ¾Å¿¹»Ɣ
ƺ¿Ìƻ ¿Â ÏÅËÈ ɾ·Æ» Ϳʾ ÏÅËÈ ¼·ÌÅËÈ¿Ê» ¹ÅÂÅËÈ ¼ÈÅÃ
ÈËɾÆÈÅÆ»ÈÊ¿»É·Äº¹Â¿¹Á¿ÄÊÅÏÅËÈɾ·Æ»Ɣ
ƺÌƻ É» Ê»ÎÊ ÊÅÅ T  ·Äº ¹Â¿¹Á ÅÄ ÏÆ» ¿¹ÅÄ ÊÅ ¿ÄÉ»ÈÊ
ÅȺͲÂÅÌ»ºÈ·Í¿Ä½Ͳ¸»ÂÅÍÏÅËÈɾ·Æ»Ɣ ·¿ÄÊÊÅÅÂ
(b) Writing a short story in the Write Activity
(i)  Ϳʹ¾¼ÈÅÃʾ»·¿Äʹʿ̿ÊÏÊÅʾ»È¿Ê»¹Ê¿Ì¿ÊÏƔƾ¾»¼È·Ã»Á»Ï»ÊÉ
ÏÅËÉͿʹ¾¸»ÊÍ»»Ä·¹Ê¿Ì¿Ê¿»ÉƔƿ

ȷûÊÅÅÂ

(ii) ÏÆ»ʾ»¼ÅÂÂÅͿĽÉÊÅÈϻη¹ÊÂÏ·É¿Ê·ÆÆ»·ÈÉƔ

My Best Friend
ϸ»Éʼȿ»Äº¿É·È¿»Ɣ·È¿»¿É·¸»·ËÊ¿¼Ë½¿ÈÂƔ¾»¿ÉÌ»ÈϾ·ÈºÍÅÈÁ¿Ä½
·ÉÍ»ÂÂƔ
 ·È¿»¿̻ÉͿʾ¾»È½È·ÄºÆ·È»ÄÊɿķϷĽ»¿Â·½»Ɣ»ÈÆ·È»ÄÊÉÅÍÄ·
ɾÅÆ¿Ä¿½·Â¿¿ÊÏƔ¾»ÏÉ»ÂÂ½ÈŹ»È¿»ÉƔ
 ¾¿É ¾Å¿º·ÏƑ ·È¿» Í¿ÂÂ Ì¿É¿Ê ÃÏ ¾Åû ÊŽ»Ê¾»È Ϳʾ ¾»È Æ·È»ÄÊÉƔ  Í¿ÂÂ
ÆȻƷȻʾ»ÃÃϼ·ÌÅËÈ¿Ê»º¿É¾Ɣ
(iii) ¿¹ÁÅÄʾ»¼È·Ã»Á»Ïʾ»ÄÉͿʹ¾¸·¹ÁÊÅʾ»·¿Äʹʿ̿ÊÏƔ
ƺ¿Ìƻ
 źʾ»¹ÅÃûÄÊÏÅË÷º»ƔÂÉÅ·ÆÆÂÏ·º¿Ů»È»ÄʼÅÄÊÊÏÆ»·Äº¼ÅÄÊ
ɿлƔ
ƺÌƻÅÃÆ»ʻʾ¿ÉÉÊÅÈϸÏÍȿʿĽÃÅÈ»·¸ÅËÊ·È¿»»Ɣ½Ɣʾ»ɹ¾ÅÅÂɾ»
½Å»ÉÊÅƑ¾»È¼·ÌÅËÈ¿Ê»º¿É¾Ƒ¾»È¸»ÉÊÉ˸À»¹ÊÉƑ¾»È¾Å¸¸¿»É·ÃÅĽÅʾ»È
ʾ¿Ä½ÉƔ
ƺÌ¿ƻ¾»¹Á¾ÅÍʾ»È¿Ê»¹Ê¿Ì¿ÊϷĺʾ»·¿Äʹʿ̿ÊϾ·Ì»¸»»ÄÉ·Ì»º¿Ä
ʾ» ÅËÈÄ·ÂƔ
Why did the Paint Activity remain when you switched to the Write
Activity?

41
¾»ÉÊÅȻɿÄÉÊÈ˹ʿÅÄɷĺº·Ê·Ä»»º»ºÊŹÅÃÆ»ʻ·Ê·ÉÁÅÈÊ·ÉÁÉ
¸»¿Ä½ÍÅÈÁ»ºÅļ·ÉÊƔ
¾»Ê»ÃÆÅÈ·ÈÏûÃÅÈÏ·ÂÉŻķ¸Â»É¹ÅÃÆËÊ»ÈËÉ»ÈÉÊÅÉͿʹ¾¸»ÊÍ»»Ä
ɻ̻ȷ·¹Ê¿Ì¿Ê¿»ÉƔ

External memories or storages

¹Ê¿Ì¿ÊÏʻƔˀƓÅÆϿĽ·Ű»ÊÅʾ»ûÃÅÈϹ·Èº
(i) Ê·ÈÊʾ»È¿Ê»¹Ê¿Ì¿ÊϷĺ·¹¹»ÉÉʾ» ÅËÈÄ·ÂƔŹ·Ê»ʾ»ÉÊÅÈÏʾ·Ê
ÏÅËÍÈÅÊ»¿Ä¹Ê¿Ì¿ÊÏʻƔʿ.
(ii) ÄÉ»ÈÊ·ûÃÅÈϹ·Èº¿Äʾ»ûÃÅÈϹ·ÈºÆÅÈÊÅÄÏÅËȹÅÃÆËÊ»ÈƔ
(iii) »Â»¹Êʾ»ÀÅËÈķ»ÄÊÈÏżʾ»ÉÊÅÈϸϹ¿¹Á¿Ä½ÅÄ¿ÊƔ
ƺ¿ÌƻÅÌ»ÏÅËÈ»ÄÊÈÏÊÅ;»È»ÏÅËÈÉÊÅÈ·½»º»Ì¿¹»¿¹ÅÄ·ÆÆ»·ÈÉƺÈ¿½¾ÊÉ¿º»
żʾ» ÅËÈÄ·ÂƻƔ
ƺÌƻ¾»¹ÁÊÅÉ»»¿¼ÏÅËÈŰ»·ÆÆ»·ÈÉÅÄÏÅËÈÉÊÅÈ·½»º»Ì¿¹»Ɣ

ÎÊ»ÈÄ·Â ÉÊÅÈ·½» È»¼»ÈÉ ÊÅ º»Ì¿¹»É ʾ·Ê ·È» ÄÅÊ Æ»È÷ĻÄÊÂÏ Űλº ÅÄ ÅÈ ¿Ä ·
¹ÅÃÆËÊ»ÈƔ¾»É»º»Ì¿¹»É·È»ËÉ»ºÊÅÉÊÅÈ»¿Ä¼ÅÈ÷ʿÅÄÆ»È÷ĻÄÊÂÏƔ
¾»É» º»Ì¿¹»É ¿Ä¹Â˺»Ƒ »ÃÅÈÏ ¹·ÈºÉƑ
·ɾº¿ÉÁÉƑÉƑɷĺ»ÎÊ»Èķ¾·Èº
ºÈ¿Ì»ÉƔ

(a) Memory card

ûÃÅÈϹ·Èº¿É·ÂÉÅÁÄÅÍÄ·É·Ä
¹·ÈºÅÈŲ·É¾¹·Èº. ʿɷĻ»¹ÊÈÅÄ¿¹
º»Ì¿¹»ËÉ»º¼ÅÈÉÊÅȿĽº¿½¿Ê·Â¿Ä¼ÅÈ÷ʿÅÄƔ ¿½ƔʻƔʻƓ»ÃÅÈϹ·ÈºÉƔ

(b) Flash disk

¹Ê¿Ì¿ÊÏʻƔʸʷƓÅÆϿĽ·Ű»ÅȺŹËûÄÊÊÅʾ»Ų·É¾º¿ÉÁ
(i) ¹¹»ÉÉʾ»È¿Ê»¹Ê¿Ì¿ÊÏ¿Äʾ» ÅËÈÄ·ÂƔ
(ii) ÄÉ»ÈÊ ÏÅËÈ Ų·É¾ º¿ÉÁ ¿Ä ʾ»  ÆÅÈÊƔ ÄÉËÈ» ʾ·Ê ÏÅËÈ ¹ÅÃÆËÊ»È
ɾÅÍÉʾ»¿¹ÅÄÈ»ÆȻɻÄʿĽʾ»ÆȻɻĹ»ż·Ä»ÎÊ»ÈÄ·ÂÉÊÅÈ·½»Ɣ
(iii) È·½ ʾ» ÅËÈÄ·Â »ÄÊÈÏ ÉÊÅÈÏ ʾ·Ê ÏÅË ÍÈÅÊ» ¿Ä ¹Ê¿Ì¿ÊÏ ʻƔʿ ¿ÄÊÅ ʾ»
¿¹ÅÄƔ
ƺ¿ÌƻËÊ¿Ļʾ»¿ÃÆÅÈʷĹ»żɷ̿Ľ¿Ä¼ÅÈ÷ʿÅÄÅÄ·Ų·É¾º¿ÉÁƔ

42
Ų·É¾º¿ÉÁ¿É·ÂÉÅÁÄÅÍÄ·ÉŲ·É¾ºÈ¿Ì».
ʿɹÅÄÄ»¹Ê»ºÊÅʾ»·ÆÊÅÆ
ʾÈÅ˽¾·ÆÅÈÊƔ
·Ê·¹·Ä¸»»·É¿ÂÏÉ·Ì»ºÅĿʷĺ
»·É¿ÂϺ»Â»Ê»º¼ÈÅÿÊƔ ¿½ƔʻƔʼƓ ·ɾº¿ÉÁÉƔ

Activity 4.11: Opening a document stored on external

storages
(i) ¹¹»ÉÉʾ» ÅËÈķ¼ÈÅÃʾ»ÅûÌ¿»ÍƔ
(ii) ÄÉ»ÈÊ ¿Ä ʾ»  ÆÅÈÊ · Ų·É¾ º¿ÉÁ ÅÈ »ÃÅÈÏ ¹·Èº ÅÄ ;¿¹¾ ÏÅË
É·Ì»ºʾ»ÉÊÅÈϿĹʿ̿ÊÏʻƔʿƔ
(iii) ¿¹ÁÅÄʾ»¿¹ÅÄʾ·ÊɾÅÍÉÅÄÏÅËȹÅÃÆËÊ»ÈƔÆ»Äʾ»ÉÊÅÈÏ
¿Ä¹Ê¿Ì¿ÊÏʻƔʿ¸Ï¹Â¿¹Á¿Ä½¿ÊÉ¿¹ÅÄƔ
ƺ¿Ìƻº¿Êʾ»ºÅ¹ËûÄÊ¸Ïź¿Ä½·Äºĺ»È¿ĿĽʾ»¾»·º¿Ä½Ɣ ÅÈ÷Ê
Ê»ÎÊ¿ÄÏÅËÈÉÊÅÈϸϹ¾·Ä½¿Ä½ʾ»¼ÅÄʹÅÂÅËÈƑ¼ÅÄÊɿл·Äº¼ÅÄÊÊÏÆ»Ɣ
ƺÌƻÂÅÉ»»ÎÊ»ÈÄ·ÂÉÊÅÈ·½»·ÄºÇË¿Êʾ» ÅËÈÄ·ÂƔ

(c) CD, DVD

CD¿Ä¼ËÂÂû·ÄÉÅÃÆ·¹Ê¿ÉÁ.
DVD¿Ä¼ËÂÂû·ÄÉ¿½¿Ê·Â¿º»Å¿ÉÁ.
·ÄºÉ·È»¿ÄÉ»ÈÊ»º¿Ä·»·º»È
·Äºʾ»Ä¹ÅÄÄ»¹Ê»ºÊÅ·ÄÎÅ·ÆÊÅÆ¿ÄÅȺ»ÈÊÅ
·¹¹»ÉÉÉÊÅÈ»º¿Ä¼ÅÈ÷ʿÅÄƔ
 ¿½ƔʻƔʾƓÈ»·º»È
¹ÅÄÄ»¹Ê»ºÊÅ·Ä·ÆÊÅÆƔ

 ¿½ƔʻƔʽƓÅÃÆ·¹Êº¿ÉÁÉƔ
¾»¿Ä¼ÅÈ÷ʿÅÄÅÄʾ»Ɩ¿ÉÈ»·ºÅÄÂÏƔ¾¿Éû·ÄÉ
ʾ·ÊÏÅ˹·ÄÄÅÊ·ººÃÅÈ»º·Ê·ÅÄ·ÅÈʾ·Ê
·ÂÈ»·ºÏ¾·Éº·Ê·ÅÄ¿ÊƔ
ļÅÈ÷ʿÅÄÅÄƖ¿ÉÈ»·º·ÄºÍÈ¿Ê»Ɣ

(d) External Hard disk

Ê¿É·ÂÉÅÁÄÅÍÄ·É»ÎÊ»Èķ¾·ÈººÈ¿Ì»ƔÊ¿É·ÆÅÈÊ·¸Â» ¿½ƔʻƔʿƓÎÊ»Èķ¾·Èº
ÉÊÅÈ·½»º»Ì¿¹»Ɣʾ·É·Ì»ÈÏ·Ƚ»ÉÊÅÈ·½»ÉÆ·¹»ʾ·Ê º¿ÉÁ¹ÅÄÄ»¹Ê»ºÊÅ·Ä
¿Éɿÿ·ÈÊÅʾ·Ê¼ÅËĺÅÄʾ»¾·Èºº¿ÉÁÉż¹ÅÃÆËÊ»ÈÉƔ ·ÆÊÅÆƔ

43
¾¿ÉÉÊÅÈ·½»º»Ì¿¹»¿É¹ÅÄÄ»¹Ê»ºÅÄÊÅʾ»¹ÅÃÆËʻȸϷ¹·¸Â»Ɣ

4.3: Sharing a document

¾»·ÆÊÅÆ·ÂÂÅÍɼÅȹÅÄÄ»¹Ê¿Ì¿Êϸ»ÊÍ»»Ä¿Ê·ÄºÄ»¿½¾¸ÅËȿĽ·ÆÊÅÆÉƔ
¾¿É¿É¹·Â»ºcollaboration.
Å·¸ÅÈ·Ê¿ÅÄ·ÂÂÅÍÉÏÅËÊÅɾ·È»;·ÊÏÅË·È»ºÅ¿Ä½ͿʾÅʾ»ÈÉƔÅ˹·Ä·ÂÉÅ
É»»;·Ê¼È¿»ÄºÉ¿ÄÏÅËÈÄ»¿½¾¸ÅËȾÅź·È»ºÅ¿Ä½Ɣ
Å˹·Ä¹Å·¸ÅÈ·Ê»ͿʾÅʾ»ÈɸÏɻĺ¿Ä½·Ä¿ÄÌ¿Ê·Ê¿ÅÄÅȸÏɾ·È¿Ä½Ϳʾʾ»
»¿½¾¸ÅËȾÅź.

(a) Send an invitation

Activity 4.12: Sending an invitation
(i) È»·Ê»ʾ»¼ÅÂÂÅͿĽÉÊÅÈÏ·¸ÅËÊʾ»»ÄÌ¿ÈÅÄûÄÊƔ

We should protect our environment

in order for it to be healthy to
us.
A healthy environment has good
quality air...

(ii)
ÅÊÅʾ»»¿½¾¸ÅȾÅź¿»ÍÊÅɾ·È»ÏÅËÈÉÊÅÈÏƔ¿¹Á·¼È¿»ÄºƠÉ
¿¹ÅÄÅÄÏÅËȹÅÃÆËÊ»ÈÊÅɻĺ·Ä¿ÄÌ¿Ê·Ê¿ÅÄÈ»ÇË»ÉÊƔ

44
 (iii) Ĺ»ÏÅ˾·Ì»¿ÄÌ¿Ê»ºÏÅËȼȿ»ÄºƑʻ¾¿ÃÅȾ»ÈÊŹ¿¹Áʾ»Write
¿¹ÅÄ¿Äʾ» ȷûż¾¿ÉÅȾ»È·ÆÊÅÆƔ»Ê¾¿ÃÅȾ»Èɻ»¹Êʾ»
Å¿ÄÅÆÊ¿ÅļÈÅÃʾ»ºÈÅƺÅÍÄûÄËʾ·Ê·ÆÆ»·ÈÉƔ

¾»Write¿¹Åľ·Éʾ»¹ÅÂÅËÈżÏÅËÈ˽·È¿¹ÅÄƔĹ»ɾ»ÅȾ»
¹Â¿¹ÁÉÅÄʾ» Å¿ÄÆÊ¿ÅÄƑ¾»ÅÈɾ»¹·ÄÌ¿»ÍÏÅËÈÉÊÅÈϷĺ¹ÅÄÊÈ¿¸ËÊ»
ÊÅ¿Ê·¹¹ÅȺ¿Ä½ÂÏƔ

ÅË ɻĺ ¿ÄÌ¿Ê·Ê¿ÅÄÉ ÊÅ · ÉÆ»¹¿Ű¹ Æ»ÈÉÅÄƔ ¾»Ä ÏÅË ¿ÄÌ¿Ê» ÏÅËÈ ¼È¿»ÄºÉƑ ÏÅË
·ÂÂÅÍʾ»ÃÊŹŷ¸ÅÈ·Ê»ͿʾÏÅË¿Äʾ»¹Ê¿Ì¿ÊÏʾ·ÊÏÅË·È»ºÅ¿Ä½Ɣ

What happens when your friends make changes to the document that you
stored?

(b) Share with the neighbourhood

¾»Ä»¿½¾¸ÅËȾÅźÌ¿»Í¿Ä·Â·ÆÊÅÆÉɾÅÍÉ·ÂÂʾ»¹ÅÄÄ»¹Ê»º·ÆÊÅÆÉ
·ÈÅËĺÏÅËƔÊ·ÂÉÅɾÅÍÉ·ÂÂʾ»ɾ·È»º¹Ê¿Ì¿Ê¿»ÉƔ

Activity 4.13: Sharing Activities with the neighbourhood

(i) ¹¹»ÉÉʾ»»¿½¾¸ÅËȾÅźÌ¿»Í¸Ï¹Â¿¹Á¿Ä½ʾ»»¿½¾¸ÅËȾÅź¿¹ÅÄ
ÅÄʾ»¼È·Ã»żÏÅËȹÅÃÆËÊ»ÈƔÅ˹·Ä·ÂÉÅËÉ»ʾ»»¿½¾¸ÅËȾÅź
¿¹ÅÄÅÄÏÅËÈɹȻ»ÄƔ

45
(ii) ¿ÄºÏÅËȼȿ»ÄºÉ·Äº·¹Ê¿Ì¿Ê¿»ÉÏÅË·È»¿ÄʻȻÉÊ»º¿Ä¸ÏÉ»·È¹¾¿Ä½¼ÅÈ
ʾ»Ã¿Äʾ»É»·È¹¾ûÄËƔ

(iii) ÅË ¹·Ä ÀÅ¿Ä ¿Ä ·Ä ¹Ê¿Ì¿ÊÏ ÏÅË ·È» ¿ÄʻȻÉÊ»º ¿Ä ¸Ï ¹Â¿¹Á¿Ä½ ÅÄ ʾ»
¾·È»º¹Ê¿Ì¿ÊÏƠÉ¿¹ÅÄƔ
ƺ¿Ìƻ ººÅʾ»ÈËÉ»ÈÉ¿ÄÏÅËÈ»¿½¾¸ÅȾÅźÊÅÏÅËÈ È¿»ÄºÅÈ
ÈÅËƸϹ¿¹Á¿Ä½
ÅÄʾ»¿È¿¹ÅÄÉƔÅ˹·Ä·ÂÉÅ¿ÄÌ¿Ê»ʾ»ÃÊÅɾ·È»¿ÄÏÅËȹʿ̿ÊÏƔ

Additional Activity
(i) »Äº·Ä¿ÄÌ¿Ê·Ê¿ÅÄÊÅÊÍÅżÏÅËȼȿ»ÄºÉÊŹŷ¸ÅÈ·Ê»·Äº¹ÅÄÊ¿ÄË»ʾ»
ÉÊÅÈÏÏÅËÊÏÆ»º¿Ä¹Ê¿Ì¿ÊÏ ʻƔʿƺ¸ƻƺ¿¿ƻ.
(ii) Ź·Ê»·½ÈÅËÆ¿ÄÏÅËÈ»¿½¾¸ÅËȾÅźƔ¿»Í¾ÅÍʾ»Ï·È»ÍÅÈÁ¿Ä½ÅÄ
ʾ»ÉÊÅÈÏÏÅËÍÈÅÊ»¿Ä¹Ê¿Ì¿ÊÏʻƔʸʹƔ Å¿Äʾ»Ã¿Äʾ¿É¹Ê¿Ì¿ÊÏƔ

Revision Activity 4
1. (a)·Ã»ʾ»¼ÅÂÂÅͿĽÊÏÆ»ÉżûÃÅÈ¿»ÉƔ

(i)
(ii) (iii) ƺ¿Ìƻ
ƺ¸ƻ º»ÄÊ¿¼Ï¿ÄÊ»Èķ·ĺ»ÎÊ»ÈÄ·ÂûÃÅÈ¿»É¼ÈÅÃʾ»»Î·Ãƻɷ¸ÅÌ»Ɣ

46
 ƺ¹ƻ ÅÃÆ·È»·ÄºƔ
2. ¾»¼ÅÂÂÅͿĽÉʷʻûÄÊÉÈ»¼»ÈÊÅƔ¾¿¹¾ÅÄ»ºÅ»ÉÄÅÊƜ
Ɣ ¿Äº ż ûÃÅÈÏ ;»È» ÏÅËÈ ¹ÅÃÆËÊ»È ¾ÅºÉ ¹ÅÆ¿»É ż ÆÈŽȷÃÉ
and data.
B. ÅÃÆËÊ»ÈËÉ»ÉÊÅÉÊÅÈ»ÉżÊÍ·È»ÆÈŽȷÃɹËÈÈ»ÄÊÂÏ¿ÄËÉ»Ɣ
C. ÈŽȷÃÉ ·È» ÂÅ·º»º ¿ÄÊÅ ûÃÅÈÏ ·Äº È»ÃÅÌ»º ¼ÈÅà ûÃÅÈÏ
;»ÄŰ»É·È»¹ÂÅÉ»ºƔ
D. ¿Éʾ»ɷû·É¾·Èºº¿ÉÁƔ
3. ¾·Ê¾·ÆÆ»ÄÉ;»ÄÏÅËŰÈÉÊÊËÈÄÅÄÏÅËȹÅÃÆËÊ»ÈƜ
Ɣ 
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B. ¾»ÂÅ·ºÉʾ»ÅƻȷʿĽÉÏÉÊ»Ã
C. ¾»
ÄÅûº»ÉÁÊÅÆ·ÆÆ»·ÈÉ¿Ãûº¿·Ê»ÂÏ
D. Ê·Á»É¹ÅÄÊÈÅÂ

4. Åɻĺ·Ä¿ÄÌ¿Ê·Ê¿ÅÄƑÏÅËͿºÅʾ»¼ÅÂÂÅͿĽ»Î¹»ÆÊÅÄ»Ɣ¾¿¹¾ÅÄ»
¿É¿ÊƜ
Ɣ ƻķºÅ¹ËûÄÊ
B.
ÅÊÅ»¿½¾¸ÅȾÅź¿»Í
C. ¿¹Á·¼È¿»ÄºƠÉ¿¹ÅÄÊÅɻĺ·Ä¿Ä̿ʻȻÇË»ÉÊ
D. ·Ì¿½·Ê»ÊÅʾ»ÊÅŸ·È
5.
¿Ì»ʾȻ»»Î·ÃÆ»Éżº·Ê·Ɣ
6. ÎÆ·¿Ä;·Ê¾·ÆÆ»ÄÉ;»Äʾ»¹ÅÃÆËʻȿÉÊËÈÄ»ºÅÄƔ
7.
¿Ì»·È»·ÉÅÄ;Ïʾ»¾·Èºº¿ÉÁ¿É·Ä¿ÃÆÅÈÊ·ÄÊÉÊÅÈ·½»º»Ì¿¹»Ɣ
8. ¿ÉÊʾȻ»Ê·ÉÁÉƻȼÅÈûº¸ÏƔ
9.
¿Ì»ʹÈ»·ÉÅÄÉ;Ͽɹ·Â»ºÊ»ÃÆÅÈ·ÈÏÉÊÅÈ·½»Ɣ
10. ÅË ¾·Ì» ¸»»Ä ½¿Ì»Ä · Ų·É¾ º¿ÉÁ ¸Ï ʾ» Ê»·¹¾»È ÊÅ ÊÈ·Äɼ»È ÉÅû
Æ¿¹ÊËȻɼÈÅÃÏÅËȹÅÃÆËÊ»ÈÊÅʾ»Ų·É¾º¿ÉÁƔ
(a) ÄÉ»ÈÊʾ»Ų·É¾º¿ÉÁ¿Äʾ»ÆÅÈÊƔ
ƺ¸ƻ ¹¹»ÉÉʾ»Ų·É¾º¿ÉÁ·ÄºÉ·Ì»ÅĻۻ¼ÈÅÃÏÅËÈ¿Ä¿ÊƔ
ƺ¹ƻ ÂÅÉ»ʾ»Ų·É¾º¿ÉÁ·Äº»À»¹Ê¿Ê¼ÈÅÃÏÅËÈ·ÆÊÅÆƔ
11. (a)   È¿Ê»ʺÉ»ÄʻŻɷ¸ÅËÊÏÅËÈɹ¾ÅÅÂƔ
ƺ¸ƻ ¾·È»ÏÅËÈ·¹Ê¿Ì¿ÊÏͿʾÊÍżȿ»ÄºÉ¿ÄÏÅËÈÄ»¿½¾¸ÅËȾÅźÊÅ÷Á»
·Ä¿Ä»É»ÄʻĹ»ºÅ¹ËûÄÊƔ

47
Word list
1. »·ºʾ»¼ÅÂÂÅͿĽÍÅȺÉ¿ÄÆ·¿ÈÉƔ
• »ÊÈ¿»Ì»º      • Data • Å·ʿ»
• »ÃÆÅÈ·ÈÏ»ÃÅÈÏ  • ¿ÊÉ     • ÏÊ»É
• ÊÅÈ·½»»Ì¿¹»É   •     • 
• »¿½¾¸ÅËȾÅź   • ÄÌ¿Ê·Ê¿ÅÄ   • Å·¸ÅÈ·Ê»
• ÅÄƖÅ·ʿ»
2. Æ»ÂÂʺÍÅȺÉ;¿Â»ÏÅËȼȿ»ÄºÍÈ¿Ê»Éʾ»Ã¿Ä¾¿ÉÅȾ»ÈÄÅÊ»¸ÅÅÁƔ»Ê
ÏÅËȼȿ»Äº·ÂÉÅÉÆ»ÂÂʺÅʾ»ÈÍÅȺÉ·ÉÏÅËÍÈ¿Ê»ʾ»Ã¿ÄÏÅËÈÄÅÊ»¸ÅÅÁƔ
3. ¿É¹ËÉÉͿʾÏÅËȼȿ»Äºʾ»û·Ä¿Ä½ż·ÄÏʺÍÅȺÉ¿Äʾ»ÍÅȺ¿ÉÊƔ
»¼»ÈÊÅÄÅʻɿÄÏÅËÈÊ»ÎʸÅÅÁƔ

48
 UNIT 5 WRITING SKILLS

Introduction
¹ÅÃÆËʻȿÉËÉ»ºÊÅÉÊÅÈ»º·Ê·Ɣ¾»º·Ê·ɾÅ˺¸»»ÄʻȻº¿Äʾ»¹ÅÃÆËÊ»È
¸ÏÊÏƿĽʾ»ÃƔ·Ê·¹·Ä¸»»ÄʻȻº¿ÄÊ·¸Â»É·ÉÍ»ÂÂƔ
Look at the following screenshots.

(a)

ƺ¸ƻ

ƺ¹ƻ

»É¹È¿¸»»·¹¾ɹȻ»ÄɾÅÊ·¸ÅÌ»Ɣ
È»º¿¹Ê;·ÊÏÅË·È»½Å¿Ä½ÊÅ»·ÈÄƔ

49
5.1: Insert tables
Activity 5.1: Meaning of table
(i) ¾·Ê¿É·Ê·¸Â»Ɯ»É»·È¹¾·ÄºÍÈ¿Ê»ɾÅÈÊÄÅÊ»ÉƔ
(ii) º»ÄÊ¿¼ÏÈÅÍɷĺ¹ÅÂËÃÄɼÈÅÃʾ»¼ÅÂÂÅͿĽŰ½ËÈ»Ɣ
a ¸ ¹ d
1
2

Tables
Ê·¸Â»¿É÷º»ËÆż¹ÅÂËÃÄɷĺÈÅÍÉƔ
(a) Create a table (columns and rows)
Activity 5.2: To create a table
(i) Æ»Äʾ»È¿Ê»¹Ê¿Ì¿ÊϼÈÅÃʾ»Åû¿»ÍƔ
(ii) ·¹»ʾ»ÆÅ¿ÄÊ»È;»È»ÏÅËÍ·ÄÊʾ»Ê·¸Â»ÊÅ·ÆÆ»·ÈƔ
(iii) Äʾ»È¿Ê»¹Ê¿Ì¿ÊÏÊÅŸ·ÈƑ¹Â¿¹Áʾ»·¸Â»ÊÅÅÂƔ
ƺ¿Ìƻ¾ÅÅÉ»¼ÈÅÃʾ»ºÈÅÆƖºÅÍÄûÄËƓÈ»·Ê»Ê·¸Â».
ƺÌƻ »Â»¹Êʾ»ÄËø»ÈżÈÅÍɷĺ¹ÅÂËÃÄÉƔ

Å˹Ȼ·Ê»·Ê·¸Â»¸Ï¹¾ÅÅɿĽʾ»Ê·¸Â»ÊÅÅ ¼ÈÅÃʾ»È¿Ê»¹Ê¿Ì¿ÊÏ
ÊÅŸ·ÈƔ

To Insert a Column

Activity 5.3: Inserting a column in a table

ÅͺÅÍ»¿ÄÉ»ÈʷĻ͹ÅÂËÃÄ¿Ä·Ê·¸Â»Ɯ

¿¹Á;»È»ÏÅËÍ·ÄÊʾ»¹ÅÂËÃÄÊÅ·ÆÆ»·ÈƔ
ÈÅÃʾ»Ê·¸Â»ÊÅÅÂɹ¾ÅÅÉ»ʾ»¹ÅÃ÷ĺ¼ÅÈInserting Column.

50
 ¿½ƔʼƔʸƓÄÉ»ÈʿĽ·¹ÅÂËÃÄƔ

To Insert a Row:

Activity 5.4: Inserting a row in a table

ÅͺÅÍ»¿ÄÉ»ÈÊ·Ä»ÍÈÅÍ¿Ä·Ê·¸Â»Ɯ

¿¹Á;»È»ÏÅËÍ·ÄÊʾ»ÈÅÍÊÅ·ÆÆ»·ÈƔ
ÈÅÃʾ»Ê·¸Â»ÊÅÅÂÉƑ¹¾ÅÅÉ»ʾ»¹ÅÃ÷ĺInsert Row.

¿½ƔʼƔʹƓÄÉ»ÈʿĽ·ÈÅÍƔ

Activity 5.5: To delete rows, columns, and tables

To delete a column
(i) »¼Ê¿¹ÁÅÄʾ»¹ÅÂËÃÄÏÅËͿɾÊź»Â»Ê»Ɣ
(ii) ÈÅÃʾ»Ê·¸Â»ÊÅÅÂÉƑ¹¾ÅÅÉ»Delete Column.

51
 To delete a row
(i) »¼Ê¹Â¿¹ÁÅÄʾ»ÈÅÍÏÅËͿɾÊź»Â»Ê»Ɣ
(ii) ÈÅÃʾ»Ê·¸Â»ÊÅÅÂÉƑ¹¾ÅÅÉ»»Â»Ê»ÅÍƔ

To delete a table
(i) É»ʾ»¹ËÈÉÅÈÊž¿½¾Â¿½¾Êʾ»;Żʷ¸Â»
(ii) Äʾ»Á»Ï¸Å·ÈºÆÈ»ÉÉErase (Delete) Á»ÏÊź»Â»Ê»Ɣ

Enter text in a table

(i) »¼Ê¹Â¿¹Á¿ÄÅÄ»¹»ÂÂżʾ»Ê·¸Â»ÏÅ˾·Ì»¹È»·Ê»ºƔ
(ii) ÏƻʻÎÊ¿Äʾ»¹»ÂÂƔ
È»·Ê»ʾ»¼ÅÂÂÅͿĽÊ·¸Â»·Äº¿ÄÉ»ÈÊ¿ÄÊ»ÎÊ·ÉɾÅÍÄƔ

Resizing rows and columns

Activity 5.6: Resizing rows and columns
ÅͺÅÏÅËȻɿлÈÅÍɷĺ¹ÅÂËÃÄÉƔ

(a) Resizing rows

ƺ¿ƻ ·¹»ʾ»ÆÅ¿ÄÊ»ÈÅÄʾ»¾ÅÈ¿ÐÅÄʷ¿Ļżʾ»ÈÅÍʾ·ÊÏÅËÍ·ÄÊÊÅȻɿлƔ
ƺ¿¿ƻ ºÅ˸»»º½»º·ÈÈÅÍ·ÆÆ»·ÈÉ

52
ƺ¿¿¿ƻÈ·½ʾ¿É·ÈÈÅÍ;¿¹¾¹¾·Ä½»É¿ÄÊÅ·¾·Äºɾ·Æ»Ɣ¾»ÄºÈ·½ÊÅʾ»¿ÄÉ¿º»
ÅÈÅËÊÉ¿º»żʾ»ÈÅÍʾ·ÊÏÅ˾·Ì»Ɣ
(b) Resizing columns
(i) ·¹»ʾ»ÆÅ¿ÄÊ»ÈÅÄʾ»Ì»ÈÊ¿¹·Â¿Ļż·¹ÅÂËÃÄÏÅËÍ·ÄÊÊÅȻɿлƔ
(ii) ºÅ˸»»º½»º·ÈÈÅÍ·ÆÆ»·ÈÉƔ
(iii) È·½ʾ¿É·ÈÈÅÍ;¿¹¾¹¾·Ä½»É¿ÄÊÅ·¾·Äºɾ·Æ»ƔÈ·½ÊÅͷȺÉʾ»¿ÄÉ¿º»
żʾ»¹ÅÂËÃÄÏÅËÍ·ÄÊÊÅȻɿлƔ

Practice Activity 5.1 Deleting, adding and resizing rows

and columns
(i) È»·Ê» · Ê·¸Â» ʾ·Ê ÂÅÅÁÉ ¿Á» ʾ» ÅÄ» ɾÅÍÄ ¸»ÂÅÍƑ ËɿĽ ʾ» Write
¹Ê¿Ì¿ÊÏ.
 ICT
UNIT »ÃÅÈÏƑÊÅÈ·½»·Äº·Ê·¾·È¿Ä½
Ɩ Data and ÄÊ»ÈÄ·Â ÎÊ»ÈÄ·Â ¾·È¿Ä½·
»ÃÅÈÏ ÊÅÈ·½» ÊÅÈ·½» ºÅ¹ËûÄÊ

(ii) ÄÉ»ÈÊ·Ä»ÍÈÅ͸»ÊÍ»»Äʾ»ʹnd and 3rdÈÅÍÉ·ÉɾÅÍĸ»ÂÅÍƔ

 ICT
UNIT »ÃÅÈÏƑÊÅÈ·½»·Äº·Ê·¾·È¿Ä½
Ɩ Data and ÄÊ»ÈÄ·Â ÎÊ»ÈÄ·Â ¾·È¿Ä½·
»ÃÅÈÏ ÊÅÈ·½» ÊÅÈ·½» ºÅ¹ËûÄÊ

(iii) ÏÆ»¿Äʾ»Ä»ÍÈÅÍƑÊ»ÎÊɾÅÍĸ»ÂÅÍƔ
 ICT
UNIT »ÃÅÈÏƑÊÅÈ·½»·Äº·Ê·¾·È¿Ä½
 »È¼ÅÈÃÍÈ¿Ê»·¹Ê¿Ì¿ÊÏ
Ɩ Data and ÄÊ»ÈÄ·Â ÎÊ»ÈÄ·Â ¾·È¿Ä½·
»ÃÅÈÏ ÊÅÈ·½» ÊÅÈ·½» ºÅ¹ËûÄÊ
ƺ¿Ìƻ »Â»Ê»ʾ»·ÉÊÈÅÍƔ
 ICT
UNIT »ÃÅÈÏƑÊÅÈ·½»·Äº·Ê·¾·È¿Ä½
 »È¼ÅÈÃÍÈ¿Ê»·¹Ê¿Ì¿ÊÏ
Ɩ Data and ÄÊ»ÈÄ·Â ÎÊ»ÈÄ·Â ¾·È¿Ä½·
»ÃÅÈÏ ÊÅÈ·½» ÊÅÈ·½» ºÅ¹ËûÄÊ

53
 ƺ¿Ìƻ»É¿Ð»¹ÅÂËÃÄÅÄ»¿Äƺ¿ƻ¸Ï÷Á¿Ä½¿ÊÉ÷»ÈƔ
ƺÌƻ »É¿Ð»ÈÅͼÅËÈ¿Äƺ¿¿¿ƻ¸Ï÷Á¿Ä½¿Ê¸¿½½»ÈƔ

5.2 Insert pictures and images

Activity 5.7: To insert a picture
(i) ¿¹Á;»È»ÏÅËÍ·ÄÊʾ»Æ¿¹ÊËȻʟ»Ɣ
(ii) ÅÌ»ÈÏÅËÈÆÅ¿ÄÊ»ÈÅÄ¿ÄÉ»Èʿ÷½»ÊÅŸ·ÈƔ
(iii) ¿¹ÁÅÄÄÉ»ÈÊ÷½»Ɣ¾» ÅËÈÄ·ÂÍ¿ÂÂʾ»ÄÅÆ»ÄËÆƑɾÅͿĽÏÅË·¿ÉÊ
ż·ÂÂżʾ»Æ¿¹ÊËÈ»ÉÉ·Ì»ºÅÄÏÅËȹÅÃÆËÊ»ÈƔ

ƺ¿Ìƻ ¾ÅÅÉ»ʾ»Æ¿¹ÊËÈ»ÏÅËÍ·ÄÊÊÅ·ººÊÅÏÅËȺŹËûÄʸϹ¿¹Á¿Ä½ÅÄ¿ÊÉ
¿¹ÅÄƔ

ƺÌƻ ÅËÈÆ¿¹ÊËȻͿ¸»·ºº»ºÊÅÏÅËȺŹËûÄÊ

¾»È¿Ê»¹Ê¿Ì¿ÊÏ¿É÷¿ÄÂÏËÉ»º¼ÅȹȻ·Ê¿Ä½ºÅ¹ËûÄÊÉƔÊ·ÂÉž·É¼»·ÊËÈ»É
ʾ·Ê·ÂÂÅÍÏÅËÊÅÇË¿¹ÁÂÏ¿ÄÉ»ÈÊÆ¿¹ÊËȻɷĺ¿Ã·½»É¿Ä·ºÅ¹ËûÄÊƔ
¼ ÏÅË ¾·Ì» Æ¿¹ÊËÈ»É É·Ì»º ¿Ä ÏÅËÈ ÅËÈÄ·Â ÅÈ ÉÊÅÈ·½» º»Ì¿¹»Ƒ ÏÅË ¹·Ä ¿ÄÉ»ÈÊ
ʾ»Ã¿ÄÊÅÏÅËȺŹËûÄÊƔ

Resize and position an image or picture

Activity 5.8: Resizing and positioning an image
È·¹Ê¿É»¾ÅÍÊÅÆÅÉ¿Ê¿ÅķĺȻɿл·Ä¿Ã·½»Ɣ

54
(a)ÅÉ¿Ê¿ÅķĿ÷½»
(i) ¿¹Áʾ»ÆÅÉ¿Ê¿ÅÄ;»È»ÏÅËÍ·ÄÊʾ»¿Ã·½»ÊŸ»Ɣ
(ii) ¿¹ÁÅÄ¿Êʾ»ÄºÈ·½¿ÊÊÅ·Ä»ÍÂŹ·Ê¿ÅÄƔ
ƺ¸ƻ »É¿Ð»·Ä¿Ã·½»
(i) ¿¹ÁÅÄʾ»¿Ã·½»Ɣ»É¿Ð»÷ÈÁÉ·ÆÆ»·ÈƔ
(ii) ·¹»ÏÅËÈÆÅ¿ÄÊ»ÈÅÄÅÄ»ȻɿпĽ÷ÈÁʾ»ÄºÈ·½ʾ»¿Ã·½»Ɣ

Provide text relating to imported image

Activity 5.9: Providing text to an image

ººÊ»ÎÊÊÅÏÅËÈÆ¿¹ÊËÈ»·ÉɾÅÍÄ¿Ä
ʾ»Æ¿¹ÊËÈ»Ɣ

Å˹·Ä·ºº·¹ÅÃûÄÊÊÅÏÅËÈÆ¿¹ÊËÈ»Ɣ
źÅʾ¿ÉƑÃÅÌ»ÏÅËÈÆÅ¿ÄʻȹÂÅÉ»ÈÊÅʾ»¿Ã·½»ƔÏÆ»ʾ»Ê»ÎÊʾ·ÊÏÅËÍ·ÄÊƔ

Practice Activity 5.2 Creating and editing a school

newspaper
(i) Å»¹Ê¿Ä¼ÅÈ÷ʿÅÄÅÄʼ÷ÀÅȹ¾·Â»Ľ»É¼·¹»º¸ÏÆ»ÅÆ»¿ÄÏÅËÈ
ÂŹ·Â¹ÅÃÃËÄ¿ÊÏƔ
(ii) ɿĽÏÅËÈÈ¿Ê»¹Ê¿Ì¿ÊÏƑ¹È»·Ê»·Ê·¸Â»ʾ·ÊÂÅÅÁÉ¿Á»ʾ»ÅÄ»
ɾÅÍĸ»ÂÅÍƔ
¾·Â»Ľ»É¼·¹»º¸Ïʾ» Ëø»Èż ÅÉÉ¿¸Â»ÉÅÂËÊ¿ÅÄÊÅ
ÂŹ·Â¹ÅÃÃËÄ¿ÊÏ Æ»ÅÆ» ʾÅÉ»¹¾·Â»Ľ»É

(iii) ¾·È»ÏÅËÈŰĺ¿Ä½ÉͿʾÏÅËȹ·ÉÉ÷ʻÉƔ
ƺ¿ÌƻÅ·¸ÅÈ·Ê»ͿʾÏÅËȼȿ»ÄºÉ¿Äʾ»È¿Ê»¹Ê¿Ì¿ÊÏÉÅ·ÉÊÅÆÈź˹»·
¹ÅÃÆ»ʻʼÆ·½»ºÄ»ÍÉ»ÊÊ»ÈƔ

55
 Revision Activity 5
1. Ê·¸Â»¿É÷º»ËÆżʾ»¼ÅÂÂÅͿĽ»Î¹»ÆÊÅÄ»Ɣ¾¿¹¾ÅÄ»¿É¿ÊƜ
Ɣ ¾»»ÊÉ   B
 . ÅÂËÃÄÉ  C
 . ÅÍÉ    D
 . »ÂÂÉ
2. (a) ¾·Ê¿Éʾ»ķû½¿Ì»ÄÊÅʾ¿É¿¹ÅÄ Ɯ
Ɣ·¸Â»¿¹ÅÄ B. ·¸Â»ÊÅÅ C. ÅÍÊÅÅ  D
 . ÅÂËÃÄÊÅÅÂ
ƺ¸ƻ ÅÅÁ·Êʾ»¼ÅÂÂÅͿĽÆ¿¹ÊËÈ»ÉƓ

ÅÃÆ·È»ʾ»Æ¿¹ÊËÈ»ÉƔÈ¿Ê»ºÅÍÄÏÅËÈŰĺ¿Ä½ÉƔ
3. ¾¿¹¾Åʾ»ÈÊ»ÈÃû·ÄÉʾ»ɷû·É¾¿½¾Â¿½¾ÊƜ
Ɣ »Æ·¹»   B. »Â»¹Ê   C . ÄÉ»ÈÊ     D
 . ËÆ¿¹·Ê»
4. ¾»ÄÏÅ˹¿¹ÁÅÄ¿ÄÉ»ÈÊÊ·¸Â»ÊÅÅÂ;¿¹¾ÊÅÅ¿ɿÁ»ÂÏÊŸ»·¹Ê¿Ì»Ɯ
Ɣ È»·Ê»Ê·¸Â»B. ÄÉ»ÈÊÅÍ C  . ÄÉ»ÈÊ÷½» D. ÄÉ»ÈÊÅÂËÃÄ
5. a) Ê·ÈÊ·¿Äʹʿ̿ÊϷĺºÈ·Í·ÉÊ·Èɾ·Æ»Ɣ
¸ƻ ÂÅÉ»ʾ»·¿Äʹʿ̿ÊÏʾ»ÄÉÊ·ÈÊʾ»È¿Ê»·¹Ê¿Ì¿ÊÏƔ
¹ƻ ÄÉ»ÈÊʾ»Ê·Èɾ·Æ»¼ÈÅÃʾ» ÅËÈķ¿ÄÊÅʾ»È¿Ê»¹Ê¿Ì¿ÊÏƔ
d) »É¿Ð»ʾ»ÉÊ·ÈÊÅƓ
(i) ·Á»¿Ê¸¿½½»È(ii)·Á»¿ÊÉ÷»È
6. ÄÈ¿Ê»¹Ê¿Ì¿ÊÏÏÅ˹·ÄËĺŷĺȻºÅ·ÄÏ·¹Ê¿ÅĺÅÄ»¸Ï¹Â¿¹Á¿Ä½ÅÄ
ʾ»ÃÈ»ÉÆ»¹Ê¿Ì»ÂÏƓ
(a) ÏÆ»ʾ»ķûżÏÅËÈɹ¾ÅÅ¿ÄÈ¿Ê»¹Ê¿Ì¿ÊÏƔ
ƺ¸ƻ ¾·Ê¾·ÆÆ»ÄÉ;»ÄÏÅ˹¿¹ÁÅÄËĺŹÅÃ÷ĺƜ

ƺ¹ƻ ¾·Ê¾·ÆÆ»ÄÉ;»ÄÏÅ˹¿¹ÁÅÄÈ»ºÅ¹ÅÃ÷ĺƜ

56
7. ¼ÏÅËÍ·ÄÊÊÅÍÅÈÁͿʾÊ·¸Â»ÉƑ;¿¹¾ÊÅÅÂÍ¿ÂÂÏÅËÅÆ»ÄƜ
8. »¼ÅÈ»ÏÅËÉÊ·ÈÊÊÏƿĽÊ»ÎÊ¿Ä·¹»ÂÂƑ;Ï¿É¿Ê¿ÃÆÅÈÊ·ÄÊÊŹ¿¹Á¿ÄÉ¿º»
ʾ»¹»ÂÂƜ
9. Ê·ÈÊÈ¿Ê»¹Ê¿Ì¿ÊϷĺ¼ÅÈ÷Ê·Ê·¸Â»·É¼ÅÂÂÅÍÉƓ
a) ÄÉ»ÈÊ·Ê·¸Â»¹ÅÄÊ·¿Ä¿Ä½ʻ¹ÅÂËÃÄɷĺʻÈÅÍÉƔ
¸ƻ Ïƻʷ¸Â»¾»·º»È·É¼ÅÂÂÅÍÉƓ

¹ƻ źʾ»¾»·º»ÈÉ·ÉɾÅÍÄ·¸ÅÌ»Ɣ
10. (a) È¿Ê»¼ÅËÈÉ»ÄʻŻɷ¸ÅËÊÏÅËȾÅûƔ
 ƺ¸ƻ ÄÉ»ÈʷĿ÷½»¿ÄÏÅËÈÊ»ÎÊƔ
 ƺ¹ƻ   ÈÅÌ¿º»Ê»ÎʹÅĹ»ÈĿĽʾ»¿Ã·½»ʾ·ÊÏÅ˾·Ì»¿ÄÉ»ÈÊ»ºƔ
11. (a) ¾·Ê¿É·Ê·¸Â»÷º»żƜ
 ƺ¸ƻ   È·Í·Ê·¸Â»Ϳʾʹ¹ÅÂËÃÄɷĺʻÈÅÍÉƔ
ƺ¹ƻ ƺ ¿ƻ 
 ÏÆ»ÏÅËÈŰÈÉÊķû¿Äʾ»ŰÈÉʹÅÂËÃķĺÈÅÍƔ
(ii)   ÏÆ»ÏÅËȹ·ÉÉķû¿Äʾ»É»¹Åĺ¹ÅÂËÃÄżʾ»ŰÈÉÊÈÅÍƔ
(d) »Â»Ê»ʾ»ʾ¿ÈºÈÅÍƔ
(e) »É¿Ð»¹ÅÂËÃÄʸƔ

Word list
1. »·ºʾ»¼ÅÂÂÅͿĽÍÅȺÉ¿ÄÆ·¿ÈÉƔ
• È¿Ê»¹Ê¿Ì¿ÊÏ  • ÄÉ»ÈÊ    • ·¸Â»   
• ÅÍ     • ÅÂËÃÄ   • ÷½»É
• ¿½¾Â¿½¾Ê    • »Â»Ê»    • ÃÆÅÈÊ
• »É¿Ð»     • ËÈÉÅÈ
2. Æ»ÂÂʺÍÅȺÉ;¿Â»ÏÅËȼȿ»ÄºÍÈ¿Ê»Éʾ»Ã¿Ä¾¿ÉÅȾ»ÈÄÅÊ»¸ÅÅÁƔ»Ê
ÏÅËȼȿ»Äº·ÂÉÅÉÆ»ÂÂʺÅʾ»ÈÍÅȺÉ·ÉÏÅËÍÈ¿Ê»ʾ»Ã¿ÄÏÅËÈÄÅÊ»¸ÅÅÁƔ
3. ¿É¹ËÉÉͿʾÏÅËȼȿ»Äºʾ»û·Ä¿Ä½ż·ÄÏʺÍÅȺÉ¿Äʾ»ÍÅȺ¿ÉÊƔ
»¼»ÈÊÅÄÅʻɿÄÏÅËÈÊ»ÎʸÅÅÁƔ

57
 UNIT 6 COMPUTER RESEARCH

Introduction
¿Ä¹»ÏÅË·È»¿̿Ľ¿Ä·Ê»¹¾ÄÅÂŽ¿¹·ÂÍÅȺƑÏÅ˹·Ä»·É¿ÂÏŰĺÅËÊ
¿Ä¼ÅÈ÷ʿÅÄʾ·ÊÏÅËÄ»»º¼ÈÅÃʾ»ÄÊ»ÈĻʸϸÈÅÍɿĽƔÅ˹·Ä·ÂÉÅ
»Î¹¾·Ä½»¿Ä¼ÅÈ÷ʿÅÄʾ·ÊÏÅ˾·Ì»Ÿʷ¿Ä»ºʾÈÅ˽¾»Ã·¿ÂÉƔ
Look at the following pictures.

(a) ƺ¸ƻ ƺ¹ƻ

(d) (e) ƺ¼ƻ

»É¹È¿¸»»·¹¾Æ¿¹ÊËÈ»·¸ÅÌ»Ɣ
È»º¿¹Ê;·ÊÏÅË·È»½Å¿Ä½ÊÅ»·ÈÄ¿Äʾ¿ÉËÄ¿ÊƔ

6.1: Browse and the use of e-mails

E-mail account
Activity 6.1: Investigating what an e-mail account is
(i) ¾·Ê¿É·Ä»Ɩ÷¿Â·¹¹ÅËÄÊƜ
(ii) »É»·È¹¾¼ÈÅÃʾ»ÄÊ»ÈÄ»ÊÅȺ¿¹Ê¿ÅÄ·ÈϷĺÍÈ¿Ê»¿ÄÏÅËÈÄÅÊ»¸ÅÅÁ¿ÊÉ
º»ŰÄ¿Ê¿ÅÄƔ

58
Ɩ÷¿Â¿É·ûÉÉ·½»ʾ·Ê¿ÉÉ»Äʻ»¹ÊÈÅÄ¿¹·ÂÂÏËɿĽ»Ɩ÷¿Â·ÆÆ¿¹·Ê¿ÅÄÉÉ˹¾
·É·¾ÅÅƑ
÷¿ÂƑÅÈÅÊ÷¿ÂƔ
È»·Â»Ɩ÷¿Â·ÆÆ¿¹·Ê¿ÅĻķ¸Â»ÉÏÅËÊŹȻ·Ê»ƑɻĺƑÈ»¹»¿Ì»·Éͻ·ÉÅȽ·Ä¿Ð»
»Ɩ÷¿ÂûÉÉ·½»ÉƔ
ÅË ¹·Ä ɻĺ ·Äº È»¹»¿Ì» »Ɩ÷¿ÂÉ ¼ÈÅà ËÉ»ÈÉ ·¹ÈÅÉÉ ɻ̻ȷ »Ɩ÷¿Â É»ÈÌ¿¹»
ÆÈÅÌ¿º»ÈÉƔ
ÅÈÏÅËÊÅÉÊ·ÈÊËɿĽ»Ɩ÷¿ÂÉ»ÈÌ¿¹»ÉƑÏÅËÄ»»ºÊÅÉ¿½ÄËƼÅÈ·Ä»Ɩ÷¿Â
·¹¹ÅËÄÊƔ

Create an e-mail account

Activity 6.2: To create your new e-mail account

(i) ƻķ¸ÈÅÍÉ»ÈͿĺÅ͸Ϲ¿¹Á¿Ä½ÅÄʾ»¸ÈÅÍÉ»¿¹ÅÄƔ

(ii) Äʾ»·ººÈ»Éɸ·ÈƑÊÏÆ»·Í»¸÷¿Â·ººÈ»ÉÉƑ¼ÅȻηÃÆ»ÍÍÍƔÏ·¾ÅÅƔ
¹ÅÃ

(iii) ÄÏ·¾ÅžÅûÆ·½»Ƒ¹Â¿¹ÁÅÄÉ¿½ÄËÆ¿ÄÁƔ

 É¿½ÄËƼÅÈÃÍ¿ÂÂÅÆ»ÄËƼÅÈÏÅËÊÅÉÊ·ÈÊŰ¿Ľ¿ÄÏÅËÈÆ»ÈÉÅķº»Ê·¿ÂÉƔ
ƺ¿Ìƻ¿¹ÁơÉ˸ÿÊƢ;»ÄÏÅËŰĿɾ»ÄʻȿĽÏÅËȹÅÈÈ»¹Êº»Ê·¿ÂÉƔ

Login and logout

Activity 6.3: Loging in and loging out
È·¹Ê¿É»ÊÅÉ¿½Ä¿ÄƺÂŽ½¿Ä½¿Äƻ·ÄºÊÅÉ¿½ÄÅËÊƺÂŽ½¿Ä½ÅËÊƻƔ

59
ÅÂŽ¿ÄƓ
1. ¿¹ÁÅÄ¿½ÄÄ. 2. ¿Â¿ÄÏÅËÈÉ»Èķû 3. ¿¹ÁÅÄ¿½ÄÄ
and ·ÉÉÍÅȺ. ·½·¿ÄƔ
4. ¿¹ÁÅÄ¿½Ä
ÅËÊƔ

¿½ƔʽƔʹƓ·¾ÅÅÂŽ¿ÄɹȻ»ÄÉƔ

To write and send e-mail

Activity 6.4: To write and send an e-mail
(i) ¹¹»ÉÉÈÅÍÉ»·¹Ê¿Ì¿ÊÏ.
(ii) ¿½Ä¿ÄƭÂŽ¿ÄÏÅËÈ»Ɩ÷¿Â·¹¹ÅËÄÊƔ¾»Ä¹Â¿¹Áơ¹ÅÃÆÅÉ»ƢƔ¾¿É
ÆÈÅÌ¿º»É·É÷ÂÂͿĺÅͼÈÅÃ;»È»ÏÅ˹·ÄÉÊ·ÈÊÊÏƿĽÏÅËÈ
ûÉÉ·½»Ɣ
(iii) ÏÆ»ʾ»È»¹¿Æ¿»ÄÊ·ººÈ»ÉɼÅȻηÃÆ»Ƒ¾·ÄÄ·¾ʤ½Ã·¿ÂƔ¼ÈƑ
·º¿·Ä¾·¸¿Ã·Ä·ʤÏ·¾ÅÅƔ¹ÅÿÄʾ»È»¹¿Æ¿»ÄÊÊ»ÎʸÅÎƔÄÉËÈ»ÏÅË
ɻĺʾ»»Ɩ÷¿ÂÊÅÅÄ»żÏÅËȹ·ÉÉ÷ʻÉƔ
ƺ¿ÌƻÏÆ»ʾ»É˸À»¹Ê¼ÅÈÏÅËÈ»Ɩ÷¿Â¼ÅÈ
»Î·ÃÆ»ƒhappy birthday¿Äʾ»
É˸À»¹ÊÊ»ÎʸÅÎƔ
ƺÌƻ
Å · ¾»·º ·Äº ÍÈ¿Ê» ʾ» ¸¿Èʾº·Ï
ûÉÉ·½»¿Äʾ»Ê»ÎÊͿĺÅÍƔ
ƺÌ¿ƻ¿¹ÁɻĺƔ
ƺÌ¿¿ƻÉÁÏÅËȹ·ÉÉ÷ʻ¿¼ɾ»ÅȾ»¾·ÉÈ»¹»¿Ì»ºÏÅËÈ»Ɩ÷¿ÂƔ

Read inbox e-mails

Activity 6.5: Reading inbox e-mails
(i) ¿¹Á ÅÄ ĸÅÎ ¼Åº»È ÊÅ º¿ÉÆ·Ï ÏÅËÈ »Ɩ÷¿ÂƔ ¾¿É Ϳ º¿ÉÆ·Ï ·Â ʾ»
·Ì·¿Â·¸Â»»Ɩ÷¿ÂÉ¿ÄÏÅËÈ·¹¹ÅËÄÊƔ
(ii) ¾»Ä»ÍËÄÈ»·º»Ɩ÷¿Âɾ·Ì»ÆËÈÆ»¸Ë»ÊÉÅÄʾ»ÃƔ

60
ĸÅÎ ¿É · ¼Åº»È ;»È» ÏÅËÈ Ä»ÍÂÏ º»Â¿Ì»È»º »Ɩ÷¿Â ûÉÉ·½»É ·ÆÆ»·ÈƔ ¾»
ĸÅοÉÄÅÈ÷ÂÂÏÅƻĻº·ËÊÅ÷ʿ¹·ÂÂÏ;»ÄÏÅËÂŽ¿ÄÊÅÈ»·ºÏÅËÈ»Ɩ÷¿ÂÉƔ

6.2: Browse Activity

Activity 6.6: Browse Activity
(i) Ê·ÈÊÈÅÍÉ»¹Ê¿Ì¿ÊϼÈÅÃʾ»Åû¿»ÍƔ
(ii) ¾·ÊºÅÏÅËÉ»»;»Äʾ»¸ÈÅÍÉ»·¹Ê¿Ì¿ÊÏÅÆ»ÄÉËÆƜ
(iii) ·Ã»·ÄÏʹÄÊ»ÈĻʸÈÅÍÉ»ÈÉʾ·ÊÏÅËÁÄÅÍƔ

Navigating and Using the Browse Activity

¾»ÄÏÅ˹¿¹ÁÅÄ·Í»¸Æ·½»·ÄºÌ¿»Í¿ÊɹÅÄÊ»ÄÊÉƑͻɷÏÏÅË·È»
Ä·Ì¿½·Ê¿Ä½ʾ»Í»¸Ɣ
ÅÄ·Ì¿½·Ê»ʾ»Í»¸ƑÏÅËÍ¿ÂÂÄ»»ºÊÅÊÏÆ»ʾ»·ººÈ»ÉÉÏÅËÍ·ÄÊÊŽÅÊÅ¿Äʾ»
ººÈ»ÉÉ·ÈƔ ÅȻηÃÆ»ÍÍÍƔÏ·¾ÅÅƔ¹ÅÃƔ

¿½ƔʽƔʺƓ¾»ººÈ»Éɸ·È¿Äʾ»ÈÅÍÉ»¹Ê¿Ì¿ÊÏƔ
• ¾»ÃÅÉʹÅÃÃÅÄÍ»¸É¿Ê»ËÉ»º¼ÅÈŰĺ¿Ä½¿Ä¼ÅÈ÷ʿÅÄ¿É
¾ÊÊÆƓƭƭÍÍÍƔ½ÅŽ»Ɣ¹ÅÃ.
• ļÅÈ÷ʿÅĹ·Ä·ÂÉŸ»É»·È¹¾»ºÅÄ¿Á¿Æ»º¿·ÅÈÏ·¾ÅÅƔ

¿½ƔʽƔʻƓ»·È¹¾¿Ä½¼ÅÈÏ·¾ÅÅÍ»¸É¿Ê»Ɣ

Activity 6.7: Taking a screenshot

(i) º»ÄÊ¿¼Ïʾ»¿Ã·½»ÅȿļÅÈ÷ʿÅÄʾ·ÊÏÅËÍ·ÄÊƔ
(ii) źºÅÍÄʾ»ÂÊÁ»Ï·Äºʾ»ÄÆÈ»ÉÉ1 (ÂÊ + 1).
(iii) ¿»ÍÏÅËÈɹȻ»ÄɾÅÊ¿ÄÏÅËÈ ÅËÈÄ·ÂƔ

61
 Activity 6.8: Navigating using the Browse Activity
(i) Ê·ÈÊÈÅÍÉ»¹Ê¿Ì¿ÊÏƔ
(ii) ÏÆ»¾ÊÊÆƓƭƭÍ¿Á¿Ɣ·ÆÊÅÆƔÅȽ¿Äʾ»·ººÈ»Éɸ·ÈƔ
(iii) »·ºʾ»¹ÅÄÊ»ÄÊÅÄʾ»Í»¸É¿Ê»Ɣ
ƺ¿Ìƻ·Á» · ɹȻ»ÄɾÅÊ ż ¿Ä¼ÅÈ÷ʿÅÄ ·Äº Æ¿¹ÊËÈ»É
ʾ·ÊÏÅË¿Á»Ɣ

Accessing the Worldmap, Dictionary, Textbooks and

Storybooks
Activity 6.9: Accessing the Dictionary, Textbooks and
Storybooks
(a) Accessing the dictionary
(i) ÈÅÍÉ» ʾ»
ÅŽ» Í»¸É¿Ê» ¸Ï ÊÏƿĽ ¾ÊÊÆƓƭƭÍÍÍƔ½ÅŽ»Ɣ¹Åà ¿Ä ʾ»
·ººÈ»Éɸ·ÈƔ
(ii) Äʾ»
ÅŽ»É»·È¹¾¸ÅÎÊÏÆ»ʾ»ÍÅȺƟ¿¹Ê¿ÅÄ·ÈÏƔƠ

(iii) ¿¹Áʾ»É»·È¹¾¸ËÊÊÅÄ ÊÅÌ¿»ÍÈ»ÉËÂÊÉƔ

(b) Accessing the Textbooks and storybooks

(i) Å·¹¹»ÉÉ»ÎʸÅÅÁɷĺÉÊÅÈϸÅÅÁÉƑËÉ»ʾ»
ÅŽ»É»·È¹¾¸ÅÎƔ
(ii) Å˹·ÄÉ»·È¹¾¼ÅÈ·ÉÆ»¹¿Ű¹¸ÅÅÁÅÈ·¸ÈÅ·º¹·Ê»½ÅÈÏż¸ÅÅÁÉƔ

(c) Accessing the World Map

(i) Ê·ÈÊʾ»ÈÅÍÉ»¹Ê¿Ì¿ÊÏƔ¾»Ä
ÅŽ»É»·È¹¾¸ÅÎ
(ii) ÏÆ»¿Äʾ»·ººÈ»Éɸ·ÈơÍÅȺ÷ÆƢ·ÉÏÅËÈÉ»·È¹¾Ê»ÈÃƔ
(iii) ¿¹ÁÅĿ÷½»É¿¹ÅÄÊÅÌ¿»Í¿Ã·½»ÉÅÄÂÏƔ

62
 ƺ¿Ìƻ¿¹ÁÅÄÌ·È¿ÅËÉ÷ÆÉÊÅÌ¿»Íʾ»ÃƔÅÅÃʾ»÷ÆÉÊÅÉ»»ʾ»ÃÃÅÈ»
¹Â»·ÈÂÏƔ¿¹ÁÅÄʾ»¿¹ÅÄʾ·ÊÂÅÅÁÉ¿Á»ʾ¿É ÊÅÐÅÅÃƔ
 ÅÐÅÅÿÄƑ¹Â¿¹ÁÅÄ + ƔÅÐÅÅÃÅËʹ¿¹ÁÅÄ – .
ƺÌƻ ·Á»ÊÍÅɹȻ»ÄɾÅÊÉżʾ»÷Æʾ·ÊÏÅ˹·ÄÉ»»¹Â»·ÈÂÏƔ
ƺÌ¿ƻ¿»ÍÏÅËÈ÷ÆÉ¿Äʾ» ÅËÈÄ·ÂƔ

ÅË ¹·Ä ËÉ» ʾ» ¸ÈÅÍÉ»È ÊÅ ·¹¹»ÉÉ ¿ÃÆÅÈÊ·ÄÊ »·ÈĿĽ ÷ʻȿ·ÂÉƔ ηÃÆ»É
ż»·ÈĿĽ÷ʻȿ·ÂÉʾ·ÊÏÅ˹·Ä·¹¹»ÉɿĹÂ˺»Ɠ¾»ÍÅȺ÷ÆƑ¿¹Ê¿ÅÄ·ÈÏƑ
»ÎʸÅÅÁɷĺÉÊÅÈϸÅÅÁÉ·ÃÅĽÅʾ»ÈÉƔ
ÍÅȺ÷ÆɾÅÍÉ·ÂÂʾ»¹ÅÄÊ¿Ä»ÄÊɷ叻·ÄÉżʾ»ÍÅȺƔ

Practice Activity 6.1

žÄͱÉ  ·ÆÊÅÆ ¿É ɾÅͿĽ ʾ»
¼ÅÂÂÅͿĽɹȻ»ÄƔ
1. ¾·Ê Í»¸É¿Ê» º¿º ¾» ÊÏÆ» ¿Ä
ʾ»·ººÈ»Éɸ·ÈƜ
2. ¾·Êº¿º¾»É»·È¹¾¼ÅÈƜ
3. È¿Ê» ºÅÍÄ ÉÅû È»ÉÆÅÄÉ»É
ʾ·Ê¾»½ÅʼÈÅþ¿ÉÉ»·È¹¾Ɣ

Share the content from Browse Activity

Activity 6.10: Sharing Bookmarks
(i) È»·Ê»·¸ÅÅÁ÷ÈÁ¸Ï¹Â¿¹Á¿Ä½ÅÄʾ»¸ÅÅÁ÷ÈÁ¿¹ÅÄ;¿¹¾·ÆÆ»·ÈÉ
¿Á»·ÉÊ·ÈÅÄʾ»ÊÅÆżʾ»¸ÈÅÍÉ»ÈͿĺÅÍƔ
(ii) ÅÌ»ÈÏÅËÈÆÅ¿ÄÊ»ÈÅÌ»Èʾ»È¿Ì·Ê»¿¹ÅÄƔ
(iii) ¿¹Áʾ»Ï»¿½¾¸ÅËȾÅź¿¹ÅÄƔϺſĽʾ¿ÉƑÏÅËͿ¸»·ÂÂÅͿĽ
¼È¿»ÄºÉÊÅÌ¿»Í·Äºɾ·È»ÏÅËȸÅÅÁ÷ÈÁÉƔ
ƺ¿ÌƻÉÁÏÅËȼȿ»ÄºÉÊÅÉ»»ʾ»ɾ·È»º¸ÅÅÁ÷ÈÁÉƔźÅʾ¿ÉƑʾ»ÏÍ¿ÂÂÀËÉÊ
Ä»»ºÊÅÅÆ»Äʾ»¿È»¿½¾¸ÅËȾÅź¿»ÍÅÄʾ»¿ÈÉ·ÆÊÅÆÉƔ

¼ÏÅËͿɾÊÅɾÅÍÅʾ»ÈÆ»ÅÆ»;·ÊÏÅ˾·Ì»¸»»ÄºÅ¿Ä½¿ÄÈÅÍÉ»ƑÏÅË
¹·Äɾ·È»ÏÅËȸÅÅÁ÷ÈÁÉͿʾʾ»ÃƔ

63
¸ÅÅÁ÷ÈÁ¿É·È»¹ÅȺżÍ»¸É¿Ê»Éʾ·ÊÏÅ˾·Ì»Ì¿É¿Ê»ºƔÅËÍ¿ÂÂÄ»»ºÊž·Ì»
·Ê»·ÉÊÅÄ»¸ÅÅÁ÷ÈÁ·ÂÈ»·ºÏÉ·Ì»ºƔ

Revision Activity 6
1. Ê˺Ïʾ»¼ÅÂÂÅͿĽɹȻ»ÄɾÅÊƓ

(a) ¾·Ê¿Éʾ»Æ·½»·¸ÅÌ»ËÉ»º¼ÅÈƜ
ƺ¸ƻ (i)   ·Ã»ʾ»Æ·ÈÊÉ·¸»Â»º·Äº Ɣ
(ii)ÎÆ·¿Ä¸È¿»ŲϾÅÍÏÅ˹·Äɾ·È»¹ÅÄÊ»ÄÊ¿Äʾ»Æ·ÈÊÉ
   ·¸»Â»º Ɣ
ƺ¹ƻ Æ·ÈÊ ¼ÈÅÃ
ÅŽ»Ƒ ;·Ê Åʾ»È Í»¸ ·ÆÆ¿¹·Ê¿ÅÄ ¹·Ä Í» ËÉ» ÊÅ
É»·È¹¾¼ÅȿļÅÈ÷ʿÅÄƜ
2. (a) Ê·ÈÊÈÅÍÉ»¹Ê¿Ì¿ÊÏƔÄʾ»
ÅŽ»»·È¹¾¸ÅÎʾ·Ê·ÆÆ»·ÈÉÊÏÆ»
ơ·Æż¼È¿¹·Ƣ·ÉÏÅËÈÉ»·È¹¾Ê»ÈÃÊÅ·¹¹»ÉÉʾ»÷Æż¼È¿¹·Ɣ
ƺ¸ƻ¿¹ÁÅĿ÷½»É¿ÄÁÊÅÌ¿»Í¿Ã·½»ÉÅÄÂÏƔ¿¹ÁÅÄÅÄ»¿Ã·½»ÏÅË
¾·Ì»¹¾ÅÉ»ÄÊž·Ì»··Ƚ»È¹Â»·È»ÈÌ¿»ÍƔ
ƺ¹ƻÅÅÃƖ¿ÄÉÅʾ·ÊÏÅ˹·ÄÂŹ·Ê»ʾ»·Éʼȿ¹·Ä¹ÅËÄÊÈ¿»ÉƔ
(d)·Á»·ɹȻ»ÄɾÅʷĺɾ·È»¿ÊͿʾ¼È¿»ÄºÉƔ
3. ¾·Ê¿É·Ä»Ɩ÷¿ÂƜ
Ɣ »Äº¿Ä½Ê»ÎÊûÉÉ·½»É»Â»¹ÊÈÅÄ¿¹·ÂÂÏ
B. »Äº¿Ä½¿Ä̿ʻɻ»¹ÊÈÅÄ¿¹·ÂÂÏ
C. ûÉÉ·½»ʾ·Ê¿ÉÉ»Äʻ»¹ÊÈÅÄ¿¹·ÂÂÏ
D. ûÉÉ·½»ʾ·Ê¿ÉŲ·½½»º»Â»¹ÊÈÅÄ¿¹·ÂÂÏ
4. ¾·Ê¿Éʾ»ķû½¿Ì»ÄÊÅʾ»ÆÈŹ»ÉÉż¹È»·Ê¿Ä½·Ä»Ɩ÷¿Â·¹¹ÅËÄÊƜ
Ɣ  Ž¿Ä      B. Make
C. »É¿½Ä     D. ¿½ÄËÆ

64
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ÃÅʾ»ÈƔ ¾» Í·ÄÊÉ ÊÅ ¿Ä¼ÅÈà ¾»È ·¸ÅËÊ ¾»È ɹ¾ÅÅ ·¹¹ÅÃÃź·Ê¿ÅÄ
¸·Â·Ä¹»Ɣ


B

(a) ¾·Ê¿Éʾ»¿ÃÆÅÈʷĹ»żʾ»Æ·ÈÊÉ·¸»Â»ºƓ
(i) (ii) B (iii) C ƺ¿ÌƻD
ƺ¸ƻ ɿĽ ÏÅËÈ  ·ÆÊÅÆƑ ¹ÅÃÆÅÉ» ʾ» »Ɩ÷¿Â ʾ·Ê ·Ä» Ä»»ºÉ ÊÅ
ɻĺƔĹÂ˺»ʾ»É˸À»¹Ê¿ÄÏÅËÈ»Ɩ÷¿ÂƔ
6. ¾»¼ÅÂÂÅͿĽ¼»·ÊËȻɷȻ¼ÅËĺ¿Ä·½Ã·¿Â·¹¹ÅËÄÊexcept
Ɣ »ÄÊ÷¿Â     
B. È·¼ÊÉ   
C. ȷɾ      
D. ¹¾ÅÅÂ
7. ɿĽÈ¿Ê»¹Ê¿Ì¿ÊÏƑÅËÊ¿Ļʾ»ÉÊ»ÆÉÏÅËͿ¼ÅÂÂÅÍÊŹȻ·Ê»·Ä»Ɩ÷¿Â
·¹¹ÅËÄÊƔ
8. ÅËÄ»»ºÊÅɻĺ·Ä»Ɩ÷¿ÂÊÅÏÅËȼȿ»ÄºÊÅ¿ÄÌ¿Ê»¾»ÈÊÅÏÅËȹÅÃÃËÄ¿ÊÏ
¹Â»·ÄËƻλȹ¿É»ƔÈ»·Ê»·Ä»Ɩ÷¿ÂͿʾ·Ȼ»̷ÄÊÉ˸À»¹Ê·Äº¹ÅÄÊ»ÄÊƔ
9. È¿Ê»·ÉÊ»ÆƖ¸ÏƖÉÊ»ÆÆÈŹ»ºËÈ»ÏÅËͿ¼ÅÂÂÅÍÊŹÅÃÆÅÉ»·Ä»Ɩ÷¿Â
ûÉÉ·½»Ɣ

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10. (a) ¾Å¿Éʾ»È»¹¿Æ¿»ÄÊͿʾÈ»¼»È»Ä¹»ÊÅ»Ɩ÷¿ÂÉƜ
ƺ¸ƻ È»·Ê»·Ä»Ã·¿ÂÊÅÏÅËȼȿ»ÄºƔ
ƺ¹ƻ Äʾ»¸ÅºÏżʾ»»Ɩ÷¿ÂƑ·ºº¹ÅÄÊ»ÄÊ»ÎÆ·¿Ä¿Ä½;ÏÏÅË¿Á»ËɿĽ
·ÆÊÅÆÉ¿ÄÏÅËÈɹ¾ÅÅÂƔ
(d)
¿Ì»·Ȼ»̷ÄÊÉ˸À»¹ÊÊÅÏÅËȻ÷¿ÂƔ
11. (a) ·Ä ÏÅË ɻĺ ·Ä »Ɩ÷¿Â Ϳʾ ʾ» ɷû ûÉÉ·½» ÊÅ ɻ̻ȷÂ
È»¹¿Æ¿»ÄÊÉƜ
ƺ¸ƻ Ë¿·Ä»¾·ÉÊź¾Å÷Éʾ·Ê¾»È»Ɩ÷¿Â¾·É·Ä·ÊÊ·¹¾Ã»ÄÊƔ
(i) ÎÆ·¿Ä;·Ê·Ű»·ÊÊ·¹¾Ã»ÄÊ¿ÉƜ
(ii)
¿Ì»»Î·ÃÆ»ÉżŰ»Éʾ·Ê¹·Ä¸»·ÊÊ·¹¾»ºËɿĽ»Ɩ÷¿ÂƜ

Word list
1. »·ºʾ»¼ÅÂÂÅͿĽÍÅȺÉ¿ÄÆ·¿ÈÉ
• ÃÆÅÍ»ÈûÄÊ   • ÈÅÍÉ»    • Ž¿Ä
• Ž¿Ä      • ººÈ»ÉÉ·È   • Åû·½»
• ¿½ÄËÆ     • ·Ì¿½·Ê¿Ä½   • »¸É¿Ê» 
• Internet • ÅÅÁ÷ÈÁ   • ÅÍÄÂÅ·º¿Ä½
2. Æ»ÂÂʺÍÅȺÉ;¿Â»ÏÅËȼȿ»ÄºÍÈ¿Ê»Éʾ»Ã¿Ä¾¿ÉÅȾ»ÈÄÅÊ»¸ÅÅÁƔ»Ê
ÏÅËȼȿ»Äº·ÂÉÅÉÆ»ÂÂʺÅʾ»ÈÍÅȺÉ·ÉÏÅËÍÈ¿Ê»ʾ»Ã¿ÄÏÅËÈÄÅÊ»¸ÅÅÁƔ
3. ¿É¹ËÉÉͿʾÏÅËȼȿ»Äºʾ»û·Ä¿Ä½ż·ÄÏʺÍÅȺÉ¿Äʾ»ÍÅȺ¿ÉÊƔ
»¼»ÈÊÅÄÅʻɿÄÏÅËÈÊ»ÎʸÅÅÁƔ

66
 UNIT 7 PROGRAMMING FOR
CHILDREN

Introduction
ÅË·È»½ÈÅͿĽËÆ¿Ä·º¿½¿Ê·ÂÍÅȺ;»È»»Ì»ÈÏʾ¿Ä½¿ÄÌÅÂÌ»ÉËÉ»ż
»Â»¹ÊÈÅÄ¿¹º»Ì¿¹»ÉƔ¾»É»º»Ì¿¹»ÉÅƻȷʻËɿĽÉÊÅÈ»ºÆÈŽȷÃûÉƔ
Look at the following screenshots:

(a) ƺ¸ƻ ƺ¹ƻ

(d) (e)

»É¹È¿¸»»·¹¾ɹȻ»ÄɾÅÊ·¸ÅÌ»Ɣ
È»º¿¹Ê;·ÊÏÅË·È»½Å¿Ä½ÊÅ»·ÈÄƔ

Turtle Art Activity

7.1 Drawing geometric shapes
Activity 7.1: Identifying geometric shapes
(i) È·Íʾ»¼ÅÂÂÅͿĽÆ¿¹ÊËȻɿÄÏÅËÈÄÅÊ»¸ÅÅÁƓ
(a) ·È·Â»ÂŽȷà  ƺ¸ƻ »¹Ê·Ä½Â»
ƺ¹ƻ ȷƻпËÃÉ   (d)¾ÅøËÉ»É

67
 (ii) º»ÄÊ¿¼Ïʾ»¼ÅÂÂÅͿĽÈ»½Ë·ÈÆÅÂϽÅÄÉƓ

 ƺ·ƻ ƺ¸ƻ ƺ¹ƻ

(iii)Ê˺Ïʾ»¼ÅÂÂÅͿĽÊ·¸Â»¹ÅÈÈ»¹ÊÂÏƓ
·Ã»żÆÅÂϽÅÄ Ëø»ÈżÉ¿º»É Ľ»ɿлƺͮƻ
»ÄÊ·½ÅÄ 5 360 = 72
5
6 360 = 60
6
»ÆÊ·½ÅÄ
360 =
8
9
ÅÆÏʾ»Ê·¸Â»¿ÄÏÅËÈÄÅÊ»¸ÅÅÁ·ÄºŰ¿ķÆÆÈÅÆÈ¿·Ê»ÂÏƔÉ»ʾ»ÈÅÍÉ»
¹Ê¿Ì¿ÊÏÅÄÏÅËÈ·ÆÊÅÆÊÅŰĺÅËÊÃÅÈ»¿Ä¼ÅÈ÷ʿÅÄƔ

Drawing a 6 sided polygon in Turtle Art

Activity 7.2: Drawing hexagon in Turtle Art
É»ʾ» ÅÈͷȺÅÃ÷ĺ and »¼Êƭ¿½¾Ê¹ÅÃ÷ĺƔɿĽʾ» ÅÈͷȺ
·Äº¿½¾Êƭ»¼Ê¹ÅÃ÷ĺÉÊźȷͷʽÉ¿º»ºÆÅÂϽÅÄÏÅ˹·Ä·ÂÉÅËÉ»ʾ»
»Æ»·Ê¹ÅÃ÷ĺ.
(i) »Â»¹Ê ʾ» ¿ÄÉÊÈ˹ʿÅÄ ¸ÂŹÁ ÍÈ¿ÊÊ»Ä ÅÄ ÅÈͷȺƔ ÄÊ»È ʾ» ÄËø»È ż
ƿλÂÉʾ·ÊÏÅËÍ·ÄÊÏÅËÈËÈÊ»ÊÅÃÅÌ»»Ɣ½ƔʹʷʷƔ
(ii) »Â»¹Êʾ»»¼ÊÅÈ¿½¾Ê¹ÅÃ÷ĺƔÄÊ»Èʾ»·Ä½Â»·Éʽʷͮ.
(iii) ÄÊ»Èʾ»ÊÍÅÉÊ»ÆÉ·¸ÅÌ»ʽʿûÉƔ

68
 ËÈÊ»ÅÃ÷ĺÉƔ ¾»Î·½ÅÄƔ

ƺ¿ÌƻËÄÏÅËÈÉÊ·¹ÁÉÂÅÍÂÏÊÅÉ»»¾ÅÍÏÅËÈËÈÊ»ºÈ·ÍÉʾ»ÆÅÂϽÅÄƔ

Using the Repeat command

¾»Ȼƻ·Ê¹ÅÃ÷ĺ¾»ÂÆÉÏÅËÊÅ·ÌÅ¿ºÍȿʿĽʾ»ɷû¹ÅÃ÷ĺÉɻ̻ȷÂ
ʿûÉƔ
¾»ÄÏÅËËÉ»ʾ»»Æ»·Ê¹ÅÃ÷ĺÏÅËɾÅ˺·ÂÉÅËÉ»ʾ»¹ÅÃ÷ĺ
ÍÈ¿ÊÊ»ÄÅÄStart.

¿½ƔʾƔʸƓɿĽ»Æ»·ÊÅÃ÷ĺÉƔ
Parallelogram
Activity 7.3: Drawing a parallelogram in Turtle Art
È·Í·Ʒȷ»ŽȷÃËɿĽËÈÊ»ÈÊ¿ÄÉÊÈ˹ʿÅÄÉƔ
(i) »Â»¹Êʾ»»¼ÊÅÈ¿½¾Ê¹ÅÃ÷ĺ¸ÂŹÁƔÄÊ»Èʾ»·Ä½Â»·Éʸʷʼͮ.

69
 (ii) »Â»¹Ê ÅÈͷȺ¹ÅÃ÷ĺ¸ÂŹÁƔÄÊ»È
ʾ»ÄËø»ÈżƿλÂÉʾ·ÊÏÅËÍ·ÄÊ
ÏÅËÈËÈÊ»ÊÅÃÅÌ»»Ɣ½ƔʹʷʷƔ
ƺ¿Ìƻ»Â»¹Êʾ»»¼ÊÅÈ¿½¾Ê¹ÅÃ÷ĺ
¸ÂŹÁƔÄÊ»Èʾ»·Ä½Â»·Éʾʼͮ (180–
105).
ƺÌƻ »Â»¹Êʾ» ÅÈͷȺ¹ÅÃ÷ĺ¸ÂŹÁ
·Äº»ÄÊ»Èʾ»ƿλÂÉ·ÉʸʷʷƔ
ƺÌ¿ƻ»Æ»·Êʾ»·¸ÅÌ»¿ÄÉÊÈ˹ʿÅÄÉÅÄ»
ÃÅÈ»ʿûƔ
ȷͿĽ·Ʒȷ»ŽȷÃƔ

Ʒȷ»ŽȷÿɷɷÄÊ»ºÈ»¹Ê·Ä½Â»ƔÍÅż¿ÊÉÅÆÆÅɿʻɿº»É·È»Ʒȷ»ÂÊÅ
»·¹¾Åʾ»ÈƔÆÆÅÉ¿Ê»·Ä½Â»É·È»·ÂÉÅ»ÇË·ÂƔ

Rhombus
Activity 7.4: Drawing a rhombus in Turtle Art
(i) ¹¹»ÉÉ ʾ» ËÈÊ» ÈÊ ¹Ê¿Ì¿ÊÏƔ ɿĽ ʾ» ¿ÄÉÊÈ˹ʿÅÄÉ ÏÅË ËÉ»º ¿Ä
ºÈ·Í¿Ä½·Ʒȷ»ŽȷÃƑºÈ·Í·ȾÅøËÉƔ
Hint:É»ʾ»ɷûƿλÂÌ·Â˻ɼÅÈ·ÂÂÏÅËÈ ÅÈͷȺ¹ÅÃ÷ĺÉƔ
(ii) È·ÍȾÅøËÉ»ÉżÌ·È¿ÅËÉɿлÉËɿĽËÈÊ»ÈÊÅÃ÷ĺÉƔÈ·¹Ê¿¹»
ËɿĽʾ»»Æ»·Ê¹ÅÃ÷ĺÊźȷÍÏÅËÈȾÅøËÉƔ
(iii) ·Â¹Ë·ʻʾ»ƻȿûʻȷĺ·È»·żʾ»Ű½ËȻɿÄÏÅËÈÅÊ»¸ÅÅÁÉƔ
ƺ¿Ìƻ
¿Ì»ÏÅËȸÅÅÁÊÅʾ»Ê»·¹¾»È¼ÅÈ÷ÈÁ¿Ä½Ɣ

ȾÅøËÉ¿É·É·ÄÊ»ºÉÇË·È»Ɣʾ·Éʻ»ÇË·ÂÉ¿º»ÉƔ¾»
ÅÆÆÅÉ¿Ê»·Ä½Â»É¿Ä·ȾÅøËÉ·È»»ÇË·ÂƔ

Trapezium ¿½ƔʾƔʹƓ¾ÅøËÉƔ

Activity 7.5: Drawing a trapezium in Turtle Art

(i) È·Í·ÊȷƻпËÿÄËÈÊ»¹Ê¿Ì¿ÊÏƔ
(ii) È·Íʾ»ÊȷƻпËÃʾ·Êʾ»ËÈÊ»ºÈ·ÍÉ¿ÄÏÅËȸÅÅÁƔ
(ii) È·¹Ê¿É»ºÈ·Í¿Ä½·ÄÅʾ»ÈÊȷƻпËÃʾ·Ê¾·É·º¿Ů»È»ÄÊɾ·Æ»Ɣ

70
ÊȷƻпËÿɷ¼ÅËÈÉ¿º»Ű½ËÈ»ʾ·Ê¾·ÉÊÍÅÆ·Èȷ»Â
É¿º»ÉƔ

What to do:
1. ÈÅÆʾ»ÉÊ·¹Áż¹ÅÃ÷ĺ¸ÂŹÁÉɾÅÍÄ¿Äʾ»
ɹȻ»ÄɾÅÊÅÆÆÅÉ¿Ê»Ɣ
2. ËÄʾ»ÉÊ·¹Áż¹ÅÃ÷ĺÉÊÅŸʷ¿ÄÏÅËÈ
ȷƻпËÃƔ

¿½ƔʾƔʺƓȷͿĽ·
ÊȷƻпËÃƔ

7.2: Arithmetic Operations

Practice Activity 7.1
(i) ÅÈÁÅËÊʾ»¼ÅÂÂÅͿĽ¿ÄÏÅËÈÄÅÊ»¸ÅÅÁ
(a) 3 + 2 ƺ¸ƻ 7 × 3 ƺ¹ƻ 36 ÷ 9 (d) 60 – 7
(ii) ÅÃûÄÊ·¸ÅËÊʾ»·¹Ê¿Ì¿Ê¿»É¿Äƺ¿ƻ·¸ÅÌ»Ɣ

ȿʾûʿ¹º»·ÂÉͿʾ¹ÅËÄʿĽ·Äº¹·Â¹Ë·ʿÅÄÉżÄËûȿ¹·Âº·Ê·Ɣ
ËÈÊ»Èʾ·É·Ëø»ÈƷ»ÊÊ»ʾ·Ê¹ÅÄÊ·¿ÄÉ
ÅƻȷÊÅÈÉʾ·Ê·È»ËÉ»¼Ë¿Ĺ·ÈÈϿĽÅËÊ
÷ʾ»Ã·Ê¿¹·Â¹·Â¹Ë·ʿÅÄÉƔ¾»Ëø»ÈƷ»ÊÊ»
·ÆÆ»·ÈÉÅÄŰ½ƔʾƔʾƓ
¿½ƔʾƔʻƓËø»ÈƷ»ÊÊ»Ɣ

¾»Ä ÏÅË ¹Â¿¹Á ÅÄ ʾ¿É Ʒ»ÊÊ»Ƒ ɻ̻ȷ ÅƻȷʿÅÄÉ ·È» º¿ÉÆ·ϻº ·É ɾÅÍÄ
¸»ÂÅÍƔ

1 2 3
5
¿½ƔʾƔʼƓȿʾûʿ¹ÅƻȷʿÅÄÉƔ

¾»¿¹ÅÄÉ·¸»Â»º1Ƒ2Ƒ3 and 4·È»·ºº¿Ê¿ÅÄƑÉ˸ÊÈ·¹Ê¿ÅÄƑÃËÂÊ¿Æ¿¹·Ê¿Åķĺ

º¿Ì¿É¿ÅĸÁÉÈ»ÉÆ»¹Ê¿Ì»ÂÏƔ¹ÅÄ5¿Éʾ»ÄËø»È¸ÂŹÁƔ

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Addition
ÅËËÉ»ʾ»ºº¿Ê¿ÅÄÅƻȷʿÅķĺʾ»Ëø»È¸ÂŹÁÊÅ·ººÊÍÅÄËø»ÈÉƔ¾»
ºº¿Ê¿ÅÄÅƻȷʿÅÄ¿ÉÈ»ÆȻɻÄÊ»º¸Ïʾ»ÉÏøÅÂ+.

¿½ƔʾƔʽƓºº¿Ê¿ÅÄÅƻȷʿÅÄƔ

Example:

¿Â¿·Ä¾·º100¸ËÂÂÉƑɾ»¸Å˽¾Ê300¾ËĺȻº¹ÅÍÉƔ
How many cattle did she have all together?

¿½ƔʾƔʾƓºº¿Ä½ËÆÊÍÅÄËø»ÈÉƔ

Subtraction
É»ʾ»˸ÊÈ·¹Ê¿ÅÄÅƻȷʿÅķĺʾ»Ëø»È¸ÂŹÁÊÅ·ººÊÍÅÄËø»ÈÉƔ
¾»˸ÊÈ·¹Ê¿ÅÄÅƻȷʿÅÄ¿ÉÈ»ÆȻɻÄÊ»º¸Ïʾ»ÉÏøÅ–.

¿½ƔʾƔʿƓ˸ÊÈ·¹Ê¿ÅÄÅƻȷʿÅÄƔ

Example:
»Ê»È¾·ºʸʷƻĹ¿ÂÉƔ»½·Ì»ʺƻĹ¿ÂÉÊž¿ÉÉ¿ÉÊ»ÈƔÅÍ÷ÄÏƻĹ¿ÂÉͷɾ»
»¼ÊͿʾƜ

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Multiplication
É»ʾ»ËÂÊ¿Æ¿¹·Ê¿ÅÄÅƻȷʿÅķĺʾ»Ëø»È¸ÂŹÁÊÅÃËÂÊ¿ÆÂÏÊÍÅÄËø»ÈÉƔ
¾»ËÂÊ¿Æ¿¹·Ê¿ÅÄÅƻȷʿÅÄ¿ÉÈ»ÆȻɻÄÊ»º¸Ïʾ»¹ÈÅÉÉÉÏøÅÂX.

¿½ƔʾƔʸʷƓËÂÊ¿Æ¿¹·Ê¿ÅÄÅƻȷʿÅÄƔ

Example:
 ÆÂÅÊ ¾·É ʼ ÈÅÍÉ ż ÊÅ÷ÊÅ»ÉƔ ·¹¾ ÈÅÍ ¾·É ʸʷ ÊÅ÷ÊÅ Æ·ÄÊÉƔ ÅÍ ÷ÄÏ
ÊÅ÷ÊÅÆ·ÄÊÉ·È»¿Äʾ»ÆÂÅÊƜ

¿½ƔʾƔʸʸƓËÂÊ¿ÆÂϿĽÊÍÅÄËø»ÈÉƔ

Division
É»ʾ»¿Ì¿É¿ÅÄÅƻȷʿÅķĺʾ»Ëø»È¸ÂŹÁÊź¿Ì¿º»ÊÍÅÄËø»ÈÉƔ
¾»¿Ì¿É¿ÅÄÅƻȷʿÅÄ¿ÉÈ»ÆȻɻÄÊ»º¸Ïʾ»ÉÏøÅÂ/.

¿½ƔʾƔʸʹƓ¿Ì¿É¿ÅÄÅƻȷʿÅÄƔ

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Example:
ÈÉ
·Ê»È»¾·Éʺʷ¸ÅÅÁÉƔ¾»Í·ÄÊÉÊÅɾ·È»ʾ»¸ÅÅÁÉ»ÇË·ÂÂÏ·ÃÅĽ¾»Èʼ
¹¾¿ÂºÈ»ÄƔÅÍ÷ÄϸÅÅÁÉͿ»·¹¾¹¾¿Âº½»ÊƜ

¿½ƔʾƔʸʺƓ¿Ì¿º¿Ä½ÊÍÅÄËø»ÈÉƔ

Practice Activity 7.2 Performing Calculations

É»ʾ»ȿʾûʿ¹ƻȷʿÅÄÉ¿ÄÏÅËÈƠÉËÈÊ»Èʹʿ̿ÊÏÊÅÉÅÂÌ»ʾ»
¼ÅÂÂÅͿĽÆÈŸ»ÃÉƓ
1. É» ʾ» ¼ÅÂÂÅͿĽ Æ¿¹ÊËÈ» ÊÅ ·ÄÉÍ»È ÇË»ÉÊ¿ÅÄÉ ʾ·Ê ¼ÅÂÂÅÍ ƺº¿ÉʷĹ»
¸»ÊÍ»»Ä¿½·Â¿·Äº˾·Ä½·̏ʼʷÁÃƑ¿½·Â¿·Äº½ÅÈÅÈ»ÈÅ̏ʿʿÁÃƔ

½ÅÈÅÈ»ÈÅ

50 km ¿½·Â¿

˾·Ä½·

(a)ÄÄ»¾·É¹Ï¹Â»º¼ÈÅÿ½·Â¿ÊÅ˾·Ä½·ƔÅÍ÷ÄÏÁ¿ÂÅûÊÈ»É
ºÅ»Éɾ»Ä»»ºÊŹÅ̻ȿÄÅȺ»ÈÊÅÈ»·¹¾½ÅÈÅÈ»ÈÅƜ¾ÅÍÏÅËÈ
¹·Â¹Ë·ʿÅÄÉËɿĽʾ»ËÈÊ»Èʹʿ̿ÊÏƔ
ƺ¸ƻÅɻɹϹ»º¼ÈÅÿ½·Â¿ÊÅ˾·Ä½·¿Äʸʷº·ÏÉƔÅÍ÷ÄÏ
Á¿ÂÅûÊȻɺ¿º¾»¹Å̻Ȼ·¹¾º·ÏƜÉ»ʾ»ËÈÊ»Èʹʿ̿ÊÏÊźÅ
ÏÅËȹ·Â¹Ë·ʿÅÄÉƔ
2. ¿Äºʾ»·È»·ż·Ʒȷ»ŽȷÃͿʾ·»Ľʾżʸʷ¹Ã·Äº·Í¿ºÊ¾ż
ʽ¹ÃƔ

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¸ÂŹÁɸ»ÂÅÍͿ½¿Ì»Ɣ

 ƺ¸ƻ ·Â¹Ë·ʻʾ»·È»·żʾ»Ű½ËÈ»Ɣ
4. ·Ã»É ¾·º ʹʾ ÷ĽŻÉƔ » ɾ·È»º ʾ» ÷ĽŻÉ »ÇË·ÂÂÏ ¸»ÊÍ»»Ä
¾¿ÉʾȻ»¼È¿»ÄºÉƔÉ»ʾ»ËÈÊ»ÈÊ·¹Ê¿Ì¿ÊÏÊŹ·Â¹Ë·ʻʾ»ÄËø»Èż
÷ĽŻÉʾ·Ê»·¹¾ż ·Ã»ÉƠ¼È¿»ÄºÉ½ÅÊƔ

Scratch Activity
7.3 Create dialogue and cartoons
Activity 7.7: Changing the appearance of a Sprite
(i) ¿¹ÁÅÄʾ»ÅÉÊËûÉ¿¹ÅÄ¿Äʾ»ɹȿÆÊÆ·Ä»Ɣ

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 (ii) ÅËͿ½»ÊʾȻ»ÅÆÊ¿ÅÄɃPaintƑÃÆÅÈÊ and CameraƔ¾»É»ʾȻ»·È»
ʾ»ÅÄ»ÉËÉ»ºÊŹ¾·Ä½»ʾ»ÉÆÈ¿Ê»ͱÉ·ÆÆ»·È·Ä¹»Ɣ
(iii)¾·Ê¾·ÆÆ»ÄÉ;»ÄÏÅ˹¿¹ÁÅÄʾ»º¿ÊÅȹÅÆÏ¿¹ÅÄÉƜ

¿·ÂŽ˻·Äº¹·ÈÊÅÅÄɹ·Ä¸»¹È»·Ê»º·É¹È·Ê¹¾ÆÈÅÀ»¹ÊÉ¿Äʾ»¹È·Ê¹¾
¹Ê¿Ì¿ÊÏƔ¾»É»ÆÈÅÀ»¹Êɹ·Äʾ»Ä¸»ɾ·È»º·ÃÅĽ¹È·Ê¹¾¹Ê¿Ì¿ÊÏËÉ»ÈÉƔ

Spriting
ÆȿʻɷȻʾ»ŸÀ»¹ÊÉʾ·ÊƻȼÅÈ÷¹Ê¿ÅÄɿĺ¿·ÂŽ˻ɷĺ¹·ÈÊÅÅÄÉƺ·¹ÊÅÈÉƻƔ
ÆȿʻɷȻ¿ÃÆÅÈÊ·Äʸ»¹·ËÉ»ʾ»Ï·È»ʾ»ÅÄ»Éʾ·ÊÃÅÌ»·Äº·¹ÊƔ
ÆȿʿĽ¿Éʾ»·¹Êż¹È»·Ê¿Ä½ÅÈÃź¿¼Ï¿Ä½ŸÀ»¹ÊÉʾ·Ê·¹Ê¼ÅÈËÉ»¿Äº¿·ÂŽ˻É
·Äº·ÈÊÅÅÄÉƔ

Paint Option
¾»·¿ÄÊÆÊ¿ÅĽ¿Ì»ÉÏÅË·¸·¹Á½ÈÅËĺͿʾÊÅÅÂÉʾ·Ê·ÂÂÅÍÏÅËÊźȷͷĺ
Æ·¿ÄÊÉÆÈ¿Ê»ÉżÏÅËÈÅÍĹ¾Å¿¹»Ɣ

¿½ƔʾƔʸʻƓ·¿ÄÊÆÊ¿ÅÄƔ

Import option
¾¿ÉÅÆÊ¿ÅÄ·ÂÂÅÍÉÏÅËÊŹ¾ÅÅÉ»·º¿Ů»È»ÄÊÉÆÈ¿Ê»¼ÈÅÃʾ»»Î¿ÉʿĽÅÄ»Ɣ

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¾»ÉÆȿʻɷȻ½ÈÅËÆ»º¿Äº¿Ů»È»Äʹ·Ê»½ÅÈ¿»ÉƔ·¹¾¹·Ê»½ÅÈϹÅÄÊ·¿ÄÉ·
ÄËø»ÈżÉÆÈ¿Ê»Éʾ·ÊÏÅ˹·Ä¹¾ÅÅÉ»¼ÈÅÃƔ

Camera
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Commands and speeches
Activity 7.7: Scratch commands
(i) ·Ã» ʾ» »¿½¾Ê ¹ÅÃ÷ĺ ¸ÂŹÁÉ ¼ÅËĺ ¿Ä ʾ» ¹È·Ê¹¾ ¹ÅÃ÷ĺ
Ʒ»ÊÊ»Ɣ
(ii) ¾·Ê ·È» ʾ» ¼ËĹʿÅÄÉ ż ʾ» Æ»ÄƑ É»ÄɿĽƑ ÅƻȷÊÅÈ ·Äº Ì·È¿·¸Â»É
¹ÅÃ÷ĺ¸ÂŹÁÉƜ
¿Ì»·ÄÉͻȸ·É¿Ä½ÅÄÏÅËÈ»ÎÆÂÅÈ·Ê¿ÅÄÅÄʾ»
·ÆÊÅÆƔ

ŹȻ·Ê»º¿·ÂŽ˻ɷĺÉÆ»»¹¾»ÉƑÏÅ˾·Ì»ÊŹȻ·Ê»·½ÅźɹȿÆʼÅÈÏÅËÈ
ÉÆÈ¿Ê»ÉÊÅ·¹ÊƔ
É»·ÈÄÊ»·È¿»È¿ÄʻƑʾ»È»·È»»¿½¾Ê¹ÅÃ÷ĺ¸ÂŹÁÉƔ
¾»¼ÅÂÂÅͿĽ¸ÂŹÁÉͿ¾»ÂÆÏÅËÊÅ·Éɻø»·ÍÅÈÁ¿Ä½ɹȿÆÊƔ˹¾·ɹȿÆÊ
Ϳ»ķ¸Â»ÏÅ˹Ȼ·Ê»·º¿·ÂŽ˻Åȹ·ÈÊÅÅÄƔ

Motion blocks
• ¾»Ï·È»¸ÂË»¹ÅÂÅËÈ»º¸ÂŹÁÉƔ
• ¾»É»¸ÂŹÁÉ÷Á»ÏÅËÈÉÆÈ¿Ê»ÃÅÌ»Ƒ
ÆÅ¿ÄÊ¿Ä·¹»ÈÊ·¿Äº¿È»¹Ê¿Åķĺ¹¾·Ä½»
º¿È»¹Ê¿ÅÄƔ

Looks blocks
• ¾»É»·È»ÆËÈÆ»¹ÅÂÅËÈ»º¸ÂŹÁÉƔ
• ¾»Ï¾»ÂÆÏÅËÊŹ¾·Ä½»ʾ»¹ÅÉÊËû
żÏÅËÈÉÆÈ¿Ê»Ƒ¹È»·Ê»º¿·ÂŽ˻ÉËɿĽ
ÉÆ»»¹¾¸·ÂÂÅÅÄÉƑ»ÊÏÅËÈÉÆÈ¿Ê»ʾ¿ÄÁ
·Äº·ÂÉŹ¾·Ä½»ʾ»ɿлżÏÅËÈ
ÉÆÈ¿Ê»Ɣ

Sound blocks
• ¾»É»¸ÂŹÁÉ·ÂÂÅÍÏÅËÊÅÆËÊÉÅËĺ
¿ÄÏÅËȺ¿·ÂŽ˻Ɣ¾»ÉÅËĺ¹·Ä¸»
¾»·Èº;»Äʾ»ÆÈÅÀ»¹ÊÈËÄÉƔ
• ʹ·Ä·ÂÉŸ»ËÉ»ºÊÅÉÊÅÆÆ·ϿĽ
ÉÅËĺÉƑ¿Ä¹È»·É»ÅȺ»¹È»·É»ʾ»
ÌÅÂËûżÉÅËĺƔ

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 Control blocks
• ÄÉÊÈ˹ʿÅÄÉ¿Äʾ¿É¹ÅÃ÷ĺ¸ÂŹÁ
»Ä·¸Â»ÏÅËÈɹȿÆÊÉÊÅÈËÄƔ
• ¾»É»¿ÄÉÊÈ˹ʿÅÄɾ»ÂÆÏÅËÊÅ
ÈËÄɹȿÆÊɼÅÈ»·¹¾ÉÆÈ¿Ê»ƑȻƻ·Ê
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7.4 Organization
Activity 7.8: Organizing a script
(i) »É»·È¹¾ʾ»¼ÅÂÂÅͿĽÊÅÆ¿¹ÉƓ¹ÅÈÈËÆÊ¿ÅÄƑ¹¾¿Âº·¸ËÉ»ƑºÈ˽ÉƑ¾»·ÂʾƑ
ÉÆÅÈÊɷĺ»ÄÌ¿ÈÅÄûÄÊƔ
(ii) ÅÂÂÅͿĽʾ»»Î·ÃÆ»¹È»·Ê»º¿·ÂŽ˻É·¸ÅËÊʾ»É»ÊÅÆ¿¹ÉƔ
(iii) È»·Ê»ʾ»ɹȿÆÊÉżÅÄ»º¿·ÂŽ˻Ɣ
ƺ¿ÌƻȽ·Ä¿É»ʾ»¹ÅÃ÷ĺÉÊŹȻ·Ê»·¼ËĹʿÅÄ·ÂɹȿÆÊ¿Äʾ»ɹȿÆÊÆ·Ä»Ɣ
ƺÌƻ ¾ÅÍÏÅËÈÍÅÈÁÊÅÏÅËȼȿ»ÄºÉƔ

 ɹȿÆÊ ¿É ¹È»·Ê»º ¸Ï ½ÈÅËƿĽ ¹ÅÃ÷ĺÉ ʾ·Ê ¹ÅÄÌ»Ï ¹»ÈÊ·¿Ä ¿Ä¼ÅÈ÷ʿÅÄ
ÊŽ»Ê¾»ÈƔ
¾»Äʾ»¹ÅÃ÷ĺ¸ÂŹÁÉ·È»ÉÊ·¹Á»º·Äºʾ»½È»»ÄŲ·½¿Äʾ»ÉÊ·½»Æ·Ä»
¹Â¿¹Á»ºƑÏÅËȹ·ÈÊÅÅÄÅȺ¿·ÂŽ˻Ϳ¸»·¹Ê»ºƔ
¾»¼ÅÂÂÅͿĽɹȿÆʽ¿Ì»É·½·Ã»º¿·ÂŽ˻¸»ÊÍ»»ÄȻĻ·Äº ·Ä»Ɣ

·Ä»ͱÉɹȿÆÊ ȻĻͱÉɹȿÆÊ
¿½ʾƔʸʿƓηÃÆ»ÉżÅȽ·Ä¿Ð»ºɹȿÆÊÉ

79
¼Ê»È¹È»·Ê¿Ä½ÏÅËÈɹȿÆÊ·¸ÅÌ»Ɣ¿¹Áʾ»½È»»ÄŲ·½¿Äʾ»ÉÊ·½»Æ·Ä»ÊÅÉ»»
;·Ê¾·ÆÆ»ÄÉƔ

Background setting
Activity 7.9: Using background settings
(i) ¿¹ÁÅÄʾ»Ê·½»¿¹ÅÄ¿Äʾ»ʾËøķ¿ÂÉÆ·Ä»Ɣ
(ii) È·¹Ê¿É»ËɿĽÆ·¿ÄÊƑ¿ÃÆÅÈʷĺ¹·Ã»È·ÅÆÊ¿ÅÄÉƔ

¾»Ä ÏÅË ¹Â¿¹Á ÅÄ ʾ» Ê·½» ¿¹ÅÄƑ ÅÆ ËÆ ûÄËÉ ·ÆÆ»·È ¿Ä ʾ» ɹȿÆÊ Æ·Ä»Ɣ
¾»É»·È»¸·¹Á½ÈÅËĺɷĺÉÅËĺÉƔ
¾»ÄÏÅ˹¿¹ÁÅÄ·¹Á½ÈÅËĺÉƑʾ»¼ÅÂÂÅͿĽûÄ˹ÅûÉËÆƔ

¿½ƔʾƔʸˀƓ·¹Á½ÈÅËĺûÄËƔ

Paint option
¾»Æ·¿ÄÊÅÆÊ¿ÅĽ¿Ì»É·Æ·¿ÄÊƷ»ÊÊ»ɿÿ·ÈÊÅʾ·ÊËÉ»º¿Ä¹È»·Ê¿Ä½Ä»ÍÉÆÈ¿Ê»ÉƔ
(Refer to Fig. 7.14 on page 76)

Import option
¾¿ÉÅÆÊ¿ÅĽ¿Ì»ÉÏÅËÂÅÊÉż¸·¹Á½ÈÅËĺÉʾ·ÊÏÅ˹·Ä¹¾ÅÅÉ»¼ÈÅÃƔÅ˹·Ä
·ÂÉÅɻ»¹Ê¿Ã·½»Éʾ·Ê·È»ÉÊÅÈ»ºÅÄÏÅËȹÅÃÆËÊ»ÈƔ

¿½ƔʾƔʹʷƓÃÆÅÈÊÅÆÊ¿ÅÄƔ

80
Camera option
¾»¹·Ã»È·ÅÆÊ¿ÅÄ»ÊÉÏÅËÊ·Á»ƾÅÊŽȷƾÉżŸÀ»¹ÊÉʾ·ÊÏÅËÍ·ÄÊÊÅËÉ»¼ÅÈ
ʾ»¸·¹Á½ÈÅËĺżÏÅËȹȷʹ¾ÉÊ·½»Ɣ

Practice Activity 7.3 Changing backgrounds choosing

sprites and inserting sound in project work
1. ÅÅÁ·Êʾ»¼ÅÂÂÅͿĽŰ½ËÈ»Ɣ¾·ÊƾÅÊŽȷƾ¾·É¸»»ÄËÉ»º·Éʾ»
ÉÊ·½»Ơɸ·¹Á½ÈÅËĺƜ

2. È·¹Ê¿É» Ê·Á¿Ä½ ƾÅÊŽȷƾÉ ż Ì·È¿ÅËÉ ¸·¹Á½ÈÅËĺÉ ËɿĽ ÏÅËÈ 

·ÆÊÅÆƔ
3. ¾·Ä½»ʾ»ÉÆÈ¿Ê»ɾÅÍÄ¿Äʾ»·¸ÅÌ»Ű½ËÈ»ÊÅʾ·Êż·¸»»Ɣ
4.  ÅËĺÉ ¿É ·Ä ¹ÅÄ ʾ·Ê ·ÆÆ»·ÈÉ ¸Åʾ ¿Ä ÆÈ¿ÄʿĽ ·Äº ·¹Á½ÈÅËĺ
É»ÊʿĽƔ ¿ÄºÅËÊÆÈ·¹Ê¿¹·ÂÂϾÅÍÉÅËĺÉ»ÊʿĽ¿ÉºÅÄ»ËɿĽSet and
ÃÆÅÈÊÅÆÊ¿ÅÄÉƔ
5. Ä ÏÅËÈ ÄÅÊ»¸ÅÅÁ º»É¹È¿¸» ¸È¿»ŲÏ ¾ÅÍ ÏÅË ·ºº»º ÉÅËĺÉ ÊÅ ÏÅËÈ
ÆÈÅÀ»¹ÊƔ
6. (a) È»ÉÉ ʾ» ¿¹ÅÄ ÍÈ¿ÊÊ»Ä ÅÄ ÅËʺÅÅÈÉƔ È¿Ê» ºÅÍÄ ʾ» ÅËʺÅÅÈ
¸·¹Á½ÈÅËĺÉʾ»È»Ɣ
ƺ¸ƻ ¿¹ÁÅÄʾ»·ÊËÈ»¿¹ÅÄƔ¾ÅÅÉ»ŲÅÍ»ÈƖ¸»º¸·¹Á½ÈÅËĺ·Äº¹Â¿¹Á
ÅÁ·Ï.
ƺ¹ƻ ¾ÅÍÏÅËÈÍÅÈÁÊÅÏÅËȺ»ÉÁ÷ʻƔ

81
 Revision Activity 7
1. ¾»ÄÏÅ˺ȷ½·ÄººÈÅÆʾ»¼ÅÈͷȺ¸ÂŹÁÊÅÉÊ·ÈʺȷͿĽÏÅËÈɾ·Æ»Ƒ
ʾ»ÊËÈʻͿ .
Ɣ ÃÅÌ»ÅÄ»ÉʻƸ·¹ÁͷȺÉ 
B. ÃÅÌ»ÅÄ»ÉÊ»ÆÈ¿½¾Ê
C. ÃÅÌ»ÅÄ»Éʻƻ¼Ê    
D. ÃÅÌ»ÅÄ»ÉʻƼÅÈͷȺ
2. (a) ¾·Ê¿Éʾ»ķû½¿Ì»ÄÊÅʾ»¿Ã·½»
   É ¾ÅÍľ»È»Ɯ
Ɣ ÅŸ·È
B. ·Â»ÊÊ»
C. ·¿ÄÈ»·
D. Ê·½»
 ƺ¸ƻ ¾»ÉÆ·¹»÷ÈÁ»ºÆ¸»ÂÅÍ¿É
   Á ÄÅÍÄ·É .

 Ɣ ÅŸ·È B. ·Â»ÊÊ» C. Ê·½» D. ·¿ÄÈ»·

3. (a) ¾¿¹¾·¹Ê¿Ì¿ÊÏ¿ÉÈ»ÆȻɻÄÊ»º¸Ïʾ»¿Ã·½»¸»ÂÅÍƜ

ƺ¸ƻ ¿ÉÊ ʾ» ÷ʾ»Ã·Ê¿¹·Â ÅƻȷʿÅÄÉ ʾ·Ê ¹·Ä ¸» ºÅÄ» ËɿĽ ʾ»
ÄËø»ÈƷ»ÊÊ»Ɣ
4. É»ËÈÊ»ÈÊÊźȷÍʾ»¼ÅÂÂÅͿĽ¾·Æ»ÉƔ
 Ɣ ·È·Â»ÂŽȷà   
B. ¾ÅøËÉ
C. ȷƻпËà    
D. »½Ë·ÈÅÂϽÅÄÉ
5. (a) ¾»Äɹȷʹ¾·¹Ê¿Ì¿ÊÏÅÆ»ÄÉËÆ¿ÊÍ¿ÂÂɾÅÍÏÅËÈÉÆÈ¿Ê»Ɣ¾»Æ·¹»
;»È»ʾ»ÉÆÈ¿Ê»·ÆÆ»·Èɿɹ·Â»º .
Ɣ ʾ»ÉÊ·½»     B. ʾ»¿ÄºÅÍ
C. ¹ÅÃ÷ĺÊ·¸    D. º¿·ÂŽ˻¸ÅÎ

82
 ƺ¸ƻ ¾·Ê¿Éʾ»ķû½¿Ì»ÄÊſ÷½»ÉɾÅÍĸ»ÂÅÍƜ

Ɣ ¿Â»É       B. ź»ÈÉ

C. ŹËûÄÊÉ     D. ·¸Â»É
6. ¾·Ê¿Éʾ»ķû½¿Ì»ÄÊÅʾ»ÆÈŹ»ÉÉżɻĺ¿Ä½Ű»É¼ÈÅ÷ĻÎÊ»ÈÄ·Â
ÉÅËȹ»ÊÅÏÅËÈÆÈŽȷÃƜ
Ɣ ÅËȹ¿Ä½    
B. ÎÆÅÈʿĽ
C. ÃÆÅÈʿĽ     
D. ÎÊÈ·¹Ê¿Ä½
7. (a) 
 ¾·Ê¿É·ɹȿÆÊƜ
ƺ¸ƻ  È»·Ê»·É¿ÃÆ»ɹȿÆÊÅÄÏÅËÈ·ÆÊÅÆƔ
8. (a) 
 ¾·Ê¿É·¸·¹Á½ÈÅËĺ·ÉËÉ»º¿Ä¹È·Ê¹¾¹Ê¿Ì¿ÊÏƜ
ƺ¸ƻ ¾»¼ÅÂÂÅͿĽÉÆÈ¿Ê»ÉͻȻ¹È»·Ê»º¸ÏÅ¿¹»ƔÅͺ¿ºɾ»¹È»·Ê»
ʾ»ÃƜ

ƺ¹ƻ  È»·Ê»ʾ»ÉÆÈ¿Ê»ÉɾÅÍÄ·¸ÅÌ»Ɣ
9. (a) ¾ÅÅÉ»ʾ»ÉÆÈ¿Ê»ż·½¿È¼ÈÅûοÉʿĽÉÆÈ¿Ê»ÉƔ
ƺ¸ƻ ¾·Ä½»ÏÅËȻοÉʿĽ¸·¹Á½ÈÅËĺ¿ÄÊŸ·¹Á½ÈÅËĺż·¸»ºÈÅÅÃƔ
ƺ¹ƻ  ¾·Ä½»ÏÅËȸ·¹Á½ÈÅËĺÊÅʾ·Êż·Á¿Ê¹¾»Ä
10. Å˷ȻȻÇË¿È»ºÊÅËÉ»ÏÅËÈÅÍĿ÷½»É·Ì»º¿Ä·Ä»ÎÊ»ÈÄ·ÂÉÊÅÈ·½»
º»Ì¿¹»·ÉÏÅËÈÄ»ÍÉÆÈ¿Ê»Ɣ»È¼ÅÈÃʾ¿É·¹Ê¿Ì¿ÊÏÉʻƸÏÉÊ»ÆƔ
11. ÎÆ·¿Äʾ»¼ÅÂÂÅͿĽÍÅȺÉ·ÉËÉ»º¿ÄÉÅËĺÉ»ÊʿĽÉƔ
(a) ÅËĺº¿ÊÅÈ    ƺ¸ƻ   º¿ÊÊ·¸      
ƺ¹ƻ 
 Ů»¹ÊÉÊ·¸     (d) ·ÏÅËĺ   
• ÊÅÆÂÂÅËĺÉ

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Word list
1. »·ºʾ»¼ÅÂÂÅͿĽÍÅȺÉ¿ÄÆ·¿ÈÉƔ
• ËÈÊ»ÈÊ     • ¿ÄºÅÍ    • ËÊÊÅÄ  
• ÄÉÊÈ˹ʿÅÄÂŹÁÉ  • »Ç˻Ĺ¿Ä½   • ÅÃ÷ĺÂŹÁÉ
• Ëø»È·Â»ÊÊ»  • ƻȷÊÅÈÉ   • ÎÆÂÅÈ»
• ·È·Â»Â     • ¹È·Ê¹¾¹Ê¿Ì¿ÊÏ • ÆÈ¿Ê»     
• ¹È¿ÆÊ·Ä»    • ÅÉÊËû¹ÅÄ  • ·¹Á½ÈÅËĺ
• ·ÈÊÅÅÄ     • ·Ã»È·¹ÅÄ  • ÅÄÌ»Ï
• ¿·ÂŽ˻     • ·¿ÄÊÆÊ¿ÅÄ   • ÃÆÅÈÊ
• Ê·½»·Ä»    • Ê·½»¹ÅÄ   • »ÄË
• ÅÉÊËû
2. Æ»ÂÂʺÍÅȺÉ;¿Â»ÏÅËȼȿ»ÄºÍÈ¿Ê»Éʾ»Ã¿Ä¾¿ÉÅȾ»ÈÄÅÊ»¸ÅÅÁƔ»Ê
ÏÅËȼȿ»Äº·ÂÉÅÉÆ»ÂÂʺÅʾ»ÈÍÅȺÉ·ÉÏÅËÍÈ¿Ê»ʾ»Ã¿ÄÏÅËÈÄÅÊ»¸ÅÅÁƔ
3. ¿É¹ËÉÉͿʾÏÅËȼȿ»Äºʾ»û·Ä¿Ä½ż·ÄÏʺÍÅȺÉ¿Äʾ»ÍÅȺ¿ÉÊƔ
»¼»ÈÊÅÄÅʻɿÄÏÅËÈÊ»ÎʸÅÅÁƔ

84
TOPIC AREA : OUR ENVIRONMENT

ÅÅÁ·Êʾ»¼ÅÂÂÅͿĽÆ¿¹ÊËÈ»ÉƔ

(1) (2) (3)

(4)

(5) (6)
ƺ·ƻ ¾·Ê¿É¹ÅÃÃÅÄ·ÃÅĽÆ¿¹ÊËÈ»ÉʸƑʹƑʺƑʻƑʼƑ·ÄºʽƜ
ƺ¸ƻ ÈÅÃÏÅËÈÈ»ÉÆÅÄÉ»¿Äƺ·ƻ·¸ÅÌ»ƑÆÈ»º¿¹Êʾ»ÊÅÆ¿¹·È»·¹ÅÄÊ»ÄʼÅÈʸÊÅʽƔ

85
 UNIT 8 WATER

Introduction
·Ê»È¿É¿ÃÆÅÈÊ·ÄÊ¿ÄÅËȺ·¿ÂÏ¿¼»ƑÍ»¹·ÄÄÅÊ¿̻ͿʾÅËÊ¿ÊƔÊ¿ÉËÉ»º¼ÅÈ
ºÅûÉÊ¿¹Ƒ¿ÄºËÉÊÈ¿·ÂƑ¾Ï½¿»Ä¿¹·ÄºÅʾ»ÈÆËÈÆÅÉ»ÉƔÊ¿ÉÄ»¹»ÉÉ·ÈϼÅÈ·ÂÂżËÉ
ÊÅ»ÄÉËÈ»ʾ·ÊÍ·Ê»ÈÉÅËȹ»É·È»ÄÅÊÆÅÂÂËÊ»ºƔ
Look at the following pictures.

¾·È¹Å·Â
Å·ÈÉ»ɷĺ
¿Ä»ɷĺ

(a) ƺ¸ƻ ƺ¹ƻ

(d) (e) ƺ¼ƻ

»É¹È¿¸»»·¹¾Æ¿¹ÊËÈ»·¸ÅÌ»Ɣ
È»º¿¹Ê;·ÊÏÅË·È»½Å¿Ä½ÊÅ»·ÈÄƔ

8.1: Importance of water

Activity 8.1: Identifying the Importance of water
(i) º»ÄÊ¿¼Ïʾ»ËÉ»ÉżÍ·Ê»ÈɾÅÍÄ¿Äʾ»Æ¿¹ÊËȻɸ»ÂÅÍƔ

   ƺ·ƻ   ƺ¸ƻ    ƺ¹ƻ

86
 (ii) ¿É¹ËÉɾÅÍͷʻȿɿÃÆÅÈÊ·ÄÊ¿Äʾ»Ëɻɿº»ÄÊ¿Ű»º·¸ÅÌ»Ɣ
(iii) º»ÄÊ¿¼ÏÅʾ»ÈËÉ»ÉżÍ·Ê»ÈÄÅÊɾÅÍÄ¿Äʾ»Æ¿¹ÊËȻɷ¸ÅÌ»Ɣ

»ËɻͷʻȼÅȺ¿Ů»È»ÄÊÆËÈÆÅÉ»ÉƔ

1. As human food
(a) Drinking (b) Cooking
• ·Ê»È¿É • »¹ÅÅÁ
¿ÃÆÅÈÊ·ÄÊÊÅ ¼Åź¸»¼ÅÈ»
ʾ»¾Ë÷Ä »·Ê¿Ä½Ɣ
¸ÅºÏƔ • ÅÉÊ¼Åź
• »ɾÅ˺ ¿É¹ÅÅÁ»º
ºÈ¿ÄÁ¹Â»·Ä ͿʾÍ·Ê»ÈƔ
¸Å¿Â»ºÍ·Ê»ÈƔ

¿½ƔʿƔʸƓ·Ê»È·É¾Ë÷Ä¼ÅźƔ

2. In sanitation
·Ä¿Ê·Ê¿ÅÄÈ»¼»ÈÉÊÅʾ»¹Â»·Ä¿ĻÉÉżÅËȸźÏƑ¹ÂÅʾ»É·ÄºÉËÈÈÅËĺ¿Ä½Ɣ
¾»ËÉ»ÉżÍ·Ê»È¼ÅÈÉ·Ä¿Ê·Ê¿ÅĿĹÂ˺»Ɠ

(a)·Ê¾¿Ä½ ƺ¸ƻ·É¾¿Ä½¼Åź ƺ¹ƻ·É¾¿Ä½¹ÂÅʾ»É

(d)·É¾¿Ä½ËÊ»ÄÉ¿ÂÉ (e)»·Ä¿Ä½ŲÅÅÈÉ ƺ¼ƻ»·Ä¿Ä½Êſ»ÊÉ

¿½ƔʿƔʹƓɿĽÍ·Ê»È¼ÅÈÉ·Ä¿Ê·Ê¿ÅÄƔ

87
3. In farming
¾»ËÉ»ÉżÍ·Ê»È¿Ä¼·ÈÿĽ·È»·É¼ÅÂÂÅÍÉƓ

(a) Watering plants

• ·ÄÊÉŸʷ¿ÄÃÅÉÊżʾ»¿ÈͷʻȼÈÅÃ
rain.
During which weather is watering of
plants done?
• ·ÄÊÉÅÄ·É÷ÂÂÆ¿»¹»ż·ĺ¹·Ä¸»
ͷʻȻºËɿĽ·ͷʻȿĽ¹·ÄƔ ¿½ƔʿƔʺƓ·Ê»È¿Ä½ŲÅÍ»ÈÉƔ

˽»Æ·ÄÊ·Ê¿ÅÄÉÅÄ÷ÄÏ·¹È»Éż·ĺ·È»ͷʻȻº¸ÏËɿĽÉÆÈ¿ÄÁ»ÈÉÅÈ
ºÈ¿Æ¿ÈÈ¿½·Ê¿ÅÄƔ

¿½ƔʿƔʻƓÈ¿Æ¿ÈÈ¿½·Ê¿ÅÄƔ ¿½ƔʿƔʼƓɿĽÉÆÈ¿ÄÁ»ÈÉƔ

(b) Water for animals

• Ŀ÷ÂÉɾÅ˺¸»ÆÈÅÌ¿º»ºͿʾÆ»ÄÊÏżÍ·Ê»ÈÊźȿÄÁ·¼Ê»Èʾ»Ï¼»»ºƔ
• ·Ŀ÷ÂÉɾÅ˺¸»½¿Ì»Ä¹Â»·ÄÍ·Ê»ÈƔ

¿½ƔʿƔʽƓ·Ê»È¼ÅȷĿ÷ÂÉƔ
Name 3 places where animals are watered.

88
(c) Cleaning tools and farm structures
»ËɻͷʻȼÅȹ»·Ä¿Ä½·Ä¿Ã·Â¾ÅËÉ»ÉƑÉÊÅÈ»ÉƑ
¼·ÈÃÊÅÅÂɷĺ·Ä¿Ã·Â¼»»º¿Ä½»ÇË¿ÆûÄÊƔ
(i) Name two animal houses that can be cleaned
using water.
(ii) Name two feeding tools that can be cleaned
using water.
¿½ƔʿƔʾƓ»·Ä¿Ä½¼·ÈÃÊÅÅÂÉƔ

(d) Mixing farm chemicals

• ·Èù¾»Ã¿¹·ÂÉ·È»ÿλºͿʾͷʻȷĺ
ÉÆÈ·Ï»ºÅÄʾ»·Ä¿Ã·ÂÉÊÅÁ¿ÂÂʾ»Æ·È·É¿Ê»ÉƔ
• Åû¹¾»Ã¿¹·Âɹ·Ä·ÂÉŸ»ÉÆÈ·Ï»ºÅÄÆ·ÄÊÉ
ÊÅÁ¿ÂÂÆ·ÄÊÆ»ÉÊÉƔ

¿½ƔʿƔʿƓ¼·ÈûÈÿοĽ
¹¾»Ã¿¹·ÂÉƔ
4. In industry
ÅÉÊżʾ»ʾ¿Ä½Éʾ·ÊÍ»ËÉ»·È»÷º»¿Ä¼·¹ÊÅÈ¿»ÉƔ
¾¿Ä½É ʾ·Ê ·È» ÷º» ¿Ä ʾ» ¼·¹ÊÅÈ¿»É ·È» ¹·Â»º
ÆÈź˹ÊÉ.
ÅÃÃÅĻηÃÆ»ÉżÆÈź˹ÊÉʾ·ÊÍ»ËÉ»¿Ä¹Â˺»
Ê»·Ƒ ¸È»·ºƑ É˽·ÈƑ ¹ÅÅÁ¿Ä½ ¼·ÊƑ ÉÅ·ÆƑ Éź·Ƒ ¹ÂÅʾ»É
·ÄºɾŻÉƔ ź· Ë¿¹»
¼·¹ÊÅÈ¿»ÉÄ»»º»ÄÅ˽¾Í·Ê»È¿ÄÅȺ»ÈÊÅÍÅÈÁÍ»ÂÂƔ ¿½ƔʿƔˀƓÈź˹ÊÉ÷º»¿Ä
¼·¹ÊÅÈ¿»ÉËɿĽÍ·Ê»ÈƔ
Practice Activity 8.1
1. ·Ê¹¾ʾ»ËÉ»ÉżÍ·Ê»ÈɾÅÍĸ»ÂÅÍͿʾʾ»¿È¹ÅÈÈ»¹ÊËÉ»Ɣ
Use of water Description
(a)

ƺ¸ƻ

Recreation

89
 Use of water Description
ƺ¹ƻ

Transportation

(d)

(e)

2. ÅÅÁ·Êʾ»¼ÅÂÂÅͿĽÆ¿¹ÊËÈ»ÉƔ

 B

(a) ¾¿¹¾Æ¿¹ÊËÈ»ɾÅÍÉʾ»ÃÅÉÊ»¹ÅÄÅÿ¹·ÂÍ·ÏżËɿĽÍ·Ê»ÈƜ
ƺ¸ƻ ÎÆ·¿ÄÏÅËȹ¾Å¿¹»Ɣ

8.2: Sources of water

Activity 8.2: Identifying water sources in your District
What to do:
(i) ÅËÈÊ»·¹¾»ÈÍ¿ÂÂÊ·Á»ÏÅ˼ÅÈ·Ű»ÂºÌ¿É¿ÊÊÅŸɻÈÌ»ÉÅËȹ»ÉżÍ·Ê»È
·ÈÅËĺÏÅËÈɹ¾ÅÅÂƔ
 ÅÊ»ƓÅÄÅʽÅÄ»·ÈÈ¿Ì»ÈÉƑº·ÃÉÅÈ·Á»ÉƺÍ·Ê»ÈÉÅËȹ»ÉƻͿʾÅËÊʾ»
¾»ÂÆżÏÅËÈÊ»·¹¾»ÈÅÈÆ·È»ÄÊƔÅ˹·ÄºÈÅÍÄ¿ÄÍ·Ê»ÈƔ

90
 (ii) ¾»Ä¸·¹Á·Êɹ¾ÅÅÂÍÈ¿Ê»ºÅÍÄʾ»¹ÅÃÃÅÄÉÅËȹ»ÉżÍ·Ê»È¿ÄÏÅËÈ
¿ÉÊÈ¿¹ÊƔ
(iii) ɿĽÈÅÍÉ»¹Ê¿Ì¿ÊÏÅÄÏÅËÈ·ÆÊÅÆÅȸÅÅÁÉ¿Äʾ»ɹ¾ÅÅ¿¸È·ÈÏ
ŰĺÅËÊ·¸ÅËÊÅʾ»ÈÉÅËȹ»ÉżÍ·Ê»Èʾ·Ê·È»ÄÅʼÅËĺ¿ÄÏÅËÈ¿ÉÊÈ¿¹ÊƔ
ƺ¿ÌƻȻɻÄÊÏÅËÈŰĺ¿Ä½ÉÊÅÅʾ»Èûø»ÈÉżÏÅËȹ·ÉÉƔ

Where do you get water for use at home?

Where does your desk mate's family get their water from?
Æ·¹»;»È»Í»½»ÊͷʻȼÈÅÿɹ·Â»º·ÉÅËȹ»żÍ·Ê»È.
»¹·Ä½»ÊͷʻȼÈÅÃ÷ÄÏÉÅËȹ»ÉƔ·Ê»È¿ÉŸʷ¿Ä»º¼ÈÅÃƓ
1. ·ÊËÈ·ÂÉÅËȹ»ÉżÍ·Ê»ÈƔ 
2. ·ÄƖ÷º»ÉÅËȹ»ÉżÍ·Ê»ÈƔ

1. Natural sources of water

Activity 8.3: Identifying natural water sources
(i) ÅÅÁ·Êʾ»¼ÅÂÂÅͿĽÆ¿¹ÊËÈ»ÉƔ

(a) ƺ¸ƻ

ƺ¹ƻ (d)
(ii) ·Ã»ʾ»Í·Ê»ÈÉÅËȹ»É·¸»Â»ºaƑ¸Ƒ¹and d.
(iii) ·Ã»Åʾ»ÈÍ·Ê»ÈÉÅËȹ»ÉƔ

Ë÷ĸ»¿Ä½ÉºÅÄÅÊ÷Á»ʾ»É»Í·Ê»ÈÉÅËȹ»ÉƔ
ηÃƻɿĹÂ˺»È·¿ÄÈ¿Ì»ÈÉƑÉÊÈ»·ÃÉƑ·Á»ÉƑŹ»·ÄÉƑÉ»·ÉƑ·ÄºÉÆȿĽÉƔ

91
2. Man-made sources
Activity 8.4: Identifying man-made water sources
º»ÄÊ¿¼Ïʾ»¼ÅÂÂÅͿĽ÷Ä÷º»ÉÅËȹ»ÉżÍ·Ê»ÈƔ

(a) ƺ¸ƻ

¾»É»·È»ÉÅËȹ»ÉżÍ·Ê»Èʾ·Ê·È»÷º»¸Ï¾Ë÷ĸ»¿Ä½ÉƔ
¾»Ï¿Ä¹Â˺»º·ÃÉƑÍ»ÂÂɷĺ¹·Ä·ÂÉƔ

Point-check!
• ·¿Ä¿Éʾ»÷¿ÄÉÅËȹ»żÍ·Ê»ÈƔ
• » ɾÅ˺ ÄÅÊ ʾÈÅÍ º¿ÈÊÏ ʾ¿Ä½É ¿ÄÊÅ Í·Ê»È ÉÅËȹ»ÉƔ ¾»Ï ÷Á»ʾ»
ͷʻȺ¿ÈÊÏƔ
• ¿ÈÊÏͷʻȹ·Ä¹·ËÉ»º¿É»·É»ÉƔ

8.3: Properties of water

ÈÅÆ»ÈÊ¿»É·È»·ÂÉŹ·Â»º¹¾·È·¹Ê»È¿ÉÊ¿¹ÉƔÄÂÏÆÈÅÆ»ÈÊ¿»ÉżÆÅÊ·¸Â»Í·Ê»È·È»
¹ÅÄÉ¿º»È»º¿Äʾ¿ÉËÄ¿ÊƔ
Activity 8.5: Investigating properties of water
Materials Needed:
• ·Ê»È¿Ä·¹ÅÄÊ·¿Ä»È   • ÊÈ·ÄÉÆ·È»Äʽ·ÉÉ
• ¿ºÉ        • ·ÂÊ
What to do:
(i) Ëʹ»·Ä¸Å¿Â»ºÍ·Ê»È¿Ä·ÊÈ·ÄÉÆ·È»Äʽ·ÉÉƔ
(ii) źʾ»½Â·ÉÉ¿ÄÏÅËȾ·ÄºÉ·ÄººÅʾ»¼ÅÂÂÅͿĽƓ
• 
 ÅÅÁ·Êʾ»Í·Ê»ÈƔ¾·Ê¹ÅÂÅËÈ¿É¿ÊƜ
• ÅËÈÉÅûͷʻȿķ¿º·ÄºÉû¿ÊƔŻɿʾ·Ì»·ÉûÂÂƜ
• È¿ÄÁÉÅûżʾ»Í·Ê»ÈƔÅͺŻɿÊÊ·ÉÊ»Ɯ
• ËÊ·¿ÊʻɷÂÊ¿Äʾ»Í·Ê»È·ÄºÉʿȿʼÅÈÉÅûʿûƔ¾·Ê¾·ÆÆ»ÄÉƜ
(iii) È¿Ê»ºÅÍÄʾ»ÆÈÅÆ»ÈÊ¿»ÉÏÅ˾·Ì»¿ÄÌ»ÉÊ¿½·Ê»º·¸ÅÌ»Ɣ

92
ÅÊ·¸Â»Í·Ê»È¿ÉÍ·Ê»Èʾ·ÊºÅ»ÉÄÅʹÅÄÊ·¿Ä¹ÅÄʷÿķÄÊÉÉ˹¾·ÉÃ˺·Äº
º¿ÉÉÅÂÌ»ºÉ·ÂÊÉƔÅÊ·¸Â»Í·Ê»È¿ÉŸʷ¿Ä»º¸Ï¸Å¿Â¿Ä½ÅÈËɿĽ¹¾»Ã¿¹·ÂÉƔ
1. ÅÊ·¸Â»Í·Ê»È¿É¹ÅÂÅËÈ»ÉÉƔ  
2. ÅÊ·¸Â»Í·Ê»È¿ÉźÅËÈ»ÉÉƺ¾·ÉÄÅÉûÂÂƻƔ
ʺƔ ·Ê»È¿ÉÊ·Éʻ»ÉÉƔ    
ʻƔ 
 ·Ê»È¿É·½ÅźÉÅÂÌ»ÄÊƔ
5. ÅÊ·¸Â»Í·Ê»È¾·É·ûÂʿĽÆÅ¿ÄÊżʷͮƔ
6. ÅÊ·¸Â»Í·Ê»È¾·É·¸Å¿Â¿Ä½ÆÅ¿ÄÊżʸʷʷͮƔ

8.4: Rain Water

What happens to water sources like rivers and streams when there is no rain?
Rain¿Éʾ»÷¿ÄÉÅËȹ»żÍ·Ê»ÈƔ·¿ÄÍ·Ê»ÈŰÂÂÉŹ»·ÄÉƑ·Á»É·ÄºÈ¿Ì»ÈÉƔ
Activity 8.6: Investigation to discover a simple water cycle
Materials Needed:
• ÅËȹ»ż¾»·Ê»Ɣ½ƔÉÊÅÌ»ÅȸËÈÄ»È • ·Ë¹»Æ·Ä
• ·Ä¹ÅÄÊ·¿Ä¿Ä½¹ÅºÍ·Ê»È     • Water
What to do:
(i) ËÈÄÅÄÏÅËÈÉÅËȹ»ż¾»·ÊƔ
(ii) ÅËÈÉÅûͷʻȿÄʾ»·Ë¹»Æ·ÄƔ·¹»ʾ»ÉÅËȹ»Æ·ÄÅÄʾ»ÉÅËȹ»
ż¾»·ÊƔ
(iii) »·Êʾ»Æ·ÄËÄÊ¿Âʾ»Í·Ê»È¸Å¿ÂÉƔ
ƺ¿Ìƻ ·¿Ê¼ÅÈʾ»Í·Ê»ÈÊŸſÂƔHow do you know that the water has boiled?
ƺÌƻ ź·Æ·Ä¹ÅÄÊ·¿Ä¿Ä½Í·Ê»È·¸ÅÌ»ʾ»ÉÅËȹ»Æ·ÄƔ
What do you observe at the bottom of the pan containing cold water?
Why does it happen that way?
ƺÌ¿ƻ  ÈÅÃÏÅËȺ¿É¹ËÉÉ¿ÅÄƑ»ÎÆ·¿Ä¾ÅÍÈ·¿Ä¼ÅÈÃÉ·ÉɾÅÍÄ¿Äʾ»¹Ï¹Â»
¸»ÂÅÍƔ
ÂÅ較 ËÄ
Rain

Transpiration

Evaporation

93
 ƺÌ¿¿ƻ ¿É¹ËÉÉʾ»ÆÈŹ»ÉÉ»ÉƓ¹Åĺ»ÄÉ·Ê¿ÅÄƑ»Ì·ÆÅÈ·Ê¿ÅķĺÆÈ»¹¿Æ¿Ê·Ê¿ÅÄ
¿ÄÏÅËÈ¿ÄÌ»ÉÊ¿½·Ê¿ÅÄƔ
ƺÌ¿¿¿ƻɿĽ ÏÅËÈ  ÈÅÍÉ» ¹Ê¿Ì¿ÊÏ Ȼɻ·È¹¾ ż ¾ÅÍ ʾ» ÆÈŹ»ÉɻɃ
»Ì·ÆÅÈ·Ê¿ÅÄƑ ÊÈ·ÄÉÆ¿È·Ê¿ÅÄƑ ¹Åĺ»ÄÉ·Ê¿ÅÄ ¾»ÂÆ ¿Ä ¼ÅÈ÷ʿÅÄ ż È·¿ÄƔ
ÅËȹ·Ä·ÂÉÅËÉ»¸ÅÅÁÉ¿Äʾ»ɹ¾ÅÅÂƔ

A water cycle
• ¾¿É ¿É ¹ÅÄÊ¿ÄËÅËÉ ÆÈŹ»ÉÉ ¸Ï ;¿¹¾ Í·Ê»È ÃÅÌ»É ¼ÈÅà ʾ» ·ĺ ÊÅ ʾ»
·ÊÃÅÉƾ»È»·Äº¸·¹ÁÊÅʾ»·ĺ·½·¿ÄƔ
• T¾»¹Ï¹Â»¿ÄÌÅÂÌ»ÉÆÈŹ»ÉÉ»ÉÉ˹¾·É»Ì·ÆÅÈ·Ê¿ÅÄƑÊÈ·ÄÉÆ¿È·Ê¿ÅÄƑ
¹Åĺ»ÄÉ·Ê¿ÅÄƑÆÈ»¹¿Æ¿Ê·Ê¿ÅÄand¿ÄŰÂÊÈ·Ê¿ÅÄ.
Evaporation
ʿɹ¾·Ä½»ż¿ÇË¿ºƺÍ·Ê»ÈƻÊÅÌ·ÆÅËÈƺ½·ÉƻƔ
Transpiration
Ê¿ÉÂÅÉÉżÍ·Ê»È¼ÈÅÃÆ·ÄÊ»·Ì»É¿Ä¼ÅÈÃżÌ·ÆÅËÈƔ
Condensation
ʿɹ¾·Ä½»żÍ·Ê»ÈÌ·ÆÅËÈÊÅ¿ÇË¿ºÍ·Ê»ÈƔ
Precipitation
È»·Â¼ÅÈÃÉżÍ·Ê»ÈÌ·ÆÅËȹÅĺ»ÄÉ»º¿Äʾ»ÉÁÏƔ¾»Ï¼·ÂºÅÍÄÅÄ»·Èʾ·É
È·¿Ä¼·ÂÂƑÉÄÅÍƑ¾·¿Â»Ê¹Ɣ
ÄŰÂÊÈ·Ê¿ÅÄ
Éʾ»ÆÈŹ»ÉɸÏ;¿¹¾Í·Ê»È¹ÅÿĽ¼ÈÅÃÈ·¿Ä»ÄÊ»ÈÉʾ»ÉÅ¿ÂƔ
Ů»¹ÊÉżÈ·¿ÄÍ·Ê»È
¹Ê¿Ì¿ÊÏʿƔʾƓŮ»¹ÊÉżÈ·¿ÄÍ·Ê»È
(i)ÅÅÁ·Êʾ»¼ÅÂÂÅͿĽÆ¿¹ÊËÈ»ÉƔ

ÈÅÃʾ»Æ¿¹ÊËȻɷ¸ÅÌ»Ƒ¿º»ÄÊ¿¼ÏƓ
(a) ʾ»¸»Ä»Ű¹¿·Â»Ů»¹ÊÉżÈ·¿ÄÍ·Ê»ÈƔ
ƺ¸ƻ ʾ»º»ÉÊÈ˹ʿ̻»Ů»¹ÊÉżÈ·¿ÄÍ·Ê»ÈƔ
(ii)
¿Ì»ʼ·¹Ê¿Ì¿Ê¿»Éʾ·Ê¹·ÄÄÅʸ»ºÅÄ»;»Äʾ»È»¿ÉÊÅÅÃ˹¾È·¿ÄƔ

94
ÅÉ¿Ê¿Ì»»Ů»¹ÊÉżÈ·¿ÄÍ·Ê»È
• ·¿ÄͷʻȿÉËÉ»º·Ê¾Åû¼ÅȺȿÄÁ¿Ä½Ƒ¹ÅÅÁ¿Ä½·Äº¹Â»·Ä¿Ä½Ɣ
• ·¿ÄͷʻȾ»ÂÆÉÆ·ÄÊÉÊŽÈÅÍƔ
• ·¿ÄͷʻȹÅÅÂÉʾ»»·ÈʾƔ
• ¾»Ä¿Ê¿ÉºËÉÊÏƑÈ·¿ÄͷʻȾ»ÂÆÉÊÅÉ»ÊÊ»ʾ»ºËÉÊƔ
»½·Ê¿Ì»»Ů»¹ÊÉżÈ·¿ÄÍ·Ê»È
• ÅÅÃ˹¾È·¿Äͷʻȹ·ËÉ»ÉŲÅźÉ·Äº·ĺÉ¿º»ÉƔ
• ÅÅÃ˹¾È·¿Äͷʻȹ·ËÉ»ÉÉſ»ÈÅÉ¿ÅÄƔ
• ¾»Ä ʾ»È» ¿É ÊÅÅ Ã˹¾ È·¿Ä Í·Ê»ÈƑ ͷʻȸÅÈÄ» º¿É»·É»É ʻĺ ÊŻûȽ»
·ÄºÉÆÈ»·ºƔÅûżʾ»É»º¿É»·É»É¹·Ä¹·ËÉ»º»·Ê¾ÉƔ
Name 3 examples of waterborne diseases.
• ÅÅÃ˹¾È·¿Ä¹·Äº»ÉÊÈÅϿļȷÉÊÈ˹ÊËÈ»ƔļȷÉÊÈ˹ÊËÈ»¿Ä¹Â˺»É¸Ë¿Âº¿Ä½ÉƑ
ÈÅ·ºÉƑÈ·¿ÂÍ·Ï¿Ļɷĺʻ»ƾÅÄ»¿ĻÉƔ
• ÅÅÃ˹¾È·¿Äº¿ÉÈËÆÊÉÆ»ÅÆ»ƠÉ·¹Ê¿Ì¿Ê¿»ÉƔ

Practice Activity 8.2

Read the following story.
žÄ·Äº·ÈÏ·È»¹ÅËÉ¿ÄÉƔ¾»Ï·È»ʼÆËÆ¿ÂÉ·Ê¿¹Ëø¿ŷȺ¿Ä½
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¿¹Ëø¿Ɣ
¾»Äɹ¾ÅŹÂÅÉ»º·Éʾſº·ÏƑʾ»¿È·ËÄʷĺËĹ»¹·Ã»ÊÅÆ¿¹Áʾ»Ã
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¾·Êɷûº·ÏƑ¿ÊÈ·¿Ä»º¾»·Ì¿ÂÏƔ
¾¿É÷º»¿Êº¿ů¹ËÂʼÅÈʾ»ÊÍÅ
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·ÄºÆ·¹Áʾ»Ã¿Äʾ»¿È·ËÄÊ¿»Ơɹ·ÈƔ
¼Ê»È»·Ì¿Ä½ʾ»ɹ¾ÅŹÅÃÆÅËĺ
ʾ»Ï½ÅÊ¿ÄÊÅ·ÊÈ·ů¹À·ÃƔ¾»Ï¹Å˺ÄÅÊÃÅÌ»¼·Éʸ»¹·Ëɻȷ¿ÄÍ·Ê»È
¾·ºŲÅź»ºʾ»ÈÅ·ºÉƔÈ·ů¹ÆÅ¿¹»Åů¹»Èͷɾ»ÂƿĽʾ»ÃÅÊÅÈ¿ÉÊÉÊÅ
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¾»ÊÈ·ů¹À·Ãº»Â·Ï»ºʾ»¿ÈÀÅËÈÄ»ÏƔʽÅÊ·ʻÉÅʾ»Ï¹Å˺ÄÅÊÊÈ·Ì»Â
ÊÅ·ÈÅĽ¿Ɣ¾»¿È·ËÄÊÈ»ÄÊ»º·ÈÅÅÿĿ½·Â¿ÊÅÍļÅÈʾ»ÃÊÅÉƻĺʾ»
Ä¿½¾Êʾ»È»Ɣ

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½ÈÅͿĽ¿Ä¼·ÈÃÉƔ¾»È»ͻȻ¹·ÊÊ»½È·Ð¿Ä½ÅÄʾ»½È»»Ä½È·ÉÉʾ·Ê½È»Í
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º¿ºÄÅÊÉ»»¹¾¿ÂºÈ»Ä½Å¿Ä½Êż»Ê¹¾Í·Ê»È¼ÈÅÿ̻ÈÏ·¸·ÈÅĽÅ·Éʾ»Ï
ËÉË·ÂÂϺ¿ººËȿĽÉËÄÄÏÍ»·Ê¾»ÈƔ
1. (i)  ·Ã»ÊÍÅÆÅÉ¿Ê¿Ì»»Ů»¹ÊÉżÈ·¿ÄûÄÊ¿ÅÄ»º¿Äʾ»ÉÊÅÈÏƔ
(ii) 
 ·Ã»ÊÍÅÄ»½·Ê¿Ì»»Ů»¹ÊÉżÈ·¿ÄÅËÊ¿Ļº¿Äʾ»ÉÊÅÈÏƔ
2. (i)
 ÈÅÃʾ»ÉÊÅÈÏ·¸ÅÌ»ƑºÅ»Éʾ»ÍÈ¿Ê»ÈɾÅÍÉʾ·ÊÈ·¿Ä¿É½Åź
   Å  ȸ·ºƜ ËÉÊ¿¼ÏÏÅËÈ·ÄÉÍ»ÈƔ
(ii) 
 ÅÏÅË·½È»»Ϳʾʾ»ÍÈ¿Ê»ÈƠÉŸɻÈÌ·Ê¿ÅÄɹÅĹ»ÈĿĽÈ·¿ÄƜ
(iii) ¼Ï»É½¿Ì»ÏÅËÈÈ»·ÉÅÄÉƔ¼ÄÅƑ½¿Ì»ÏÅËÈÈ»·ÉÅÄÉƔ
3. ɿĽʾ»ÈÅÍÉ»¹Ê¿Ì¿ÊÏÅÄÏÅËÈ·ÆÊÅÆÅȸÅÅÁɼÈÅÃʾ»¿¸È·ÈÏƔ
(i) 
 »·È¹¾ʾ»÷Æżͷĺ·Ɣ
(ii) 
 Ź·Ê»ͷ÷½·Ä·Ƒ
¿¹Ëø¿·Äº·ÈÅĽ¿¼ÈÅÃÏÅËÈ÷ÆƔ

Methods of protecting the environment from the rainwater

Activity 8.8: Identify ways of protecting the environment
from rain water
What you need:
• Í»»ÊÆÅÊ·ÊÅÌ¿Ä»É  • È»»É»»ºÂ¿Ä½É   • Å»É
• ·¹¾»Ê»É      • ·Æ»û·ÉËÈ»
What to do:
(i)
»Ê¿ÄÊÅʾȻ»ÍÅÈÁ¿Ä½½ÈÅËÆÉƔ
(ii) ÉÉ¿½ÄÏÅËÈÉ»ÂÌ»ÉÆÂÅÊÉƔ
(iii) »ÊÅÄ»½ÈÅËÆ÷Á»Ê»ÈÈ·¹»ÉƑ»Ê
·ÄÅʾ»È½ÈÅËÆÆ·ÄÊÉÍ»»ÊÆÅÊ·ÊÅ
Ì¿Ä»ÉƑʾ»·ÉʽÈÅËÆÊÅÆ·ÄÊÊÈ»»
É»»ºÂ¿Ä½ÉƔ
ƺ¿Ìƻ ·ÄÊ ÊÈ»»É ¿Ä ·È»·É ;»È» ʾ»Ï
Ϳ¸»·ÂÂÅÍ»ºÊŽÈÅÍƔ
ƺÌƻ ·Á»¹·È»żÏÅËÈÆÂÅÊÉ¿ÄÊËÈÄÉƔÄÉËÈ»ÏÅËÍ·Ê»ÈÏÅËÈÉ»»ºÂ¿Ä½É·Äº
Ì¿Ä»ÉƔÈÅÊ»¹Êʾ»Ã¼ÈÅ÷Ŀ÷ÂÉ¿Á»½Å·Êɷĺ¹ÅÍÉƔ
ƺÌ¿ƻ ɿĽ¸ÈÅÍÉ»¹Ê¿Ì¿ÊÏÅÄÏÅËÈ·ÆÊÅÆÅȸÅÅÁÉ¿Äʾ»¿¸È·ÈÏŰĺ
ÅËÊÅʾ»ÈÍ·ÏÉżÆÈÅÊ»¹Ê¿Ä½ʾ»»ÄÌ¿ÈÅÄûÄʼÈÅÃÈ·¿ÄÍ·Ê»ÈƔ
ƺÌ¿¿ƻ ȻɻÄÊÏÅËÈŰĺ¿Ä½ÉÊÅʾ»Åʾ»Èûø»ÈÉżÏÅËȹ·ÉÉƔ

96
»ɾÅ˺ÆÈÅÊ»¹Êʾ»»ÄÌ¿ÈÅÄûÄʼÈÅÃÈ·¿ÄÍ·Ê»ÈƔ
ÅûÍ·ÏÉżÆÈÅÊ»¹Ê¿Ä½ʾ»»ÄÌ¿ÈÅÄûÄʼÈÅÃÈ·¿ÄͷʻȿĹÂ˺»Æ·ÄʿĽ
ÊÈ»»ÉƑ÷Á¿Ä½Ê»ÈÈ·¹»ÉƑ÷Á¿Ä½º¿Ê¹¾»ÉƑ¹ËÂʿ̷ʿĽ·ÄÊ¿Ɩ»ÈÅɿ̻ƷÄÊÉƔ

1. Planting trees
¾» ÈÅÅÊÉ ż Æ·ÄÊÉ ¾Åº ʾ» ÉÅ¿Â
ŰÈÃÂÏƔ ¾»Ä ʾ» ÉÅ¿Â Æ·ÈÊ¿¹Â»É ·È»
¾»ÂºÊŽ»Ê¾»ÈŰÈÃÂÏƑʾ»Ï¹·ÄÄÅʸ»
ͷɾ»º·Í·Ï»·É¿ÂϸÏÍ·Ê»ÈƔ

2. Making terraces
• »ÈÈ·¹»É ·È» ¸Ë¿ÂÊ ÅÄ Ì»ÈÏ ÉÊ»»Æ
ÉÂÅÆ»ÉÅȾ¿ÂÂÏÉ¿º»Éżʾ»¼·ÈÃƔ
• ¾»ÏÉÂÅͺÅÍÄʾ»ŲÅÍżÍ·Ê»ÈƔ

3. Making ditches
• ¿Ê¹¾»É·È»Ä·ÈÈÅ͹¾·ÄÄ»Âɺ˽¿Ä
ʾ»½ÈÅËĺƔ
• ¾»É» ¹¾·ÄÄ»ÂÉ ºÈ·¿Ä Í·Ê»È ¼ÈÅÃ
̷»ÏÉƑ·ÂÅĽɿº»ÈÅ·ºÉÅÈ¿ÄŰ»ÂºÉƔ
How can water collected in ditches be
used?

4. Cultivating anti-erosive
plants
• ÄÊ¿Ɩ»ÈÅɿ̻ƷÄÊÉ·È»ʾÅɻƷÄÊÉ
ʾ·Ê½ÈÅͷĺ¹ÅÌ»Èʾ»ÉËȼ·¹»ż
ÉÅ¿ÂƔ
• ˹¾Æ·ÄÊɿĹÂ˺»½È·ÉÉƑÉÍ»»Ê
ÆÅÊ·ÊÅ»ÉƑÆËÃÆÁ¿ÄÉƑ¹ÅÍÆ»·É·Äº
¸»·ÄÉƔ
• ¾»É»Æ·ÄÊɹÅÌ»Èʾ»ÉÅ¿Â
ÆÈÅÊ»¹Ê¿Ä½¿Ê¼ÈÅø»¿Ä½»Èź»º¸Ï
È·¿ÄÍ·Ê»ÈƔ
·¸Â»ʿƔʸƓηÃÆ»ÉżûʾźÉżÆÈÅÊ»¹Ê¿Ä½ʾ»»ÄÌ¿ÈÅÄûÄʼÈÅÃÈ·¿ÄÍ·Ê»ÈƔ

97
8.5: Water pollutants
Activity 8.9: Observing water pollution
(i) ÅÅÁ·Êʾ»¼ÅÂÂÅͿĽÆ¿¹ÊËÈ»ÉƔ

(ii) º»ÄÊ¿¼Ï·Äºķûʾ»Í·Ê»ÈÆÅÂÂËÊ·ÄÊÉ¿Äʾ»Æ¿¹ÊËÈ»·¸ÅÌ»Ɣ
(iii) ¿É¿ÊÉÅûżʾ»Í·Ê»ÈÉÅËȹ»É;¿¹¾·È»·Ů»¹Ê»º¸ÏÆÅÂÂËÊ¿ÅÄƔ
ƺ¿Ìƻ ¸É»ÈÌ»ʾ»·¹Ê¿Ì¿Ê¿»ÉÊ·Á¿Ä½Æ·¹»·ÈÅËĺʾ»Í·Ê»ÈÉÅËȹ»ÉƔ
ƺÌƻ º»ÄÊ¿¼Ï º·Ä½»ÈÉ ż ʾ» ÆÅÂÂËÊ»º Í·Ê»È ·Äº Í·ÏÉ ż ÷¿ÄÊ·¿Ä¿Ä½ ʾ»
Í·Ê»ÈÉÅËȹ»ÉËÄÆÅÂÂËÊ»ºƔ
ƺÌ¿ƻ »É»·È¹¾ÅÄÍ·ÏÉ¿Ä;¿¹¾Åʾ»ÈÍ·Ê»ÈÉÅËȹ»É·È»ÆÅÂÂËÊ»ºƔȻɻÄÊ
ÏÅËÈŰĺ¿Ä½ÉÊÅʾ»È»ÉÊżʾ»¹Â·ÉÉƔ
Activity Questions
2. (a) ¾·Ê¿ÉÍ·Ê»ÈÆÅÂÂËÊ¿ÅÄƜ
ƺ¸ƻ 

 ¿Ì»ʺ»Î·ÃÆ»ÉżÍ·Ê»ÈÆÅÂÂËÊ·ÄÊÉƔ
3. ¾»Ä · ÂÅÊ ż ¼»Èʿ¿ɻÈ ŰĺÉ ¿ÊÉ Í·Ï ¿ÄÊÅ Í·Ê»È ¸Åº¿»ÉƑ ¿Ê ÆÅÂÂËÊ»É
Í·Ê»ÈƔ¾·Ê·È»ʾ»º·Ä½»ÈÉżÉ˹¾ÆÅÂÂËÊ»ºÍ·Ê»ÈƜ

¾»¼ÅÂÂÅͿĽ·È»÷ÀÅÈÍ·ÏÉ¿Ä;¿¹¾Í·Ê»È¿ÉÆÅÂÂËÊ»ºƔ

1. Human and animal wastes

Ë÷ķĺ·Ä¿Ã·ÂÍ·ÉÊ»ÉÉ˹¾·É¼·»¹»É and ËÈ¿Ä»ÆÅÂÂËʻͷʻÈƔ
¾»É» Í·ÉÊ»É ¹ÅÄÊ·¿Ä ½»ÈÃÉƔ ¾»Ä Æ·ÉÉ»º ¿Ä Í·Ê»ÈƑ ʾ»Ï ÷Á» ʾ» Í·Ê»È
ËÄÉ·¼»¼ÅȺȿÄÁ¿Ä½·ÄººÅûÉÊ¿¹ËÉ»Ɣ

ʹƔ ÂÅźÉƭÈËÄƖÅŮÍ·Ê»È
¾»Ä¿ÊÈ·¿ÄÉƑÈ·¿ÄÍ·Ê»ÈŲÅÍÉÅÌ»Èʾ»ÉÅ¿ÂƔ¾¿Éͷʻȸ»¹ÅûÉÃ˺ºÏƔÊ·ÂÉÅ
¹·ÈÈ¿»É·ÂÅĽÉÅ¿ºÆ·ÈÊ¿¹Â»ÉÉ˹¾·ÉÆ¿»¹»ÉżÆ·Æ»È·ÄººÈϽȷÉÉƔ
¾»ÄÉ˹¾Í·Ê»ÈŲÅÍÉ¿ÄÊÅ·Í·Ê»ÈÉÅËȹ»Ƒʾ»Í·Ê»È¸»¹ÅûÉÆÅÂÂËÊ»ºƔ

98
3. Waste from factories
·¹ÊÅÈ¿»É÷Á»
ÆÈź˹Êɷĺ
ÆÈź˹»Í·ÉÊ»·É
Í»ÂÂƔ
ÅÉÊżʾ»Í·ÉÊ»
¿Éº·Ä½»ÈÅËÉƔ¼ʾ»
Í·ÉÊ»¿ÉºËÃÆ»º¿ÄÊÅ
Í·Ê»Èʾ»ÏÆÅÂÂËÊ»¿ÊƔ
·Ê»ÈÆÅÂÂËÊ»º¸Ï
Í·ÉʻɼÈÅü·¹ÊÅÈ¿»É
¿ÉËÄÉ·¼»¼ÅÈ
ºÈ¿ÄÁ¿Ä½ƑºÅûÉÊ¿¹
ËÉ»·Äº¼·ÈÃËÉ»Ɣ
¿½ʿƔʸʸ·Ê»ÈÆÅÂÂËÊ¿ÅÄƔ
4. Oil spillage
È˺»Å¿Â¿ÉÊÈ·ÄÉÆÅÈÊ»º·¹ÈÅÉÉÉ»·É·ÄºŹ»·ÄÉ¿ÄÉÆ»¹¿·Âɾ¿ÆÉÁÄÅÍÄ·ÉÅ¿Â
Ê·ÄÁ»ÈÉ.
¾»É»Ê·ÄÁ»ÈÉ÷Ï·¹¹¿º»ÄÊ·ÂÂÏÅÌ»ÈÊËÈķĺÉÆ¿ÂÂſ¿ÄÊÅʾ»Ź»·ÄÅÈÉ»·Ɣ
5. Farm chemicals
ηÃÆ»Éż¼·Èù¾»Ã¿¹·ÂɿĹÂ˺»Æ»ÉÊ¿¹¿º»ÉƑ¾»È¸¿¹¿º»É and ¼»Èʿ¿ɻÈÉ.
Åû ż ʾ»É» ¹¾»Ã¿¹·ÂÉ ÷Ï º¿ÉÉÅÂÌ» ¿Ä È·¿Ä Í·Ê»È ·Äº ¸» ¹·ÈÈ¿»º ÊÅ Í·Ê»È
ÉÅËȹ»ÉƔ

8.6: Dangers of water pollution

Activity 8.10: Identifying the dangers of water pollution

Materials needed:
• ¾ÅÊŽȷƾɷĺ¹ËÊƖÅËÊÉɾÅͿĽÍ·Ê»ÈÆÅÂÂËÊ¿Åķĺ¿Êɻٻ¹ÊÉƔ
• »Äɷĺ¸ÅÅÁÉƔ
What to do:
(i) Å»¹Ê¹ËÊƖÅËÊɼÈÅÃÄ»ÍÉÆ·Æ»Èɷĺ÷½·Ð¿Ä»ÉƔ

99
 (ii) ÅÅÁ·Êʾ»¼ÅÂÂÅͿĽÆ¿¹ÊËÈ»ÉƔ

(a) ƺ¸ƻ

ƺ¹ƻ (d)
(iii) º»ÄÊ¿¼Ïʾ»º·Ä½»ÈÉżÍ·Ê»ÈÆÅÂÂËÊ¿ÅÄɾÅÍÄ¿Äʾ»Æ¿¹ÊËȻɷ¸ÅÌ»Ɣ
ƺ¿Ìƻ ËÊ¿Ļ Åʾ»È º·Ä½»ÈÉ ż Í·Ê»È ÆÅÂÂËÊ¿ÅÄ ¼ÈÅà ʾ» ƾÅÊŽȷƾÉ ·Äº
¹ËÊÅËÊÉʾ·ÊÏÅ˾·Ì»Ɣ

·Ê»ÈÆÅÂÂËÊ¿ÅĿɺ·Ä½»ÈÅËɼÅȾË÷ĸ»¿Ä½ÉƑÆ·ÄÊÉƑ·Ä¿Ã·ÂɷĺÉÅ¿ÂƔ
1. Dangers of water pollution for human beings
• ÅÂÂËÊ»ºÍ·Ê»È÷ϹÅÄÊ·¿Ä½»ÈÃɷĺƷȷɿʻƔ
• ¾»ÄÆ»ÅÆ»ºÈ¿ÄÁʾ»ÆÅÂÂËÊ»ºÍ·Ê»ÈƑʾ»ÏÊ·Á»¿Äʾ»½»ÈÃÉÅÈÆ·È·É¿Ê»ÉƔ
• ¾»É»½»ÈÃÉÉÆÈ»·ºÍ·Ê»È¸ÅÈÄ»º¿É»·É»ÉÉ˹¾·É¹¾Å»ȷ·ÄºÊÏƾſºƔ
2. Dangers of water pollution for animals
Ŀ÷ÂÉ·ÂÉÅÊ·Á»¿Ä½»ÈÃɷĺƷȷɿʻÉ;»Äʾ»ÏºÈ¿ÄÁÆÅÂÂËÊ»ºÍ·Ê»ÈƔ
¾·Ê·È»ʾ»»Ů»¹ÊÉż½»ÈÃÉÅķĿ÷ÂÉƜÅ͹·ÄÅ¿ÂÉƿ»ºÅÄÍ·Ê»È·Ů»¹Ê
animals?

3. Dangers of water pollution for plants

·Ê»Èʾ·Ê¹ÅÄÊ·¿Äɻι»ÉÉ¿Ì»¼»Èʿ¿ɻÈÉƑÆ»ÉÊ¿¹¿º»ÉÅȾ»È¸¿¹¿º»É¹·Ä÷Á»
Æ·ÄÊÉÊźÈÏƔ
What are the other dangers of water pollution to plants?

100
4. Dangers of water pollution for soil
¾»ÄÍ»ËɻͷʻÈƑ;¿¹¾¿ÉÆÅÂÂËÊ»ºÊŽÈÅ͹ÈÅÆÉƑÅȼÅȺÅûÉÊ¿¹ËÉ»ƑÍ»
÷ϻĺËÆÆÅÂÂËʿĽʾ»ÉÅ¿ÂƔÅÂÂËÊ»ºÉÅ¿ÂÁ¿ÂÂÉÉ÷ÂÂÅȽ·Ä¿ÉÃÉʾ·Ê¿̻¿Ä
ÉÅ¿ÂƔ

8.7: Prevention of water pollution

Activity 8.11: Identifying ways of preventing water pollution
(i) ÅÅÁ·Êʾ»¼ÅÂÂÅͿĽÆ¿¹ÊËÈ»ÉƔ

(a) ƺ¸ƻ

ƺ¹ƻ (d)
(a) »É¹È¿¸»ʾ»·¹Ê¿Ì¿Ê¿»É·¸»Â»ºaƑ¸Ƒ¹and d.
ƺ¸ƻ ¾¿¹¾·¹Ê¿Ì¿Ê¿»ÉͿ¹·ËɻͷʻÈÆÅÂÂËÊ¿ÅÄƜ
ƺ¹ƻ ¾¿¹¾·¹Ê¿Ì¿Ê¿»É·È»¾»ÂƿĽÊÅÆȻ̻ÄÊÍ·Ê»ÈÆÅÂÂËÊ¿ÅÄƜ
(ii) º»ÄÊ¿¼Ïº¿Ů»È»ÄÊÍ·ÏÉżÆȻ̻ÄʿĽÍ·Ê»ÈÆÅÂÂËÊ¿ÅÄƔ
(iii) È¿Ê»ʾ»Ã¿ÄÏÅËÈÄÅÊ»¸ÅÅÁÉƔ
ƺ¿Ìƻ·ÂÁͿʾÏÅËȹ·ÉÉ÷ʻ·¸ÅËÊ;·ÊÏÅ˾·Ì»ÍÈ¿ÊÊ»ÄƔ

·Ê»ÈÆÅÂÂËÊ¿Åŷĸ»ÆȻ̻ÄÊ»º¸ÏÉÊÅÆƿĽÅȹÅÄÊÈÅ¿Ľ·¹Ê¿Ì¿Ê¿»Éʾ·Ê»·º
ÊÅÍ·Ê»ÈÆÅÂÂËÊ¿ÅÄƔ
¾»¼ÅÂÂÅͿĽ·È»ÉÅûżʾ»û·ÉËÈ»Éʾ·Ê¹·Ä¸»Ê·Á»ÄÊÅÆȻ̻ÄÊÍ·Ê»È
ÆÅÂÂËÊ¿ÅÄƔ
1. È·¹Ê¿É¿Ä½ÆÈÅƻȾϽ¿»Ä»Ƒ¼ÅȻηÃÆ»ËÉ»żÊſ»ÊÉƑ·ÊȿĻɷĺËÈ¿Ä·ÂÉƔ
2. ÌÅ¿º¸·Ê¾¿Ä½ƑͷʻȿĽ·Ä¿Ã·Âɷĺͷɾ¿Ä½¹ÂÅʾ»É¿ÄÍ·Ê»ÈÉÅËȹ»ÉƔ
3. È·¹Ê¿É¿Ä½¼·ÈÿĽûʾźÉʾ·ÊÈ»ºË¹»Éſ»ÈÅÉ¿ÅÄ¿Á»¹ÅÄÊÅËȷĺʻÈÈ·¹»
¼·ÈÿĽƔ

101
4. ÌÅ¿ººÈ·¿Ä¿Ä½ż¿ÄºËÉÊÈ¿·Â·ÄººÅûÉÊ¿¹ɻͷ½»¿ÄÊÅÍ·Ê»ÈÉÅËȹ»ÉƔ
5. ¿ÉÆÅÉ»żÉÅ¿ºÍ·ÉÊ»ÆÈÅÆ»ÈÂÏƔÅÄÅʺËÃÆÉÅ¿ºÍ·ÉÊ»¿ÄÍ·Ê»ÈÉÅËȹ»ÉƔ
6. »·È¿Ä½·¹¹¿º»ÄÊ·ÂÅ¿ÂÉÆ¿ÂÂÉ·ÉÉÅÅÄ·Éʾ»Ï¾·ÆÆ»ÄƔ
7. É» ¼·Èà ¹¾»Ã¿¹·ÂÉ É˹¾ ·É ¼»Èʿ¿ɻÈÉƑ Æ»ÉÊ¿¹¿º»É ·Äº ¾»È¸¿¹¿º»É ¿Ä
¹ÅÄÊÈÅ»º·ÃÅËÄÊÉƔ

ʿƔʿƓ ·Ê»ÈÆËÈ¿Ű¹·Ê¿ÅÄûʾźÉ
¹Ê¿Ì¿ÊÏʿƔʸʹƓÎƻȿûÄÊÅÄÆËÈ¿Ű¹·Ê¿ÅÄżÍ·Ê»È
Materials needed:
• ÅËȹ»ż¾»·Ê       
• ·ÄÅÈÆÅÊͿʾ¿º
• ¿»Ì»ÅÈ;¿Ê»Æ¿»¹»ż¹ÂÅʾ  
• ÷¹ÅÄÊ·¿Ä»ÈÉ
• ¿Ì»ÈÍ·Ê»ÈÅȺ·ÃͷʻȿÄÀ»ÈÈϹ·ÄÉ
What to do:
(i) ź·É¿»Ì»Å̻ȷ¹Â»·ÄÆ·ÄÅÈÆÅÊƔ¼ÏÅ˺ÅÄÅʾ·Ì»·É¿»Ì»ƑÊ¿»·
¹Â»·ÄÆ¿»¹»ż¹ÂÅʾ·ÈÅËĺʾ»Æ·ÄƔ
(ii) ÅËÈͷʻȼÈÅ÷À»ÈÈϹ·ÄÅÌ»Èʾ»É¿»Ì»ÅÈÆ¿»¹»ż¹ÂÅʾ¿ÄÊÅ·¹Â»·Ä
Æ·ÄÅÈÆÅÊÊÅŰÂʻȿÊƔÅÌ»Èʾ»Æ·ÄÅÈÆÅÊͿʾ·¿ºƔ
(iii) ¿½¾Ê·ŰȻʎ»Ê¾»·ÊƔ·¹»ʾ»Æ·ÄͿʾŰÂʻȻºÍ·Ê»ÈÅÌ»Èʾ»¾»·ÊƔ
ƺ¿Ìƻ ¾»Äʾ»Í·Ê»È¾·É¸Å¿Â»ºƑÈ»ÃÅÌ»¿Ê¼ÈÅÃʾ»ÉÅËȹ»ż¾»·ÊƔ»Êʾ»
ͷʻȹÅÅÂƔ
ƺÌƻ ººÉÅûÍ·Ê»ÈƖÊÈ»·Ê¿Ä½¹¾»Ã¿¹·Â¿ÄÊÅͷʻȿķÄÅʾ»È¹ÅÄÊ·¿Ä»ÈƔ
ƺÌ¿ƻ·ÉÊ»ʾ»¸Å¿Â»ºÍ·Ê»È·Äºʾ»¹¾»Ã¿¹·ÂÊÈ»·Ê»ºÍ·Ê»ÈƔ
(a) (i) Do chemical treated water and boiled water taste the same?
(ii) ·Ã»ʺ»Î·ÃÆ»Éż¹¾»Ã¿¹·ÂÉʾ·Ê¹·Ä¸»·ºº»ºÊÅͷʻȿÄ
ÏÅËȾÅûÉÊÅÆËÈ¿¼Ï¿ÊƔ
(b) Which water would you prefer to drink? Give the reasons for choice
of your answer.
(c) Do people in your village purify their drinking water using chemicals
or do they boil it?
(d) Why do you think they use the method you have talked about in (c)
above?

·Ê»È¼ÈÅÿÊÉÉÅËȹ»É¿ÉÄÅÊÉ·¼»¼ÅȾÅûËÉ»ƔËÈ¿Ű»ºÍ·Ê»È¿ÉÉ·¼»¼ÅÈ
ºÈ¿ÄÁ¿Ä½·ÄºÅʾ»ÈºÅûÉÊ¿¹ËÉ»ÉƔ
ËÈ¿Ű¹·Ê¿ÅÄżÍ·Ê»È¿ÄÌÅÂÌ»ÉÈ»ÃÅÌ·ÂżÉËÉƻĺ»ºÍ·ÉʻɸÏŰÂÊÈ·Ê¿ÅÄ and
½»ÈÃɸϸſ¿ĽÅȹ¾»Ã¿¹·ÂÊÈ»·ÊûÄÊ.

102
1. Boiling water
ſ¿Ľ¿Éʾ»¸»ÉÊûʾźż÷Á¿Ä½Í·Ê»ÈÉ·¼»¼ÅÈ
ºÈ¿ÄÁ¿Ä½Ɣ
¾»¾¿½¾Ê»ÃƻȷÊËÈ»Á¿ÂÂɾ·ÈüËÂ
ÿ¹ÈÅƖÅȽ·Ä¿ÉÃÉ¿Äʾ»Í·Ê»ÈƔ
(a)
2. Filtration of water
¿ÂÊÈ·Ê¿ÅÄÈ»¼»ÈÉÊÅÈ»ÃÅÌ·ÂżÉÅ¿ºÍ·ÉʻɼÈÅÃÍ·Ê»ÈƔ
ËȿĽŰÂÊÈ·Ê¿ÅÄƑº¿ÈÊÏͷʻȿÉÆÅËÈ»ºʾÈÅ˽¾·ŰÂÊ»ÈÅÈ
É¿»Ì»¿ÄÊÅ·ɻƷȷʻ¹ÅÄÊ·¿Ä»ÈƔ
ÅÊ»Ɠ ¿ÂʻȻºÍ·Ê»È¿ÉÄÅÊÉ·¼»¼ÅȺȿÄÁ¿Ä½Ɣ

3. Chemical treatment of water ƺ¸ƻ

(chlorination)
¾»Ã¿¹·ÂÉÊÈ»·ÊûÄÊżÍ·Ê»È¿ÉÍ¿º»ÂÏËÉ»º¿Ä
ÆËÈ¿Ű¹·Ê¿ÅÄż·Ƚ»ÇË·ÄÊ¿Ê¿»ÉżÍ·Ê»ÈƔ
¾»¹¾»Ã¿¹·ÂÉÁ¿Â¾·ÈüËÂÿ¹ÈÅÅȽ·Ä¿ÉÃÉ¿Ä
Í·Ê»ÈƑ÷Á¿Ä½ʾ»Í·Ê»ÈÉ·¼»¼ÅȺȿÄÁ¿Ä½·Äº
ºÅûÉÊ¿¹ËÉ»Ɣ
¾»Ã¿¹·ÂÆËÈ¿Ű¹·Ê¿ÅÄżÍ·Ê»È¿ÉºÅÄ»¸ÏÍ·Ê»È
ÉËÆÆÂϿĽ¹ÅÃÆ·Ä¿»ÉƔʹ·Ä·ÂÉŸ»ºÅÄ»¿Ä
Í»ÂÂɷĺ¸ÅÈ»¾Å»ÉƔ ƺ¹ƻ
¿½ƔʿƔʸʹƓƺ·ƻƑƺ¸ƻ·Äºƺ¹ƻƓ
·Ê»ÈÆËÈ¿Ű¹·Ê¿ÅÄûʾźÉƔ
ʿƔˀƓ ·Á¿Ä½·Í·Ê»ÈŰÂÊ»È
·ÉÉÈÅÀ»¹ÊƓ·Á¿Ä½·Í·Ê»ÈŰÂÊ»È
Materials needed:
• ·Ƚ»Æ·ÉÊ¿¹¸ÅÊÊ»   • »·Äɷĺ 
• Å·ÈÉ»ɷĺ     • ¾·ÈÆÁÄ¿¼»ÅÈÈ·ÐÅȸ·º»
• Beaker • ¾·È¹Å·Â 
• »·Ä¹ÅÊÊÅÄÍÅÅ   • ·Æ»ÈŰÂÊ»È  
• ÷½ȷ̻Â
What to do:
(i) ¸É»ÈÌ»ʾ»Í·Ê»ÈŰÂÊ»ÈɾÅÍÄÅÄÆ·½»ʸʷʹƔ
(ii) ÅÂÂÅͿĽ·ɿÿ·È·ÈȷĽ»Ã»ÄÊ÷Á»·Í·Ê»ÈŰÂʻȿÄɹ¾ÅÅÂƔ

103
 (iii) É»ʾ»ŰÂÊ»ÈÉ¿ÄÏÅËȽÈÅËÆÉÊÅŰÂÊ»ÈÃ˺ºÏÍ·Ê»ÈƔ
 ¾»¼ÅÂÂÅͿĽÆ¿¹ÊËÈ»ɾÅÍÉ·Í·Ê»ÈŰÂÊ»È÷º»¸Ï·ÆËƿ¿ÄʼƔ

¾·È¹Å·Â
Å·ÈÉ»ɷĺ
»·Äɷĺ

È·Ì»Â

ÅÊÊÅÄÍÅÅÂ

Å»¹Ê»ºÍ·Ê»È

ÄÅͿĽ¾ÅÍÊÅ÷Á»·Í·Ê»ÈŰÂʻȿɿÃÆÅÈÊ·ÄÊƔÅ˹·ÄËÉ»¿ÊÊÅ÷Á»Ã˺ºÏ
ͷʻȹ»·ÄƔ
·Á»·Í·Ê»ÈŰÂʻȿÁ»ʾ»ÅÄ»ɾÅÍÄ·¸ÅÌ»Ɣ

8.10: Water storage

Activity 8.13: Role play
¾»¼ÅÂÂÅͿĽÆ¿¹ÊËÈ»ÉɾÅÍ·¹Ê¿Ì¿Ê¿»Éʾ·ÊÏÅËÄ»»ºÊÅÈŻƷÏƔ 

 ƺ·ƻ¿·ÈȾŻ·ÁÄŹÁºÅÍÄ ƺ¸ƻ·Ê»ÈȻ·Ï

What to do:
(i) ȷ÷ʿɻº¿·ÈȾŻ·ÁÄŹÁºÅÍÄ·É·È»ÉËÂÊżºÈ¿ÄÁ¿Ä½º¿ÈÊÏÍ·Ê»ÈƔ
(ii) ·Ïʾ»Í·Ê»ÈȻ·Ï½·Ã»·ÉɾÅÍÄ¿ÄÆ¿¹ÊËÈ»ƺ¸ƻƔ

104
·Ê»ÈÉÊÅÈ·½»û·ÄÉƑÉÊÅȿĽÍ·Ê»ÈÉ·¼»ÂϼÅȼËÊËÈ»ËÉ»Ɣ
What is the major use of the following containers?

ÈËà ÅÊ »ÈÈϹ·ÄÉ

Tank
¿½ƔʿƔʸʺƓ·Ê»ÈÉÊÅÈ·½»¹ÅÄÊ·¿Ä»ÈÉƔ
• ·Ê»È¼ÈÅÃÈ·¿Ä¼·Â¹·Ä¸»º¿È»¹Ê»º¿ÄÊÅ·Ƚ»Ê·ÄÁɷĺÉÊÅÈ»º¼ÅÈËÉ»;»Ä
ʾ»È»¿ÉÄÅÈ·¿ÄƔ
• ¾»Í·Ê»È¹·Ä·ÂÉŸ»ÉÊÅÈ»º¿ÄºÈËÃÉƑÀ»ÈÈϹ·ÄÉƑÆÅÊÉƑ¸Ë¹Á»Êɷĺ¸ÅÊÊ»ÉƔ
• ÂÂÉÊÅÈ»ºÍ·Ê»ÈÄ»»ºÉÊŸ»¹Å̻ȻºÊÅÁ»»Æ
·Í·Ïº¿Èʷĺ¿ÄÉ»¹ÊÉƔ
How can excess rain water be collected and
stored?
• ÅËɾÅ˺ÆËÊÉżÊºÈ¿ÄÁ¿Ä½Í·Ê»È¿Ä·ÆÅÈÊ·¸Â»
¹ÅÄÊ·¿Ä»È·Äº¹·ÈÈÏ¿ÊͿʾÏÅËƔ
Why is this important? ¿½ƔʿƔʸʻƓ·Ê»È¿Ä·¸ÅÊÊ»Ɣ

Revision Activity 8
1. ¾·Ê¿ÉÉ·Ä¿Ê·Ê¿ÅÄƜ
2. º»ÄÊ¿¼Ïʾ»ËÉ»ÉżÍ·Ê»ÈɾÅÍĸ»ÂÅÍƔ

(a)

ƺ¸ƻ

105
 ƺ¹ƻ

(d)

3. ·Ã»ÅÄ»¹¾»Ã¿¹·Âʾ·Ê¿ÉÿλºͿʾÍ·Ê»ÈÊÅÉÆÈ·ÏÅÄƓ
(a) ¹ÈÅÆÉ   ƺ¸ƻ ·Ä¿Ã·ÂÉ
4. ¾·Ê¿É¿ÈÈ¿½·Ê¿ÅÄƜ
5. ·Ã»ʺÆÈÅÆ»ÈÊ¿»ÉżÍ·Ê»ÈƔ
6. È¿Ê»ºÅÍÄʺÄ»½·Ê¿Ì»»Ů»¹ÊÉżÍ·Ê»ÈƔ
7. ÅÅÁ·Êʾ»¼ÅÂÂÅͿĽÆ¿¹ÊËÈ»Ɣ

(a)   ÅÍ¿Éʾ»Í·Ê»È¸»¿Ä½ÆÅÂÂËÊ»ºƜ
ƺ¸ƻ  Å͹·Äʾ»ÆÅÂÂËÊ¿ÅÄɾÅÍÄ·¸ÅÌ»¸»¹ÅÄÊÈÅ»ºƜ
8. º»ÄÊ¿¼Ïʼº·Ä½»ÈÉżÍ·Ê»ÈÆÅÂÂËÊ¿ÅÄƔ
9. ËÊ¿Ļʺû·ÉËÈ»Éʾ·ÊÍ»¹·ÄÊ·Á»ÊÅÆȻ̻ÄÊÍ·Ê»ÈÆÅÂÂËÊ¿ÅÄƔ

106
10. (a) ·Ã»ʾ»Í·Ê»ÈÆËÈ¿Ű¹·Ê¿ÅÄûʾźÉɾÅÍĸ»ÂÅÍƔ

(i) (ii)
ƺ¸ƻ ¾¿¹¾ûʾź÷Á»ÉÍ·Ê»ÈÉ·¼»¼ÅȺȿÄÁ¿Ä½ƜÎÆ·¿ÄƔ
11. Å˾·Ì»¸»»ÄÆÈÅÌ¿º»ºͿʾÃ˺ºÏͷʻȿķ¹ÅÄÊ·¿Ä»ÈƔ
(a) ËÈ¿¼Ïʾ»Í·Ê»È¸ÏÈ»ÃÅ̿ĽŸɻÈÌ·¸Â»Í·ÉÊ»ÉƔ
ƺ¸ƻ ·Á»ʾ»Í·Ê»ÈÉ·¼»¼ÅȺȿÄÁ¿Ä½Ɣ

Word list
1. »·ºʾ»¼ÅÂÂÅͿĽÍÅȺÉ¿ÄÆ·¿ÈÉƔ
• »¹È»·Ê¿ÅÄ   •   ÄÌ¿ÈÅÄûÄÊ  • È·ÄÉÆÅÈÊ·Ê¿ÅÄ  
• »ÈÈ·¹»É    • Ì·ÆÅÈ·Ê¿ÅÄ   • ÅÂÂËÊ·ÄÊÉ
• Åĺ»ÄÉ·Ê¿ÅÄ  • Tank • È»¹¿Æ¿Ê·Ê¿ÅÄ  
• ¿ÂÊÈ·Ê¿ÅÄ    •   ÊÃÅÉƾ»È»   •   ¾ÂÅÈ¿Ä·Ê¿ÅÄ
2. Æ»ÂÂʺÍÅȺÉ;¿Â»ÏÅËȼȿ»ÄºÍÈ¿Ê»Éʾ»Ã¿Ä¾¿ÉÅȾ»ÈÄÅÊ»¸ÅÅÁƔ»Ê
ÏÅËȼȿ»Äº·ÂÉÅÉÆ»ÂÂʺÅʾ»ÈÍÅȺÉ·ÉÏÅËÍÈ¿Ê»ʾ»Ã¿ÄÏÅËÈÄÅÊ»¸ÅÅÁƔ
3. ¿É¹ËÉÉͿʾÏÅËȼȿ»Äºʾ»û·Ä¿Ä½ż·ÄÏʺÍÅȺÉ¿Äʾ»ÍÅȺ¿ÉÊƔ
»¼»ÈÊÅÄÅʻɿÄÏÅËÈÊ»ÎʸÅÅÁƔ

107
 UNIT 9 SOIL

Introduction
ſ¿ɻÉÉ»ÄÊ¿·Â¼ÅÈÉËÈÌ¿Ì·Âż¸ÅʾÆ·ÄÊɷĺ·Ä¿Ã·ÂÉƔÊÆÈÅÌ¿º»É·ÉËȼ·¹»
ÅÄ;¿¹¾Æ·ÄÊɽÈÅÍƔÊ¿É·ÂÉÅ·¾·¸¿Ê·Ê¼ÅÈ÷ÄϷĿ÷ÂÉƔ
Look at the following pictures.

(a) ƺ¸ƻ ƺ¹ƻ

(d) (e) ƺ¼ƻ

»É¹È¿¸»»·¹¾Æ¿¹ÊËÈ»·¸ÅÌ»Ɣ
È»º¿¹Ê;·ÊÏÅË·È»½Å¿Ä½ÊÅ»·ÈÄƔ

9.1: Preparation of soil for cultivation

• ȻƷȷʿÅÄ ż ÉÅ¿Â ¿ÄÌÅÂÌ»É ·¹Ê¿Ì¿Ê¿»É ʾ·Ê ·È» ¹·ÈÈ¿»º ÅËÊ ÅÄ ·ĺ ¸»¼ÅÈ»
É»»º·È»Æ·ÄÊ»ºÅÈÉ»»ºÂ¿Ä½·È»ÊÈ·ÄÉÆ·ÄÊ»ºƔ
Name all the activities that are done on land before planting seeds.

Activity 9.1: Preparing plots for cultivating in vegetables

Requirements:
• Å»  • Rake
• ·Æ»û·ÉËÈ»żÉÊÈÅĽ÷Ŀ·ÉÊȿĽ
What to do:
(i) ÅËÈÊ»·¹¾»ÈͿ·ÉÉ¿½ÄÏÅË·Æ¿»¹»ż·ĺƔÉ»·Ê·Æ»û·ÉËÈ»ÊÅ
º¿Ì¿º»ʾ»Æ¿»¹»ż·ĺ¿ÄÊÅÉ÷ÂÂÆÂÅÊƔ

108
 (ii) ȻƷȻÏÅËÈÆÂÅʼÅÈÆ·ÄʿĽ÷¿Ð»É»»ºÉƔÅʾ¿É¸ÏƓ
• »·È¿Ä½ʾ»·ĺ
• ¿½½¿Ä½¼ÅÈʾ»ŰÈÉÊʿû
• ¿½½¿Ä½·É»¹ÅĺʿûÊÅ÷Á»ʾ»ÉÅ¿ÂŰÄ»Ɣ
• »Ì»Â¿Ľʾ»É»»º¸»º¸ÏÈ»ÃÅ̿ĽÉÊÅĻɷĺÅʾ»ÈÍ·ÉÊ»ÉƔ
(iii) ÄÉËÈ»ʾ·ÊÏÅ˸Ȼ·Áʾ»Éſ¿ÄÊÅÉ÷ÂÂÆ·ÈÊ¿¹Â»ÉƑÈ»ÃÅ̻ͷÉʻɷĺ
¸ËÈÏÅȽ·Ä¿¹÷ÊʻȺ»»Æ¿Äʾ»ÉÅ¿ÂƔ
ƺ¿Ìƻ ʺƖʻ º·ÏÉ ·¼Ê»È ʾ» ·¸ÅÌ» ·¹Ê¿Ì¿Ê¿»ÉƑ
·ºº ÷ÄËÈ» ÅÈ ¼»Èʿ¿ɻÈ ÊÅ ʾ» ÉÅ¿ÂƔ
ËÈÄʾ»ÉÅ¿ÂÅ̻ȷĺÅÌ»ÈÊÅÿοÊ
Ϳʾʾ»¼»Èʿ¿ɻÈƔ
ƺÌƻ »Ì»ÂÏÅËÈÉ»»º¸»ºËɿĽ·È·Á»Ɣ
ƺÌ¿ƻ·Á» ¼ËÈÈÅÍÉ ÅÄ ÏÅËÈ É»»º¸»º
ËɿĽ · ¾Å»Ɣ ÅËÈ É»»º ¸»º ¿É ÄÅÍ
È»·ºÏ¼ÅÈÆ·ÄʿĽÉ»»ºÉƔ
ƺÌ¿¿ƻ¾·Ê ¹·Ä ʾ» Ì»½»Ê·Ê¿ÅÄ ʾ·Ê ʾ¿É
÷Ä ¿É ¹Â»·È¿Ä½ ¿Ä ʾ» Æ¿¹ÊËÈ»
·ÂÅĽɿº»¸»ËÉ»º¼ÅÈƜ

Land clearing
·Äº¹Â»·È¿Ä½ºÅÄ»¸Ï¹ËÊʿĽÅÈËÆÈÅÅʿĽÌ»½»Ê·Ê¿ÅÄÅÄ·Æ¿»¹»ż·ĺƔ
Name 4 types of vegetation that is cleared.
Ź»·Èʾ»·ĺÊÅÅÂÉ¿Á»÷¹¾»Ê»ÉƑ·Î»ÉƑÉ·ɾ»ÈɷĺɷÍÉ·È»ËÉ»ºƔ

    ƺ·ƻ     ƺ¸ƻ
¿½ƔˀƔʸƺ·ƻ·Äºƺ¸ƻƓ·Äº¹Â»·È¿Ä½Ɣ

109
Ploughing
ÂÅ˽¾¿Ä½·ÂÉÅÈ»¼»ÈÈ»ºÊÅ·ÉÆȿ÷ÈϹËÂÊ¿Ì·Ê¿ÅÄżÉÅ¿ÂƔʹ·Ä¸»ºÅÄ»·É
ɾÅÍĸ»ÂÅÍ

(a) ƺ¸ƻ
¿½ƔˀƔʹƺ·ƻ·Äºƺ¸ƻƓȿ÷ÈϹËÂÊ¿Ì·Ê¿ÅÄƔ
ÂÅ˽¾¿Ä½¿ÄÌÅÂ̻ɺ¿½½¿Ä½ËÆʾ»Éſ·ĺÊËÈĿĽ¿ÊÅÌ»ÈƔÊÅÆ»ÄÉËÆʾ»·ĺƑ
ÂÅÅɻĿĽÉÅ¿ÂÆ·ÈÊ¿¹Â»ÉƔ
ËȿĽʾ¿É¹ËÂÊ¿Ì·Ê¿ÅÄÉſ¿ɸÈÅÁ»Ä¿ÄÊŸ¿½¿ÈÈ»½Ë·ÈÉÅ¿ÂÂËÃÆÉƔ

Secondary cultivation
»¹Åĺ·ÈϹËÂÊ¿Ì·Ê¿ÅĿɺÅÄ»·¼Ê»ÈÆȿ÷ÈϹËÂÊ¿Ì·Ê¿ÅÄƔ
ʿɺÅÄ»ÅÄ·ºË½É»»º¸»º¸»¼ÅÈ»ʾ»É»»ºÉ·È»Æ·ÄÊ»ºÅÈÉ»»ºÂ¿Ä½É·È»
ÊÈ·ÄÉÆ·ÄÊ»ºƔ¾¿É¿ÄÌÅÂ̻ɼËÈÈÅͿĽƔ

(a)

ƺ¸ƻ
¿½ƔˀƔʺƺ·ƻ·Äºƺ¸ƻƓ»¹Åĺ·ÈϹËÂÊ¿Ì·Ê¿ÅÄƔ
From the picture above, explain how furrowing is done.
Can furrowing be done using a hoe?

110
Levelling
»Ì»Â¿Ľ¿ÉºÅÄ»;»ÄÆȻƷȿĽ·É»»º
¸»ºƔ
What is a seedbed?
»Ì»Â¿Ľż·É»»º¸»º¿ÉºÅÄ»ËɿĽ·
rake.
Name three materials that are removed
from soil during levelling.

¿½ƔˀƔʻƓ»Ì»Â¿Ľ·É»»º¸»ºƔ

9.2: Fertilisers and their preparations

¹Ê¿Ì¿ÊÏˀƔʹƓ·ÉÉ¿Ű¹·Ê¿ÅÄż¼»Èʿ¿ɻÈÉ
(i) ¸Ê·¿Ä · ¿ÊÊ» ¼»Èʿ¿ɻÈ ʾ·Ê ¿É ¸Å˽¾Ê ¼ÈÅà ʾ» ɾÅÆÉ ·Äº ¸È¿Ä½ ¿Ê ÊÅ
ɹ¾ÅÅÂƔ
(ii) ¸Ê·¿ÄºÈϿĽ»·Ì»ÉƑÉÊ¿¹ÁɷĺÅʾ»ÈÆ·ÄÊÉ÷ʻȿ·Âɷĺ¸È¿Ä½ʾ»Ã
ÊÅɹ¾ÅÅÂƔ
(iii) ¸Ê·¿ÄºÈ¿»º¹ÅͺËĽ·Äº¸È¿Ä½¿ÊÊÅɹ¾ÅÅÂƔ
ƺ¿Ìƻ È¿Ê» ºÅÍÄ ·Â ʾ» ɿÿ·ȿʿ»É ·Äº º¿Ů»È»Ä¹»É ¸»ÊÍ»»Ä ÷ʻȿ·ÂÉ
Ÿʷ¿Ä»º¿ÄÉÊ»ÆÉ(i)Ƒ(ii) and (iii).
ƺÌƻ ·ÉÉ¿¼Ïʾ»÷ʻȿ·ÂÉ¿ÄÊÅÊÍŽÈÅËÆɸ·É»ºÅÄŰĺ¿Ä½É¿Äƺ¿Ìƻ·¸ÅÌ»Ɣ

¾»Ä¹ÈÅÆÉ·È»½ÈÅÍÄÅÄ·Æ¿»¹»ż·ĺ¼ÅÈ·ÂÅĽʿûƑÄËÊÈ¿»ÄÊÉ¿Äʾ»ÉÅ¿Â
·È»È»ºË¹»ºƔ
¾»ÄËÊÈ¿»ÄʹÅÄÊ»ÄÊżÉ˹¾Éſ¹·Ä¸»¿ÃÆÈÅÌ»º¸Ï·ºº¿Ä½¼»Èʿ¿ɻÈÉÊÅʾ»
ÉÅ¿ÂƔ
¾»Ä·ºº»ºÊÅʾ»ÉÅ¿ÂƑ¼»Èʿ¿ɻÈÉȻƻĿɾÄËÊÈ¿»ÄÊÉËÉ»º¸ÏÆ·ÄÊÉÅÈʾÅÉ»
ÂÅÉʺËȿĽÉſ»ÈÅÉ¿Åķĺ»·¹¾¿Ä½Ɣ

Types of fertilisers
¾»È»·È»ÊÍÅÊÏÆ»Éż¼»Èʿ¿ɻÈÉƔ¾»É»·È»Ɠ
(a) ·ÊËÈ·ÂƺÅȽ·Ä¿¹ƻ¼»Èʿ¿ɻÈÉ
ƺ¸ƻ ÈÊ¿Ű¹¿·Âƺ¿ÄÅȽ·Ä¿¹ƻ¼»Èʿ¿ɻÈÉ

111
Natural fertilisers
·ÊËȷ¼»Èʿ¿ɻÈÉ·È»·ÂÉŹ·Â»º÷ÄËÈ»Ɣ
¾»Ï·È»½ÈÅËÆ»º·¹¹ÅȺ¿Ä½ÊÅʾ»Í·Ïʾ»Ï·È»ÆȻƷȻºƔ
ηÃÆ»ÉżÅȽ·Ä¿¹¼»Èʿ¿ɻÈÉ·È»Ɠ
(a) Ƚ·Ä¿¹Ã˹¾»ÉƑƺ¸ƻ ·ÈÃϷȺ÷ÄËÈ»Ƒ
ƺ¹ƻ
È»»Ä÷ÄËÈ»Ƒ(d) ÅÃÆÅÉÊ÷ÄËÈ»

(a) Green manure

È»»Ä÷ÄËÈ»¿É¼ÅÈûº¼ÈÅýȻ»ÄÆ·ÄÊÉƔ
·ÄÊÉʾ·Ê·È»·ÂÃÅÉÊŲÅͻȿĽ·È»
¹¾ÅÆÆ»º·Äº¸ËÈ¿»º¿ÄÊÅʾ»ÉÅ¿ÂƔ¾»Äʾ»Ï
º»¹ÅÃÆÅÉ»Ƒʾ»Ï¼ÅÈýȻ»Ä÷ÄËÈ»Ɣ

(b) Farmyard manure

·ÈÃϷȺ÷ÄËÈ»¿É·ÂÉŹ·Â»º·Ä¿Ã·Â ¿½ˀƔʼƓȻƷȿĽ½È»»Ä÷ÄËÈ»Ɣ
÷ÄËÈ»ƔÊ¿É÷º»¼ÈÅ÷Ŀ÷ºÈÅÆƿĽÉƑ
ºËĽƑËÈ¿Ä»·Äºʾ»¿È¸»ºº¿Ä½ÉƔ

¿½ƔˀƔʽƓ·ÄËÈ»¿Ä·лÈŽȷпĽËÄ¿ÊƔ
·ÈÃϷȺ÷ÄËÈ»ɾÅ˺¸»¾»·Æ»º¿Ä·ɾ»º·ÄºÆÈÅÊ»¹Ê»º¼ÈÅÃʾ»¾ÅÊÉËÄ
·Äº»Î¹»ÉÉÈ·¿ÄÍ·Ê»ÈƔ
¾»÷ÄËÈ»ɾÅ˺¸»·ÂÂÅÍ»º»ÄÅ˽¾ʿûÊÅÈÅʸ»¼ÅÈ»¿Ê¿É·ÆÆ¿»ºÊŹÈÅÆÉƔ

112
(c) Compost manure

Activity 9.3: Preparation of compost manure

Materials needed:
• »½È·º·¸Â»Í·ÉÊ»¼ÈÅÃʾ»¹Â·Éɸ¿ÄÉÉ˹¾·ÉƷƻȷĺ¼ÈË¿ÊÆ»»Â¿Ä½ÉƔ
• ¹¾ÅÅÂÁ¿Ê¹¾»ÄÈ»¼ËÉ»»Ɣ½ƔÆÅÊ·ÊÅÆ»»Â¿Ä½É·Äº¼ÅźȻ÷¿ÄÉƔ
• ·¿Ð»ÉÊ·ÂÁÉƑ½È·ÉɷĺÅʾ»ÈºÈÏ÷ʻȿ·ÂÉƔ
•
 ·ÈÃϷȺ÷ÄËÈ»
• ÅÆÉÅ¿Â 
• Åź·É¾
What to do:
(i) ·Á»·ÊȻĹ¾¿Äʾ»½ÈÅËĺËɿĽ·¾Å»·Äº·ÉÆ·º»Ɣ
(ii) ËÊ÷¿Ð»ÉÊ·ÂÁɷĺÅʾ»ÈºÈÏ÷ʻȿ·ÂÉ¿Äʾ»ÊȻĹ¾·Éʾ»ŰÈÉÊ·ϻÈƔ
(iii) ººº»½È·º·¸Â»÷ʻȿ·ÂɼÈÅÃʾ»¹Â·Éɸ¿Ä·ÄºÁ¿Ê¹¾»ÄÍ·ÉÊ»ƺ·¸ÅËÊ
ʾ¹Ãʾ¿¹ÁƻƔ
ƺ¿Ìƻ ººÉÅû¼·ÈÃϷȺ÷ÄËÈ»ƺ·¸ÅËÊʼ¹Ãʾ¿¹ÁƻƔ
ƺÌƻ ººÉÅûÍÅź·É¾ƺ·¸ÅËÊʾ¹Ãʾ¿¹ÁƻƔ
ƺÌ¿ƻ ËÊÊÅÆÉÅ¿ÂÅÄÊÅÆżʾ»¾»·ÆƔ
ƺÌ¿¿ƻ»Æ»·Ê ʾ» ·ÈȷĽ»Ã»ÄÊ ¿Ä (ii)Ƒ (iii)Ƒ ƺ¿Ìƻ and ƺÌƻ ËÄÊ¿Â ʾ» ¾»·Æ ¿É ʸƔʹ
ûÊȻɾ¿½¾Ɣ
Give reasons why the following materials are needed in making
compost manure
(a) ÅÆÉÅ¿Â       
ƺ¸ƻ 
 Åź·É¾
(¹ƻ
 ·ÈÃϷȺ÷ÄËÈ» 
(d) 
 »½È·º·¸Â»Í·ÉÊ»Ƒ»·Ì»É·ÄºÁ¿Ê¹¾»ÄÈ»¼ËÉ»
Activity Question
1. ¾Ï·È»Æ·ÄÊÉ¿Á»¸»·ÄÉƑÆ»·É·ÄºÉÅÏ·¸»·ÄÉʾ»¸»ÉʼÅÈ÷Á¿Ä½
½È»»Ä÷ÄËÈ»Ɯ

ÅÃÆÅÉÊ÷ÄËÈ»¿É÷º»¼ÈÅÃÆ·ÄÊȻ÷¿ÄÉƑ·Ä¿Ã·ÂÍ·ÉÊ»ƑÍÅź·É¾Ƒ
Á¿Ê¹¾»ÄÈ»¼ËÉ»·ÄºÊÅÆÉÅ¿ÂƔ
¾»÷ʻȿ·ÂÉ·È»ÆËÊ¿Ä·¾»·ÆÅÈÆ¿Êʾ»Ä·ÂÂÅÍ»ºÊź»¹·ÏÅȺ»¹ÅÃÆÅÉ»Ɣ

113
¾»¼ÅÂÂÅͿĽÆ¿¹ÊËÈ»ɾÅÍÉ;·Ê·¹ÅÃÆÅÉʾ»·ÆÂÅÅÁÉ¿Á»Ɣ
Å̻ȿĽ÷ʻȿ·ÂÉ

ÅÆÉÅ¿Â
Åź·É¾
·ÈÃϷȺ÷ÄËÈ»
¿Ê¹¾»ÄÍ·ÉÊ»É

·¿Ð»ÉÊ·ÂÁÉ

¿½ƔˀƔʾƓÅÃÆÅÉÊ÷ÄËÈ»Ɣ
ÅÃÆÅÉÊ÷ÄËÈ»ɾÅ˺¸»·ÂÂÅÍ»ºÊź»¹ÅÃÆÅÉ»¸»¼ÅÈ»¿Ê¿ÉËÉ»º¿Äʾ»
¼·ÈÃƔ

Chemical fertilisers
¾»Ã¿¹·Â¼»Èʿ¿ɻÈÉ·È»·ÂÉÅÁÄÅÍÄ·É·ÈÊ¿Ű¹¿·Â¼»Èʿ¿ɻÈÉÅÈ¿ÄÅȽ·Ä¿¹¼»Èʿ¿ɻÈÉ.
¾»Ï·È»÷º»¼ÈÅù¾»Ã¿¹·ÂÉƔ
¾»Ï¾·Ì»·¾¿½¾¹ÅĹ»ÄÊÈ·Ê¿ÅÄżÉÆ»¹¿Ű¹ÄËÊÈ¿»ÄÊÉƔ
¾»É»¼»Èʿ¿ɻÈɹ·Ä¸»¹Â·ÉÉ¿Ű»º¿ÄÊÅÊÍÅ÷ÀÅȽÈÅËÆÉÉÊÈ·¿½¾Ê¼»Èʿ¿ɻÈÉand
¹ÅÃÆÅËĺ¼»Èʿ¿ɻÈÉ.

(a) Straight fertilisers

ÊÈ·¿½¾Ê ¼»Èʿ¿ɻÈÉ ·È» ¼»Èʿ¿ɻÈÉ ʾ·Ê ¹ÅÄÊ·¿Ä ÅÄÂÏ ÅÄ» ÷ÀÅÈ ÊÏÆ» ż ÄËÊÈ¿»ÄÊƔ
ηÃƻɿĹÂ˺»ËÈ»·ƑɿĽ»ÉËÆ»ÈƾÅÉƾ·Ê»·ÃÅĽÅʾ»ÈÉƔ

ƺ·ƻ¿Ä½Â»ÉËÆƻȾÅÉƾ·Ê» ƺ¸ƻÈ»·
¿½ƔˀƔʿƺ·ƻ·Äºƺ¸ƻƓηÃÆ»ÉżÉÊÈ·¿½¾Ê¼»Èʿ¿ɻÈÉƔ

Name 3 other examples of straight fertilisers.

(b) Compound fertilisers

ÅÃÆÅËĺ¼»Èʿ¿ɻÈ·È»·ÂÉŹ·Â»º¹ÅÃƻμ»Èʿ¿ɻÈÉƔ¾»Ï¹ÅÄÊ·¿ÄÊÍÅÅÈ
ÃÅÈ»÷ÀÅÈÊÏÆ»ÉżÄËÊÈ¿»ÄÊÉƔ
ηÃÆ»Éż¹ÅÃÆÅËĺ¼»Èʿ¿ɻÈɿĹÂ˺»¿·ÃÃÅÄ¿ËÃƾÅÉƾ·Ê»ƺƻ·Äº
·Â¹¿ËÃÃÃÅÄ¿ËÿÊÈ·Ê»ƺƻƔ

114
¾»¼ÅÂÂÅͿĽÆ¿¹ÊËÈ»ÉɾÅͻηÃÆ»Éż¹ÅÃÆÅËĺ¼»Èʿ¿ɻÈÉƔ

ƺ·ƻ·Â¹¿ËÃÃÃÅÄ¿ËÿÊÈ·Ê» ƺ¸ƻ¿·ÃÃÅÄ¿ËÿÊÈ·Ê»
¿½ƔˀƔˀƺ·ƻ·Äºƺ¸ƻƓηÃÆ»Éż¹ÅÃÆÅËĺ¼»Èʿ¿ɻÈÉƔ

9.3: Importance of fertilisers

Activity 9.4: Investigating importance of fertilisers
Íż·ÈûÈÉÆ·ÄÊ»º÷¿Ð»É»»ºÉÅÄʾ»ɷûº·ÏƔ¾»¿È÷¿Ð»Æ·ÄÊÉ
½È»Í·ÉɾÅÍĸ»ÂÅÍƔ

    ·ÈÃ    ·ÈÃ
(i) ¾¿¹¾¼·Èþ·º¼»Èʿ»ÉÅ¿ÂƜÎÆ·¿ÄƔ
(ii) ÅͺŻɷ¼·Èûȸ»Ä»ŰʼÈÅþ·Ì¿Ä½¾»·ÂʾÏÆ·ÄÊÉƜ
(iii) ¾·Ê¹·Äʾ»¼·ÈûÈż ·ÈúÅÊÅ÷Á»¾»È÷¿Ð»Æ·ÄÊɾ»·ÂʾÏƜ
ƺ¿Ìƻ»É¹È¿¸»¾ÅÍÏÅ˹·ÄÊ·Á»¹·È»żÏÅËÈ÷¿Ð»¼·ÈÃƔ
ƺÌƻ   ¾·ÊͿ¾·ÆƻĿ¼¼·ÈÃϷȺ÷ÄËÈ»¿É»ÎÆÅÉ»ºÊź¿È»¹ÊÉËķĺȷ¿ÄƜ
ƺÌ¿ƻ ¹»ÈÊ·¿Ä ¼·ÈûÈ ·ÂÍ·ÏÉ ·ÆÆ¿»É º»¹ÅÃÆÅÉ»º ¼·ÈÃϷȺ ÷ÄËÈ»
ÅÄ ¾¿É ¹ÈÅÆÉƔ ¾·Ê ÿ½¾Ê ¾·ÆÆ»Ä ¿¼ ¾» ·ÆÆ¿»É ÷ÄËÈ» ʾ·Ê ¾·É ÄÅÊ
º»¹ÅÃÆÅÉ»ºÅľ¿É¹ÈÅÆÉƜ

»Èʿ¿ɻÈÉ·È»¿ÃÆÅÈÊ·ÄÊ¿Äʾ»¼ÅÂÂÅͿĽÍ·ÏÉƓ
(a) 
 ¾»ÏȻƷ¹»ʾ»ÄËÊÈ¿»ÄÊÉÂÅÉÊʾÈÅ˽¾»ÈÅÉ¿ÅÄÅÈ»·¹¾¿Ä½Ɣ
ƺ¸ƻ 
 ¾»Ï¾»ÂÆÊſĹȻ·É»¹ÈÅÆÏ¿»ÂºÉƔ

115
ƺ¹ƻ ÄÅȽ·Ä¿¹¼»Èʿ¿ɻÈÉȻ»·É»ʾ»¿ÈÄËÊÈ¿»ÄÊÉÊŹÈÅÆÉÌ»ÈÏÇË¿¹ÁÂÏƔ¾¿É÷Á»É
¹ÈÅÆɽÈÅͼ·ÉÊƔ
(d)  Ƚ·Ä¿¹ ¼»Èʿ¿ɻÈÉ ¾»ÂÆ ÊÅ ¿ÃÆÈÅÌ» ʾ» ƾÏÉ¿¹·Â ÆÈÅÆ»ÈÊ¿»É ż ÉÅ¿Â É˹¾ ·É
ºÈ·¿Ä·½»ƑÍ·Ê»ÈȻʻÄÊ¿Åķĺ·»È·Ê¿ÅÄżÉÅ¿ÂƔ
(e)  Ƚ·Ä¿¹¼»Èʿ¿ɻÈɾ»ÂƸϿÄÊÈź˹¿Ä½º»¹ÅÃÆÅÉ»ÈÉÉ˹¾·É¸·¹Ê»È¿··Äº
¼ËĽ¿ÊÅʾ»ÉÅ¿ÂƔ

Rules of applying fertilisers

Activity 9.4: Application of fertiliser
»¼»ÈÊÅʾ»½·Èº»ÄÉʾ·ÊÏÅËÆȻƷȻº·ÄºÆ·ÄÊ»º÷¿Ð»¿Ä·¹Ê¿Ì¿ÊÏʸƔʸƔ
(i) º»ÄÊ¿¼Ïʾ»·ÆÆÈÅÆÈ¿·Ê»ÊÏÆ»ż¼»Èʿ¿ɻÈÊÅ·ÆÆÂÏƓÅȽ·Ä¿¹ÅÈ¿ÄÅȽ·Ä¿¹
¼»Èʿ¿ɻÈƔ
It is recommended to use organic manure before using inorganic
fertiliser.
Procedure of applying nitrogenous fertiliser in the garden
(i) ¾ÅÅÉ»ʾ»·ÆÆÈÅÆÈ¿·Ê»¼»Èʿ¿ɻȼÅÈÏÅËȼ·ÈÃƔ
(ii) »·È ÆÈÅÊ»¹Ê¿Ì» ¹ÂÅʾ¿Ä½ƒ ½ËøÅÅÊÉƑ
½ÂÅ̻ɷĺ·ÄÅ̻ȷÂÂƔ¾¿É¿ÉÊÅÆȻ̻ÄÊ
º¿È»¹Ê ¹ÅÄÊ·¹Ê ż ¹¾»Ã¿¹·ÂÉ Ϳʾ ʾ»
ÉÁ¿ÄƔ¾»Ï¾·Ì»·¸ËÈĿĽ»Ů»¹ÊÅÄʾ»
ÉÁ¿ÄƔ
(iii) »·º ʾ» ÷Ä˼·¹ÊËÈ»ÈͱÉ ¿ÄÉÊÈ˹ʿÅÄÉ
¼ÅÈ º¿È»¹Ê¿ÅÄÉ ÅÄ ʾ» ·ÃÅËÄÊ ÊÅ ·ÆÆÂÏƑ
¾ÅÍÊÅÿÎʾ»¹¾»Ã¿¹·ÂÉ·ÄºÃź»ż
·ÆÆ¿¹·Ê¿ÅÄƔ
ƺ¿Ìƻ ÆÆÂÏʾ»¼»Èʿ¿ɻÈÉÅÄʾ»¼·ÈÃʾÈÅ˽¾
ÊÅÆ  ºÈ»ÉɿĽ ƺ·ÆÆ¿»º ÅÄ ʾ» ÉÅ¿Â
ÉËȼ·¹»·Êʾ»¸·É»żʾ»÷¿Ð»Æ·ÄÊƻƔ ÆÆÂϿĽ÷ÄËÈ»ÊŹÈÅÆÉƔ
ƺÌƻ ¿ÉÆÅÉ» ż ʾ» »ÃÆÊÏ ¹ÅÄÊ·¿Ä»ÈÉ ż
¹¾»Ã¿¹·Â¼»Èʿ¿ɻÈɸϸËÈϿĽº»»Æ¿ÄÊÅʾ»ÉÅ¿ÂÅÈÆ¿Ê·ÊÈ¿Ä»Ɣ
ƺÌ¿ƻ »·ÄÏÅËÈɻ¼ʾÅÈÅ˽¾ÂÏͿʾÉŷƷĺͷʻÈƔ
Ɠ Ƚ·Ä¿¹ ¼»Èʿ¿ɻÈ ¿ÃÆÈÅÌ»É ÉÅ¿Â ÆÈÅÆ»ÈÊ¿»ÉƔ ¾»Ï ·ÂÉÅ Ȼ»·É»
ÄËÊÈ¿»ÄÊÉÉÂÅÍÂσû·Ä¿Ä½ʾ»ÉÅ¿ÂÍ¿ÂÂȻʷ¿Ä¿Êɼ»Èʿ¿ÊϼÅÈ·ÂÅĽ»ÈʿûƔ

116
 ·ÉÉÈÅÀ»¹ÊƓÅÄÌ»ÉÊ¿½·Ê»ʾ»»Ů»¹ÊÉżº¿Ů»È»ÄÊ
fertilisers on plants
What is needed:
• ÅËÈ»ÇË·ÂÆÂÅÊÉż·ĺƔ   
• ÅÂÅËÈ»º÷Ŀ·ÉÊȿĽÉ
• ·¿Ð»É»»ºÉÅÈÉÅȽËÃÉ»»ºÉ  
• ŻɷĺȷÁ»É
What to do:
(i) ȻƷȻʾ»¸¿½ÆÂÅʼÅÈÆ·ÄʿĽ¸Ïº¿½½¿Ä½·Äº»̻¿ĽƔ
(ii) É»·Ê·Æ»û·ÉËÈ»Êź¿Ì¿º»ʾ»¸¿½ÆÂÅÊ¿ÄÊÅÉ÷»È»ÇË·ÂÆÂÅÊÉƑƑ
Ƒ·ÄºƔ·ÈÁʾ»ÆÂÅÊÉËɿĽ¹ÅÂÅËÈ»º÷Ŀ·ÉÊȿĽƔ
(iii) Ä ÆÂÅÊ Ƒ ·ÆÆÂÏ  ¼»Èʿ¿ɻÈ ¿Ä ʾ» ¾Å»É ;»È» ÏÅË Í¿Â ƷÄÊ ÏÅËÈ
÷¿Ð»É»»ºÉƔÄÆÂÅÊƑÿμ·ÈÃϷȺ÷ÄËÈ»ͿʾÉſ¸»¼ÅȻƷÄʿĽ
ÏÅËÈÉ»»ºÉƔ
ƺ¿Ìƻ ·ÄÊ÷¿Ð»É»»ºÉ¿ÄÆÂÅÊÉƑ·ÄºͿʾÅËÊËɿĽ·Äϼ»Èʿ¿ɻÈƔ
ƺÌƻ ¸É»ÈÌ»ʾ»·ÆÆ»·È·Ä¹»żÏÅËÈ÷¿Ð»É»»ºÂ¿Ä½É·¼Ê»ÈʾȻ»Í»»ÁÉƔ
ƺÌ¿ƻ ¾»ÄÏÅËÈ÷¿Ð»Æ·ÄÊÉ·È»·ÊÁÄ»»¾»¿½¾ÊƑ·ÆÆÂϼ»Èʿ¿ɻÈÉ·ÉÅËÊ¿Ļº
¸»ÂÅÍƔ
• ÄÆÂÅÊƑËɻĿÊÈŽ»ÄÅËɼ»Èʿ¿ɻÈÉÉ˹¾·ÉËÈ»·Ɣ
• ÄÆÂÅÊËÉ»ƾÅÉƾ·Ê¿¹¼»Èʿ¿ɻÈƔ
• ÄÆÂÅÊËÉ»¹ÅÃÆÅËĺ¼»Èʿ¿ɻÈÉÉ˹¾·ÉƔ
ƺÌ¿¿ƻÅÃÆ·È» ʾ» ½ÈÅÍʾ ż ÷¿Ð» Æ·ÄÊÉ ¿Ä »·¹¾ ÆÂÅÊƔ »¹ÅȺ ÏÅËÈ
ŸɻÈÌ·Ê¿ÅÄÉ¿Ä·ÆÈÅÀ»¹Ê¸ÅÅÁƔ
ƺÌ¿¿¿ƻ¾·È»ʾ»È»¹ÅȺ»º¿Ä¼ÅÈ÷ʿÅÄͿʾÅʾ»Èûø»ÈÉżʾ»¹Â·ÉÉƔ
(ix) Ĺ»¾·ÈÌ»ÉʿĽ¿ÉºÅÄ»Ƒ¹ÅÃÆ·È»ʾ»Ï¿»ÂºÉ¼ÈÅû·¹¾ÆÂÅÊƔ
Points to note
• ÄÉËÈ»ʾ·Ê·ÂÂÏÅËÈ÷¿Ð»É»»ºÉ·È»Æ·ÄÊ»º·Êʾ»ɷûʿûƔ
• ÄÉËÈ»ʾ·ÊÏÅË·ÊʻĺÊÅʾ»¹ÈÅÆÉ¿Ä·ÂÂʾ»½·Èº»ÄÉʾ»ɷûÍ·ÏƔ
ÅȻηÃÆ»ͷʻȿĽƑÍ»»º¿Ä½·ÄºÆ»ÉʹÅÄÊÈÅÂɾÅ˺¸»ºÅÄ»·Êʾ»
ɷûʿûƔ
Activity Questions
1. Name: (a)Íż»Èʿ¿ɻÈÉʾ·Ê·È»ËÉ»ººËȿĽÆ·ÄʿĽƔ
ƺ¸ƻÍż»Èʿ¿ɻÈÉʾ·Ê·È»ËÉ»ººËȿĽÍ»»º¿Ä½Ɣ
2. ÅÄÉ¿º»È · ¼·Èà ;»È» ÷¿Ð» ¾·É ¸»»Ä ½ÈÅÍÄ ¹ÅÄÊ¿ÄËÅËÉÂÏ ÅÌ»È
ɻ̻ȷÂÏ»·Èɷĺ·¼·ÈÃ;»È»¸»·Äɾ·Ì»¸»»Ä½ÈÅÍĹÅÄÊ¿ÄËÅËÉÂÏ
¼ÅÈɻ̻ȷÂÏ»·ÈÉƔ
How will the fertility of the two farms compare?

117
 Revision Activity 9
1. ·Ê¹¾ʾ»¹¾·È·¹Ê»È¿ÉÊ¿¹Éż¼»Èʿ¿ɻÈɽ¿Ì»Ä¿Äƺ·ƻÊÅʾ»¹ÅÈÈ»¹Ê¼»Èʿ¿ɻÈ
¿Äƺ¸ƻ
ƺƻ¾·È·¹Ê»È¿ÉÊ¿¹ ƺƻ »Èʿ¿ɻÈ
ƺ·ƻ ÅÈûº¼ÈÅýȻ»ÄÆ·ÄÊÉƔ ƺ·ƻ ·ÈÃϷȺ÷ÄËÈ»
ƺ¸ƻ ÅÈûº¼ÈÅ÷Ŀ÷¸»ºº¿Ä½É ƺ¸ƻÅÃÆÅÉÊ÷ÄËÈ»
ʾ»¿ÈºËĽ·ÄºËÈ¿Ä»Ɣ
ƺ¹ƻ ÅÈûº¼ÈÅÃÈÅÊʿĽ½·È¸·½» ƺ¹ƻ
È»»Ä÷ÄËÈ»
·Äºº»½È·º·¸Â»Í·ÉÊ»Ɣ
2. º»ÄÊ¿¼ÏÉÊ»ÆÉżÉÅ¿ÂÆȻƷȷʿÅļÅȹËÂÊ¿Ì·Ê¿ÅÄƔ
3. ¾Ï¿É¿Ê¿ÃÆÅÈÊ·ÄÊÊŹ·ÈÈÏÅËÊÉ»¹Åĺ·ÈϹËÂÊ¿Ì·Ê¿ÅÄƜ
4. (a) ¾·Ê¿Éʾ»º¿Ů»È»Ä¹»¸»ÊÍ»»ÄÅȽ·Ä¿¹·Äº¿ÄÅȽ·Ä¿¹¼»Èʿ¿ɻÈÉƜ
 ƺ¸ƻ ¾¿¹¾¼»Èʿ¿ɻÈ¿ÃÆÈÅÌ»Éʾ»Ç˷¿ÊÏżʾ»ÉÅ¿ÂƜÎÆ·¿ÄƔ
5. ¾»¼ÅÂÂÅͿĽÆ¿¹ÊËÈ»ÉɾÅ͹¾»Ã¿¹·Â¼»Èʿ¿ɻÈÉƔ

 B
(a) ¿É·ͨͨͨͨͨͨͨͨ¼»Èʿ¿ɻÈƔ
 ƺ¸ƻ ¿É·ͨͨͨͨͨͨͨͨ¼»Èʿ¿ɻÈƔ
6. ¾Ï¿É¿Ê·ºÌ¿É·¸Â»ÊÅ·ººÍÅź·É¾;»ÄÆȻƷȿĽ¹ÅÃÆÅÉÊ÷ÄËÈ»Ɯ
7. ËÊ¿Ļʾ»ÆÈŹ»ºËÈ»żÆȻƷȿĽ½È»»Ä÷ÄËÈ»Ɣ
8. ÅÃÆÅÉÊ ÷ÄËÈ» ¹·Ä ¸» ÷º» ËɿĽ ʾ» ¾»·Æ ûʾź ÅÈ ʾ» Æ¿Ê
ûʾźº»Æ»Äº¿Ä½ÅÄÍ»·Ê¾»È¹Åĺ¿Ê¿ÅÄÉƔ
(a) »É¹È¿¸»;»Äʾ»¾»·Æûʾź¿ÉËÉ»º·Äº;ÏƔ
ƺ¸ƻ »É¹È¿¸»;»Äʾ»Æ¿Êûʾź¿ÉËÉ»º·Äº;ÏƔ
9. ·ÈûÈÁ»»ÆÉ÷ÄϷĿ÷ÂÉ;¿Â»¼·ÈûȽÈÅÍÉ·ÂÅÊżÆ»·É·Äº
¸»·ÄÉƔ
(a) ¾·ÊÅȽ·Ä¿¹¼»Èʿ¿ɻȹ·Ä¼·ÈûÈ÷Á»Ɯ
ƺ¸ƻ ¾·ÊÅȽ·Ä¿¹¼»Èʿ¿ɻȹ·Ä¼·ÈûÈ÷Á»Ɯ

118
 ƺ¹ƻ
¿Ì»ÅÄ»º¿É·ºÌ·ÄÊ·½»ż¼»Èʿ¿ɻÈÉ÷º»¿Ä(a) and ƺ¸ƻ·¸ÅÌ»Ɣ
10. (a) º»ÄÊ¿¼Ïʾ»¼ÅÂÂÅͿĽ¼·ÈÃÊÅÅÂÉƔ

(a) ƺ¸ƻ ƺ¹ƻ

 ƺ¸ƻ  ÈÅÃʾ»ÊÅÅÂɽ¿Ì»Ä·¸ÅÌ»Ƒ¿º»ÄÊ¿¼Ï·ÊÅÅÂÉË¿Ê·¸Â»¼ÅÈƓ
(i) »·È¿Ä½·ĺƔ
(ii) »Ì»Â¿Ľʾ»ÉÅ¿ÂƔ
(iii) ÂÅ˽¾¿Ä½·É÷ÂÂÆ¿»¹»ż·ĺƔ
11. (a) ¿ÂÂÊÍŸ¿½¹ÅÄÊ·¿Ä»ÈÉͿʾÉÅ¿ÂƔ·¸»Âʾ»Ã·Éƺ¿ƻ·Äºƺ¿¿ƻƔ
 ƺ¸ƻ Äƺ¿ƻ·ºº¼·ÈÃϷȺ÷ÄËÈ»·ÄºÿοÊͿʾÉÅ¿ÂƔ
 ƺ¹ƻ Äƺ¿¿ƻ·ºº·¹¾»Ã¿¹·Â¼»Èʿ¿ɻÈ¿Á»Ɣ
(d) ·Äʸ»·ÄÉ»»ºÉ¿Ä»·¹¾¹ÅÄÊ·¿Ä»ÈƔ·Ê»Èʾ»¹ÅÄÊ·¿Ä»ÈÉËÄÊ¿Â
  Ê ¾»Æ·ÄÊɽ»ÈÿķʻƔ
(e) ¸É»ÈÌ»ʾ»¸»·ÄÆ·ÄÊÉ·Éʾ»Ï½ÈÅÍƔÈ¿Ê»·È»ÆÅÈÊÅľÅÍ
   ÏÅ˾·Ì»÷ķ½»ºÏÅËÈÆ·ÄÊÉƔ

Word list
1. »·ºʾ»¼ÅÂÂÅͿĽÍÅȺÉ¿ÄÆ·¿ÈÉƔ
• ËÂÊ¿Ì·Ê¿ÅÄ • ¿Â¿Ľ      • ·ÈÈÅͿĽ
• Rake • Ƚ·Ä¿¹÷ÄËÈ»  • ¾»Ã¿¹·Â¼»Èʿ¿ɻÈ
• ÂÅ˽¾¿Ä½ • »»º¸»º     • ÅÃÆÅÉÊ÷ÄËÈ»
2. Æ»ÂÂʺÍÅȺÉ;¿Â»ÏÅËȼȿ»ÄºÍÈ¿Ê»Éʾ»Ã¿Ä¾¿ÉÅȾ»ÈÄÅÊ»¸ÅÅÁƔ»Ê
ÏÅËȼȿ»Äº·ÂÉÅÉÆ»ÂÂʺÅʾ»ÈÍÅȺÉ·ÉÏÅËÍÈ¿Ê»ʾ»Ã¿ÄÏÅËÈÄÅÊ»¸ÅÅÁƔ
3. ¿É¹ËÉÉͿʾÏÅËȼȿ»Äºʾ»û·Ä¿Ä½ż·ÄÏʺÍÅȺÉ¿Äʾ»ÍÅȺ¿ÉÊƔ
»¼»ÈÊÅÄÅʻɿÄÏÅËÈÊ»ÎʸÅÅÁƔ

119
 UNIT 10 ANIMALS

Introduction
¿ÈºÉ·È»Í¿º»ÂÏÁ»ÆÊ·ÂÂÅÌ»Èʾ»ÍÅȺƔ¾»Ï·È»»·ÉÏÊÅÈ»·È·Äº·È»·ÉÅËȹ»
ż¼Åź¼ÅȾË÷ÄÉ·Éͻ·ɿĹÅû½»Ä»È·Ê¿Ä½·Ä¿Ã·ÂÉƔ
Look at the following pictures.

(a) ƺ¸ƻ ƺ¹ƻ

(d) (e) ƺ¼ƻ

ƺ½ƻ ƺ¾ƻ (i)

»É¹È¿¸»»·¹¾Æ¿¹ÊËÈ»·¸ÅÌ»Ɣ
È»º¿¹Ê;·ÊÏÅË·È»½Å¿Ä½ÊÅ»·ÈÄ.

10.1: Keeping chickens

¾¿¹Á»ÄÉ·È»Á»ÆÊ¿Ä÷ÄÏÆ·ÈÊÉżʾ»ÍÅȺƔ·ÄÏÆ»ÅÆ»Á»»Æʾ»Ã¼ÅÈ
»½½ÉƑû·Ê·Äº¼»·Ê¾»ÈÉƔ

120
Conditions of a good chicken house
¾¿¹Á»ÄɾÅ˺¸»¾ÅËÉ»ºÆÈÅÆ»ÈÂÏÊÅÆÈÅÊ»¹Êʾ»Ã¼ÈÅþ·ÈɾÍ»·Ê¾»È
¹Åĺ¿Ê¿ÅÄɷĺÆÈ»º·ÊÅÈÉƔ
Activity 10.1: Identifying conditions of a good chicken
house
1. ¾»¼ÅÂÂÅͿĽÆ¿¹ÊËÈ»ÉɾÅÍɹ¾¿¹Á»Ä¾ÅËÉ»Éƺ¹ÅÅÆƻƔ

2. ËÊ¿Ļ·ÄϹ¾·È·¹Ê»È¿ÉÊ¿¹Éż·½Åź¹¾¿¹Á»Ä¾ÅËÉ»ʾ·ÊÏÅ˹·ÄÉ»»
¼ÈÅÃʾ»Æ¿¹ÊËÈ»ÉƔ

1. ¾»¹¾¿¹Á»Ä¹ÅÅÆɾÅ˺¸»¿Ä·Æ·¹»ʾ·Ê¿É»·ÉÏÊŽ»ÊÊżÅÈʾ»¼·ÈûÈƑ
ÉÅʾ·Ê¾»ƭɾ»¹·ÄÂÅÅÁ·¼Ê»Èʾ»Ãͻ·ĺÁ»»Æʾ»ÃÉ·¼»Ɣ
2. ÊɾÅ˺¸»¸Ë¿ÂÊ;»È»ʾ»È»¿É·½ÅźºÈ·¿Ä·½»ÊÅÆȻ̻ÄÊÍ·Ê»ÈÂŽ½¿Ä½Ɣ
¹Åº·ÄºÍ»ÊÆÅËÂÊÈϾÅËÉ»»Ä¹ÅËÈ·½»Éº¿É»·É»É·ÄºÆ·È·É¿Ê»ÉƔ
3. ÊɾÅ˺¾·Ì»·º»ÇË·Ê»¿½¾Ê¿Ä½¼ÅÈʾ»¸¿ÈºÉÊż»»º·ÄºÍ·Ê»ÈÆÈÅÆ»ÈÂÏƔ
4. ¾»ÅÆ»ÄÉ¿º»żʾ»¹¾¿¹Á»Ä¾ÅËÉ»ɾÅ˺¼·¹»·Í·Ï¼ÈÅÃʾ»º¿È»¹Ê¿ÅÄż
ʾ»ͿĺƔ¾¿ÉÍ¿ÂÂÆȻ̻ÄÊͿĺ¼ÈÅøÂÅͿĽ¿ÄÊÅʾ»¸Ë¿Âº¿Ä½Ɣ
Identify 5 other conditions of a good chicken house by researching from the
Internet or school library books. Write them in your notebook.

10.2: Types of breeds

Activity 10.2: Identifying types of chicken breeds
What you need:
¿¹ÊËÈ»Éż¸Èſ»ÈÉƑ·ϻÈɷĺºË·ÂÆËÈÆÅÉ»ÊÏÆ»Éż¹¾¿¹Á»ÄƔ

What to do:
(i) ¿É¿Ê Ì·È¿ÅËÉ ÆÅËÂÊÈÏ ¼·ÈÃÉ ·ÈÅËĺ ÏÅËÈ ɹ¾ÅÅÂƔ º»ÄÊ¿¼Ï ʾ» Á¿Äº ż
¸È»»ºÉż¹¾¿¹Á»Äʾ·Ê·È»Á»ÆÊƔ
(ii)Å»¹ÊÄ»ÍÉƷƻȹËÊʿĽÉÅȸÅÅÁÉɾÅͿĽÌ·È¿ÅËɸȻ»ºÉż¹¾¿¹Á»ÄƔ
¸É»ÈÌ»·ÊÊ»ÄÊ¿Ì»ÂÏʾ»¼»·ÊËÈ»Éżʾ»¹¾¿¹Á»ÄƔÅ˹·Ä·ÂÉŸÈÅÍÉ»ÅÄ
ÏÅËÈ·ÆÊÅÆÊÅÉ»»ʾ»Ì·È¿ÅËɸȻ»ºÉż¹¾¿¹Á»ÄƔ

121
 (iii) »É»·È¹¾ʾ»¹ÅÃÃÅĹ¾·È·¹Ê»È¿ÉÊ¿¹ÉżÌ·È¿ÅËɹ¾¿¹Á»Ä¸È»»ºÉƔ
ƺ¿ÌƻÈ¿Ê»ɾÅÈÊÄÅʻɿÄÏÅËÈÄÅÊ»¸ÅÅÁÉƔ
ƺÌƻ ¾·È»ÏÅËÈÆÅ¿ÄÊÉͿʾÅʾ»Èûø»ÈÉżÏÅËȹ·ÉÉƔ

¾»È»·È»ʾȻ»ÊÏÆ»Éż¸È»»ºÉż¹¾¿¹Á»ÄƔ
1. ¾»»½½Ɩ·ϿĽ¸È»»ºÉƔ
2. ¾»û·ÊƯÊÏÆ»ż¹¾¿¹Á»ÄƔ
3. ¾»ºË·ÂÆËÈÆÅÉ»ÊÏÆ»ż¹¾¿¹Á»ÄƔ

The egg-laying breeds

• ¾»Ï·È»·ÂÉÅÁÄÅÍÄ·É·ϻÈÉ.
• ¾¿ÉÊÏÆ»ż¹¾¿¹Á»Ä¿ÉÁ»ÆÊ÷¿ÄÂϼÅÈ»½½É.
Outline one physical characteristic of an egg laying chicken.
• ÅÃÃÅĸȻ»ºÉ¿Ä¹Â˺»¾¿Ê»»½¾ÅÈÄƑ»Í·ÃÆɾ¿È»·Äº¾Åº»É·ĺ
Red.

  ¾¿Ê»»½¾ÅÈÄ  ¾Åº»É·ĺ»º  »Í¾·ÃÆɾ¿È»

¿½ƔʸʷƔʹƓ½½·ϿĽ¸È»»ºÉƔ

The meat-type breeds

• ¾»Ï·È»·ÂÉÅÁÄÅÍķɸÈſ»ÈÉƔÈſ»ÈÉ·È»Á»ÆÊ÷¿ÄÂϼÅÈû·ÊƔ
• Èſ»ÈɽÈÅͼ·ÉÊ»Èʾ·Ä·ϻÈÉƔ¾»Ï·È»·ÂÉž»·Ì¿»ÈƔ
• ηÃÆ»É ¿Ä¹Â˺» ÅÈĿɾ ÈÅÉÉƑ ¿½¾Ê ËÉÉ»ÎƑ ÅÈĿɾ ŹÁƑ »ÈÉ»Ï

¿·ÄÊƑ·ÃÅĽÅʾ»ÈÉƔ

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10.3: Chicken reproduction

Activity 10.3: Chicken reproduction
Read the following story.
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Questions
1.
¿Ì»·ÉË¿Ê·¸Â»¾»·º¿Ä½¼ÅÈʾ»ÉÊÅÈÏ·¸ÅÌ»Ɣ
2. ÈÅÃʾ»ÉÊÅÈÏ·¸ÅÌ»Ɠ
(a) ¾ÅͻȻÄÁÅÁÅƑ½¿ÊÅĺŷĺĽ·¸¿È»Ɯ
ƺ¸ƻ ¾·Ê¿É¸ÈÅź¿Ä½Ɯ
ƺ¹ƻ ÅÍɾÅ˺·¾»Ä¸»¹·È»º¼ÅÈ;¿Â»¿Ê¿É¸ÈÅź¿Ä½Ɯ
(d) È¿Ê»ɾÅÈÊÄÅʻɷ¸ÅËÊʾ»¹¾¿¹Á»ÄÈ»ÆÈź˹ʿÅÄƔ
3. (a) ÅͺŹ¾¿¹ÁɼÅÈüÈÅû½½ÉƜ
ƺ¸ƻ 
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ƺ¹ƻ ÅͺŻɷ¸ÈÅźÏ¾»Ä¸»¾·Ì»Ɯ
4. »É»·È¹¾ ËɿĽ ÏÅËÈ  ·ÆÊÅÆ ÅÈ ʾ» ɹ¾ÅÅ ¿¸È·ÈÏ ¸ÅÅÁÉ ·¸ÅËÊ
·ÈÊ¿Ű¹¿·Â¸ÈÅź¿Ä½ƜÈ¿Ê»ɾÅÈÊÄÅʻɷ¸ÅËÊ¿ÊƔ
5. ȻɻÄÊÏÅËȸÅÅÁÉÊÅʾ»Ê»·¹¾»È¼ÅÈ÷ÈÁ¿Ä½Ɣ

»ÆÈź˹ʿÅĿĹ¾¿¹Á»ÄÉ¿ÄÌÅÂ̻ɷϿĽ»½½É¼ÅÂÂÅÍ»º¸Ï¿Ä¹Ë¸·Ê¿ÅÄƔ¼Ê»Èʾ»
¿Ä¹Ë¸·Ê¿ÅÄƻȿź¿ÉÅ̻ȹ¾¿¹Áɾ·Ê¹¾¼ÈÅÃʾ»»½½ÉƔ

Laying eggs
• »ÄÉ·È»ʾ»ÅÄ»Éʾ·Ê·Ï»½½ÉƔ
• ¾»»½½ÉɾÅ˺¸»·¿º¿ÄÄ»ÉÊÉƔ
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Incubation
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Natural incubation
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(ii) Æ·¹»Ϳʾº¿Ã¿½¾Ê·Äº¼È»»¼ÈÅú¿ÉÊËȸ·Ä¹»Ɣ
(iii)»·Äͷʻȷĺ¼»»ºÉƔ ¿½ƔʸʷƔʾƓ¾»Ä¸ÈÅź¿Ä½Ɣ

Point-check!
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10.4: Proper feeding of chicken

Do you keep chicken in your home?
What type of feeds do you give to your chicken?
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 Activity 10.4: Proper feeding of chicken
What to do:
(i) ¿É¿Ê·¹¾¿¹Á»Ä¼·ÈÃÄ»·ÈÏÅËÈɹ¾ÅÅÂƔ
(ii) ¸É»ÈÌ»ʾ»¸È»»ºÉż¹¾¿¹Á»ÄÁ»ÆÊ¿Äʾ»¹¾¿¹Á»Ä¾ÅËÉ»Ɣ
(iii) ÉÁʾ»¹¾¿¹Á»Ä¼·ÈûÈÊÅ»ÊÏÅËƓ
• É»»¾Å͹¾¿¹Á»Ä¼»»ºÉ·È»ÆȻƷȻºƔ
• ŸɻÈÌ»ʾ»¹¾¿¹Á»Ä·Éʾ»Ï¼»»ºƔ
• È»¹ÅȺʾ»·ÃÅËÄÊż¼»»ºÉ½¿Ì»ÄÊÅʾ»¹¾¿¹Á»Ä½ÈÅËÆÉƔ
• ¹Å»¹ÊÌ·È¿ÅËɽȻ»Ä¼»»ºÉ·Äº½¿Ì»ʾ»ÃÊÅʾ»¹¾¿¹Á»ÄƔ
• ¹Â»·Äʾ»ͷʻȿĽ¹ÅÄÊ·¿Ä»Èɷĺ¼»»º¿Ä½ÊÈÅ˽¾ÉƔ
ƺ¿Ìƻ¾»Ä ÏÅË ½Å ÊÅ ɹ¾ÅÅÂƑ ÍÈ¿Ê» ºÅÍÄ ɾÅÈÊ ÄÅÊ»É ÅÄ ÆÈ·¹Ê¿É¿Ä½ ½Åź
¼»»º¿Ä½·Äº¾Ï½¿»Ä»¼Åȹ¾¿¹Á»ÄÉƔ
ƺÌƻ ȻɻÄÊÏÅËÈŰĺ¿Ä½ÉÊÅʾ»È»ÉÊżʾ»¹Â·ÉÉƔ

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Ì»½»Ê·Ê¿ÅÄƔ

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¼»»ºÉƔÅÃûȹ¿·Â¼»»ºÉ·È»·ÂÉÅÁÄÅÍķɹÅĹ»ÄÊÈ·Ê»É.
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Commercial Feed Use
¾¿¹Á÷ɾ ·Ì»¾¿½¾ÆÈÅÊ»¿Ä¹ÅÄÊ»ÄÊƔ »ºÊŹ¾¿¹ÁÉ·¸ÅËÊʸº·ÏƯ
»Ì»ÄÍ»»ÁÉÊÅ÷Á»ʾ»Ã½ÈÅͼ·ÉÊƔ

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•
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ÆȻ̻ÄÊÉʾ»ÉÆÈ»·ºżº¿É»·É»ÉƔ ·Ê»È¿Ä½¹¾¿¹Á»ÄƔ

Practice Activity 9.1

1. (a) 
 ¾ÏºÅÉÅû¾»ÄÉ·ÏÉżÊɾ»Â»º»½½ÉƜ
ƺ¸ƻ 
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2. (a) 
 ¾·Ê¿É¹·ÄÄ¿¸·Â¿ÉÿĹ¾¿¹Á»Ä¼·ÈÿĽƜ
ƺ¸ƻ 
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10.5: Chicken diseases and parasites

Activity 10.5: Chicken diseases and ways of preventing
them
What to do:
(i) »·È¹¾¼ÈÅÃʾ»ÄÊ»ÈÄ»ÊÅȸÅÅÁÉơ¹ÅÃÃÅĺ¿É»·É»Éʾ·Ê·Ů»¹Ê¹¾¿¹Á»ÄƢ
(ii) ¿É¹ËÉÉͿʾÏÅËȼȿ»ÄºÅÄÍ·ÏÉÊÅÆȻ̻Äʹ¾¿¹Á»Äº¿É»·É»ÉƔ
(iii) È¿Ê»ºÅÍÄÄÅʻɼÈÅÃʾ»º¿É¹ËÉÉ¿ÅÄ¿ÄÏÅËÈÄÅÊ»¸ÅÅÁÉƔ
ƺ¿Ìƻι¾·Ä½»ÏÅËÈÄÅÊ»ÉͿʾÅʾ»ÈÉƔ

·È¿ÅËɺ¿É»·É»É¹·Ä·Ů»¹Ê¹¾¿¹Á»ÄƔÅûżʾ»É»º¿É»·É»É÷ϸ»¿Ä¼»¹Ê¿ÅËÉ
º¿É»·É»É;¿Â»ÉÅû÷ϸ»¹·ËÉ»º¸ÏÆ·È·É¿Ê»ÉƔ

(a) Parasitic diseases

·È·É¿Ê¿¹º¿É»·É»É·È»¹·ËÉ»º¸ÏÆ·È·É¿Ê»ÉƔ
What is a parasite?
Æ·È·É¿Ê»¿É·ÄÅȽ·Ä¿ÉÃƑ;¿¹¾¿̻É¿ÄÅÈÅÄ·ÄÅʾ»ÈÅȽ·Ä¿ÉøϾ·ÈÿĽ¿ÊƔ
ʸ»Ä»ŰÊɸϽ»ÊʿĽÄËÊÈ¿»ÄÊɼÈÅÃʾ»¾ÅÉÊƔ

Infectious diseases
¾»É» ·È» º¿É»·É»É ʾ·Ê ÉÆÈ»·º ¼ÈÅà ÅÄ» ¹¾¿¹Á»Ä ÊÅ ·ÄÅʾ»ÈƔ ηÃÆ»É ż
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Disease Cause Signs and Prevention/Treatment

symptoms
Coccidiosis ·È·É¿Ê» • ¿·ÈȾŻ· • »»Æʾ»¹¾¿¹Á»Ä¾ÅËÉ»
É·Ä¿ÄÊ»ÉÊ¿Ä·Â ¹·Â»º • ·Â»¹Åøɷĺ ¹Â»·Ä·ÄººÈÏƔ
Æ·È·É¿Ê¿¹ ¹Å¹¹¿º¿· Í·ÊÊ»ÉƔ • »»º¹¾¿¹Á»ÄÉͿʾ
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• »»Æ·ÄÏÉ¿¹Á¹¾¿¹Á»ÄÉ
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Ascarids ·È·É¿Ê»É • Ů»¹Ê»º¹¾¿¹Á»Ä • ÅÄÅÊÿÎÏÅËĽ·Äº
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ÍÅÈÃÉƻ ¸¿½¸»Â¿»ÉƔ • È»·Ê·Ů»¹Ê»º¹¾¿¹Á»ÄÉ
• Èź˹ʿÅÄżʾ¿ÄƖ ËɿĽº»ÍÅÈûÈÉƔ
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Salmonella ·ÂÃÅƖ • Ů»¹Ê»º¹¾¿¹Á»Ä • ·¹¹¿Ä·Ê»ʾ»¹¾¿¹Á»ÄÉƔ
É·Ä Ļ· ÂÅÅÁÍ»·ÁƔ • ¿É¿Ä¼»¹Êʾ»¹¾¿¹Á»Ä
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• ¾»ÏÂÅÅÁºÈÅÍÉÏ ·ÄººÈ¿ÄÁ¿Ä½Í·Ê»ÈÊÅ
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Infectious ·¹Ê»È¿· •
·ÉƿĽ • ·¹¹¿Ä·Ê»ʾ»¹¾¿¹Á»ÄÉƔ
bronchitis • Ä»»Ð¿Ä½
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General measures to prevent chicken diseases

Activity 10.6: Identifying general measures to prevent
chicken diseases
What to do:
(i) ¿É¿Ê·ÆÅËÂÊÈϼ·È÷ÈÅËĺÏÅËÈɹ¾ÅÅÂƔ
(ii)º»ÄÊ¿¼Ïʾ»É¿¹Á¹¾¿¹Á»ÄÉƔ

128
 (iii) ¸É»ÈÌ»¾ÅÍʾ»Ï·È»¼»»º¿Ä½Ƒʾ»¿È¾ÅËɻɷĺ¼»»º¿Ä½¹ÅÄÊ·¿Ä»ÈÉƔ
ƺ¿Ìƻ·¹Á·Êɹ¾Åź¿É¹ËÉɿĽÈÅËÆÉʾ»Í·ÏÉÊÅÆȻ̻Äʹ¾¿¹Á»Äº¿É»·É»ÉƔ
ƺÌƻ ȻɻÄÊÊÅʾ»È»ÉÊżʾ»¹Â·ÉÉÏÅËÈŰĺ¿Ä½ÉƔ

Have you ever seen a sick chicken?

What did you do to the chicken?
¾»¼ÅÂÂÅͿĽ¹·Ä¸»ºÅÄ»ÊÅÆȻ̻Äʹ¾¿¹Á»Ä
º¿É»·É»ÉƓ
1. ÂÍ·ÏÉÁ»»Æʾ»¹¾¿¹Á»Ä¾ÅËÉ»¹Â»·ÄƔ
2. ¿É¿Ä¼»¹Êʾ»¼»»º¿Ä½·ÄºͷʻȿĽ»ÇË¿ÆûÄÊƔ
¾» ¹¾¿¹Á»Ä ¾ÅËÉ» ɾÅ˺ ¸» º¿É¿Ä¼»¹Ê»º
¸»¼ÅÈ»¸È¿Ä½¿Ä½¿Ä·Ä»ÍŲŹÁƔ
3. »»ºʾ»¹¾¿¹Á»ÄÆÈÅÆ»ÈÂÏƔ¾¿¹Á»ÄɾÅ˺¸» ¿½ƔʸʷƔˀƓ »»º¿Ä½¹¾¿¹Á»ÄƔ
½¿Ì»Ä»ÄÅ˽¾Í»Â¸·Â·Ä¹»º¼»»ºÉ¼ÅÈʾ»ÃÊÅ
¸»¾»·ÂʾϷĺÉÊÈÅĽƔ
4. ºº ÆȻ̻ÄÊ¿Ì» ºÈ˽É ÊÅ ¹¾¿¹Á»Ä ¼»»ºÉ ÅÈ
ºÈ¿ÄÁ¿Ä½Í·Ê»ÈƔ·Â·̻ʻȿķÈÏÅů¹»ÈÊŽ¿Ì»
Ì·¹¹¿Ä»ÉÊŹ¾¿¹Á»ÄƔ
5. Ë·È·ÄʿĻɿ¹Á¸¿ÈºÉÊŹÅÄÊÈÅÂʾ»ÉÆÈ»·ºż
¿Ä¼»¹Ê¿ÅÄÉƔ
Name 3 other ways of preventing chicken
diseases. ¿½ƔʸʷƔʸʷƓ·¹¹¿Ä·Ê¿Ä½·¾»ÄƔ

10.6: Importance of chicken farming

¹Ê¿Ì¿ÊÏʸʷƔʽƓ º»ÄÊ¿¼Ï¿Ä½¸»Ä»ŰÊÉż¹¾¿¹Á»Ä¼·ÈÿĽ

ÈÅÃʾ»ÉÊÅÈÏżÄÁÅÁŷĺ¾¿É¹¾¿¹Á»Äƺ¹Ê¿Ì¿ÊÏʸʷƔʺƻƑķûʾȻ»
¿ÃÆÅÈʷĹ»ż¹¾¿¹Á»Ä¼·ÈÿĽƔ

¾¿¹Á»ÄɷȻȻ·È»º·ÂÂÅÌ»Èʾ»ÍÅȺ¸»¹·ËÉ»ż
ʾ»¿È½È»·Ê»¹ÅÄÅÿ¹Ƒ·½È¿¹ËÂÊËȷ·ĺÄËÊÈ¿Ê¿ÅÄ·Â
¿ÃÆÅÈʷĹ»Ɣ

Nutritional importance
¾¿¹Á»ÄÉ·È»·ÉÅËȹ»ż¼ÅźƔ¾¿¹Á»Äû·Ê·Äº
»½½É·È»·½ÅźÉÅËȹ»żÆÈÅÊ»¿ÄÉƔ
¿½ƔʸʷƔʸʸƓ¾¿¹Á»Äû·ÊƔ

129
½½É·È»Í¿º»ÂÏ»·Ê»Ä¸»¹·ËÉ»ʾ»Ï·È»¹¾»·Æ·ÄºÈ»·º¿ÂÏ·Ì·¿Â·¸Â»Ɣ

Source of Employment
¾¿¹Á»Äɹ·Ä¸»Á»ÆÊÅÄ·
·Ƚ»ɹ·Â»¼ÅÈÆÈź˹ʿÅÄż
»½½ÉÅȼÅÈû·ÊÆÈź˹ʿÅÄƔ
·Äϼ·ÈûÈɽ»Ê¿Ä¹Åû
¼ÈÅÃɻ¿Ľʾ»¿È¹¾¿¹Á»ÄÉÅÈ
»½½ÉƔ¾¿¹Á»Äû·Ê·Äº»½½
ÆÈŹ»ÉɿĽ¹ÅÃÆ·Ä¿»É·ÂÉÅ
»ÃÆÂÅÏÍÅÈÁ»ÈÉ;Ž»Ê·Ä
¿Ä¹Åû¼ÈÅÃʾ»¿ÈÍÅÈÁƔ
¾¿¹Á»Ä¼»·Ê¾»Èɹ·Ä¸»ËÉ»º
ÊŹȻ·Ê»¸»·ËÊ¿¼Ë¹ȷ¼ÊÉʾ·Ê
¿½ƔʸʷƔʸʹƓ»Â¿Ľ»½½É¿Ä·÷ÈÁ»ÊÆ·¹»Ɣ
¹·Ä¸»ÉźƔ
¾»¼»·Ê¾»Èɹ·Ä·ÂÉŸ»ËÉ»ºÊÅŰÂÂÆ¿ÂÂÅÍɷĺºËÌ»ÊÉƔ

Agricultural importance
¾¿¹Á»Ä¸ÅĻɷĺ»½½ɾ»ÂÂɹ·Ä¸»½ÈÅËĺÊÅ÷Á»¼»»ºÉ¼ÅÈÅʾ»È·Ä¿Ã·ÂÉƔ
¾»ºÈÅÆƿĽÉ¼ÈÅù¾¿¹Á»Äɹ·Ä¸»ËÉ»º·É÷ÄËÈ»Åļ·ÈÃÉƔ
¾¿¹Á»Äɼ»»ºÅÄ¿ÄÉ»¹ÊÉʾ·Êº»ÉÊÈÅϹÈÅÆÉƔ
Name 3 examples of destructive insects that chickens feed on.

10.7: Chicken farming process

Project: Managing a chicken farm in school
• ·Ä·½»·É÷¹¾¿¹Á»Ä¼·ÈÿĽÆÈÅÀ»¹Ê·Êɹ¾ÅÅÂƔ
• ¾»¼ÅÂÂÅͿĽ¿É·½Ë¿º»ÅÄ;·ÊÏÅËÄ»»ºÊŹÅÄÉ¿º»È¸»¼ÅÈ»ÉÊ·ÈʿĽ
a ¹¾¿¹Á»Ä¼·ÈÿĽÆÈÅÀ»¹ÊƔ
What you need:
• ÅËÂÊÈϾÅËÉ» • »»º¿Ä½ÊÈÅ˽¾É
• ·Ê»È»ÈÉ • ¾¿¹Á»Ä¼»»ºÉ
What to do:
(i) ÅÄÉÊÈ˹Ê · ½Åź ¹¾¿¹Á»Ä ¾ÅËÉ» »ÄÉËÈ» ʾ» ÆÅËÂÊÈÏ ¾ÅËÉ» ¿É ¹Â»·Ä
·Äº¿Ä½Åź¹Åĺ¿Ê¿ÅÄƔ
(ii)Ëʼ»»º¿Ä½ÊÈÅ˽¾ÉƑͷʻȻÈɷĺƻȹ¾»É¿Äʾ»¹¾¿¹Á»Ä¾ÅËÉ»Ɣ

130
 (iii) ËÏÈ»ÇË¿È»º¹ÅÃûȹ¿·Â¼»»ºÉ·ÄºÉËÆÆ»ûÄÊÉƔ
ƺ¿Ìƻ»Êʾ»¹¾¿¹Á»ÄɿķĺʷÁ»¹·È»żʾ»ÃƔ
·È»ż¹¾¿¹Á»ÄÉ¿ÄÌÅÂ̻ɺ¿É»·É»¹ÅÄÊÈÅ·ĺÆÈÅƻȼ»»º¿Ä½Ɣ¿É»·É»
¹ÅÄÊÈŹ·Ä¸»ÆÈ·¹Ê¿É»º¸ÏÆÈÅƻȾϽ¿»Ä»·ÄºÌ·¹¹¿Ä·Ê¿ÅÄżʾ»ŲŹÁƔ
¾»¼ÅÂÂÅͿĽÊ·¸Â»½¿Ì»É·É¿Ãƻ̷¹¹¿Ä·Ê¿ÅÄÆÈŽȷÃû¼Åȹ¾¿¹Á»ÄÉƔ

Age of chicken Type of vaccine

ʸº·ÏƯʸʽÍ»»ÁÉ ·ÂÃÅÄ»ÂÂÅÉ¿ÉÌ·¹¹¿Ä»Ɣ
ʸº·ÏƯˀº·ÏÉ Ź¹¿º¿ÅÉ¿ÉÌ·¹¹¿Ä»
ʸʽƯʹʷÍ»»ÁÉ 1. ļ»¹Ê¿ÅËɸÈÅĹ¾¿Ê¿ÉÌ·¹¹¿Ä»Ɣ
2. »Í¹·ÉÊ»º¿É»·É»Ì·¹¹¿Ä»Ɣ

¾¿¹Á»Äɹ·Ä¸»È»·È»º¸ÅʾÅÄ··Ƚ»ɹ·Â»·Äº·É÷ÂÂɹ·Â»Ɣ
¾¿¹Á»Äɹ·Ä¸»È»·È»º»·É¿Âϸ»¹·ËÉ»Ɠ
• ·Äϸ¿ÈºÉ¹·Ä¸»Á»ÆÊ¿Ä·É÷·Ȼ·Ɣ
• ¾»Ï½ÈÅͼ·ÉÊƔ¾»È»¼ÅÈ»Ƒʾ»Ï¹·Ä¸»»·Ê»ÄÅÈÉźͿʾ¿Ä·ɾÅÈÊʿûƔ
• ¾»¿È¼»»ºÉ¹·Ä¸»¼ÅËĺ»·É¿ÂÏƔ
¾»È»·È»Ì·È¿ÅËÉûʾźÉżÈ»·È¿Ä½¹¾¿¹Á»ÄÉƔ¾»É»¿Ä¹Â˺»Ɠ
(a) È»»ƖȷĽ»ÉÏÉÊ»ÃƔ   ƺ¹ƻ   ¾»¼ÅºÉÏÉÊ»Ã
ƺ¸ƻ »»Æ¿ÊÊ»ÈÉÏÉʻà   (d) ¾»¸·ÊÊ»ÈÏÉÏÉÊ»ÃƔ
(a) Free range system
Äʾ¿ÉÉÏÉÊ»ÃƑ¹¾¿¹Á»ÄÉ·È»»¼ÊÊÅÃÅÌ»¼È»»ÂÏ¿Ä·Ä·È»··Äº¼»»º¸Ïʾ»ÃÉ»ÂÌ»ÉƔ

¿½ƔʸʷƔʸʺƓ È»»ȷĽ»ÉÏÉÊ»ÃƔ

131
(b) Deep litter system
Äʾ¿ÉûʾźƑ¹¾¿¹Á»ÄÉ·È»ÆËÊ¿Ä·Æ»È÷ĻÄÊÉÊÈ˹ÊËÈ»Ɣ
¾»¹¾¿¹Á»Ä·È»ÆÈÅÌ¿º»ºͿʾ¹Â»·Ä¼»»ºÉ·ÄºÍ·Ê»È¿Äʾ»¿È¾ÅËɿĽƔ

¿½ƔʸʷƔʸʻƓ»»Æ¿ÊÊ»ÈÉÏÉÊ»ÃƔ

(c) Fold system

Äʾ¿ÉûʾźƑ¹¾¿¹Á»ÄÉ·È»»Ä¹ÂÅÉ»º¿Ä·ÃÅÌ·¸Â»ÉÊÈ˹ÊËÈ»Ɣ¾»ÉÊÈ˹ÊËÈ»¿É
ÃÅÌ»ºÊÅ·Ä»ÍÆ·¹»»Ì»ÈϺ·ÏÊÅÆȻ̻ÄÊÉÆÈ»·ºżº¿É»·É»É·ÄºÆ»ÉÊÉƔ

¿½ƔʸʷƔʸʼƓÈ·º¿Ê¿Åķ¼źÉÏÉÊ»ÃƔ

132
(d) Battery system
¾¿É¿É·Ä»ÎÆ»ÄÉ¿Ì»ûʾźżÈ»·È¿Ä½¹¾¿¹Á»ÄƔ
·¹¾¹¾¿¹Á»Ä¿ÉÁ»ÆÊ¿Ä·¹·½»Ϳʾ·ÉÂÅƿĽŲÅÅȼÅȹŻ¹Ê¿Ä½»½½ÉƔ

¿½ƔʸʷƔʸʽƓ·ÊÊ»ÈÏÉÏÉÊ»ÃƔ
¾»¹¾¿¹Á»ÄÉ·È»¼»º·ÄºͷʻȻº¿Äʾ»¿È¹·½»ÉƔÊ¿É»·ÉÏÊÅ÷¿ÄÊ·¿Ä
¿Äº¿Ì¿ºË·ÂÈ»¹ÅȺż»·¹¾¹¾¿¹Á»ÄƔ

Revision Activity 10
1. ¾·Ê¿É¹¾¿¹Á»Ä¼·ÈÿĽƜ
2. ¿ÉÊʼ¹Åĺ¿Ê¿ÅÄÉż·½Åź¹¾¿¹Á»Ä¾ÅËÉ»Ɣ
3. ·Ã»ʾ»ʺ¸ÈÅ·ºÊÏÆ»Éż¹¾¿¹Á»Ä¸È»»ºÉƔ
4. »ŰÄ»ʾ»¼ÅÂÂÅͿĽÍÅȺÉƓ
(a) Ĺ˸·Ê¿ÅÄ ƺ ¸ƻ   ·ÄÄ¿¸·Â¿Éà  ƺ¹ƻ 
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5. È¿Ê»ºÅÍĹ¾·È·¹Ê»È¿ÉÊ¿¹Éż·¸ÈÅźÏ¾»ÄƔ
6. ·Ã»ÊÍŻηÃÆ»ÉżÆ·È·É¿Ê¿¹º¿É»·É»É¿Ä¹¾¿¹Á»Ä.
7. ¾ÏºÅÍ»ÇË·È·ÄʿĻɿ¹Á¹¾¿¹Á»ÄƜ
8. (a) »É¹È¿¸»¸È¿»ŲÏʾ»¿ÃÆÅÈʷĹ»ż¹¾¿¹Á»Ä¼·ÈÿĽƔ
ƺ¸ƻ  ÅÅÁ·Êʾ»¼ÅÂÂÅͿĽÆÈź˹ÊÉƔ

(i) ¾·Ê¹¾¿¹Á»ÄÆ·ÈÊÉ·È»ʾ»Ï÷º»¼ÈÅÃƜ
(ii) 
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9. ·Ã»ʾ»¼ÅËÈûʾźÉżÈ»·È¿Ä½¹¾¿¹Á»ÄƔ
10. (a) ¾Ï¿É¿Ê»·ÉÏÊÅÈ»·È¹¾¿¹Á»ÄƜ
ƺ¸ƻ 
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¹¾¿¹Á»ÄƔ
11. (a) Å˾·Ì»¸Å˽¾ÊÊÍÅÌ»ÈÏÏÅËĽ¹¾¿¹ÁÉƔ»É¹È¿¸»¸È¿»ŲÏ
   ¾  ÅÍÏÅË·È»½Å¿Ä½ÊÅ÷ķ½»ʾ»ÃËÄÊ¿Âʾ»Ï·È»¸¿½
   »  ÄÅ˽¾¼ÅÈ»·Ê¿Ä½Ɣ
ƺ¸ƻ 
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Word list
1. »·ºʾ»¼ÅÂÂÅͿĽÍÅȺÉ¿ÄÆ·¿ÈÉƔ
• Ĺ˸·Ê¿ÅÄ   •   Ë·È·ÄÊ¿Ä»   • ÈÅź¿Ä½  
• ·¹¹¿Ä·Ê»    • ·Ê¹¾     • È»º·ÊÅÈÉ
• Èſ»ÈÉ    •   ɹ·È¿ºÉ    • ·ÉË·ÂÆËÈÆÅÉ»
• Ź¹¿º¿ÅÉ¿É   • ·ÄÄ¿¸·Â¿Éà  •   ÈÅĹ¾¿Ê¿É
2. Æ»ÂÂʺÍÅȺÉ;¿Â»ÏÅËȼȿ»ÄºÍÈ¿Ê»Éʾ»Ã¿Ä¾¿ÉÅȾ»ÈÄÅÊ»¸ÅÅÁƔ»Ê
ÏÅËȼȿ»Äº·ÂÉÅÉÆ»ÂÂʺÅʾ»ÈÍÅȺÉ·ÉÏÅËÍÈ¿Ê»ʾ»Ã¿ÄÏÅËÈÄÅÊ»¸ÅÅÁƔ
3. ¿É¹ËÉÉͿʾÏÅËȼȿ»Äºʾ»û·Ä¿Ä½ż·ÄÏʺÍÅȺÉ¿Äʾ»ÍÅȺ¿ÉÊƔ
»¼»ÈÊÅÄÅʻɿÄÏÅËÈÊ»ÎʸÅÅÁƔ

134
 UNIT 11 PLANTS AND ENVIRONMENT

Introduction
·ÄÊÉ·È»»ÉÉ»ÄÊ¿·Â¼ÅÈÉËÈÌ¿Ì·Âż¾Ë÷ĸ»¿Ä½É·Äº·Ä¿Ã·ÂÉƔ¾»ÏÆÈÅÌ¿º»
¼ÅźƑÈ»½Ë·ʻ·¿È·Éͻ·ÉÆÈÅÊ»¹Êʾ»»ÄÌ¿ÈÅÄûÄÊƔ
Look at the following pictures.

(a) ƺ¸ƻ ƺ¹ƻ

(d) (e) ƺ¼ƻ

»É¹È¿¸»»·¹¾Æ¿¹ÊËÈ»·¸ÅÌ»Ɣ
È»º¿¹Ê;·ÊÏÅË·È»½Å¿Ä½ÊÅ»·ÈÄ.

ʸʸƔʸƓ º»ÄÊ¿Ű¹·Ê¿ÅÄżʾ»¿ÃÆÅÈʷĹ»żÆ·ÄÊÉ
Activity 11.1: Identifying the importance of plants in the
locality
What to do
1. ¿É¿Êʾ»ɹ¾Åż·ÈÃÅȼ·ÈÃÉ·ÈÅËĺʾ»ɹ¾ÅÅÂƔ
2. ¸É»ÈÌ»·ÄºÈ»¹ÅȺʾ»ÊÏÆ»ÉżÆ·ÄÊɽÈÅÍÄ¿ÄÏÅËÈÂŹ·Â·È»·Ɣ
3. É»·Ê·¸Â»¿Á»ʾ»ÅÄ»ɾÅÍĸ»ÂÅÍÊŽÈÅËÆʾ»¹ÈÅÆÉʾ·ÊÏÅ˾·Ì»
¿º»ÄÊ¿Ű»º·¹¹ÅȺ¿Ä½ÊÅʾ»¿ÈËÉ»ÉƔ
Food crops Cash crops

135
·ÄÊÉʾ·Ê·È»¹ËÂÊ¿Ì·Ê»º¸Ï¾Ë÷ĸ»¿Ä½É·È»½»Ä»È·ÂÂÏÁÄÅÍķɹÈÅÆÉ.
¹ÈÅÆ¿É·Æ·ÄÊʾ·Ê¿É½ÈÅÍļÅÈ¿ÊÉËÉ»¼ËÂÄ»ÉÉƔ
¾»¼ÅÂÂÅͿĽ·È»È»·ÉÅÄÉ;ϹÈÅÆÉ·È»¿ÃÆÅÈÊ·ÄÊƔ
(a) Ë÷Ä¼Åźƺ¼Åź¹ÈÅÆƻ 
ƺ¸ƻ Ŀ÷¼»»º¿Ä½
ƺ¹ƻ »º¿¹¿Ä·ÂÆ·ÄÊÉ 
(d) ·É¾¹ÈÅÆÉ
(e) ÈÅÊ»¹Ê¿ÅÄż»ÄÌ¿ÈÅÄûÄÊ

Human food
ÈÅÆÉʾ·Ê·È»½ÈÅÍļÅȾË÷Ä¼Åź·È»¹·Â»ºfood cropsƔ¾»Ä»·Ê»ÄƑ
ʾ»É»¹ÈÅÆÉÉËÆÆÂÏÄËÊÈ¿»ÄÊÉÊÅʾ»¸ÅºÏƔ
Food crops
Activity 11.2: Grouping food crops into various groups
¿Â¿Äʾ»¼ÅÂÂÅͿĽÊ·¸Â»·ÆÆÈÅÆÈ¿·Ê»ÂÏƔ
•
¿Ì»·Ê»·ÉÊŰÌ»»Î·ÃƻɿĻ·¹¾¹·É»Ɣ
• É»ÏÅËÈ·ÆÊÅÆÅȸÅÅÁÉ¿Äʾ»¿¸È·ÈÏƔ
Crop Examples
1. »È»·ÂÉ ƺ¿ƻ ·¿Ð» ƺ¿¿ƻ ¾»·Ê ƺ¿¿¿ƻ
ƺ¿Ìƻ  ƺÌƻ  ƺÌ¿ƻ
2. »½ËÃ»É ƺ¿ƻ »·ÄÉ ƺ¿¿ƻ »·É  ƺ¿¿¿ƻ
ƺ¿Ìƻ  ƺÌƻ  ƺÌ¿ƻ
ƺÌ¿¿ƻ  ƺÌ¿¿¿ƻ (ix)
3. ÈË¿ÊÉ ƺ¿ƻ ȷĽ»Éƺ¿¿ƻ »ÃÅÄÉ ƺ¿¿¿ƻ
ƺ¿Ìƻ  ƺÌƻ  ƺÌ¿ƻ
4. »½»Ê·¸Â»É ƺ¿ƻ Ä¿ÅÄÉ ƺ¿¿ƻ ·¸¸·½»É ƺ¿¿¿ƻ
ƺ¿Ìƻ  ƺÌƻ  ƺÌ¿ƻ
ƺÌ¿¿ƻ  ƺÌ¿¿¿ƻ (ix)
5. ˸»ÈÉ ƺ¿ƻ ȿɾÆÅÊ·ÊÅ»É ƺ¿¿ƻ ¹·ÈÈÅÊÉ 
ƺ¾»É»·È»Æ·ÄÊÉ (iii)  ƺ¿Ìƻ  ƺÌƻ
ʾ·ÊÉÊÅÈ»ʾ»¿È¼Åź¿Ä
ÈÅÅÊÉÅÈÉÊ»ÃÉƔƻ ƺÌ¿ƻ

136
Types of Food Crops
(i) Cereals
¾»É»·È»¹ÈÅÆɽÈÅÍļÅÈʾ»¿È½È·¿ÄÉƔ¾»Ï¿Ä¹Â˺»È¿¹»Ƒ¸·È»ÏƑ;»·ÊƑÅ·ÊÉƑ
÷¿Ð»ƑÉÅȽ¾ËÃƑÿ»Ê·ÃÅĽÅʾ»ÈÉƔ

·¿Ð»
¾»·Ê ¿¹»
¿½ʸʸƔʸƓηÃÆ»Éż¹»È»·ÂÉƔ

(ii) Legumes
¾»É»¹ÈÅÆÉ÷¿ÄÂÏÆÈź˹»ʾ»¿ÈÉ»»ºÉ¿ÄÆźÉƔ¾»É»¿Ä¹Â˺»ƓÆ»·ÉƑ½È»»Ä
½È·ÃÉƑ¸»·ÄÉƑ¸Â·¹Á¸»·ÄÉƑ¼È»Ä¹¾¸»·Äɷĺ½ÈÅËĺÄËÊÉƔ

»·É »·ÄÉ
ÈÅËĺÄËÊÉ
¿½ʸʸƔʹƓηÃÆ»Éż»½ËûÉƔ

(iii) Fruits
¾»É»¿Ä¹Â˺»ƓÆ·ÍÆ·ÍƑÅȷĽ»ÉƑ÷ĽŻÉƑ¸·Ä·Ä·ÉƑÆ¿Ä»·ÆÆ»ÉƑÆ·ÉÉ¿ÅÄ
¼ÈË¿ÊÉƑÆ»·ÈÉƑ·ÆÆ»ÉƑ·ÌŹ·ºÅ·Äº÷ÄÏÅʾ»ÈÉƔ

·Ä·Ä·É ȷĽ»É ÌŹ·ºÅÉ

¿½ʸʸƔʺƓηÃÆ»Éż¼ÈË¿ÊÉƔ
ÈË¿Êɾ·Ì»ÊÍÅɹ·ÈÉƑËÄ¿Á»É»»ºÉ;¿¹¾¾·Ì»ÅÄ»ɹ·ÈƔ

(iv) Vegetables
¾»É»¿Ä¹Â˺»ƓÉÆ¿Ä·¹¾ƑÁ·Â»ÉƑ¹·¸¸·½»ÉƑ¸ÈŹ¹Å¿Ƒ»ÊÊ˹»Ƒ¹·Ë¿ŲÅÍ»ÈƑ»½½
Æ·ÄÊƑÅÄ¿ÅÄÉƑÊÅ÷ÊŻɷĺ÷ÄÏÅʾ»ÈÉƔ

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 ·¸¸·½» Å÷ÊÅ ¿½Í»»º Ä¿ÅÄÉ
¿½ʸʸƔʻƓηÃÆ»ÉżÌ»½»Ê·¸Â»É

(v) Tubers
¾»É»·È»Æ·ÄÊÉʾ·ÊÉÊÅÈ»¼Åź¿Äʾ»¿ÈÈÅÅÊÉƺÈÅÅÊÊ˸»ÈÉƻÅÈÉÊ»ÃƺÉÊ»Ã
Ê˸»ÈÉƻƔ
a) Root tubers¿Ä¹Â˺»Ɠ¹·ÈÈÅÊÉƑ¹·ÉÉ·Ì·ƑÊËÈÄ¿ÆÉƑÈ·º¿É¾Ƒ¸»»ÊÈÅÅÊƑ·ÈÈÅÍ
ÈÅÅÊÉƑÉÍ»»ÊÆÅÊ·ÊŻɷĺÅʾ»ÈÉƔ
¸ƻ Stem tubers¿Ä¹Â˺»ƓÏ·ÃɷĺȿɾƭĽ¿ɾÆÅÊ·ÊÅ»ÉƔ

·ÉÉ·Ì· ȿɾÆÅÊ·ÊÅ Í»»ÊÆÅÊ·ÊÅ»É

¿½ʸʸƔʼƓηÃÆ»ÉżÊ˸»ÈÉ
Cash crops
Activity 11.3: Identifying cash crops
(i) ¸É»È̷̻ȿÅËÉÊÏÆ»ÉżÆ·ÄÊɽÈÅÍÄ¿ÄÏÅËÈÂŹ·Â¿ÊÏƔ
(ii) È¿Ê»ºÅÍÄʾ»ķûÉżʾ»¹ÈÅÆÉƔ
(iii) º»ÄÊ¿¼Ï¹ÈÅÆÉʾ·Ê·È»ÉźÊÅ»·ÈĿĹÅûƺ¹·É¾¹ÈÅÆÉƻƔ
ƺ¿Ìƻ ÅÃÆ·È»ÏÅËÈŰĺ¿Ä½ÉͿʾʾÅÉ»żÏÅËȼȿ»ÄºƔ
ƺÌƻ »É»·È¹¾¼ÈÅøÅÅÁÉÃÅÈ»¹·É¾¹ÈÅÆÉƔ

¾»É»·È»¹ÈÅÆɽÈÅÍÄ÷¿ÄÂϼÅÈɷ»Ɣ¾»¼·ÈûÈÉ»ÂÂÉʾ»¹ÈÅÆÉÊſĺËÉÊÈ¿»É
¼ÅÈÆÈŹ»ÉɿĽƔ·É¾¹ÈÅÆɹ·Ä¸»½ÈÅËÆ»º·ÉɾÅÍÄ¿ÄÊ·¸Â»ʸʸƔʸÅÄÆ·½»
137.

138
 Crop Picture
»Ì»È·½»¹ÈÅÆÉ
¾»Ï·È»ÆÈŹ»ÉÉ»º¿Ä¿ÄºËÉÊÈ¿»É
¼Åȸ»Ì»È·½»ÉƔ
»·Ƒ¹ÅŮ»»Ƒ¹Å¹Å··Äº¸·È»ÏƔ

»·Æ·ÄÊÅŮ»»Æ·ÄÊ
¿¸È»¹ÈÅÆÉ
¾»Ï·È»½ÈÅÍÄÊÅÆÈź˹»ʾȻ·º
ÅÈŰ¸È»Ɣ
ÅÊÊÅÄƑɿɷ·ĺŲ·ÎƔ

¿É·ÂÆ·ÄÊÅÊÊÅÄÆ·ÄÊ
¿Â¹ÈÅÆÉ
¾»Ï·È»½ÈÅÍÄ÷¿ÄÂϼÅÈÅ¿Â
ÆÈź˹ʿÅÄƔ
ËÄŲÅÍ»ÈƑ½ÈÅËĺÄËÊÉƑ¹Å¹ÅÄËÊƑ
¹·É¾»ÍÄËÊɷĺ¹ÅÊÊÅÄƔ
ŹÅÄËÊÉ

ÈÅËĺÄËÊÉ

·¸Â»ʸʸƔʸƓ·É¾¹ÈÅÆÉƔ

139
 Practice Activity 11.1
·Ê¹¾ʾ»Æ·ÄÊÉͿʾʾ»¿ÈÆÈź˹ÊÉƔ
Crop Product

1. (a)ÅÊÊÅÄÆ·ÄÊ (a)

2. ƺ¸ƻ˽·È¹·Ä» ƺ¸ƻ

3. ƺ¹ƻÅŮ»» ƺ¹ƻ

4. (d) Tea (d)

5. (e) ËÄŲÅÍ»È (e)

Animal feeding
Activity 11.4: Identifying importance of plants
»É¹È¿¸»;·Ê¿É¾·ÆƻĿĽ¿Äʾ»¼ÅÂÂÅͿĽÆ¿¹ÊËÈ»ÉƔ

(a) ƺ¸ƻ ƺ¹ƻ

140
ÅʾͿº·ÄººÅûÉÊ¿¹·Ä¿Ã·Âɼ»»ºÅÄÆ·ÄÊÉƔ
ÅÉʺÅûÉÊ¿¹·Ä¿Ã·Âɼ»»ºÅĽȷÉÉƑ»·Ì»ÉżÊÈ»»É·Äº½È·¿ÄÉƔ
Ŀ÷ÂÉÉ˹¾·É¹¾¿¹Á»ÄɷĺºË¹Áɼ»»ºÅĽȷ¿Äɷĺ»·Ì»ÉżÆ·ÄÊÉƔ
Åû·Ä¿Ã·Âɼ»»ºÅļÈË¿ÊɷĺƷÄÊÉƔ

Medicinal plants
ÎÊÈ·¹ÊÉ ¼ÈÅà ÉÅû ÊÈ»»ÉƑ ɾÈ˸É ·Äº ¾»È¸É ¾·Ì» ¸»»Ä ËÉ»º ÊÈ·º¿Ê¿ÅÄ·ÂÂÏ ÊÅ
ÊÈ»·ÊÁÄÅÍĺ¿É»·É»ÉƔ»º¿¹¿Ä»Éʾ·Ê¹Åû¼ÈÅÃÆ·ÄÊÆ·ÈÊÉ·È»¹·Â»º¾»È¸·Â
ûº¿¹¿Ä»É.
¾»¼ÅÂÂÅͿĽÆ¿¹ÊËÈ»ÉɾÅÍÉÅûûº¿¹¿Ä»É¼ÈÅÃÆ·ÄÊÉƔ

¿Ä½»ÈÊ»· ÂÅ»¹È»·Ã »»ÃÆÅͺ»È
¿½ƔʸʸƔʽƓηÃÆ»Éżûº¿¹¿Ä»É¼ÈÅÃÆ·ÄÊÉƔ

Practice Activity 11.2

1. ɿĽʾ»ÈÅÍÉ»¹Ê¿Ì¿ÊÏƑȻɻ·È¹¾ûº¿¹¿Ä·ÂÆ·ÄÊÉ¿Äͷĺ·ƔÅË
¹·Ä·ÂÉÅÉ»·È¹¾¼ÅȿļÅÈ÷ʿÅļÈÅøÅÅÁÉ¿Äʾ»ɹ¾ÅÅ¿¸È·ÈÏƔ
2. ÅÆÏ ʾ» ¼ÅÂÂÅͿĽ Ê·¸Â» ¿Ä ÏÅËÈ ÄÅÊ»¸ÅÅÁÉƔ ÈÅà ÏÅËÈ Ȼɻ·È¹¾
Űĺ¿Ä½ÉƑŰ¿Äʿ»Î·ÃÆ»Éżûº¿¹¿Ä·ÂÆ·ÄÊɷĺ;·Êʾ»Ï¹ËÈ»Ɣ
Medicinal Plant What it cures
1. Åɻ÷ÈÏƺ»È¸ƻ »ºË¹»É¸ÅºÏźÅËÈ
2. ˹·ÂÏÆÊËÉ ÊÉ»ÎÊÈ·¹ÊɹËÈ»¸ÈÅĹ¾¿Ê¿É·Äºʾ»¹ÅÃÃÅÄ
¹Åº
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

141
Protection of the environment
Look at the following picture.

¿½ƔʸʸƔʾƓ·ÄÊÉÆÈÅÊ»¹Ê¿Ä½ʾ»»ÄÌ¿ÈÅÄûÄÊƔ
How are the plants shown in the picture protecting the environment?
·ÄÊÉ ·È» Ì»ÈÏ ¿ÃÆÅÈÊ·ÄÊ ÊÅ ʾ» »ÄÌ¿ÈÅÄûÄÊƔ ·ÄÊÉ ÆÈÅÊ»¹Ê ʾ» »ÄÌ¿ÈÅÄûÄÊ
¼ÈÅúÈÅ˽¾Ê¸Ï·¹Ê¿Ä½·ÉÈ·¿Ä·ÊÊÈ·¹Ê¿Ä½ÐÅÄ»ÉƔ
ÅÅÊÉżÊÈ»»É¾Åºʾ»ÉÅ¿ÂÆ·ÈÊ¿¹Â»ÉÊŽ»Ê¾»ÈƔſ»ÈÅÉ¿ÅÄ¿ÉÿĿÿɻºƔ
È»»É·¹Ê·É·Ϳĺ¸È»·ÁƔ¾»ÏÆÈÅÊ»¹Êʾ»»ÄÌ¿ÈÅÄûÄʼÈÅÃʾ»º·Ä½»ÈÉżʾ»
ͿĺƔ

11.2: Common importance of trees on the

environment
Activity 11.5: Identifying importance of trees
ÅÅÁ·Êʾ»¼ÅÂÂÅͿĽÆ¿¹ÊËÈ»ÉƔ

   ·¹» ·¹»
ÃÆÅÈʷĹ»żÊÈ»»ÉƔ
(a) ¾¿¹¾Æ·¹»ÂÅÅÁɸ»·ËÊ¿¼ËÂƜ¾ÏƜ

142
 ƺ¸ƻ ËÊ¿Ļʾ»¸»Ä»ŰÊÉżÊÈ»»É¿Ä·¹»:
(i) ÊÅʾ»¼·Èûȷĺ¾¿ÉÅȾ»ÈÄ»¿½¾¸ÅËÈÉ (ii) ÊÅͷĺ·Ɣ
ƺ¹ƻ ÷½¿Ä»ÏÅË·È»·Ä·½È¿¹ËÂÊËÈ·ÂÅů¹»ÈƔÈ¿Ê»ºÅÍÄɾÅÈÊÄÅÊ»Éʾ·ÊÏÅË
Ϳ½¿Ì»Êż·ÈûÈ¿Ä·¹»¿ÄÅȺ»ÈÊŻĹÅËÈ·½»¾¿ÃÊÅÆ·ÄÊÊÈ»»ÉÅÄ
¾¿É¼·ÈÃƔ

(i) Improves weather conditions of a place

È»»ÉÆÈź˹»ÃÅ¿ÉÊËÈ»ºËȿĽÊÈ·ÄÉÆ¿È·Ê¿ÅÄƔ¾¿ÉÃÅ¿ÉÊËÈ»¼ÅÈÃÉÈ·¿Ä¹ÂÅ˺ÉƔ
¾¿É»ÎÆ·¿ÄÉ;ÏÆ·¹»Éʾ·Ê¾·Ì»º»ÄÉ»¼ÅÈ»ÉÊÉÈ»¹ÅȺ¾¿½¾È·¿Ä¼·ÂÂƔ
È»»É·ÂÉÅ·¹Ê·ÉͿĺ¸È»·Á»È¸ÏÉÂÅͿĽºÅÍÄʾ»ÉÆ»»ºżʾ»ͿĺƔ

(ii) Control soil erosion

¾»ÈÅÅÊÉżÊÈ»»É¾ÅºÉÅ¿ÂÆ·ÈÊ¿¹Â»ÉÊŽ»Ê¾»ÈƔ¾¿ÉÆȻ̻ÄÊÉÊÅÆÉſ¼ÈÅø»¿Ä½
ͷɾ»º·Í·Ï¸ÏÍ·Ê»ÈƔ
¾»»·Ì»ÉżÊÈ»»É·ÂÉżÅÈ÷¹·ÄÅÆÏƔ¾»¹·ÄÅÆÏ·¹ÊÉ¿Á»·ɾ·º»ʾ·ÊÈ»ºË¹»
ʾ»¿ÄÊ»ÄÉ¿ÊÏżÈ·¿ÄºÈÅÆɼ·Â¿ĽÅÄʾ»ÉÅ¿ÂƔ

(iii) Recycle air through photosynthesis

·ÄÊÉÈ»ÇË¿È»¹·È¸Åĺ¿Åοº»ÊÅ÷Á»¼ÅźʾÈÅ˽¾ƾÅÊÅÉÏÄʾ»É¿ÉƔ¾»Äʾ»Ï
ËÉ»¹·È¸Åĺ¿Åοº»ʾ»ÏȻ»·É»ÅÎϽ»ÄƑ;¿¹¾¿Éʾ»ÄËÉ»º¸Ï·Ä¿Ã·ÂÉƔ

·È¸ÅÄ
º¿Åοº»

ÎϽ»Ä

¿½ʸʸƔʿƓ»¹Ï¹Â¿Ä½ż·¿ÈƔ
Name 3 human activities that give out carbon dioxide.
How do animals produce carbon dioxide?

143
(iv) Shelter for wild life and birds
·ÄÏͿº·Ä¿Ã·ÂÉ¿̻¿Ä¼ÅÈ»ÉÊÉƔ ÅÈ»ÉÊÉÆÈÅÌ¿º»·É·¼»¾¿º¿Ä½Æ·¹»¼ÅÈʾ»
·Ä¿Ã·ÂÉƔ

¿½ʸʸƔˀƓĿ÷ÂÉÅÄ·ÊÈ»»Ɣ

1. Name 5 animals that live in the forest.

2. Name 3 mammals that live on trees.
3. Name 3 animals that live in trees.

Other importance ways trees help the environment

Activity 11.6: Importance of vegetation to the environment
(i) ɿĽÏÅËÈ·Ê·ÉƑÂŹ·Ê»ʾ»º»É»ÈÊɿļȿ¹·ƔÂÉÅÂŹ·Ê»È»½¿ÅÄÉ·ÈÅËĺ
ͷĺ··ÄºÅĽÅ¼ÅÈ»ÉÊƔ
(ii) ÅÃÆ·È»ʾ»Ì»½»Ê·Ê¿ÅļÅËĺ¿Äʾ»É»ÊÍÅ·È»·ÉƔ
(iii) º»ÄÊ¿¼Ï ʾ» ¿ÃÆÅÈʷĹ» ż ÊÈ»»É ÊÅ ʾ» »ÄÌ¿ÈÅÄûÄÊƔ »Â·Ê» ʾ»Ã ÊÅ
·½»ÄÊɿͻ·Ê¾»ÈƓ¿ÄºƑÈ·¿Ä¼·Â·ĺʻÃƻȷÊËÈ»Ɣ
ƺ¿Ìƻ·Ã»ʾ»½»Ä»È·Â¿ÃÆÅÈʷĹ»żÊÈ»»É¿ÄÏÅËÈÂŹ·Â¿ÊÏƔ
ƺÌƻÈ¿Ê»ɾÅÈÊÄÅÊ»ÉÅÄÏÅËÈŰĺ¿Ä½ÉƔ
ƺÌ¿ƻ
 ȻɻÄÊÏÅËÈŰĺ¿Ä½ÉÊÅʾ»È»ÉÊżʾ»¹Â·ÉÉƔ

¾»¼ÅÂÂÅͿĽ·È»Åʾ»È¿ÃÆÅÈÊ·ÄÊÍ·ÏÉÊÈ»»É¾»ÂÆʾ»»ÄÌ¿ÈÅÄûÄÊ·È»Ɠ
• ÈķûÄÊ·ÂÊÈ»»ÉƔ    • ½ÈżÅÈ»ÉÊÈÏƔ
• ÈË¿ÊÊÈ»»ÉƔ       • ¿Ã¸»È·Äº¼Ë»ÂƔ

144
 Practice Activity 11.3
·Ê¹¾ʾ»¼ÅÂÂÅͿĽº»É¹È¿ÆÊ¿ÅÄżËɻɿÊÈ»»ÉÊÅʾ»¿ÈÆ¿¹ÊËÈ»ÉƔ
Description Picture

ƺ·ƻÈķûÄÊ·ÂÊÈ»»É
Ʒ ¾»É»·È»ÊÈ»»Éʾ·Ê¸»·ËÊ¿¼Ï
·Æ·¹»Ɣ
(a)

ƺ¸ƻ¿Ã¸»È·Äº¼Ë»Â
Ʒ È»»É¹·Ä¸»¹ËÊÊÅʿø»ÈƔ
Ʒ È»»É¹·Ä¸»ËÉ»º·É
ŰÈ»ÍÅźƔ
ƺ¸ƻ

ƺ¹ƻ ÈË¿ÊÊÈ»»É
Ʒ ÅûÊÈ»»ÉÆÈÅÌ¿º»¼ÈË¿ÊÉ
ʾ·ÊÍ»»·ÊƔ
ƺ¹ƻ
(d)
ƺºƻ½ÈżÅÈ»ÉÊÈÏ
Ʒ É·ÆÈ·¹Ê¿¹»ż½ÈÅͿĽ
¹ÈÅÆÉÊŽ»Ê¾»ÈͿʾÊÈ»»ÉƔ

ʸʸƔʺƓŮ»¹ÊÉż·ŮÅÈ»ÉÊ·Ê¿Åķĺº»¼ÅÈ»ÉÊ·Ê¿ÅÄ
on the environment
¹Ê¿Ì¿ÊÏʸʸƔʾƓº»ÄÊ¿¼Ï¿Ä½¿ÃÆÅÈʷĹ»ż·ŮÅÈ»ÉÊ·Ê¿ÅÄƑ
¹·Ëɻɿº»¼ÅÈ»ÉÊ·Ê¿Åķĺ»Ů»¹ÊÉż
deforestation
(i) ¿É¿Ê·Æ·ÄÊ»º¼ÅÈ»ÉÊÄ»·ÈÏÅËÈɹ¾ÅÅÂƔ
(ii) ¸É»ÈÌ»·Äº¼»»Âʾ»»ÄÌ¿ÈÅÄûÄÊ·ÈÅËĺʾ»¼ÅÈ»ÉÊƔ
(iii) ¿É¿Ê·Æ·¹»ͿʾÅËÊÊÈ»ÉÉ·ÈÅËĺÏÅËÈɹ¾ÅÅÂƔ
ƺ¿Ìƻ¸É»ÈÌ»·Äº¼»»Âʾ»»ÄÌ¿ÈÅÄûÄÊ·ÈÅËĺʾ¿ÉÆ·¹»Ɣ
ƺÌƻ ¾»Ä ÏÅË ½»Ê ¸·¹Á ÊÅ ɹ¾ÅÅ º¿É¹ËÉÉ ¿Ä ÏÅËÈ ½ÈÅËÆÉ ʾ» ¹·ËÉ»É ż
º»¼ÅÈ»ÉÊ·Ê¿ÅÄƑ»Ů»¹ÊÉżº»¼ÅÈ»ÉÊ·Ê¿Åķĺʾ»¿ÃÆÅÈʷĹ»ż·ŮÅÈ»ÉÊ·Ê¿ÅÄƔ
ƺÌ¿ƻ
 ȻɻÄÊÏÅËÈŰĺ¿Ä½ÉÊÅʾ»È»ÉÊżʾ»¹Â·ÉÉƔ

145
ÃÆÅÈʷĹ»ż·ŮÅÈ»ÉÊ·Ê¿ÅÄ
1. ¿Ä¿Ã¿É»ÉÉſ»ÈÅÉ¿ÅÄƔ
2. »·ËÊ¿Ű»Éʾ»»ÄÌ¿ÈÅÄûÄÊƔ
3. ÈÅÃÅʻɷ¿È¹¿È¹Ë·ʿÅÄƔ
4. ÈÅÌ¿º»É¾ÅûɼÅÈͿº·Ä¿Ã·ÂÉƔ
5. Êɾ¿»ÂºÉ¾Åûɷĺ¹ÈÅÆɼÈÅûι»ÉÉ¿Ì»Ϳĺ·ÄºÉËÄƔ

 ƺ·ƻ ƺ¸ƻ
¿½ƔʸʸƔʸʷƺ·ƻ·Äºƺ¸ƻƓ¾¿ÂÂÏÆ·¹»¸»¼ÅÈ»·Äº·¼Ê»È·ŮÅÈ»ÉÊ·Ê¿ÅÄƔ
6. ÊÆÈÅÌ¿º»Éʿø»ÈƑ¼ÈË¿Êɷĺ¼»»ºÉ¼Åȹ·ÊÊ»Ɣ
Causes of deforestation
1. ÅÄÉÊÈ˹ʿÅķĺ»ÎÆ·ÄÉ¿ÅÄżÈÅ·ºÉƑÊÅÍÄɷĺ¹¿Ê¿»ÉƔ
2. ÅÃûȹ¿·ÂËÉ»żÊÈ»»ÉÉ˹¾·É¼ÅÈ÷Á¿Ä½Æ·Æ»ÈƑ÷Á¿Ä½ʿø»ÈƑ÷Á¿Ä½
ÆÅÉÊÉ·ÃÅĽÅʾ»ÈÉËÉ»ÉƔ

Ê·È÷¹ÈÅ·ºƔ

»ÅÆ»¹ËÊʿĽÊÈ»»É¼ÅÈ ·¿Ð»Æ·ÄÊ·Ê¿ÅÄƔ
¹ÅÃûȹ¿·ÂËÉ»Ɣ

¿½ƔʸʸƔʸʸƓ·Ëɻɿº»¼ÅÈ»ÉÊ·Ê¿ÅÄƔ

3. È»·Ê¿ÅÄż¾ÅûɼÅÈÉ»ÊÊ»ûÄÊƔ
4. È»·Ê¿ÅÄż·½È¿¹ËÂÊËȷ·ĺƔ

146
Ů»¹ÊÉżº»¼ÅÈ»ÉÊ·Ê¿ÅÄ

Activity 11.8: Debate

Debate on the following topic: Conserving an existing forest is
better than planting a new forest in a deforested area

»¼ÅÈ»ÉÊ·Ê¿ÅÄ»·ºÉÊÅƓ
1. º»ÉÊÈ˹ʿÅÄżʾ»Ä·ÊËȷ»ÄÌ¿ÈÅÄûÄÊƔ¾¿É¹·ÄÈ»ÉËÂʿĺÈϿĽżÈ¿Ì»ÈÉ
·Äº¼ÅÈ÷ʿÅÄżº»É»ÈÊÉƔ
2. ¿Ä¹È»·É»ºÉſ»ÈÅÉ¿ÅÄƔ
3. º»ÉÊÈ˹ʿÅÄż·Ä¿Ã·Â¾·¸¿Ê·ÊÉƔ
4. ¹Â¿Ã·Ê»¹¾·Ä½»Ɣ¾»É»¹¾·Ä½»É¿Ä¹Â˺»ÂÅÍÈ·¿Ä¼·Â·ĺÆÅÅÈ·¿È¹¿È¹Ë·ʿÅÄƔ
5. »ÎʿĹʿÅÄżÉÅûÆ·ÄÊÉƔ
Prevention of deforestation

¿½ʸʸƔʸʹƓĹȻ·É»ºÉſ»ÈÅÉ¿ÅÄƔ ¿½ʸʸƔʸʺƓ»ÉÊÈ˹ʿÅÄżʾ»Ä·ÊËÈ·Â

»ÄÌ¿ÈÅÄûÄÊƔ

Activity 11.9: Planting trees

·ÄÊÊÈ»»É¿Äʾ»ɹ¾ÅÅÂÉËÈÈÅËĺ¿Ä½ÉÊÅ÷¿ÄÊ·¿Äʾ»»ÄÌ¿ÈÅÄûÄÊƔÅË
¹·Ä·ÂÉÅÆ·ÄÊÊÈ»»É¿ÄÏÅËȾÅûƔ
Materials needed:
• ¿»¹»ż·ĺ  • È»»É»»ºÂ¿Ä½É   • Å»É
• ·ÄËÈ»    • Æ·º»É

147
 What to do:
1. ¿½·¾Å»ÊÅʾ»º»É¿È»ºº»ÆʾËɿĽ·¾Å»Ɣ
2. ¿Î÷ÄËÈ»·ÄºÉÅ¿Âʾ·ÊÏÅ˾·Ì»ºË½ËƼÈÅÃʾ»¾Å»Ɣ
3. ·ÄÊÏÅËÈÉ»»ºÂ¿Ä½Éʾ»ɷûº»Æʾʾ»ÏͻȻ¿Äʾ»ÄËÈÉ»ÈÏÉ»»º¸»ºƔ
¼ʾ»É»»ºÂ¿Ä½É·È»¿ÄÆ·Æ»ÈÊ˸»ÉƑÈ»ÃÅÌ»ʾ»Æ·Æ»Èɸ»¼ÅȻƷÄʿĽƔ
4. ÅÃÆ·¹Êʾ»Éſ·ÈÅËĺʾ»É»»ºÂ¿Ä½ÉËɿĽÏÅËȾ·ÄºÉƔ
5. ÆÆÂÏÉÅûÃ˹¾·Äºʾ»ÄÍ·Ê»ÈÏÅËÈÉ»»ºÂ¿Ä½Ɣ
6. ·Á»¹·È»żÏÅËÈÉ»»ºÂ¿Ä½ËÄʿ¿ʽÈÅÍÉƔ

¾»ÄÍ»ÆȻ̻Äʺ»¼ÅÈ»ÉÊ·Ê¿ÅÄƑÍ»¹ÅÄÉ»ÈÌ»ÊÈ»»ÉƔÅÄÉ»ÈÌ·Ê¿ÅÄû·ÄÉ
ËɿĽ·È»ÉÅËȹ»¿Ä·ÉËÉÊ·¿Ä·¸Â»Í·Ï·ÄºͿʾÅËÊÍ·ÉÊ·½»Ɣ
ÄÅȺ»ÈÊŹÅÄÉ»ÈÌ»ÊÈ»»ÉƑͻĻ»ºÊźÅʾ»¼ÅÂÂÅͿĽƓ
1. É»»Î¿ÉʿĽÊÈ»»ÉÆÈÅÆ»ÈÂÏƔ ÅÈ¿ÄÉʷŻͻɾÅ˺ÄÅʹËʺÅÍÄÊÈ»»É¿Ä
ÅȺ»È ÊÅ Ÿʷ¿Ä ¼Ë»ÂƔ ÄÉÊ»·º
Í»ɾÅ˺ÆÈËÄ»ʾ»¸È·Ä¹¾»É
·ÄºËÉ»ʾ»ÃƔ
2. ¾» ½ÅÌ»ÈÄûÄÊ ɾÅ˺
È»½Ë·ʻ ¾·ÈÌ»ÉʿĽ ż ÊÈ»»É
¿Ä ¸Åʾ Ä·ÊËÈ·Â ·Äº Æ·ÄÊ»º
¼ÅÈ»ÉÊÉ ʾÈÅ˽¾ ÉÊÈ¿¹Ê ÈË»ÉƔ
·ÍÉ ʾ·Ê ÆËĿɾ ʾÅÉ» ;Å
¸È»·Á ʾ»É» ÈË»É ɾÅ˺ ¸»
ÆËÊ¿ÄÆ·¹»Ɣ
3. º»ÈÉ ¿Ä ʾ» ¿ÉÊÈ¿¹ÊÉ ·Äº ¿½ʸʸƔʸʻƓ·ÄʿĽÄ»ÍÊÈ»»ÉÊÅȻƷ¹»¹ËÊÅÄ»ÉƔ
̿·½»É ɾÅ˺ »ÄÉËÈ» ʾ·Ê
;»Ä·ÊÈ»»¿É¹ËʺÅÍÄ·ÄÅʾ»ÈÊÈ»»¿ÉÆ·ÄÊ»ºÊÅȻƷ¹»¿ÊƔ
4. ¾»È»ɾÅ˺¸»È»¹Ï¹Â¿Ä½żÍ·ÉʻƷƻÈÊÅ·ÌÅ¿º¹ËÊʿĽºÅÍÄ÷ÄÏÊÈ»»É
ÊÅ÷Á»Ä»ÍÆ·Æ»ÈƔ
5 ɿĽ ·ÂÊ»ÈÄ·Ê¿Ì» ÉÅËȹ»É ż ¼Ë»Â ¼ÅÈ »Î·ÃÆ» Á»ÈÅɻĻƑ ¸¿Å½·É ·Äº ÉÅ·È
»Ä»È½Ï¼ÅȺÅûÉÊ¿¹ËÉ»Ɣ
List 5 other things that can help to prevent deforestation.

148
 Revision Activity 11
1. ·Ã»ÊÍŻηÃÆ»Éżûº¿¹¿Ä·ÂÆ·ÄÊÉƔ
2. º»ÄÊ¿¼Ïʺ¹ÈÅÆÉʾ·ÊÆÈź˹»Å¿ÂƔ
3. ·Ã»ʾȻ»¹·É¾¹ÈÅÆɽÈÅÍÄ¿ÄÏÅËÈ¿ÉÊÈ¿¹ÊƔ
4. ÎÆ·¿ÄʾȻ»Í·ÏÉ¿Ä;¿¹¾ÊÈ»»É¾»ÂÆÊŹÅÄÉ»ÈÌ»ʾ»»ÄÌ¿ÈÅÄûÄÊƔ
5. »É¹È¿¸»¸È¿»ŲϾÅÍÊÈ»»ÉÈ»¹Ï¹Â»·¿ÈƔ
6. ÎÆ·¿Äʾ»û·Ä¿Ä½żʾ»¼ÅÂÂÅͿĽÊ»ÈÃÉƔ
(a) ŮÅÈ»ÉÊ·Ê¿ÅÄ
ƺ¸ƻ 
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ƺ¹ƻ 
 ÈķûÄÊ·ÂÆ·ÄÊ
7. (a)  ¾·Ê¿É·½ÈżÅÈ»ÉÊÈÏƜ
ƺ¸ƻ 
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ƺ¹ƻ ¾·Ê·È»ʾ»¸»Ä»ŰÊÉżÆÈ·¹Ê¿É¿Ä½·½ÈżÅÈ»ÉÊÈÏƜ
8. Ê˺Ïʾ»¼ÅÂÂÅͿĽÆ¿¹ÊËÈ»ÉƔ

(a) Å͹·Äʾ»»Ů»¹ÊÉżͿĺɾÅÍÄ·¸ÅÌ»¸»ÆȻ̻ÄÊ»ºƜ
 ƺ¸ƻ ·Ã»ÊÍÅ»Ů»¹ÊÉżº»¼ÅÈ»ÉÊ·Ê¿ÅÄƔ
9. (a)   ¾·Ê·È»¼Åź¹ÈÅÆÉƜ
ƺ¸ƻ ·Ã»ʼÊÏÆ»Éż¼Åź¹ÈÅÆɽÈÅÍÄ¿ÄÏÅËÈÂŹ·Â¿ÊÏƔ
10. ¾·Ê¿Éʾ»¿ÃÆÅÈʷĹ»żÊÈ»»ÉÊÅƓ
(a) ºÅûÉÊ¿¹·Ä¿Ã·ÂÉƔ 
ƺ¸ƻ Ϳº·Ä¿Ã·ÂÉƔ
11. ÅË ¾·Ì» ¸»»Ä ½¿Ì»Ä · ÊÈ»» É»»ºÂ¿Ä½ ·É ÏÅËÈ ¸¿Èʾº·Ï ½¿¼ÊƔ È¿Ê» ·Ä
»ÉÉ·ÏÅľÅÍÏÅËÍ¿ÂÂÊ·Á»¹·È»żÏÅËÈÊÈ»»Ɣ

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Word list
1. »·ºʾ»¼ÅÂÂÅͿĽÍÅȺÉ¿ÄÆ·¿ÈÉƔ
• »Ì»È·½» • ¿¸È»¹ÈÅÆÉ • ˸»ÈÉ
• Neem tree • ŮÅÈ»ÉÊ·Ê¿ÅÄ • »¼ÅÈ»ÉÊ·Ê¿ÅÄ
• ¾ÅÊÅÉÏÄʾ»É¿É • ÈķûÄÊÉ • ½ÈżÅÈ»ÉÊÈÏ
• »¹Ï¹Â» • »É»ÈÊ
2. Æ»ÂÂʺÍÅȺÉ;¿Â»ÏÅËȼȿ»ÄºÍÈ¿Ê»Éʾ»Ã¿Ä¾¿ÉÅȾ»ÈÄÅÊ»¸ÅÅÁƔ»Ê
ÏÅËȼȿ»Äº·ÂÉÅÉÆ»ÂÂʺÅʾ»ÈÍÅȺÉ·ÉÏÅËÍÈ¿Ê»ʾ»Ã¿ÄÏÅËÈÄÅÊ»¸ÅÅÁƔ
3. ¿É¹ËÉÉͿʾÏÅËȼȿ»Äºʾ»û·Ä¿Ä½ż·ÄÏʺÍÅȺÉ¿Äʾ»ÍÅȺ¿ÉÊƔ
»¼»ÈÊÅÄÅʻɿÄÏÅËÈÊ»ÎʸÅÅÁƔ

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TOPIC AREA : HUMAN BODY

ÅÅÁ·Êʾ»¼ÅÂÂÅͿĽÆ¿¹ÊËÈ»ÉƔ

(2)

(1) (3)

(4) (5)

ƺ·ƻ ¾»È»·È»ʾ»ÉÏÉÊ»ÃɾÅÍÄ¿ÄʸƑʹƑ·Äºʺ¼ÅËĺƜ
ƺ¸ƻ ¾·Ê¿Éʾ»Ȼ·ʿÅÄɾ¿Æ¸»ÊÍ»»ÄÆ¿¹ÊËÈ»ÉʸƑʻ·ÄºʼƜ
ƺ¹ƻ È»º¿¹Êʾ»ÊÅÆ¿¹·È»·¹ÅÄÊ»ÄʼÅÈʸƑʹƑʺƑʻƑ·ÄºʼƔ

151
 UNIT 12 DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

Introduction
¾»º¿½»ÉÊ¿Ì»ÉÏÉʻù·ÈÈ¿»ÉÅËʺ¿½»ÉÊ¿ÅÄƔ¿½»ÉÊ¿ÅÄ¿Éʾ»ÆÈŹ»ÉÉ;»È»¸Ï
¼Åź¿É¸ÈÅÁ»ÄºÅÍÄ¿ÄÊÅÄËÊÈ¿»ÄÊÉʾ·Êʾ»¸ÅºÏ¹·Ä·¸ÉÅȸ»·É¿ÂÏƔ
Look at the following pictures.

(a)

ƺ¸ƻ ƺ¹ƻ

»É¹È¿¸»»·¹¾Æ¿¹ÊËÈ»·¸ÅÌ»¸È¿»ŲÏƔ
Predict what you are going to learn.

12.1: Functions of the digestive system

¾»÷ÀÅȼËĹʿÅÄÉżʾ»º¿½»ÉÊ¿Ì»ÉÏÉʻ÷Ȼº¿½»ÉÊ¿ÅÄż¼Åź·Äº·¸ÉÅÈÆÊ¿ÅÄ
żº¿½»ÉÊ»º¼ÅźƔ

152
 Activity 12.1: Identify location of the digestive system
What to do:
(i) Å˹¾ÏÅËȸźÏÊÅɾÅ;ÅÍ¼ÅźÃÅ̻ɷÂÅĽʾ»º¿½»ÉÊ¿Ì»ÉÏÉÊ»Ã.
(ii) »É¹È¿¸»;·Ê¾·ÆÆ»ÄÉÊÅ¼Åź¼ÈÅÃʾ»ʿûÏÅËÊ·Á»¿Ê¿ÄÏÅËÈÃÅËʾ
ÊÅʾ»ʿû¿Ê¹ÅûÉÅËʷɼ·»¹»ÉƔ
(iii) ÅÅÁ ·Ê ʾ» ͷ ¹¾·ÈÊ ¿Ä ÏÅËÈ ¹Â·ÉÉ ɾÅͿĽ Æ·ÈÊÉ ż ʾ» º¿½»ÉÊ¿Ì»
ÉÏÉÊ»ÃƔÈ·Í¿Ê¿ÄÏÅËÈÄÅÊ»¸ÅÅÁƔ

¿½»ÉÊ¿ÅÄ¿Éʾ»ÆÈŹ»ÉɸÏ;¿¹¾¼Åź¿É¸ÈÅÁ»ÄºÅÍÄ¿ÄÊÅÉ÷»ÈÆ·ÈÊ¿¹Â»ÉƔ
¸ÉÅÈÆÊ¿ÅÄÈ»¼»ÈÉÊÅʾ»ËÆÊ·Á»żº¿½»ÉÊ»º¼Åź¿ÄÊÅʾ»¸ÅºÏƔ

12.2: Parts and functions of the digestive system

¾»º¿½»ÉÊ¿Ì»ÉÏÉʻùÅÄÉ¿ÉÊÉżʾ»·Â¿Ã»ÄÊ·ÈϹ·Ä·Âand º¿½»ÉÊ¿Ì»½Â·ÄºÉƔ
Activity 12.2: Naming parts of the digestive system
(i) È·Íʾ»¼ÅÂÂÅͿĽÆ¿¹ÊËÈ»¿ÄÏÅËÈÄÅÊ»¸ÅÅÁƔ

ÅËʾ
ƺ½ƻ
(a)

ƺ¼ƻ ƺ¸ƻ
(e)
ƺ¹ƻ
¿Â»ºË¹Ê

÷¿ÄÊ»ÉÊ¿Ä»É

(d)

ÄËÉ
(ii) É» ÏÅËÈ  ·ÆÊÅÆ ÅÈ ¸ÅÅÁÉ ¿Ä ʾ» ¿¸È·ÈÏ ÊÅ Ű ¿Ä ʾ» ¸Â·ÄÁÉ ÅÄ ʾ»
º¿·½È·Ã·¸ÅÌ»Ɣ
(iii) »É¹È¿¸»¾ÅÍ¼ÅźÆ·ÉÉ»ÉʾÈÅ˽¾ʾ»¸ÅºÏÊÅʾ»·ÄËÉƔ
ƺ¿Ìƻĺ¿¹·Ê»ÅÄʾ»Æ¿¹ÊËÈ»;»È»ʾ»ɷ¿̷ÈϷĺ½·ÉÊÈ¿¹½Â·ÄºÉ·È»ÂŹ·Ê»ºƔ

153
The alimentary canal
¾»·Â¿Ã»ÄÊ·ÈϹ·Ä·Â¿É·Ê˸»Ɩ¿Á»Æ·ÉÉ·½»Ƒ;¿¹¾ÈËÄɼÈÅÃʾ»ÃÅËʾÊÅʾ»
·ÄËÉ.
·ÈÊÉżʾ»·Â¿Ã»ÄÊ·ÈϹ·Ä·Â¿Ä¹Â˺»Ƒʾ»ÃÅËʾƑÅ»ÉÅƾ·½ËÉƺ½Ë»ÊƻƑÉÊÅ÷¹¾
É÷¿ÄÊ»ÉÊ¿Ä»Ƒ·Ƚ»¿ÄÊ»ÉÊ¿Ä»·Äºʾ»·ÄËÉƔ

Digestive glands
¿½»ÉÊ¿Ì» ½Â·ÄºÉ ·È» ½Â·ÄºÉ ʾ·Ê ÆÈź˹» É˸ÉʷĹ»É ʾ·Ê ·È» ËÉ»¼Ë ¿Ä ʾ»
º¿½»ÉÊ¿ÅÄ ÆÈŹ»ÉÉƔ ¾»É» ½Â·ÄºÉ ¿Ä¹Â˺» ʾ» ɷ¿̷ÈÏ ½Â·ÄºÉƑ ½·ÉÊÈ¿¹ ½Â·ÄºÉƑ
ʾ»¿̻ÈƑ½·Â¸·ºº»È·Äºʾ»ƷĹȻ·É.

12.3: Stages of digestion

Activity 12.3: The digestion process
What to do:
(i) ¸É»ÈÌ»ʾ»º¿½»ÉÊ¿Ì»ÉÏÉÊ»Ãʾ·ÊÏÅ˺ȻͿÄÏÅËÈÄÅÊ»¸ÅÅÁƔ
(ii) ·¸»Âʾ»Æ·ÈÊÉʾ·ÊÏÅ˾·ºÄÅÊ·¸»Â»ºƔ
(iii) »É»·È¹¾ʾ»ÆÈŹ»ÉÉżº¿½»ÉÊ¿ÅÄƔ
ƺ¿ÌƻÈ¿Ê»ɾÅÈÊÄÅʻɷ¸ÅËʺ¿½»ÉÊ¿ÅÄ¿ÄÏÅËÈÄÅÊ»¸ÅÅÁƔ

¿½»ÉÊ¿ÅÄ Ê·Á»É Æ·¹»É ¿Ä ÉÊ·½»ÉƔ ¾»É» ·È»Ɠ ¿Ä½»ÉÊ¿ÅÄƑ º¿½»ÉÊ¿ÅÄƑ ·¸ÉÅÈÆÊ¿ÅÄ
·Äº»À»¹Ê¿ÅÄƔ

Ingestion
Ľ»ÉÊ¿ÅÄÈ»¼»ÈÉÊÅʾ»¿ÄÊ·Á»ż¼Åź¿Äʾ»ÃÅËʾƔ»ɾÅ˺¿Ä½»Éʹ»·Ä¼Åź
·Äºº¿½»ÉÊ¿¸Â»¼ÅźƔÊ¿ÉÍÈÅĽÊſĽ»ÉÊÄÅÄ¼Åź÷ʻȿ·ÂÉ¿Á»ÉÅ¿ÂƑûʷÂɷĺ
Æ·ÉÊ¿¹ÉƔ

Digestion
(a) Digestion in the mouth
ÉÁÏÅËȼȿ»ÄºÊÅÅƻľ¿ÉÅȾ»ÈÃÅËʾƔ
What do you see?
What are the functions of all the parts that you have seen in the mouth?
¾»¿Ä½»ÉÊ»º¼Åź¿É¹¾»Í»ºËɿĽÊ»»Ê¾·ÄºÿλºͿʾɷ¿̷¼ÈÅÃɷ¿̷ÈÏ
½Â·ÄºÉƔ·Â¿Ì·¿É·º¿½»ÉÊ¿Ì»ÀË¿¹»ʾ·ÊÃÅ¿ÉÊ»ÄÉʾ»¼ÅźƔ
¾»ÊÅĽ˻ÈÅÂÂÉʾ»¼Åź¿ÄÊÅÉ÷ÂÂÈÅËĺ»º¸·ÂÂɹ·Â»º¸ÅÂËÉ»ÉƔ
·Â¿Ì··ÂÉŹÅÄÊ·¿Äɺ¿½»ÉÊ¿Ì»É˸ÉʷĹ»Éƺ»ÄÐÏûÉƻʾ·Ê¸È»·ÁºÅÍÄÉʷȹ¾
¿ÄÊÅ·É¿ÃƻȼÅÈÃƔ

154
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¿É·Ê˸»ʾ·Ê¹ÅÄÄ»¹ÊÉʾ»ÃÅËʾÊÅʾ»ÉÊÅ÷¹¾Ɣ

Point-check!
• Åź ÃÅÌ»É ʾÈÅ˽¾ ʾ» Å»ÉÅƾ·½ËÉ ¿Ä ¹ÅÄÊ¿ÄËÅËÉ Í·Ì»É ż
¹ÅÄÊÈ·¹Ê¿ÅķĺȻ·ηʿÅÄƔ¾»É»Í·Ì»É·È»¹·Â»ºƻȿÉÊ·ÂÉ¿É.

Ë»Ê

Åź¸ÅÂËÉ

ÊÅ÷¹¾

»È¿ÉÊ·ÂÉ¿É
• ¿½»ÉÊ¿ÅÄÉÊ·ÈÊÉ¿Äʾ»ÃÅËʾ·Äº»ÄºÉ¿Äʾ»É÷¿ÄÊ»ÉÊ¿Ä»ÉƔ

(b) Digestion in the stomach

ÈÅÃʾ»Å»ÉÅƾ·½ËÉʾ»¼Åź»ÄÊ»ÈÉʾ»ÉÊÅ÷¹¾Ɣ
¾» ¿ĿĽ ż ʾ» ÉÊÅ÷¹¾ ÆÈź˹»É º¿½»ÉÊ¿Ì» »ÄÐÏûÉƑ ;¿¹¾ ¾»ÂÆ ¿Ä ʾ»
º¿½»ÉÊ¿ÅÄżÆÈÅÊ»¿ÄÉ.
¾»ÉÊÅ÷¹¾¿ĿĽ·ÂÉÅÆÈź˹»É¾ÏºÈŹ¾ÂÅÈ¿¹·¹¿ºƔ¾¿É·¹¿ºÁ¿ÂÂɽ»ÈÃÉʾ·Ê
÷ϸ»ÆȻɻÄÊ¿Äʾ»¼ÅźƔ
¾»ÉÊÅ÷¹¾É»È̻ɷɷʻÃÆÅÈ·ÈÏÉÊÅÈ»¼ÅÈ¼ÅźƔ ÈÅÃʿûÊÅʿûƑ¼Åź¿É
Ȼ»·É»º¿ÄÊÅʾ»É÷¿ÄÊ»ÉÊ¿Ä»ÉƔ

(c) Digestion in the small intestine

¾» É÷ ¿ÄÊ»ÉÊ¿Ä» ¿É º¿Ì¿º»º ¿ÄÊÅ ÊÍÅ Æ·ÈÊÉƔ ¾» ËÆÆ»È Æ·ÈÊ ¿É ÁÄÅÍÄ ·É ʾ»
ºËź»ÄËÃƔ¾»ÂÅÍ»ÈÆ·ÈÊ¿ÉÁÄÅÍÄ·Éʾ»¿Â»ËÃ.
ÅÉʺ¿½»ÉÊ¿ÅÄ¿Äʾ»É÷¿ÄÊ»ÉʿĻʷÁ»ÉÆ·¹»¿Äʾ»ºËź»ÄËÃƔ
Äʾ»ºËź»ÄËÃƑ¸¿Â»·ÄºƷĹȻ·Ê¿¹ÀË¿¹»ÉÿÎͿʾ¼ÅźƔ
¿Â» ¿É ÆÈź˹»º ¸Ï ʾ» ¿̻È ·Äº ÉÊÅÈ»º ¿Ä ʾ» ½·Â ¸Â·ºº»ÈƔ ·Ä¹È»·Ê¿¹ ÀË¿¹»É
¾»ÂƿļËÈʾ»Èº¿½»ÉÊ¿ÅÄż¼ÅźƔ
¾»¿Â»ËÿɿÄÌÅÂÌ»º¿Äʾ»·¸ÉÅÈÆÊ¿ÅÄżº¿½»ÉÊ»º¼Åź.
¼Ê»È º¿½»ÉÊ¿ÅÄ ¿Ä ʾ» ¿Â»ËÃƑ ¼·ÊÉƑ ÆÈÅÊ»¿ÄÉ ·Äº ¹·È¸Å¾ÏºÈ·Ê»É ·È» È»·ºÏ ¼ÅÈ
·¸ÉÅÈÆÊ¿ÅÄƔ

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Absorption
¾»º¿½»ÉÊ»º¼Åź¿É·¸ÉÅȸ»º¿ÄÊÅʾ»¸ÂÅźÉÊÈ»·ÃʾÈÅ˽¾ʾ»Í·ÂÂÉżʾ»
¿Â»ËÃƔ

Elimination
¾»¿Äº¿½»ÉÊ¿¸Â»÷ʻȿ·ÂÉƑËÄ·¸ÉÅȸ»º¼Åź·ÄºÍ·Ê»È»ÄÊ»Èʾ»·Ƚ»¿ÄÊ»ÉÊ¿Ä»ÉƔ
¾»·Ƚ»¿ÄÊ»ÉʿĻɹÅÄÉ¿ÉÊÉżʾ»¹ÅÂÅķĺʾ»È»¹ÊËÃ.
Äʾ»¹ÅÂÅÄƑÃÅÉÊżʾ»Í·Ê»È¿É·¸ÉÅȸ»º¿ÄÊÅʾ»¸ÂÅźÉÊÈ»·ÃƔ
¾»Ȼ÷¿Ä¿Ä½¼ÅźÍ·ÉÊ»¿ÉÆ·ÉÉ»ººÅÍÄÊÅʾ»È»¹ÊËÃƔ
¾»È»¹ÊËÃÉÊÅÈ»ÉËĺ¿½»ÉÊ»º¼Åź¸»¼ÅȻƷÉɿĽʾÈÅ˽¾ʾ»·ÄËɷɼ·»¹»ÉƔ
¾»È»ÃÅÌ·Âżʾ»Ëĺ¿½»ÉÊ»º¼Åź¿ÉÁÄÅÍÄ·É»½»ÉÊ¿ÅÄ.

Point-check!
• Water and ÿĻȷÂÉ·ÂÊÉare ·¸ÉÅȸ»º¿Äʾ»·Ƚ»¿ÄÊ»ÉÊ¿Ä»É.
• ¿Ê·Ã¿ÄÉ ·Äº ½Â˹ÅÉ» are ÄÅÊ º¿½»ÉÊ»ºƔ ¾»Ï ·È» ·¸ÉÅȸ»º º¿È»¹ÊÂÏ
¿ÄÊÅʾ»¸ÂÅźƔ

12.4: Hygiene of digestion

Activity 12.4: Identifying the hygiene of digestion
·Ê¹¾ʾ»¾Ï½¿»Ä»żº¿½»ÉÊ¿ÅÄÉÆÈ·¹Ê¿¹»ÉɾÅÍĸ»ÂÅÍÊÅʾ»¿ÈÆ¿¹ÊËÈ»ÉƔ

Hygiene of digestion Picture

(a)·Êͻ¹ÅÅÁ»º¼ÅźËɿĽ¹Â»·Ä
ËÊ»ÄÉ¿ÂÉ¿Ä·¹Â»·ÄÆ·¹»Ɣ

(a)

ƺ¸ƻÈ¿ÄÁ¸Å¿Â»ºÍ·Ê»È·Äº¹Â»·Ä
ÀË¿¹»ÉƔ

ƺ¸ƻ

156
 Hygiene of digestion Picture

ƺ¹ƻ·É¾¼ÈË¿Êɷĺ̻½»Ê·¸Â»É¸»¼ÅÈ»
»·Ê¿Ä½Ɣ

ƺ¹ƻ

(d) λȹ¿É»È»½Ë·ÈÂÏƔ

(d)

(e) ·É¾¾·ÄºÉ¸»¼ÅÈ»·Äº·¼Ê»È
»·Ê¿Ä½Ɣ

(e)

Name 3 other practices that help to maintain the hygiene of digestion.

Project 1 Maintaining the hygiene of digestion
• É» ÏÅËÈ  ¸ÈÅÍÉ»È ÅÈ ¸ÅÅÁÉ ¿Ä ʾ» ¿¸È·ÈÏ ÊÅ Ȼɻ·È¹¾ Í·ÏÉ ÊÅ
÷¿ÄÊ·¿Ä·¾»·ÂʾϺ¿½»ÉÊ¿Ì»ÉÏÉÊ»ÃƔ
• »É¿½Ä · ÆÅÉÊ»È ʾ·Ê »Ä¹ÅËÈ·½»É ¾Ï½¿»Ä» ż ʾ» º¿½»ÉÊ¿Ì» ÉÏÉÊ»ÃƔ
·Ä½¿Ê·Êʾ»¸·¹ÁżÏÅËȹ·ÉÉƔ
• ĻηÃÆ»ż·ÆÅÉʻȿÉɾÅÍĸ»ÂÅÍƓ

Chewing food properly = Easy swallowing + healthy body

Hurried eating = Choking + Poor digestion + Poor health
Make your Digestive System happy, chew slowly!

157
ʸʹƔʼƓ º»ÄÊ¿Ű¹·Ê¿ÅÄż·¸·Â·Ä¹»ºº¿»Ê
¸·Â·Ä¹»ºº¿»Ê¹ÅÄÊ·¿ÄɻĻȽϽ¿Ì¿Ä½¼Åźƺ¹·È¸Å¾ÏºÈ·Ê»ÉƻƑ¸ÅºÏ¸Ë¿Âº¿Ä½
¼ÅźƺÆÈÅÊ»¿ÄÉƻ·ÄºÆÈÅÊ»¹Ê¿Ì»¼Åźƺ̿ʷÿÄÉƻƔ

¹Ê¿Ì¿ÊÏʸʹƔʼƓ¿º»ÄÊ¿Ű¹·Ê¿ÅÄż¼Åź½ÈÅËÆÉ
(i) ¾»¼ÅÂÂÅͿĽÊ·¸Â»ɾÅÍÉ·Ì·È¿»ÊÏż¼ÅźÉƔ
(ii) ËÊʾ»¼ÅźÉ¿ÄÊÅ·½ÈÅËÆżʺÊŹȻ·Ê»¸·Â·Ä¹»ºº¿»ÊÉƔ

½½É

¿Ä»·ÆÆ» ¾»·Ê ·¸Â»É˽·È Å÷ÊÅ

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Ë·Ì·É

»·ÄÉ ȿɾÆÅÊ·ÊÅ»É ¿ÂÁ ·ÉÉ·Ì·

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ÈÅËĺÄËÊÉ ȷĽ»É ¿¹»

·¿Ð»
È»»Ä¸·Ä·Ä·É ¿ÂÂ»Ê ·ÈÈÅÊ

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 ÌŹ·ºÅ ÆÆ» »·É »·¼ÏÌ»½»Ê·¸Â»É

Meat ·ÍÆ·ÍÉ ·Ä½Å

È»»Ä½È·ÃÉ

·Ê»ÈûÂÅÄ ÅȽ¾Ëà Yam Êȷ͸»ÈÈ¿»ÉƔ

Components of a balanced diet

Activity 12.6: Collecting various groups of food to identify
them
What to do:
1. Å»¹Êʾ»½ÈÅËÆÉż¼ÅźÅÌ»Èʾ»Í»»Á»Äº·Äº¸È¿Ä½ʾ»ÃÊÅɹ¾ÅÅÂƔ
2. ·¹»ʾ»¼ÅźÉ¿ÄÊÅʾ»¿È¹ÅÈÈ»¹Ê¼Åź½ÈÅËÆÉƔ

Energy giving foods Body building foods Protective foods

·ÉÉ·Ì· »·ÄÉ ȷĽ»É

¸·Â·Ä¹»ºº¿»Ê¿É·û·Âʾ·Ê¹ÅÄÊ·¿ÄÉ·ÂÂʾ»ÄËÊÈ¿»ÄÊÉÄ»»º»º¸Ïʾ»¸ÅºÏ¿Ä
ʾ»È¿½¾ÊÇË·ÄÊ¿Ê¿»ÉƔ
û·Â¿É¼Åź»·Ê»ÄºËȿĽ·ÄÏŹ¹·É¿ÅÄ¿Äʾ»º·ÏƔ
What food groups should a balanced diet contain?

159
1. Carbohydrates
·È¸Å¾ÏºÈ·Ê»ÉÆÈÅÌ¿º»ʾ»¸ÅºÏͿʾ»Ä»È½ÏÊÅÍÅÈÁƔ¾»É»¼ÅźÉ·ÂÉÅÁ»»Æ
ʾ»¸ÅºÏÉÊÈÅĽ·ÄºÍ·ÈÃƔ

Í»»ÊÆÅÊ·ÊÅ»É ·¿Ð» ¿¹» Yam ¾»·Ê

¿½ʸʹƔʸƓηÃÆ»Éż¹·È¸Å¾ÏºÈ·Ê»¼ÅźÉƔ

2. Proteins
ÈÅÊ»¿ÄɷȻĻ¹»ÉÉ·ÈϼÅÈʾ»½ÈÅÍʾ and ȻƷ¿Èż¸ÅºÏÊ¿ÉÉË»ÉƔ

»·ÄÉ ¿ÂÁ ¿É¾ ½½É Meat

¿½ʸʹƔʹƓηÃÆ»ÉżÆÈÅÊ»¿Ä¼ÅźÉƔ

3. Vitamins
¾»É»¼ÅźÉÆÈÅÊ»¹Êʾ»¸ÅºÏ·½·¿ÄÉʺ¿É»·É»ÉƔ
Ȼɾ¼ÈË¿ÊÉ and Ì»½»Ê·¸Â»É·È»ʾ»÷¿ÄÉÅËȹ»Éż̿ʷÿÄÉƔ
¾»È»·È»÷ÄÏÊÏÆ»Éż̿ʷÿÄÉƔηÃƻɷȻ̿ʷÿÄÉƑƑƑƑ·ÄºƔ

ȷĽ»É ·Ê»ÈûÂÅÄ ¿Ä»·ÆÆ» ÌŹ·ºÅ Êȷ͸»ÈÈ¿»É

¿½ʸʹƔʺƓηÃÆ»Éż̿ʷÿÄ¼ÅźÉƔ
Point-check!
·É¾»ÍÄËÊɷĺ½ÈÅËĺÄËÊÉ·È»¸Åʾ»Ä»È½Ï½¿Ì¿Ä½·Äº¸ÅºÏ¸Ë¿Âº¿Ä½
¼ÅźÉƔ

160
4. Minerals
¿Ä»È·ÂÉ·È»ÆȻɻÄÊ¿Ä÷ÄÏ¼ÅźÉƔ
¾»Ï·È»È»ÇË¿È»º¸Ïʾ»¸ÅºÏ¿ÄÉ÷ÂÂÇË·ÄÊ¿Ê¿»ÉƔ
ηÃÆ»ÉżÿĻȷÂÉ·È»¹·Â¹¿ËÃƑƾÅÉƾÅÈËÉƑ¿ÈÅÄƑ¿Åº¿Ä»ƑÆÅÊ·ÉÉ¿ËÃƑÉź¿ËÃ
·ÄºпĹƔ
¾» ¼ÅÂÂÅͿĽ Ê·¸Â» ɾÅÍÉ ÉÅû ÿĻȷÂÉƑ ʾ»¿È ËÉ»É ¿Ä ʾ» ¸ÅºÏ ·Äº ʾ»¿È
ÉÅËȹ»ÉƔ

Minerals Uses in the body Sources

·Â¹¿Ëà ˿º¿Ä½ÉÊÈÅĽ¸ÅÄ»É
·ÄºÊ»»Ê¾Ɣ
»ÂÆɿĹÂÅÊʿĽż¸ÂÅźƔ
¾ÅÉƾÅÈËÉ ÅÈ÷ʿÅÄżÉÊÈÅĽ
¸ÅĻɷĺʻ»Ê¾Ɣ
¿ÂÁ·ÄºÿÂÁÆÈź˹ÊÉƑ;Å»
½È·¿Ä¹»È»·ÂÉƑ·ÄºÉ÷ÂÂŰɾ»·Ê»Ä
;Å»Ɣ
¿ÂÁƑ¸»·Äɷĺ»½½ÉƔ
ÈÅÄ »ÂÆɿļÅÈ÷ʿÅÄż ¿Ì»ÈƑÁ¿ºÄ»ÏƑû·ÊƑ»½½ÉÉÆ¿Ä·¹¾
¸ÂÅźƔ ·ÄºÅʾ»È½È»»ÄÌ»½»Ê·¸Â»ÉƔ
ź¿Ä» Ȼ̻ÄÊ¿ÅÄż½Å¿ÊÈ»Ɣ ÅÃÃÅÄÉ·ÂÊɷĺÅÄ¿ÅÄÉƔ
·¸Â»ʸʹƔʸƓηÃÆ»ÉżÿĻȷÂɷĺʾ»¿ÈÉÅËȹ»ÉƔ

5. Lipids (fats and oils)

·ÊɷĺſÂÉÆÈÅÌ¿º»ʾ»¸ÅºÏͿʾ»Ä»È½ÏƔ¾»Ï·ÂÉÅ÷Á»ʾ»ÉÁ¿Äɾ¿ÄϷĺ
¾»·ÂʾÏƔ
·ÊɷĺſÂÉ·È»»·Ê»ÄÊŽ»Ê¾»ÈͿʾÅʾ»È
¼ÅźÉƔ ·ÊɻοÉÊ¿ÄÉÅ¿º¼ÅÈÃ;¿Â»Å¿ÂÉ·È»
¿Ä¿ÇË¿º¼ÅÈÃƔ
¿ÂÉ ·È» ÷¿ÄÂÏ Ÿʷ¿Ä»º ¼ÈÅà ƷÄÊÉ É˹¾
·É ·ÌŹ·ºÅƑ ÉËÄŲÅÍ»ÈƑ ¹ÅÈÄƑ ɻɷûƑ
¹Å¹ÅÄËʷĺ½ÈÅËĺÄËÊÉƔ
Åû ·Ä¿Ã·ÂÉ ¿Á» Űɾ ÆÈź˹» Å¿Â ƺ¹Åº
¿̻ÈÅ¿ÂƻƔ¿ÂÁÆÈź˹ÊÉ¿Á»¸ËÊÊ»ÈƑ½¾»»·Äº
¿½ƔʸʹƔʻƓ ·ÊɷĺſÂÉƔ
¹¾»»É»·ÂÉŹÅÄÊ·¿ÄÅ¿ÂÉƔ

6. Water
¾»¸ÅºÏÄ»»ºÉͷʻȿÄÅȺ»ÈÊÅÉʷϾ»·ÂʾÏƔ·Ê»ÈƻȼÅÈÃÉʾ»¼ÅÂÂÅͿĽ
¼ËĹʿÅÄÉ¿Äʾ»¸ÅºÏƓ
• ÅÅÂɺÅÍÄʾ»¸ÅºÏ;»Äʾ»Í»·Ê¾»È¿É¾ÅÊƔ
• »ÂÆɿĺ¿½»ÉÊ¿ÅķĺÊÈ·ÄÉÆÅÈÊ·Ê¿ÅÄż¼Åź¿Äʾ»¸ÅºÏƔ
Name other 2 functions of water.

161
 Practice Activity 12.1
1. ¿É·¹ÁżÍ·Ê»È¿Äʾ»¸ÅºÏƔ
2. ¿¸È»¿É¿ÃÆÅÈÊ·ÄʼÅÈ and .
3. ·¹ÁżŰ¸È»¿Äʾ»¸ÅºÏ»·ºÉÊÅ .

Preparation of a balanced diet

Activity 12.7: Preparing a balanced diet

Read the following story.
·ËÂÅ¿É·ʼÆËƿ¿ÄËÄ¿Ä¿ȿ÷ÈϹ¾ÅÅÂƔÄ È¿º·Ï·ÉÊÍ»»ÁƑʾ»Ï
¾»Âº·ÉÆÅÈÊɺ·Ï·Ê¾¿Éɹ¾ÅÅÂƔ»È·Ä¿Ä·ʻʷʷûÊȻȷ¹»;»È»¾»¹·Ã»
ŰÈÉÊƔ¿É¼È¿»ÄºÉÁĻ;»ÍÅ˺Ϳĸ»¹·ËÉ»¾»¿É·¾»·ÂʾϸÅÏƔ
·ËÂÅËÉË·ÂÂϸȿĽɷƷ¹Á»ºÂËĹ¾ʾ·Ê¹ÅÄÊ·¿ÄÉ·ÂÂʾ»ʾȻ»¼Åź
½ÈÅËÆÉƔÄÅĺ·Ï·Äº¾ËÈɺ·Ï¾»¸È¿Ä½É
È¿¹»Ƒû·ÊÉʻͷĺÅȷĽ»ÉƔʾ»Èº·Ïɾ»
¸È¿Ä½ÉÆÅɾÅÅÈÈ¿¹»ƑÌ»½»Ê·¸Â»Éɷ·º·Äº
¸»·ÄÉÊ»ÍÅȽÈÅËĺÄËÊɷ˹»Ɣ
·ËÂÅƠÉÆ·È»ÄÊÉÍÅÈÁ·Ê·¼·¹ÊÅÈÏ¿Ä
Ï·¸¿É¿ÄºËƔ¿ÉÉ¿ÉʻȿÉÊ»ÄÃÅÄʾÉźƔ
·ËÂÅƠÉÆ·È»ÄÊɹÅû¾Åû·ʻ»Ì»ÈÏ
˻ɺ·Ï·Äº È¿º·ÏƔÄÉ˹¾º·ÏÉƑ·ËÂÅ
¾»ÂÆÉʾ»¿È¾ÅËÉ»¾»ÂÆÊÅÆȻƷȻº¿ÄÄ»ÈƔ
·ËÂÅÁÄÅÍɾÅÍÊÅÆȻƷȻÆÅɾÅƑÉÊ»·Ã»º
È¿¹»Ƒ¸»·ÄÉÊ»ÍƑÌ»½»Ê·¸Â»ɷ·º·Äº½ÈÅËĺÄËÊɷ˹»Ɣ»·ÂÍ·ÏÉÆȻƷȻÉ
¸·Â·Ä¹»ºû·ÂɼÅȾ¿É¼·Ã¿ÂÏƔ»ÉÅûʿûÉÆȻƷȻɼȻɾ÷ĽÅÀË¿¹»
¼ÅÈʾ»¼·Ã¿ÂÏƔËÊ;»Ä¾»¿ÉÊ¿È»º¾»¸È¿Ä½Éʾ»Ã¹Â»·Ä¸Å¿Â»ºÍ·Ê»ÈƔ

Questions
(i) ¾Ï¿É¿Ê¿ÃÆÅÈÊ·ÄʼÅÈÏÅËÊÅÁÄÅ;ÅÍÊÅÆȻƷȻ¸·Â·Ä¹»ºû·ÂÉƜ
»Â·Ê»ÏÅËÈ·ÄÉÍ»ÈÊÅ·ËÂÅƠÉÉ¿ÊË·Ê¿ÅÄƔ
(ii) ¾·Êû·ÂɺŻɷËÂÅÆȻƷȻƜ¿ÉÊʾ»Ã¿ÄÏÅËÈÄÅÊ»¸ÅÅÁƔ
(iii) ·ËÂż»»ºÉÅÄ·¸·Â·Ä¹»ºº¿»ÊƔ¾·Ê¸»Ä»ŰÊɺŻɾ»½»ÊƜ
ƺ¿ÌƻÈ¿Ê» ºÅÍÄ ʾ» ÆÅÉÉ¿¸Â» ¼ÅźƖ½ÈÅËÆ ûÄË ¼ÅÈ ·ËÂÅƠÉ ¼·Ã¿ÂÏ ¼ÈÅÃ
Åĺ·ÏÊÅ È¿º·ÏƔ
ƺÌƻ ·Á» · ÅÄ»ƖÍ»»Á º¿ÄÄ»È ûÄË ¼ÅÈ ÏÅËÈ ¼·Ã¿ÂÏƔ ÄÉËÈ» ʾ·Ê ·Â ʾ»
û·ÂÉ·È»¸·Â·Ä¹»ºƔ

162
 Project 2: Preparing a balanced diet
(i) Ů»ÈÊŹÅÅÁ·¸·Â·Ä¹»ºû·Â·Ê¾ÅûƔ
(ii) É» ½Ë¿º·Ä¹» ¼ÈÅà ʾ» Ê·¸Â»É ʾ·Ê ÏÅË ÷º» ¿Ä ¹Ê¿Ì¿ÊÏ ʸʹƔʼ and
¹Ê¿Ì¿ÊÏʸʹƔʽ.
(iii) ·Á»¹·ËÊ¿ÅÄ;»ÄËɿĽŰÈ»ƔÅ˹·Ä¸ËÈÄÏÅËÈɻ¼Ɣ
ƺ¿ÌƻÈ·¹Ê¿É»½Åź¼Åź¾Ï½¿»Ä»;»ÄÉ»È̿Ľ·Äº»·Ê¿Ä½ÏÅËÈ¼ÅźƔ

ʸʹƔʽƓ ËÊÈ¿Ê¿Åĺ»Ű¹¿»Ä¹Ïº¿É»·É»É
Activity 12.8: Observe and discuss about children
ÉËŮ»È¿Ä½¼ÈÅú»Ű¹¿»Ä¹Ïº¿É»·É»É
What to do:
(i) ¸É»ÈÌ» ͷ ¹¾·ÈÊÉ ·Äº Æ¿¹ÊËÈ»É ɾÅͿĽ ¹¾¿ÂºÈ»Ä ÉËŮ»È¿Ä½ ¼ÈÅÃ
Ì·È¿ÅËɺ»Ű¹¿»Ä¹Ïº¿É»·É»ÉƔ
(ii) »É»·È¹¾ʾ»º¿É»·É»ʾ·Ê»·¹¾¹¾¿Âº¿ÉÉËŮ»È¿Ä½¼ÈÅÃƔ
¿Ì»ÉÏÃÆÊÅÃÉ
·Äº ¿º»ÄÊ¿¼Ï ʾ» º»Ű¹¿»Ä¹Ï º¿É»·É» »Ɣ½Ɣ ʾ» ¹¾¿Âº ¿É ʾ¿Ä ·Äº ¸ÅÄÄσ
÷ȷÉÃËÉƔ
(iii) È¿Ê» ¿Ä ÏÅËÈ ÄÅÊ»¸ÅÅÁ Í·ÏÉ ÊÅ ÆȻ̻ÄÊ »·¹¾ º»Ű¹¿»Ä¹Ï º¿É»·É»É
¿º»ÄÊ¿Ű»ºƔ
ƺ¿Ìƻ
¿Ì»ÏÅËÈÄÅÊ»ÉÊÅʾ»Ê»·¹¾»È¼ÅÈ÷ÈÁ¿Ä½Ɣ

ËÊÈ¿Ê¿ÅÄ·Â º»Ű¹¿»Ä¹Ï º¿É»·É»É ·È» º¿É»·É»É ¹·ËÉ»º ¸Ï ·¹Á ż ÉÅû ¼Åź
ÄËÊÈ¿»ÄÊÉ¿Äʾ»¸ÅºÏƔ
ËÊÈ¿Ê¿Åķº»Ű¹¿»Ä¹Ïº¿É»·É»É¿Ä¹Â˺»Ɠ
• ͷɾ¿ÅÈÁÅÈ   • ·È·ÉÃËÉ  • ¿¹Á»ÊÉ
•
Å¿ÊÈ»     • Ä·»Ã¿·

Kwashiorkor
ͷɾ¿ÅÈÁÅȿɹ·ËÉ»º¸Ï·¹ÁżÆÈÅÊ»¿ÄÉ in
ʾ»º¿»ÊƔ
Ê÷¿ÄÂÏ·Ů»¹Êɹ¾¿ÂºÈ»ÄËĺ»ÈŰ̻ϻ·ÈÉż
·½»Ɣ
ÊËÉË·ÂÂÏŹ¹ËÈÉ·¼Ê»ÈÉÊÅÆƿĽ¸È»·ÉÊƖ
¼»»º¿Ä½Ɣ

¿½ƔʸʹƔʼƓ¾¿ÂºͿʾͷɾ¿ÅÈÁÅÈƔ

163
Prevention of Kwashiorkor
1. ¾»¹¾¿ÂºɾÅ˺¸»¸È»·Éʼ»ºËÆÊÅʹÅÈʺÏ»·ÈÉƔ
2. »·Ä¿Ä½¼ÅźÉɾÅ˺¹ÅÄÉÊ¿ÊËÊ»·¸·Â·Ä¹»ºº¿»ÊͿʾÂÅÊÉżÆÈÅÊ»¿ÄÉƔ
3. ¾¿ÂºÈ»ÄɾÅ˺¸»ÆÈÅÌ¿º»ºͿʾ¼ÅźÈ¿¹¾¿ÄÆÈÅÊ»¿ÄÉƔ

Marasmus
·È·ÉÃËɿɹ·ËÉ»º¸Ï·¹Áż»ÄÅ˽¾
¼ÅźƔ
·È·ÉÃËÉ÷¿ÄÂÏ·Ů»¹Êɹ¾¿ÂºÈ»Ä¸Ëʿʹ·Ä
·ÂÉÅ·Ů»¹Ê·ºËÂÊÉƔ
ÊŹ¹ËÈɺËȿĽɻ̻Ȼ¼·Ã¿Ä»ʾ·Ê»·ºÉÊÅ
ÉÊ·ÈÌ·Ê¿ÅÄƔ
¾»·Ů»¹Ê»ºÆ»ÈÉÅĸ»¹ÅûÉʾ¿Ä·Äº
Í»·ÁƔ ¿½ƔʸʹƔʽƓ¾¿ÂºͿʾ÷ȷÉÃËÉ

Prevention of marasmus
1.
¿Ì»ʾ»¹¾¿ÂºÅÈÆ·Ê¿»ÄÊ»ÄÅ˽¾ż·ÂÂʾ»¼ÅźÄËÊÈ¿»ÄÊÉ¿Ä·º»ÇË·Ê»·ÃÅËÄÊÉƔ
2. ËȿĽɻ̻ȻºÈÅ˽¾ÊÅȼ·Ã¿Ä»ƑȻ¿»¼¼ÅźɾÅ˺¸»ÆÈÅÌ¿º»ºÊŹ¾¿ÂºÈ»Ä
ÊÅÆȻ̻ÄÊÉÊ·ÈÌ·Ê¿ÅÄƔ

Rickets
¿¹Á»Êɿɹ·ËÉ»º¸Ï·¹Áż̿ʷÿķĺ
¹·Â¹¿ËÃƔ

Prevention of rickets
1. ¾¿ÂºÈ»ÄɾÅ˺¸»¼»ºÅÄ¼ÅźÉÈ¿¹¾¿Ä
¹·Â¹¿ËÃƑ̿ʷÿÄ and ƾÅÉƾÅÈÅËÉ.
2. ÎÆÅÉ»¸·¸¿»ÉÊÅÃÅÈĿĽ·Äº»Ì»Ä¿Ä½ ¿½ƔʸʹƔʾƓ¾¿ÂºÈ»ÄͿʾÈ¿¹Á»ÊÉƔ
ÉËÄ¿½¾ÊƔËÄ¿½¾Ê¾»ÂÆɿļÅÈ÷ʿÅÄż
̿ʷÿĸÏʾ»ÉÁ¿ÄƔ

Goitre

Å¿ÊÈ»¿É¹·ËÉ»º¸Ï·¹Áż¿Åº¿Ä»¿Äʾ»º¿»ÊƔ
¾» º»Ű¹¿»Ä¹Ï ¿É ɾÅÍÄ ¸Ï Ì¿É¿¸Â» Éͻ¿Ľ ·Ê
ʾ»¸·É»żʾ»Ä»¹ÁƔ
¾»·Ů»¹Ê»ºÆ»ÈÉÅÄ»Îƻȿ»Ä¹»Éº¿ů¹ËÂÊÏ¿Ä
ÉÍ·ÂÂÅͿĽ·Äº¸È»·Ê¾¿Ä½Ɣ
¿½ƔʸʹƔʿƓÅ÷ÄͿʾ½Å¿ÊÈ»Ɣ

164
Prevention of goitre
1. ʹ·Ä¸»ÆȻ̻ÄÊ»º¸Ï»·Ê¿Ä½¿Åº¿Ä»ƖÈ¿¹¾¼ÅźÉƔ˹¾
¼ÅźÉ¿Ä¹Â˺»É»·ŰɾƑ¹È·¸ÉƑÆÈ·ÍÄɷĺŸÉÊ»ÈÉƔ
2. »ÅÆ»ɾÅ˺ËÉ»¿Åº¿Ð»ºÉ·ÂÊ¿Äʾ»º¿»ÊƔ

Anaemia
Ä·»Ã¿·¿É¹·ËÉ»º¸Ï·¹Áż·º»ÇË·Ê»¿ÈÅÄ¿Äʾ»º¿»ÊƔ ¿½ƔʸʹƓˀƓ·ÂÊƔ
¾»ÄÅÄ»¾·É·Ä·»Ã¿·¾¿ÉÅȾ»È¸ÂÅź¿ÉËÄ·¸Â»
ÊÅÉËÆÆÂÏ»ÄÅ˽¾ÅÎϽ»ÄÊÅʾ»Ê¿ÉÉË»ÉƔ¾¿É»·ºÉ
ÊŻξ·ËÉÊ¿ÅÄƔ
Ä·»Ã¿· ¹·Ä Ź¹ËÈ ¿Ä ¸Åʾ ÏÅËĽ ¹¾¿ÂºÈ»Ä ·Äº
·ºËÂÊÉƔÊŹ¹ËÈɹÅÃÃÅÄÂϺËȿĽÆÈ»½Ä·Ä¹Ï·Äº
¿Ä·ºÅ»ɹ»Äʽ¿ÈÂÉƔ
»ÅÆ» ÉËŮ»È¿Ä½ ¼ÈÅà ÷·ȿ· ÷Ï ¸»¹Åû
·Ä·»Ã¿¹Ɣ
Why do you think anaemia is common in pregnant
¿½ƔʸʹƔʸʷƓÆÈ»½Ä·ÄÊÍÅ÷ÄƔ women, adolescents and malaria patients?

Some signs and symptoms of anaemia

1. ·Â»ÉÁ¿ÄƺÀ·Ëĺ¿¹»ƻƔ¾»»Ï»ÉƑ½ËÃÉƑÆ·ÂÃɷĺ
ŰĽ»ÈÄ·¿ÂÉ·ÆÆ»·ÈƷ»Ɣ
2. ÅÉÉ ż ·Æƻʿʻ ·Äº ½»Ä»È·Â ¸ÅºÏ Í»·ÁÄ»ÉÉƔ
Ä» ¼»»ÂÉ Ì»ÈÏ Ê¿È»º »Ì»Ä ·¼Ê»È ºÅ¿Ä½ · É÷ÂÂ
Ê·ÉÁƔ
3. ¾ÅÈÊÄ»ÉÉż¸È»·Ê¾·Äºº¿ÐпĻÉÉƔ
¿½ƔʸʹƔʸʸƓ·Â»Æ·Â÷ĺ
Prevention of anaemia ŰĽ»ÈÄ·¿ÂÉƔ
1. ·Ê¿Ä½¼ÅźÈ¿¹¾¿Ä¿ÈÅÄƔ˹¾¼ÅźÉ¿Ä¹Â˺»¿̻ÈƑ
»½½É·Äº½È»»Ä»·¼ÏÌ»½»Ê·¸Â»É¿Á»ÉÆ¿Ä·¹¾·ÄºÁ·Â»ÉƔ
2.
¿ÈÂɷĺÍÅûÄɾÅ˺Ê·Á»¼ÅźÉÈ¿¹¾¿Ä¿ÈÅÄÊÅȻƷ¹»ʾ»¿ÈÅÄÂÅÉʺËȿĽ
ʾ»¿ÈÃÅÄʾÂÏƻȿźƔ
3. ¿É¿Ê·Ä»·È¸Ï¾»·Âʾ¼·¹¿Â¿ÊϼÅȹ¾»¹ÁƖËÆ¿¼ÏÅ˾·Ì»ʾ»É¿½ÄɷĺÉÏÃÆÊÅÃÉ
ûÄÊ¿ÅÄ»ºƔ

165
 Revision Activity 12
1. ÎÆ·¿Ä¸È¿»ŲÏʾ»û·Ä¿Ä½żʾ»¼ÅÂÂÅͿĽƓ
(a) ¿½»ÉÊ¿ÅÄ     ƺ¸ƻ ¸ÉÅÈÆÊ¿ÅÄ   ƺ ¹ƻ Ľ»ÉÊ¿ÅÄ    
(d) ½»ÉÊ¿ÅÄ    
2. È·Íʾ»Æ·ÈÊÉżʾ»º¿½»ÉÊ¿Ì»ÉÏÉÊ»ÃƔ
3. ·Á»¹ÅÈÈ»¹ÊÉ»ÄʻĹ»ÉËɿĽʾ»¼ÅÂÂÅͿĽÍÅȺÉƓ
(a) ¿ûÄÊ·ÈϹ·Ä·Â ƺ¸ƻ
 ·Â¸·ºº»È  ƺ ¹ƻ 
 »»Ê¾ (d) 
Ë»Ê
4. ·Ã»½Â·ÄºÉʾ·ÊÆÈź˹»ʾ»¼ÅÂÂÅͿĽÀË¿¹»ÉƓ
(a)
·ÉÊÈ¿¹ÀË¿¹»  
ƺ¸ƻ 
 ·Â¿Ì·
5. »É¹È¿¸»¸È¿»ŲÏŰ̻ͷÏÉż÷¿ÄÊ·¿Ä¿Ä½¾Ï½¿»Ä»żʾ»º¿½»ÉÊ¿Ì»
ÉÏÉÊ»ÃƔ
6. ·Ã»ʾ»½ÈÅËÆÉż¼ÅźɾÅÍÄ¿Äʾ»¼ÅÂÂÅͿĽÆ¿¹ÊËÈ»ÉƔ

(a) ƺ¸ƻ ƺ¹ƻ

7. (a) ¾·Êº»Ű¹¿»Ä¹Ïº¿É»·É»¿É¹·ËÉ»º¸Ï·¹ÁżÆÈÅÊ»¿ÄÉ¿Ä
   Ê ¾»º¿»ÊƜ
 ƺ¸ƻ Ä·»Ã¿·¿É¹·ËÉ»º¸Ï·¹Áż·º»ÇË·Ê» ¿Äʾ»º¿»ÊƔ
8. (a) ¾·Ê¿Éʾ»¼ÅÂÂÅͿĽ¹¾¿ÂºÉËŮ»È¿Ä½¼ÈÅÃƜ

ƺ¸ƻ  Å͹·Äʾ»º¿É»·É»¸»ÆȻ̻ÄÊ»ºƜ
ƺ¹ƻ 
 ·Ã»ʻ¼ÅźÉʾ·ÊÍ»ɾÅ˺¼»»ºÅÄ¿ÄÅȺ»ÈÊÅÆȻ̻ÄʽſÊÈ»Ɣ

166
9. ¾ÅÍ¿Ä·Ê·¸Â»ʺû·ÂÉʾ·Ê¹ÅÄÉÊ¿ÊËÊ»·¸·Â·Ä¹»ºº¿»ÊƔ
Meal Foods
È»·Á¼·ÉÊ
ËĹ¾
Dinner
10. ¾Ï¿É¿Ê¿ÃÆÅÈÊ·ÄʼÅÈ·ʼ»·ÈÄ»ÈÊÅÁÄÅ;ÅÍÊÅÆȻƷȻ·É¿ÃÆ»
û·ÂƜ
11. Å˾·Ì»¸»»ÄÆÈÅÌ¿º»ºͿʾÆ»·ÉƑ¹·¸¸·½»É·ÄºÆÅÊ·ÊÅ»ÉƔ
(a) ȻƷȻ·¸·Â·Ä¹»ºû·Â¼ÈÅÃʾ»É»¼ÅźÉƔ
ƺ¸ƻ 
 ¸É»ÈÌ» Ä»¹»ÉÉ·ÈÏ ¾Ï½¿»Ä» ÆÈ·¹Ê¿¹»É ºËȿĽ ÆȻƷȷʿÅÄ ·Äº
É»È̿Ľżʾ»¼ÅźƔ

Word list
1. »·ºʾ»¼ÅÂÂÅͿĽÍÅȺÉ¿ÄÆ·¿ÈÉƔ
• ¿½»ÉÊ¿ÅÄ    • Ëź»ÄËà    • ¸ÉÅÈÆÊ¿ÅÄ
• 
 ·È¸Å¾ÏºÈ·Ê»É   • Ľ»ÉÊ¿ÅÄ     • ÈÅÊ»¿Ä
• ½»ÉÊ¿ÅÄ     • Vitamin • ¿ûÄÊ·ÈϹ·Ä·Â
• ¿Ä»È·ÂÉ     •
·Â¸·ºº»È    •   ÅÄÉÊ¿Æ·Ê¿ÅÄ
2. Æ»ÂÂʺÍÅȺÉ;¿Â»ÏÅËȼȿ»ÄºÍÈ¿Ê»Éʾ»Ã¿Ä¾¿ÉÅȾ»ÈÄÅÊ»¸ÅÅÁƔ»Ê
ÏÅËȼȿ»Äº·ÂÉÅÉÆ»ÂÂʺÅʾ»ÈÍÅȺÉ·ÉÏÅËÍÈ¿Ê»ʾ»Ã¿ÄÏÅËÈÄÅÊ»¸ÅÅÁƔ
3. ¿É¹ËÉÉͿʾÏÅËȼȿ»Äºʾ»û·Ä¿Ä½ż·ÄÏʺÍÅȺÉ¿Äʾ»ÍÅȺ¿ÉÊƔ
»¼»ÈÊÅÄÅʻɿÄÏÅËÈÊ»ÎʸÅÅÁƔ

167
 UNIT 13 REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

Introduction
¾»È»ÆÈź˹ʿ̻ÉÏÉÊ»ÃÆ·ÏÉ·Ä¿ÃÆÅÈÊ·ÄÊÈÅ»¿ÄÉËÈÌ¿Ì·Âż¾Ë÷ĸ»¿Ä½ÉƔ
Look at the following pictures.

(a) ƺ¸ƻ

ƺ¹ƻ (d)

»É¹È¿¸»»·¹¾Æ¿¹ÊËÈ»·¸ÅÌ»Ɣ
É»ʾ»Æ¿¹ÊËÈ»ÉÊÅÆÈ»º¿¹Ê;·ÊÏÅË·È»½Å¿Ä½ÊÅ»·ÈÄƔ

168
13.1: Human reproductive system
Activity 13.1: Researching the functions of the
reproductive system
What to do:
(i) ɿĽ ÏÅËÈ  ·ÆÊÅÆ ÅÈ ¸ÅÅÁÉ ¿Ä ʾ» ¿¸È·ÈÏƑ Ȼɻ·È¹¾ ÅÄ ʾ» ÷ÀÅÈ
¼ËĹʿÅÄżʾ»È»ÆÈź˹ʿ̻ÉÏÉÊ»ÃƔ
(ii) ¾·È»ÏÅËÈŰĺ¿Ä½ÉͿʾʾ»È»ÉÊżʾ»¹Â·ÉÉƔ

Ë÷ĸ»¿Ä½É·È»»¿Ê¾»È÷»Åȼ»Ã·Â»Ɣ¾»÷»Éƺ¸ÅÏɷĺûÄƻ¾·Ì»÷»
È»ÆÈź˹ʿ̻ÅȽ·ÄÉ;¿Â»¼»Ã·Â»Éƺ½¿ÈÂɷĺÍÅûÄƻ¾·Ì»¼»Ã·Â»È»ÆÈź˹ʿ̻
ÅȽ·ÄÉƔ
·Â»É·Äº¼»Ã·Â»É¾·Ì»¸Åʾ»ÎÊ»ÈÄ·Â and ¿ÄÊ»ÈÄ·ÂÈ»ÆÈź˹ʿ̻Æ·ÈÊÉƔ
¾»÷»·Äº¼»Ã·Â»È»ÆÈź˹ʿ̻ÅȽ·ÄÉ·È»ËÉ»º¼ÅÈÈ»ÆÈź˹ʿÅÄƔ¾ÈÅ˽¾
È»ÆÈź˹ʿÅÄƑ¾Ë÷ĸ»¿Ä½É¿Ä¹È»·É»¿ÄÄËø»ÈƔ
¾»»ÎÊ»ÈÄ·Â÷»·Äº¼»Ã·Â»È»ÆÈź˹ʿ̻ÅȽ·ÄÉ·ÂÉÅ·ÉÉ¿ÉÊ¿ÄÆ·ÉɿĽÅËÊ
ËÈ¿Ä»Ɣ

The male reproductive external organ

¾»É»·È»Æ·ÈÊÉʾ·Ê¹·Ä¸»É»»ÄÅÄʾ»ÅËÊÉ¿º»Ɣ

»Ä¿É

ÅÈ»ÉÁ¿ÄƺÈ»È˹»ƻ

¹ÈÅÊËÃ
ƺÅÄÊ·¿ÄÉÊ»ÉÊ¿¹ÉƭÊ»ÉÊ¿¹Â»Éƻ

ȻʾȷÂÅƻĿĽ
¿½ƔʸʺƔʸƓ·Â»È»ÆÈź˹ʿ̻»ÎÊ»ÈÄ·ÂÆ·ÈÊÉƔ
¾»Æ·ÈÊÉʾ·Ê÷Á»ËÆʾ»¾Ë÷Ä÷»»ÎÊ»ÈÄ·ÂÈ»ÆÈź˹ʿ̻Æ·ÈÊɿĹÂ˺»Ɠ
ɹÈÅÊËÃƑƻĿÉandËȻʾȷÂÅƻĿĽ.

The female reproductive external organs

¾»É»·È»Æ·ÈÊÉʾ·Ê¹·Ä¸»É»»ÄÅÄʾ»ÅËÊÉ¿º»ƔÂÂʾ»É»Æ·ÈÊÉ·È»½»Ä»È·ÂÂÏ
¹·Â»ºÌËÂÌ·.
¾» Æ·ÈÊÉ ż ʾ» ÌËÂÌ· ¿Ä¹Â˺» ʾ» ÃÅÄÉ Æ˸¿ÉƑ ·¸¿· ÿÄÅÈ·Ƒ ·¸¿· ÷ÀÅÈ·Ƒ
¹Â¿ÉÊÅÈ¿ÉƑËȻʾȷÂÅƻĿĽ·ÄºÌ·½¿Ä·ÂÅƻĿĽƔ

169
 ÅÄÉÆ˸¿É

¿ÊÅÈ¿É
·¸¿·÷ÀÅÈ·
·¸¿·ÿÄÅÈ·

ȻʾȷÂÅƻĿĽ
·½¿Ä·ÂÅƻĿĽ

¿½ƔʸʺƔʹƓ »Ã·Â»È»ÆÈź˹ʿ̻»ÎÊ»ÈÄ·ÂÆ·ÈÊÉƔ

13.2: Hygiene of female and male genital

organs
Activity 13.2: Discussing hygiene of the genital organs
What to do:
(i) ÅÅÁ·Êʾ»¼ÅÂÂÅͿĽÆ¿¹ÊËÈ»ÉƔ
(i)
(ii)

(a) ƺ¸ƻ ƺ¹ƻ

(iii)

(ii) »É¹È¿¸»ʾ»¾Ï½¿»Ä»ż½»Ä¿Ê·ÂÅȽ·Äɸ·É»ºÅÄʾ»Æ¿¹ÊËȻɷ¸ÅÌ»Ɣ
(iii) È¿Ê»ɾÅÈÊÄÅʻɿÄÏÅËÈÄÅÊ»¸ÅÅÁƔ

Hygiene of female genital organs

Ê ¿É ¿ÃÆÅÈÊ·ÄÊ ÊÅ Á»»Æ ʾ» È»ÆÈź˹ʿ̻ ÅȽ·ÄÉ ¹Â»·ÄƔ
»Ä»È·ÂÂÏƑ ÍÅûÄ ·Äº
½¿ÈÂɹ·Ä÷¿ÄÊ·¿Äʾ»¾Ï½¿»Ä»żʾ»¿È½»Ä¿Ê·ÂɸϺſĽʾ»¼ÅÂÂÅͿĽƓ
(i) ·Ê¾¿Ä½È»½Ë·ÈÂÏƔ»·Äʾ»ÌËÂÌ·Ϳʾ¹Â»·ÄÍ·Ê»ÈƔ
(ii) ¾·Ä½»¿ÄÊŹ»·ÄËĺ»ÈÍ»·È·¼Ê»È¸·Ê¾¿Ä½Ɣ»·ÈÂÅÅÉ»¹ÅÊÊÅÄËĺ»ÈÍ»·ÈƔ
ÌÅ¿ºɾ·È¿Ä½Ëĺ»ÈÍ»·ÈƔ
(iii) ¼Ê»ÈËȿķʿĽƑÍ¿Æ»ʾ»½»Ä¿Ê·ÂɼÈÅÃʾ»¼ÈÅÄÊÊÅʾ»¸·¹ÁËɿĽÉżÊÊ¿ÉÉË»
Æ·Æ»ÈƔ

170
ƺ¿Ìƻ ¿É¿Êʾ»¾ÅÉƿʷ¿Ĺ·É»ż·¸ÄÅÈ÷º¿É¹¾·È½»¼ÈÅÃ
ʾ»Ì·½¿Ä·ÅÈËȻʾȷƔ
ƺÌƻ ÅÄÅÊÉ¿ÊÅÄɾ·È»ºÊſ»ÊÉ»·ÊÉ·Éʾ»Ï¹Å˺ÉÆÈ»·º
¿Ä¼»¹Ê¿ÅÄÉƔ
ƺÌ¿ƻ¾»Ä¾·Ì¿Ä½ƻȿźÉƑ¸·Ê¾»ÊÍÅÅÈÃÅÈ»ʿûÉ·º·ÏƔ
ɻɷĿʷÈÏÊÅÍ»ÂÉÊÅ·ÌÅ¿ºÉſ¿ĽÏÅËȹÂÅʾ»ÉƔ
ƺÌ¿¿ƻ ÅÄÅÊ¿ÄÉ»ÈÊŸÀ»¹ÊÉ¿ÄÊÅʾ»Ì·½¿Ä·ƔÌÅ¿ºÊÅ˹¾¿Ä½
ÏÅËȽ»Ä¿Ê·ÂÉͿʾº¿ÈÊϾ·ÄºÉƔ
List other practices for maintaining the hygiene of
female genitals.

Hygiene of male genital organs ¿½ʸʺƔʺϽ¿»Ä»ż

¾»÷»ÉɾÅ˺·ÂÉÅ÷¿ÄÊ·¿ÄÆÈÅƻȾϽ¿»Ä»Ɣ ¼»Ã·Â»½»Ä¿Ê·ÂÅȽ·ÄÉƔ

»ÄɾÅ˺Ɠ
(i) ·Ê¾È»½Ë·ÈÂÏͿʾÿºÉŷƷĺƻÄÊÏż¹Â»·Ä
Í·Ê»ÈƔ
(ii) ÅÈÏÅËĽËĹ¿È¹Ëù¿É»º¸ÅÏÉƑ¹Â»·Äʾ»·È»·
Ëĺ»Èʾ»¼ÅÈ»ÉÁ¿Ä½»ÄÊÂÏƔ
(iii)  ¾·Ä½»¿ÄÊŹ»·ÄËĺ»ÈÍ»·È·¼Ê»È¸·Ê¾¿Ä½Ɣ
ƺ¿Ìƻ ¾·Á» ʾ» ƻĿÉ ½»ÄÊÂÏ ·¼Ê»È ËȿķʿĽ ÊÅ »Îƻ ʾ»
Ȼ÷¿Ä¿Ä½ºÈÅÆÉżËÈ¿Ä»Ɣ
ƺÌƻ   »»Á ¿Ãûº¿·Ê» ûº¿¹·Â ·ÊÊ»ÄÊ¿ÅÄ ¿Ä ¹·É» ż
·¸ÄÅÈ÷º¿É¹¾·È½»ÅÈȷɾ»É·ÈÅËĺʾ»½»Ä¿Ê·ÂÉƔ
List other practices for maintaining the hygiene of male
genitals. ¿½ʸʺƔʻϽ¿»Ä»ż
÷»½»Ä¿Ê·ÂÅȽ·ÄÉƔ

13.3: Sexual characteristics at puberty

Activity 13.3: Identifying parts of female and male
anatomy that are similar
What to do:
(i) ÅÅÁ ·Ê ¹¾·ÈÊÉ ·Äº Æ¿¹ÊËÈ»É ¿Ä ¸ÅÅÁÉ ɾÅͿĽ »ÎÊ»ÈÄ·Â È»ÆÈź˹ʿ̻
ÅȽ·ÄÉż½¿ÈÂɷĺ¸ÅÏÉƔ
(ii) ¾¿¹¾Æ·ÈÊÉżʾ»¼»Ã·Â»·Äº÷»·Ä·ÊÅÃÏ·È»ʾ»ɷûÅÈɿÿ·ÈƜ
º»ÄÊ¿¼Ï ʾ»Ã ¼ÈÅà ƿ¹ÊËÈ»É ·Äº ¹¾·ÈÊÉƔ È¿Ê» ʾ»Ã ºÅÍÄ ¿Ä ÏÅËÈ
ÄÅÊ»¸ÅÅÁƔ

171
˸»ÈÊÏ¿É·ƻȿź;»È»·¸ÅÏÅÈ·½¿ÈÂÈ»·¹¾»ÉÉ»ÎË·Â÷ÊËÈ¿ÊÏƔ¾¿Éƻȿź¿É
ËÉË·ÂÂÏ÷ÈÁ»º¸Ï÷ÊËÈ·Ê¿ÅÄż½»Ä¿Ê·Âɷĺº»Ì»ÂÅÆûÄÊżÉ»¹Åĺ·ÈÏÉ»ÎË·Â
¹¾·È·¹Ê»È¿ÉÊ¿¹ÉƔ
¾»Ä½¿ÈÂɷĺ¸ÅÏÉ»ÄʻȿÄÊÅÆ˸»ÈÊÏƑʾ»Ï·È»¹·Æ·¸Â»żÈ»ÆÈź˹¿Ä½É»ÎË·ÂÂÏƔ
¾¿ÉÉÊ·½»Ź¹ËÈÉ»·È¿»È¿Ä½¿ÈÂÉʾ·Ä¿Ä¸ÅÏÉƔ
Ľ¿ÈÂÉ¿ÊÉÊ·ÈÊÉ·Ê·¸ÅËÊ·½»ÉʿÏ»·ÈÉÊÅʸʺÏ»·ÈÉƺÅķ̻ȷ½»ƑʸʷÏ»·ÈÉƻƔĸÅÏÉƑ
¿ÊŹ¹ËÈÉ·Êʾ»·½»ÉżˀÏ»·ÈÉÊÅʸʻÏ»·ÈÉƺÅķ̻ȷ½»Ƒʸʸ̄Ï»·ÈÉƻƔ

Secondary sexual changes in both boys and girls

1. ·¿È½ÈÅÍÉËĺ»Èʾ»·ÈÃÆ¿Êɷĺ¿Äʾ»Æ˸¿¹·È»·Ɣ
2. ¿ÃÆ»É÷Ï·ÆÆ»·ÈÅÄʾ»¼·¹»Ɣ
3. ¾»È»¿ÉÉ˺º»Ä¿Ä¹È»·É»¿Ä¾»¿½¾Ê·ÄºÍ»¿½¾Êƺ½ÈÅÍʾÉÆËÈÊƻƔ
4. ¾»÷»·Äºʾ»¼»Ã·Â»½»Ä¿Ê·ÂɻķȽ»Ɣ

Secondary sexual changes in girls

Activity 13.4: Identifying secondary sexual changes in girls
ÅÅÁ·Êʾ»¼ÅÂÂÅͿĽÆ¿¹ÊËÈ»ÉƔ

¿ÈÂ
¿ÈÂ
(i) ¿ÉÊʾ»º¿Ů»È»Ä¹»ÉÏÅ˹·ÄÉ»»¸»ÊÍ»»Ä
¿È·ĺ
¿ÈÂƔ
(ii) ÅͺŻÉ
¿Èº»Ì»ÂÅÆ¿ÄÊÅ
¿ÈÂƜ

»¹Åĺ·ÈϹ¾·Ä½»É¿Ä½¿ÈÂɺ»Ì»ÂÅƸ»ÊÍ»»Ä·½»ÉʿÊÅʸʺƔ
ËȿĽʾ¿ÉƻȿźƓ
1. ¾»È»¿É»Ä·Ƚ»Ã»ÄÊżʾ»¸È»·ÉÊÉƔ
2. »ÄÉÊÈË·ÂŲÅ͸»½¿ÄÉƔ¾¿É¿É·ÂÉŹ·Â»ºÃÅÄʾÂÏƻȿźÉƔ
3. ¾»¾¿Æɸ»¹Åû¸ÈÅ·º»ÈƔ

172
Practice Activity 13.1: Identifying secondary sexual
changes in girls
The following story was written by P5 girl.
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(i) ¿ÉÊʼƾÏÉ¿¹·Â¹¾·Ä½»Éʾ·ÊÊ·Á»Æ·¹»¿Ä½¿ÈÂɺËȿĽÆ˸»ÈÊÏƔ»Â·Ê»
ʾ»¹¾·È·¹Ê»È¿ÉÊ¿¹ÉÊŷ¿÷·Äº¿·Ä·Ɣ
(ii) ŷ½¿ÈÂÉ»ÄʻȿÄÊÅÆ˸»ÈÊÏ·Êʾ»ɷû·½»ƜËÆÆÅÈÊÏÅËÈ·ÄÉÍ»È
Ϳʾ»Ì¿º»Ä¹»¼ÈÅÃʾ»ÉÊÅÈÏ·¸ÅÌ»Ɣ
(iii) ¾»È»¹·Ä½¿ÈÂÉ»ÄʻȿĽÆ˸»ÈÊÏŰĺ¿ÃÆÅÈÊ·ÄʿļÅÈ÷ʿÅĹÅĹ»ÈĿĽ
ʾ¿ÉÉÊ·½»Ɯ ËÉÊ¿¼ÏÏÅËÈ·ÄÉÍ»ÈËɿĽ»Ì¿º»Ä¹»¼ÈÅÃʾ»ÉÊÅÈÏ·¸ÅÌ»Ɣ
ƺ¿ÌƻÈ·Í·ÉÁ»Ê¹¾ż·ÏÅËĽ½¿ÈÂƔ
ƺÌƻ ÅͺȷͷÉÁ»Ê¹¾żʾ»ɷû½¿È·¼Ê»ÈÆ˸»ÈÊϷĺ;»Äɾ»¿É·
ÏÅËĽÍÅ÷ÄƔι¾·Ä½»ÏÅËȺȷͿĽÉƔ·ÂÁ·¸ÅËÊʾ»¹¾·Ä½»Éʾ·Ê
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Secondary sexual changes in boys
Activity 13.5: Identifying secondary sexual changes in boys
ÅÅÁ·Êʾ»¼ÅÂÂÅͿĽÆ¿¹ÊËÈ»ÉƔ

ÅÏ ÅÏ

(i) ¿ÉÊʾ»º¿Ů»È»Ä¹»ÉÏÅ˹·ÄÉ»»¸»ÊÍ»»ÄÅϷĺÅÏƔ
(ii) ÅͺŻÉÅϺ»Ì»ÂÅÆ¿ÄÊÅÅÏƜ

»¹Åĺ·ÈÏÉ»Î˷¹¾·Ä½»É¿Ä¸ÅÏɺ»Ì»ÂÅƸ»ÊÍ»»Ä·½»ÉˀÊÅʸʻƔ
¾»Ï¿Ä¹Â˺»Ɠ
1. ÈÅ·º»Ä¿Ä½ż¹¾»ÉʷĺɾÅ˺»ÈÉƔ
2. Îƻȿ»Ä¹¿Ä½Í»ÊºÈ»·ÃÉƔ¾¿É¿Éʾ»º¿É¹¾·È½»żɻûĺËȿĽÉ»»ÆƔ
3. ¾»ÌÅ¿¹»¸È»·ÁÉƺ¿Ê¸»¹Åûɺ»»ÆƻƔ
Practice Activity 13.2: Identifying secondary sexual
changes in boys
The following story was written by P5 boy.
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(i) ¿ÉÊ ʼ ƾÏÉ¿¹·Â ¹¾·Ä½»É ʾ·Ê Ê·Á» Æ·¹»
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¹¾·È·¹Ê»È¿ÉÊ¿¹ÉÊź½·È·Äº ȷĹ.
(ii) ŷ¸ÅÏÉ»ÄʻȿÄÊÅÆ˸»ÈÊÏ·Êʾ»ɷû
·½»Ɯ ËÆÆÅÈÊ ÏÅËÈ ·ÄÉÍ»È Ϳʾ »Ì¿º»Ä¹»
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(iii) É¿Ê½Åź¼ÅȸÅÏÉ»ÄʻȿĽÆ˸»ÈÊÏÊÅŰĺ
ÅËÊ ¿Ä¼ÅÈ÷ʿÅÄ ·¸ÅËÊ Æ˸»ÈÊÏ ¼ÈÅà ʾ»¿È
Æ»»ÈÉƜ ËÉÊ¿¼ÏÏÅËÈ·ÄÉÍ»ÈƔ
ƺ¿ÌƻÈ·Í·ÉÁ»Ê¹¾ż·ÏÅËĽ¸ÅÏƔ
ƺÌƻ ÅͺȷͷÉÁ»Ê¹¾żʾ»ɷû¸ÅÏ·¼Ê»È
Æ˸»ÈÊϷĺ;»Ä¾»¿É·ÏÅËĽ÷ÄƔι¾·Ä½»ÏÅËȺȷͿĽÉƔ·ÂÁ
·¸ÅËÊʾ»¹¾·Ä½»Éʾ·Ê¾·Ì»Ê·Á»ÄÆ·¹»¼ÈÅù¾¿Âº¾ÅźÊÅ·ºËÂʾÅźƔ

Puberty characteristics in girls

Æ·ÈʼÈÅÃʾ»Ì¿É¿¸Â»ƾÏÉ¿¹·Â¹¾·È·¹Ê»È¿ÉÊ¿¹É¿Ä½¿ÈÂÉƑʾ»È»·È»Åʾ»È¹¾·Ä½»É
ʾ·Ê½¿ÈÂÉ·ÂÉÅ»Îƻȿ»Ä¹»Ɣ
¾»É»¹¾·Ä½»É·Ů»¹Êʾ»¿È»ÃÅÊ¿ÅÄÉ
·ÄºÉŹ¿·ÂȻ·ʿÅÄɾ¿ÆÉͿʾʾ»¿È
Æ»»Èɷĺ»Âº»ÈÉƔ
What brings about these changes?
¾»É»¹¾·Ä½»É¿Ä¹Â˺»Ɠ
• ¾ÏÄ»Éɺ˻ÊŻķȽ»Ã»ÄÊż
¸ÅºÏÆ·ÈÊÉÉ˹¾·É¸È»·ÉÊɷĺ
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• ÊÊÈ·¹Ê¿ÅÄÊÅʾ»ÅÆÆÅɿʻɻÎƔ
¿ÈÂɽ»Ê·ÊÊÈ·¹Ê»ºÊŸÅÏÉƔ
Name 3 other puberty characteristics in girls.

Puberty characteristics in boys

• ÅÏÉ ÷Ï ¸» »Ã¸·ÈÈ·ÉÉ»º ¸Ï ʾ»¿È È·Æ¿º º»Ì»ÂÅÆûÄÊƔ Åû ¸»¹Åû
¹ÂËÃÉÏƔ
• ÅÏÉ÷Ï·ÂÉŸ»¹ÅûɾϺ˻Êź»»Æ»Ä¿Ä½żʾ»¿ÈÌÅ¿¹»ÉƔ
• »¾·Ì¿ÅËÈ Ȼ·ʻº ÊÅ ¿º»ÄÊ¿ÊÏ ¸»½¿ÄÉ ÊÅ ɾÅÍƔ ¾»Ï ¸»½¿Ä ÊÅ ¿º»ÄÊ¿¼Ï Ϳʾ
·ºËÂÊÈÅ»Ãź»Âɷĺ¾»ÈÅ»ÉƔ
• ¾»Ï·È»»·É¿ÂϷĽ»È»ººË»ÊÅÉ˺º»ÄÃÅźÉͿĽÉƔ
• ¿ÄĿĽ¸»¹ÅûÉ¿ÃÆÅÈÊ·ÄÊƔÅʾ»Ïº»È¿Ì»ɷʿɼ·¹Ê¿ÅÄ¿ÄÆ·ϿĽ
¹ÅÃƻʿʿ̻½·Ã»ÉƔ
Name 3 other puberty characteristics in boys.

Activity 13.6: Emotional and social changes during puberty

Materials needed
• »º·Äº¸ÂË»÷ÈÁ»ÈÆ»ÄÉ 
• Ë»ÈÉ  
• ¾»»ÊÉżÆ·Æ»È
What to do:
(i) ȻƷȻ·ÍÅÈÁɾ»»Ê¿Á»ʾ»ÅÄ»ɾÅÍĸ»ÂÅÍƔ
(ii) ¿Â¿ÄʸʷÍÅȺÉ·¹¹ÅȺ¿Ä½ÊÅʾ»¾»·º¿Ä½É½¿Ì»ÄƔ
(iii) É»¸Â˻ƻÄÊÅÈ»¹ÅȺ »»Â¿Ä½ÆÅÉ¿Ê¿Ì»ÍÅȺɷĺ·È»ºÆ»ÄÊÅÈ»¹ÅȺ
»»Â¿Ä½Ä»½·Ê¿Ì»ÍÅȺÉ.
Feeling Feeling Feeling Feeling
positive words negative words positive words negative words
(Emotions) (Emotions) (Appearance) (Appearance)
ι¿Ê»º Sad »·ËÊ¿¼Ë ½ÂÏ
·ÆÆÏ ÅÄ»ÂÏ ÊÈÅĽ ¾·Æ»Â»ÉÉ

ƺ¿Ìƻ ¿ÉÆ·Ïʾ»ÍÅȺÉÏÅ˾·Ì»ÍÈ¿ÊÊ»ÄÊÅÏÅËÈÆ·ÈÊÄ»ÈƔÅø¿Ä»ÏÅËÈ¿ÉÊÉ
ÊÅ÷Á»ÅÄ»ÂÅĽ¿ÉÊƔ

176
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·¸ÅËÊÏÅËÈ·ÆÆ»·È·Ä¹»Ɣ
 ·ÂÁ·¸ÅËÊÉ¿ÊË·Ê¿ÅÄÉ;»È»ÏÅ˾·Ì»Ä»½·Ê¿Ì»»ÃÅÊ¿ÅÄɷĺ¼»»Â¿Ä½É
·¸ÅËÊÏÅËÈ·ÆÆ»·È·Ä¹»Ɣ
ƺÌ¿ƻ ˽½»ÉÊÆÅÉÉ¿¸Â»¹·Ëɻɿʾ»¸»¾·Ì¿ÅËȹ¾·Ä½»ŸɻÈÌ»º¿ÄÉÅû
¸ÅÏɷĺ½¿ÈÂɺËȿĽÆ˸»ÈÊÏƔ
ƺÌ¿¿ƻ ¾·È»ÏÅËÈÆÅ¿ÄÊÉͿʾÅʾ»È½ÈÅËÆÉ¿ÄÏÅËȹ·ÉÉƔ

13.4: Safe responsible behaviour

Activity 13.7: Identifying safe responsible behaviour
Read the following story carefully and answer questions that follow.
Ä ʸˀˀʻƑ ºËȿĽ ʾ»
»ÄŹ¿º» ½·¿ÄÉÊ ËÊÉ¿ ¿Ä ͷĺ·Ƒ
È·¹»
ͷ÷¾ÅÈÅ Í·É ʸʸ Ï»·ÈÉƔ ¾» ÀÅ¿Ä»º ¾»È ½È·ÄºÃÅʾ»È ·Äº ·ÄÅʾ»È
½ÈÅËÆżÆ»ÅÆ»ÊÅŲ»»ͷĺ·ƔÄʾ»Í·ÏÉÅû;»È»Ä»·È
¿Ê·È·Ã·
ƺ˾·Ä½·ƻƑɾ»¾»·Èº·¸·¸Ï¹ÈϿĽ¼ÈÅ÷Ļ·È¸Ï¸ËɾƔ
¾»Æ»ÅÆ»ɾ»Í·ÉͿʾËȽ»º¾»ÈÊÅÍ·ÂÁ¼·Éʻȷĺ¿½ÄÅÈ»ʾ»¸·¸ÏͱÉ
¹È¿»ÉƑɾ»¿½ÄÅÈ»ºʾ»¿ÈÅȺ»ÈÉƔ¾»ÉÄ»·Á»º¿ÄÊÅʾ»¸Ëɾ·ÄºÆ¿¹Á»º
ʾ»¸·¸ÏƔ¾»ÃÅʾ»ÈÊÅʾ»¸·¸ÏͷɺϿĽ·Äºɾ»¹Å˺ÄÅÊÉ·Ì»
¾»ÈƔ ¾» ÊÅÅÁ ʾ» ¸·¸Ï Ϳʾ ¾»È ÊÅ ¹ÅĽÅ
·ÄºÊÅÅÁ¹·È»ż¾»ÈƔ¾»ķûºʾ»¸·¸Ï
·Ä»ÉÉ· Í·É»Ɣ Ê Í·É · Ì»ÈÏ ¾·Èº ʿû
¼ÅÈ ¾»È ·Äº ʾ» ¸·¸Ï ɿĹ» ʾ»Ï ¿̻º ¿Ä ·
È»¼Ë½»»¹·ÃÆƔ
Ä ʸˀˀʽƑ ʾ»Ï È»ÊËÈÄ»º ÊÅ ͷĺ·Ɣ
ͷ÷¾ÅÈÅĻ̻ÈÍ»ÄÊÊÅɹ¾ÅÅÂƔÅͻ̻ÈƑ
ɾ»»ÄÈÅ»º·Ä»ÉÉ·¿ÄÊÅ·Ä»·È¸Ïɹ¾ÅÅÂƔ
¾» ·ÂÉÅ ÅƻĻº · É÷ ½ÈŹ»ÈÏ ɾÅÆ ¿Ä
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·Ä»ÉÉ·¿ÉÄÅÍ·½¿ÈÂͿʾ·½È»·Ê¹¾·È·¹Ê»ÈƔ
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ÊÅÉÊ˺ÏÅ¿ʿ¹·Â¹¿»Ä¹»¿Äʾ»Ä¿Ì»ÈÉ¿ÊÏ
·ÄºÆÈÅÌ¿º»·¸»Êʻȿ¼»ÊÅͷ÷¾ÅÈÅƔ

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 Activity Questions
(i) ËÊ¿ĻʻÈ»ÉÆÅÄÉ¿¸Â»¸»¾·Ì¿ÅËÈɾÅÍĸÏͷ÷¾ÅÈżÈÅÃʾ»ÉÊÅÈÏ
·¸ÅÌ»Ɣ
(ii) ËÊ¿Ļ·ÄÏʹÈ»ÉÆÅÄÉ¿¸Â»¸»¾·Ì¿ÅËÈɾÅÍĸϷĻÉÉ·¿Äʾ»ÉÊÅÈÏƔ
(iii) ÎÆ·¿Ä ¸È¿»ŲÏ ÏÅËÈ ·ÄÉÍ»ÈÉ ¿Ä ƺ¿ƻ ·Äº ƺ¿¿ƻ ·¸ÅÌ» ËɿĽ ·ÆÆÈÅÆÈ¿·Ê»
»Î·ÃÆ»ÉƔ
ƺ¿ÌƻÅÍ ¹·Ä ÏÅË º»Ì»ÂÅÆ ÆÅÉ¿Ê¿Ì» ¸»¾·Ì¿ÅËÈ ¿Á» ʾ» ÅÄ»É ÏÅË ¾·Ì»
¿º»ÄÊ¿Ű»º·¸ÅÌ»Ɣ
ƺÌƻ º»ÄÊ¿¼Ï·ÄÏʼ¿ÈÈ»ÉÆÅÄÉ¿¸Â»¸»¾·Ì¿ÅËÈ¿Äʾ»ÉŹ¿»ÊÏƔ

·¼» È»ÉÆÅÄÉ¿¸Â» ¸»¾·Ì¿ÅËÈ È»¼»ÈÉ ÊÅ ÁÄÅÍ»º½» ·Äº ÉÁ¿ÂÂÉ ʾ·Ê  ÏÅË Ä»»º ÊÅ
º»Ì»ÂÅÆÉÅ·ÉÊÅ÷Á»È¿½¾Êº»¹¿É¿ÅÄɹÅĹ»ÈĿĽÏÅËÈ¿¼»Ɣ
Why do young people need to make responsible choices in their lives?

·¼»È»ÉÆÅÄÉ¿¸Â»¸»¾·Ì¿ÅËȿĸÅÏɷĺ½¿ÈÂɿĹÂ˺»Ɠ
1. ¸ÉʿĻĹ»Ɣ¾¿Éû·ÄÉÄÅʾ·Ì¿Ä½É»Î¸»¼ÅÈ»÷ÈÈ¿·½»Ɣ
2. ·Á¿Ä½¿Ä¼ÅÈûº¹¾Å¿¹»ÉƔ»·ÈÄÊÅÉ·ÏÄÅÊÅÉ¿ÊË·Ê¿ÅÄÉʾ·Ê÷Ï»·Ì»ÏÅË
Ϳʾ¿¼»Ê¿Ã»¹ÅÄÉ»Ç˻Ĺ»ÉƔ ÅȻηÃÆ»Ƒ·ÌÅ¿º¿Ä½ÆȻ÷ȿʷÂɻθ»¹·ËÉ»
¿Ê ¹·Ä »·º ÊÅ ËÄÍ·ÄÊ»º ÆÈ»½Ä·Ä¹Ï ÅÈ ¹ÅÄÊÈ·¹Ê¿Ä½ ż É»ÎË·ÂÂÏ ÊÈ·ÄÉÿÊÊ»º
¿Ä¼»¹Ê¿ÅÄÉƔ

½¿ÈÂÈ»¼ËɿĽ·½¿¼Ê¼ÈÅà ¸ÅÏÈ»¼ËɿĽ·ºÌ·Ä¹»É¼ÈÅ÷É˽·È
·É˽·Èº·ººÏƔ ÃËÃÃÏƔ
¿½ƔʸʺƔʽƺ·ƻ·Äºƺ¸ƻƓ·Á¿Ä½¿Ä¼ÅÈûº¹¾Å¿¹»ÉƔ
3. ¾ÅÅÉ» ½Åź ¼È¿»ÄºÉƔ ¾ÅÅÉ» ¼È¿»ÄºÉ ;Å »Ä¹ÅËÈ·½» ÏÅË ÊÅ ºÅ ;·Ê ¿É
È¿½¾ÊƔÂÉÅ»ÄÉËÈ»ʾ·ÊÏÅËȼȿ»ÄºÉ÷Á»ÏÅ˼»»Â½Åź·¸ÅËÊÏÅËÈɻ¼Ɣ
4. »Ì»ÂÅÆÆÅɿʿ̷̻Â˻ɷ帻¾·Ì¿ÅËȸ·É»ºÅĿļÅÈ÷·ͷȻĻÉɷĺ
ÁÄÅÍ»º½»ƔÅ˹·ÄºÅʾ¿É¸ÏÈ»·º¿Ä½ÃÅÊ¿Ì·Ê¿Åķ¸ÅÅÁÉƑÆ·ÈÊ¿¹¿Æ·Ê¿Ä½¿Ä
¹ÅÃÃËÄ·ÂÍÅÈÁƑÉÆÅÈÊɷĺÅʾ»ÈÈ»¹È»·Ê¿Åķ·¹Ê¿Ì¿Ê¿»Éʾ·Ê¾»ÂÆÏÅË»·ÈÄƔ

178
5. ÌÅ¿º È¿ÉÁÏ ¸»¾·Ì¿ÅËÈ É˹¾ ·É ºÈ˽ ·¸ËÉ»Ƒ Ű½¾Ê¿Ä½ ·Äº Æ·ÈÊ¿¹¿Æ·Ê¿Ä½ ¿Ä
¹È¿Ã»ÉÉ˹¾·ÉÈŸ¸»ÈÏÅÈʾ»¼ÊƔ

   ¿½¾Ê¿Ä½  ÃÅÁ¿Ä½  »ÉÊÈÅϿĽÆÈÅÆ»ÈÊÏ

¿½ƔʸʺƔʾƓ¿ÉÁϸ»¾·Ì¿ÅËÈƔ
¿ÉÁϸ»¾·Ì¿ÅËȹ·ÄÈ»ÉËÂÊ¿ÄƓ
• »·Ê¾¸ÏßÀËÉÊ¿¹»Ɣ
• »¿Ä½À·¿Â»ºƺ¿ÃÆÈ¿ÉÅÄûÄÊƻƔ
• »À»¹Ê¿Åĸϼ·Ã¿ÂÏûø»ÈÉÅÈʾ»¹ÅÃÃËÄ¿ÊÏƔ
• È˽·ºº¿¹Ê¿ÅÄƑ;¿¹¾¹·Ä»·ºÊź»·Ê¾Ɣ

Practice Activity 13.3

1. ¾Å·È»ºÅ¿Ä½ʾ»¹ÅÈÈ»¹Êʾ¿Ä½ƜÎÆ·¿ÄƔ

È¿»ÄºÉ¿Ä È¿»ÄºÉ¿Ä

2. ·Ã»ʻÅʾ»ÈÈ¿ÉÁϸ»¾·Ì¿ÅËÈʾ·ÊÆËÆ¿ÂÉɾÅ˺·ÌÅ¿ºƔ
3. ·Ã»·ÄÏʼ¸»¾·Ì¿ÅËÈż·ÆËÆ¿Â;Å÷Á»É¿Ä¼ÅÈûº¹¾Å¿¹»ÉƔ

13.5: Love and Infatuation

Activity 13.8: Love or infatuation game
Read through the following statements.
(i) ¼»»Â¿ÄÉÊ·Äʺ»É¿È»ÊÅɿʹÂÅɻʞ¿Ãƭ¾»ÈƔ
(ii) »ƭɾ»¿ÉÃϼȿ»ÄºƔ»ÇË·ÈȻ·ĺɷÏÉÅÈÈÏƔÅËȼȿ»ÄºÉ¾¿ÆÁ»»ÆÉ
½ÈÅͿĽº·Ï¸Ïº·ÏƔ

179
(iii) »ƭɾ»¿ÉÆ·Ê¿»ÄÊͿʾûƔÉÅûʿûÉÆ·Ä¿¹;»Ä÷Á»ÿÉÊ·Á»ÉƑ
¸Ëʾ»ƭɾ»»Ä¹ÅËÈ·½»ÉûÊÅÊÈÏËÄÊ¿ÂÉ˹¹»»ºƔ
ƺ¿Ìƻ »ƭɾ»É·ÏÉ·ÃÆÈ»ÊÊÏƔÉÅûʿûɾ»ƭɾ»ÂÅÅÁÉ·ÊÅʾ»È½¿ÈÂÉƭ¸ÅÏÉ¿Ä
¹Â·ÉɷĺɷÏʾ»Ï·È»ÃÅÈ»¸»·ËÊ¿¼ËÂƔ
ƺÌƻ »ƭɾ» É·ÏÉ Í» ÃËÉÊ ½»Ê ÷ÈÈ¿»º È¿½¾Ê ·Í·Ï ¸»¹·ËÉ» ¾»ƭɾ» ¹·ÄÄÅÊ
È¿ÉÁÂÅɿĽûƔ
ƺÌ¿ƻ»Ê·ÂÁÉ·¸ÅËʾ¿Éƭ¾»È¼ËÊËȻƷÄÉƔ»ƭɾ»Í·ÄÊÉËÉÊÅÉÊ˺Ͼ·Èº·Äº
¸»É˹¹»ÉɼË·ºËÂÊÉƔ
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ͿʾÅËÊÍÅÈÁ¿Ä½¾·ÈºƔ
(a) ¾ÅÅÉ»¼ÈÅÃʾ»É»ÄʻŻɷ¸ÅÌ»ʾ·ÊÏÅËʾ¿ÄÁ¿Äº¿¹·Ê»ÂÅÌ»·Äº
ʾÅÉ»ʾ·Ê¿Äº¿¹·Ê»¿Ä¼·ÊË·Ê¿ÅÄƔ
ƺ¸ƻ ¾»¹ÁÏÅËÈ¿ÉÊżÉʷʻûÄÊÉƔÈ»ÏÅË·ÊÈ¿ÉÁƜ

Revision Activity 13
1. »ŰÄ»ʾ»Ê»ÈÃÈ»ÆÈź˹ʿÅÄƔ
2. º»ÄÊ¿¼Ïʾ»Æ·ÈÊÉ÷ÈÁ»º·Ƒ¸Ƒ¹·ÄººƑ¿Äʾ»¼ÅÂÂÅͿĽº¿·½È·ÃÉ

(a) (d) ƺ¹ƻ

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3. (a) 
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4. ·Ã»ʺÈ¿ÉÁϸ»¾·Ì¿ÅËÈʾ·ÊÏÅËɾÅ˺·ÌÅ¿º;¿Â»¿Äɹ¾ÅÅÂƔ
5. ËÊ¿ĻʻÆÅÉÉ¿¸Â»»Ů»¹ÊÉż¿ÈÈ»ÉÆÅÄÉ¿¸Â»É»Î˷¸»¾·Ì¿ÅËÈƔ
6. ¾·Ê¸È¿Ä½É·¸ÅËÊÉŹ¿·Â·Äº»ÃÅÊ¿Åķ¹¾·Ä½»É¿Ä½¿ÈÂɷĺ¸ÅÏÉƜ
7. ¿·Ä» ·Äº Åɾ ·È» ¾ËĽÈÏƔ ¾»Ï É»» ʾ»¿È Ä»¿½¾¸ÅËÈÉ ÷ĽÅ ÊÈ»»
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9. (a)   ¾·Ê¿ÉÆ˸»ÈÊÏƜ
ƺ¸ƻ 
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10.ÅËȼȿ»Äº¿ÉɾÅͿĽʾ»¼ÅÂÂÅͿĽÆ˸»ÈÊϹ¾·Ä½»ÉƓ
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• Í»·ÊÉ·ÂÅʷĺ¾·É¸ÅºÏźÅËÈƔ
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11. (a) ¾·ÊÍ¿ÂÂÏÅ˺ſ¼ÏÅËȹ·ÉÉ÷ʻÍÈ¿Ê»ÉÏÅË·ÂÅÌ»»ÊÊ»ÈƜÎÆ·¿Ä
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Word list
1. »·ºʾ»¼ÅÂÂÅͿĽÍÅȺÉ¿ÄÆ·¿ÈÉƔ
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3. ¿É¹ËÉÉͿʾÏÅËȼȿ»Äºʾ»û·Ä¿Ä½ż·ÄÏʺÍÅȺÉ¿Äʾ»ÍÅȺ¿ÉÊƔ
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ÅÅÁ·Êʾ»¼ÅÂÂÅͿĽÆ¿¹ÊËÈ»ÉƔ

(1) (2)

(3) (4)

(5) (6)
ƺ·ƻ ¾·Ê¿É¹ÅÃÃÅĸ»ÊÍ»»ÄÆ¿¹ÊËȻɿÄʸƑʺƑʼ·ÄºʾÅÉ»¿ÄʹƑʻ·ÄºʽƜ
ƺ¸ƻ ÈÅÃÏÅËÈÈ»ÉÆÅÄÉ»¿Äƺ·ƻ·¸ÅÌ»ƑÆÈ»º¿¹Êʾ»ÊÅÆ¿¹·È»·¹ÅÄÊ»ÄʼÅÈʸƑʹƑʺƑʻƑ
5 and 6.

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 UNIT 14 LIGHT

Introduction
¿½¾Ê¿É·¼ÅÈÃż»Ä»È½ÏƑ¿Ê¿ÉŸʷ¿Ä»º¼ÈÅÃ÷ÄÏÉÅËȹ»ÉƔ¾»É»ÉÅËȹ»É
÷ϸ»Ä·ÊËÈ·ÂÅÈ·ÈÊ¿Ű¹¿·ÂƔ
Look at the following pictures.

(a) ƺ¸ƻ ƺ¹ƻ (d)

»É¹È¿¸»»·¹¾Æ¿¹ÊËÈ»·¸ÅÌ»Ɣ
É»ʾ»Æ¿¹ÊËÈ»ÉÊÅÆÈ»º¿¹Ê;·ÊÏÅË·È»½Å¿Ä½ÊÅ»·ÈÄ¿Äʾ¿ÉËÄ¿ÊƔ

14.1: Light propagation

ÈÅÆ·½·Ê¿ÅÄû·ÄÉÊÅÉÆÈ»·ºÅÈÊÈ·Ì»ÂƔ
Activity 14.1: To investigate how light is propagated
Materials needed:
• ÊÅȹ¾Åȹ·ÄºÂ»   • ʺ»ÇË·ÂÆ¿»¹»Éż¹·Èº¸Å·Èº
• ·¿Â        • »Ä¹¿Â
What to do:
(i) ɿĽ·Ä·¿ÂƑ÷Á»É÷¾ŻɿÄʾ»¹»ÄÊÈ»żʾ»¹·Èº¸Å·ÈºÉƔ
(ii) É»·ƻĹ¿ÂÊźȷͷÉÊÈ·¿½¾Ê ·ÄºÂ»
¿Ļ¹ÅÄÄ»¹Ê¿Ä½ʾ»ÆÅÉ¿Ê¿ÅÄÉż Å»
¾Å»É¿Äʾ»¹·Èº¸Å·ÈºÉƔ ·Èº¸Å·ÈºÉ
(iii) ÈȷĽ»ʾ»Æ¿»¹»Éż¹·Èº¸Å·Èº
ÉÅʾ·Ê·ÂÂʾ»¾Å»É·Êʾ»¿È
¹»ÄÊȻɷȻ¿Ä·ÉÊÈ·¿½¾Ê¿ĻƔ
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ƺÌƻ ¸É»ÈÌ»ʾÈÅ˽¾ʾ»Åʾ»È»Äº
żʾ»¹·Èº¸Å·ÈºƔ    
What can you see? ·Èº¸Å·Èº¿Ä·ÉÊÈ·¿½¾Ê¿Ļ

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ƺÌ¿¿ƻÎÆ·¿Ä¾ÅÍ¿½¾Ê¼ÈÅÃʾ»¼ÅÂÂÅͿĽÉÅËȹ»Éż¿½¾ÊÊÈ·Ì»ÂÉƔ
(a) ¿½¾Ê¼ÈÅ÷·ÃÆ     
ƺ¸ƻ¿½¾Ê¼ÈÅÃʾ»ÉËÄ
ƺ¹ƻ¿½¾Ê¼ÈÅ÷¹·ÈƠɾ»·º·ÃÆÉ
ƺÌ¿¿¿ƻ¾·Ê¿Éʾ»ķû½¿Ì»ÄÊÅ·½ÈÅËÆżÈ·ÏÉƜ

¿½¾ÊÊÈ·Ì»ÂÉÅÄ·ÉÊÈ·¿½¾Ê¿Ļ¿Ä¼ÅÈÃż·È·ÏÅÈÈ·ÏɼÅÈÿĽ·¸»·ÃƔ
¿½¾Ê·ÂÉÅÊÈ·Ì»Âɿķº¿È»¹Ê¿ÅÄÉƔ

14.2: Medium for light transmission

Activity 14.2: Comparing how light travels through
º¿Ů»È»ÄÊûº¿·
Materials needed:
·È¿ÅËÉ÷ʻȿ·ÂɼÅȻηÃÆ»Ɠ
• ¿Â»ºÆ·Æ»È     • »·ÈÆÅÂÏʾ»Ä»Æ·Æ»È 
• ÅÊ»¸ÅÅÁÉ     • Åȹ¾     
• ÂŹÁżÍÅź    • »·È½Â·ÉÉ
What to do:
(i)
 »Ê¿ÄÊÅÏÅËÈÍÅÈÁ¿Ä½½ÈÅËÆÉƔ
(ii) »ÊÅÄ»żÏÅË¿½¾Ê·ÊÅȹ¾ÅÄʾ»÷ʻȿ·ÂÉ¿ÉÊ»º·¸ÅÌ»ÅÄ»¸ÏÅÄ»Ɣ
(iii) »Êʾ»È»ÉÊżÏÅËÉʷĺÅÄʾ»ÅÆÆÅɿʻɿº»żʾ»÷ʻȿ·Âɸ»¿Ä½
¿ÂÂËÿķʻº¸Ïʾ»ÊÅȹ¾ƔÈ¿Ê»ºÅÍÄÏÅËÈŸɻÈÌ·Ê¿ÅÄƔ
¸ÂŹÁżÍÅź ¿»¹»ż¹Â»·È½Â·ÉÉ

ƺ¿Ìƻ Äʻȹ¾·Ä½»ÉÅʾ·Ê·ÂÂżÏÅË÷Á»ŸɻÈÌ·Ê¿ÅÄÉƔ
ƺÌƻ »ÊÏÅËȽÈÅËÆÈ»ÆÅÈÊ»ÈÈ»¹ÅȺʾ»ŸɻÈÌ·Ê¿ÅÄÉ÷º»Ɣ
ƺÌ¿ƻ ¾·È»ÏÅËÈÈ»ÆÅÈÊͿʾʾ»È»ÉÊżʾ»¹Â·ÉÉƔ

184
 Compare your observations with the following:
• ¿½¾Ê Í·É É»»Ä ·Ê ʾ» Åʾ»È »Äº ;»Ä ʾ» ¹Â»·È ÆÅÂÏʾ»Ä» ·Äº ¹Â»·È
½Â·ÉÉͻȻÆËÊ¿Äʾ»Ʒʾż¿½¾ÊƔ
• Åû¿½¾ÊƺÄÅÊÃ˹¾¿½¾ÊƻÍ·ÉÉ»»Ä;»Ä·Äſ»ºÆ·Æ»ÈÍ·ÉÆËÊ¿Ä
ʾ»Ʒʾż¿½¾ÊƔ
• Å¿½¾ÊÍ·ÉÉ»»Ä;»Ä·ÄÄÅÊ»¸ÅÅÁ·Äº¸ÂŹÁżÍÅźͻȻÆËÊ¿Äʾ»
Ʒʾż¿½¾ÊƔ
From the above investigation, what conclusion can you make concerning
light transmission in transparent, translucent and opaque materials?

·Ê»È¿·ÂÉÅÈûº¿ËÃʾ·ÊÊÈ·ÄÉ¿Ê¿½¾Ê¹·Ä¸»¹Â·ÉÉ¿Ű»º·É¼ÅÂÂÅÍÉƓ
1. È·ÄÉÆ·È»ÄÊ   2. 
 È·ÄÉÂ˹»ÄÊ  3. Æ·ÇË»
Transparent media
¾»É»·È»÷ʻȿ·ÂÉʾ·Ê·ÂÂÅÍ¿½¾ÊÊÅÆ·ÉÉʾÈÅ˽¾ʾ»ÃƔ
»¹·ÄÉ»»ʾÈÅ˽¾ʾ»Ã¹Â»·ÈÂÏƔ
È·ÄÉÆ·È»ÄÊûº¿ËÃ

¿½¾ÊÈ·ÏÉ ¿½¾ÊÈ·ÏÉ

¿½ƔʸʻƔʸƓÈ·ÄÉÆ·È»ÄÊûº¿ËÃƔ
ηÃÆ»ÉżÊÈ·ÄÉÆ·È»ÄÊ÷ʻȿ·ÂɿĹÂ˺»½Â·ÉÉͿĺÅÍÉƑ¹ÅÂÅËÈ»ÉɺȿÄÁ¿Ä½
½Â·ÉÉ»ÉƑ·¿ÈƑ¹Â»·ÈͷʻȷĺͿĺɹȻ»ÄÉƔ
Name 3 other examples of transparent materials.

Translucent media
¾»É»·È»÷ʻȿ·ÂÉʾ·Ê·ÂÂÅÍÉÅû¿½¾ÊÊÅÆ·ÉÉʾÈÅ˽¾ʾ»ÃƔ
»¹·ÄÄÅÊÉ»»ʾÈÅ˽¾ʾ»Ã¹Â»·ÈÂÏƔ
È·ÄÉÂ˹»ÄÊûº¿ËÃ

¿½¾ÊÈ·ÏÉ ¿½¾ÊÈ·ÏÉ

¿½ƔʸʻƔʹƓÈ·ÄÉÂ˹»ÄÊûº¿ËÃƔ

185
ηÃÆ»ÉżÊÈ·ÄÉÂ˹»ÄÊ÷ʻȿ·ÂɿĹÂ˺»¼ÈÅÉÊ»º½Â·ÉÉƑͷλºÆ·Æ»È·Äºʾ¿Ä
Æ¿»¹»Éż¹ÂÅʾÅÈÆ·Æ»ÈƔ

Practice Activity 14.1

1. ÈÅÉÊ»º ½Â·ÉÉ ¿É ËÉ»º ¿Ä ÷Á¿Ä½ Ãź»ÈÄ ͿĺÅÍÆ·Ä»É ·Äº Êſ»Ê
ͿĺÅÍÉƔ¾·Ê¿Éʾ»·ºÌ·ÄÊ·½»żËɿĽÉ˹¾·½Â·ÉÉƜ
2. Name 2 other examples of translucent materials.

Opaque Media
¾»É»·È»÷ʻȿ·ÂÉʾ·ÊºÅÄÅÊ·ÂÂÅÍ¿½¾ÊÊÅÆ·ÉÉʾÈÅ˽¾ʾ»ÃƔ
»¹·ÄÄÅÊÉ»»ʾÈÅ˽¾ÅÆ·ÇË»÷ʻȿ·Âɸ»¹·ËÉ»ʾ»Ï¸ÂŹÁʾ»¿½¾ÊƔ

ÂŹÁ

¿½¾ÊÈ·ÏÉ
Æ·ÇË»ûº¿ËÃ

¿½ƔʸʻƔʺƓÆ·ÇË»ûº¿ËÃƔ
ηÃÆ»É ż ÅÆ·ÇË» ÷ʻȿ·ÂÉ ¿Ä¹Â˺» ÉÊÅÄ»ÉƑ ÍÅźƑ ûʷ ɾ»»ÊÉƑ ¸ÅÅÁÉƑ
ʿø»È·Äºʾ»¾Ë÷ĸźÏƔ
Name 3 other examples of opaque materials.

14.3: Laws of light propagation

»Ų»¹Ê¿ÅÄż¿½¾Ê
¹Ê¿Ì¿ÊÏʸʻƓʺƓź»ÃÅÄÉÊȷʻȻŲ»¹Ê¿ÅÄż¿½¾Ê
Materials Needed:
• Æ·ĻÿÈÈÅÈ 
• ÅËȹ»ż¿½¾Ê»Ɣ½Ɣʾ»ÉËÄÅÈÊÅȹ¾ ·Â ËÄÈ·ÏÉ
• ·ÂÂ
What to do:
1. ź·ÿÈÈÅÈ¿Äʾ»ÉËÄ·ÉɾÅÍÄ
·ÂÅĽɿº»Ɣ
2. ¾»¿½¾Ê¿ÉÈ»Ų»¹Ê»ºÊÅʾ»Í·Â¸Ï
ʾ»ÿÈÈÅÈƔ ¿ÈÈÅÈ

186
 3. ÅÍƑ¹¾·Ä½»ʾ»·Ä½Â»żʾ»ÿÈÈÅÈƔÅ»Éʾ»¿½¾ÊƷʹ¾¹¾·Ä½»¿ÊÉ
ÆÅÉ¿Ê¿ÅÄƜ
¾»Ä¿½¾Ê¼·ÂÂÉÅÄʾ»ÿÈÈÅÈƑʾ»º¿È»¹Ê¿ÅÄ¿Ä;¿¹¾¿ÊͿ¸»È»Ų»¹Ê»ºƑ
º»Æ»ÄºÉÅÄʾ»·Ä½Â»·Ê;¿¹¾ʾ»¿½¾Ê¾¿ÊÉʾ»ÿÈÈÅÈƔ

»Ų»¹Ê¿ÅÄ¿Éʾ»¹¾·Ä½»żº¿È»¹Ê¿Åĸ·¹Á¿ÄÊÅʾ»ûº¿Ë÷ɿ½¾Ê¾¿ÊÉ·
ɾ¿ÄÄÏÉËȼ·¹»Ɣ
ÃÅÅʾɾ¿ÄÏÉËȼ·¹»ÉÈ»Ų»¹ÊÃÅÉÊżʾ»¿½¾Êʾ·Ê¼·ÂÂÉÅÄʾ»ÃƔ¾»Ï·È»½Åź
È»Ų»¹ÊÅÈÉż¿½¾ÊƔ

Ĺ¿º»ÄÊÈ·ÏÉ
¿ÈÈÅÈ Ĺ¿º»ÄÊÈ·Ï »Ų»¹Ê»ºÈ·Ï

»Ų»¹Ê»ºÈ·ÏÉ ¿ÈÈÅÈ

¿½ƔʸʻƔʻƓ»Ų»¹Ê¿ÅÄż¿½¾ÊƔ
·Ïɼ·Â¿ĽÅÄʾ»ÿÈÈÅÈ·È»¹·Â»º¿Ä¹¿º»ÄÊÈ·ÏÉ.
·ÏÉʾ·Ê¸ÅËĹ»ÅŮʾ»ÉËȼ·¹»·È»¹·Â»ºÈ»Ų»¹Ê»ºÈ·ÏÉ.
È¿½¾ÊÂϹÅÂÅËÈ»ºÉËȼ·¹»ÉÈ»Ų»¹Ê¿½¾Ê¸»ÊÊ»Èʾ·ÄºË¹ÅÂÅËÈ»ºÉËȼ·¹»ÉƔ
ÏÆ»ÉżÈ»Ų»¹Ê¿ÅÄ
¾»È»·È»ÊÍÅÊÏÆ»ÉżÈ»Ų»¹Ê¿ÅÄƔ¾»É»·È»Ɠ
(a) »½Ë·ÈÈ»Ų»¹Ê¿ÅÄ ƺ¸ƻ ÈÈ»½Ë·ÈÈ»Ų»¹Ê¿ÅÄ
ƺ·ƻ»½Ë·ÈÈ»Ų»¹Ê¿ÅÄ
»½Ë·ÈÈ»Ų»¹Ê¿ÅÄŹ¹ËÈÉ;»Ä¿½¾Ê¼·ÂÂÉÅÄ·Ų·Êɾ¿ÄÏÉËȼ·¹»É˹¾·É·
ÿÈÈÅÈƔ
Ĺ¿º»ÄÊÈ·ÏÉ
»Ų»¹Ê»ºÈ·ÏÉ

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Ĺ¿º»Äʸ»·ÃżƷȷ»ÂÈ·Ïɾ·É·È»Ų»¹Ê»º¸»·ÃżƷȷ»ÂÈ·ÏÉƔ

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(b) ÈÈ»½Ë·ÈÈ»Ų»¹Ê¿ÅÄƺº¿ŮËɻȻŲ»¹Ê¿ÅÄƻ
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¼·ÂÂÉÅÄ·ÈÅ˽¾ÉËȼ·¹»Ɣ Ĺ¿º»ÄÊÈ·Ï

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º¿È»¹Ê¿ÅÄÉƔ
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rays on the picture.
¿½ƔʸʻƔʽƓÈÈ»½Ë·ÈÈ»Ų»¹Ê¿ÅÄƔ

Practice Activity 14.1:

1. ·Ã»ʻ»Î·ÃÆ»ÉżÉÃÅÅʾɾ¿ÄÏÉËȼ·¹»ÉƔ
2. ÅÃûÄÊÅÄʾ»È»Ų»¹Ê¿ÅÄż¿½¾ÊÅĺË·ĺ¸È¿½¾ÊÉËȼ·¹»ÉƔ
3. Ä;·Ê·È»·É¿ÉÁÄÅÍ»º½»·¸ÅËÊÈ»Ų»¹Ê¿ÅÄż¿½¾ÊËÉ»ºƜ
4. »É»·È¹¾ÅÄÏÅËÈ·ÆÊÅÆÅȼÈÅøÅÅÁÉ¿ÄÏÅËÈɹ¾ÅÅ¿¸È·ÈÏƔ

Refraction of light
Activity 14.4: To demonstrate refraction of light
Materials needed:
• »Ä¹¿ÂÅÈÈË»È   •
·ÉÉżÍ·Ê»È
What to do:
(i) ËÊ·ƻĹ¿Â¿ÄÊÅ·¹Â»·È½Â·ÉÉżÍ·Ê»ÈƔ
(ii) È¿Ê»ºÅÍÄʾ»ŸɻÈÌ·Ê¿ÅÄ·¸ÅËÊʾ»¸»¾·Ì¿ÅËÈżʾ»ƻĹ¿ÂÅÈÈ˻ȷÉ
ÏÅ˹¾·Ä½»¿ÊÉÅÈ¿»ÄÊ·Ê¿ÅÄ¿Äʾ»½Â·ÉÉƔ
»Ä¹¿Â

·ÉÉ

Water

Discussion
¿½¾ÊÊȷ̻¿Ľ¼ÈÅÃʾ»·¿È¿É¸»ÄÊ·Êʾ»ÉËȼ·¹»żʾ»Í·Ê»Èƺ¹ÅÄÊ·¹Ê
ÉËȼ·¹»¸»ÊÍ»»Ä·¿È·ÄºÍ·Ê»ÈƻƔ

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 »¼È·¹Ê¿ÅÄż¿½¾Ê÷Á»Éʾ»ƻĹ¿Â·ÆÆ»·È¸»ÄÊƔ
»¼È·¹Ê¿ÅÄŹ¹ËÈɸ»¹·ËÉ»¿½¾ÊÊÈ·Ì»Âɷʺ¿Ů»È»ÄÊÉÆ»»ºÉ¿Äº¿Ů»È»ÄÊ
media.

»¼È·¹Ê¿ÅÄ ¿É ʾ» ¸»Äº¿Ä½ ż · ¿½¾Ê È·Ï ;»Ä ¿Ê ÊÈ·Ì»ÂÉ ¼ÈÅà ÅÄ» ûº¿Ëà ÊÅ
·ÄÅʾ»Èº¿Ů»È»ÄÊûº¿ËÃƔ
¾»¼ÅÂÂÅͿĽ·È»»Î·ÃÆ»ÉżÈ»¼È·¹Ê¿ÅÄż¿½¾ÊƓ
• ¹Å¿Ä·Êʾ»¸ÅÊÊÅÃż·¹ÅÄÊ·¿Ä»ÈͿʾͷʻȷÆÆ»·ÈÉÈ·¿É»ºƔ
• ¿Ì»È¸»ºÉ·ÆÆ»·Èɾ·ÂÂÅÍƔ
• ¾»ŲÅÅÈżʾ»ÉÍ¿ÃÿĽÆÅÅ·ÆÆ»·ÈÉÈ·¿É»ºƔ
Revision Activity 14
1. ½ÈÅËÆżÈ·ÏɼÅÈ÷ .
2. Å˾·Ì»¸»»ÄÆÈÅÌ¿º»ºͿʾ·¿ÉÊż÷ʻȿ·ÂÉƓ
Frosted glass, oiled window pane, stone, wood, drinking glass,
polythene paper.

ÈÅËÆʾ»÷ʻȿ·ÂÉ·ÉÊÈ·ÄÉÆ·È»ÄÊƑÊÈ·ÄÉÂ˹»ÄÊÅÈÅÆ·ÇË»¿Äʾ»Ê·¸Â»
¿Á»ʾ»ÅÄ»ɾÅÍĸ»ÂÅÍƔ
Transparent Translucent Opaque

3. »ŰÄ»Ɠ
(a) »Ų»¹Ê¿ÅÄ  ƺ¸ƻ 
 »¼È·¹Ê¿ÅÄ
4. ·Ã»ʾ»ÊÍÅÊÏÆ»ÉżÈ»Ų»¹Ê¿ÅÄÉƔ
5. »ÃÅÄÉÊÈ·Ê»ʾ»È»¼È·¹Ê¿ÅÄż·¿½¾ÊËɿĽ·È˻ȷĺ·½Â·ÉÉżÍ·Ê»ÈƔ
6. ¾·ÊÁ¿ÄºżÉËȼ·¹»È»Ų»¹ÊÉmostżʾ»¿½¾Ê¼·Â¿ĽÅÄ¿ÊƜ
7. (a) ·Ã»ʾ»ÊÏÆ»żÈ»Ų»¹Ê¿ÅÄɾÅÍĸ»ÂÅÍƔ

¿ÈÈÅÈ

 ƺ¸ƻ ·Ã»È·ÏÉƓ(i) Ɣ  (ii) B.

8. »É¹È¿¸»¸È¿»ŲÏ;·Ê¿ÉŸɻÈÌ»º·Éʾ»È»¼È·¹Ê¿ÅÄƾ»ÄÅûķŹ¹ËÈÉƔ

189
9. ÅÉ»·Äº ·Ã»ÉŸɻÈÌ»º¿Ê¹·ÄºÂ»ÉʾÈÅ˽¾º¿Ů»È»ÄÊûʷ¿¹Æ¿Æ»É
·ÉɾÅÍĸ»ÂÅÍƔ

 »ÊËÆʸ »ÊËÆʹ
(a) ¾·Ê¾·ÆƻĻº¿Ä»·¹¾É»ÊËÆƜ
ƺ¸ƻ ¾·Êº¿ºʾ»»ÎƻȿûÄÊÉʾ·ÊÅÉ»·Äº ·Ã»Éº¿º¹ÅÄŰÈÃƜ
10. ¾»¼ÅÂÂÅͿĽŰ½ËÈ»ɾÅÍÉ·Ãź»Âż·ƻȿɹÅÆ»ƔƻȿɹÅÆ»Ëʿ¿ɻÉ
¿½¾ÊƔ

(a) ¾·Ê·Íż¿½¾ÊÆÈÅÆ·½·Ê¿ÅĺŻɿÊËÉ»Ɯ
ƺ¸ƻ ¾·Ê¿É·ƻȿɹÅÆ»ËÉ»º¼ÅÈƜ
11. »É¹È¿¸»¸È¿»ŲÏʾ»Ëɻɿʾ»¼ÅÂÂÅͿĽûº¿·¿Äº·¿ÂÏ¿¼»Ɣ
(a) È·ÄÉÆ·È»ÄÊûº¿·Ɣ  ƺ¸ƻ È·ÄÉÂ˹»ÄÊûº¿·Ɣ
ƺ¹ƻ 
 Æ·ÇË»ûº¿·Ɣ

Word list
1. »·ºʾ»¼ÅÂÂÅͿĽÍÅȺÉ¿ÄÆ·¿ÈÉƔ
• ĻȽÏ • Æ·ÇË» • ÈÅÆ·½·Ê¿ÅÄ • »Ų»¹Ê¿ÅÄ
• ·ÏÉ • »¼È·¹Ê¿ÅÄ • Beam • »Ų»¹ÊÅÈÉ
• È·ÄÉÆ·È»ÄÊ • È·ÄÉÂ˹»ÄÊ
2. Æ»ÂÂʺÍÅȺÉ;¿Â»ÏÅËȼȿ»ÄºÍÈ¿Ê»Éʾ»Ã¿Ä¾¿ÉÅȾ»ÈÄÅÊ»¸ÅÅÁƔ»Ê
ÏÅËȼȿ»Äº·ÂÉÅÉÆ»ÂÂʺÅʾ»ÈÍÅȺÉ·ÉÏÅËÍÈ¿Ê»ʾ»Ã¿ÄÏÅËÈÄÅÊ»¸ÅÅÁƔ
3. ¿É¹ËÉÉͿʾÏÅËȼȿ»Äºʾ»û·Ä¿Ä½ż·ÄÏʺÍÅȺÉ¿Äʾ»ÍÅȺ¿ÉÊƔ
»¼»ÈÊÅÄÅʻɿÄÏÅËÈÊ»ÎʸÅÅÁƔ

190
 UNIT 15 ELECTRICITY

Introduction
»¹ÊÈ¿¹¿ÊÏ¿É·ÄÅʾ»È¼ÅÈÃż»Ä»È½ÏƔʿɽ»Ä»È·Ê»º¼ÈÅÃÌ·È¿ÅËÉÉÅËȹ»ÉƔÊ
·ÂÉž·É·Í¿º»ȷĽ»żËÉ»ÉƔËȿĽ¿ÄÉʷ·ʿÅķĺËÉ»ż»Â»¹ÊÈ¿¹¿ÊÏÌ·È¿ÅËÉ
ÊÅÅÂɷĺ÷ʻȿ·ÂÉ·È»ËÉ»ºƔ
Look at the following pictures.

(a) ƺ¸ƻ

ƺ¹ƻ (d) (e)

ƺ¼ƻ ƺ½ƻ ƺ¾ƻ

»É¹È¿¸»»·¹¾Æ¿¹ÊËÈ»·¸ÅÌ»Ɣ
É»ʾ»Æ¿¹ÊËÈ»ÉÊÅÆÈ»º¿¹Ê;·ÊÏÅË·È»½Å¿Ä½ÊÅ»·ÈÄƔ

191
15.1: Importance of electricity
Activity 15.1: Identifying the importance of electricity
¾»¼ÅÂÂÅͿĽÆ¿¹ÊËÈ»ɾÅÍÉʾ»½»Ä»È·Â¿ÃÆÅÈʷĹ»ż»Â»¹ÊÈ¿¹¿ÊÏƔ

ȿ ¿¹ÈÅÍ·Ì»
Å·Ê È¿º½»
Ì»Ä

Car
ÈÅÄ

3 2

Electricity

4 1

·ÆÊÅÆ

TV ¾ÅÄ» ·º¿Å Åȹ¾ ·ÃÆ ˸

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»¹ÊÈ¿¹¿ÊÏ¿É¿ÃÆÅÈÊ·ÄÊ¿Äʾ»¼ÅÂÂÅͿĽÍ·ÏÉƔ
1. Ê¿ÉËÉ»ºÊÅÆÅÍ»ÈÈ·º¿ÅÉƑʻ»̿ɿÅÄÉƑ¹ÅÃÆËÊ»ÈɷĺƾÅÄ»ÉƔ
2. Ê¿ÉËÉ»ºÊÅ¿½¾Ê¾ÅûÉƑɹ¾ÅÅÂɷĺÅʾ»È¿ÃÆÅÈÊ·ÄÊÆ·¹»ÉƔ
3. Ê¿ÉËÉ»ºÊÅÆÅÍ»ÈÌ»¾¿¹Â»É·Äº÷¹¾¿Ä»ÉƔ
4. Ê¿ÉËÉ»º¼ÅȾ»·Ê¿Ä½¿ÄÅÌ»Äɷĺÿ¹ÈÅÍ·Ì»ÉƔ
5. Ê¿ÉËÉ»º¼ÅÈ·¿È¹Åĺ¿Ê¿ÅĿĽ·ÄºÈ»¼È¿½»È·Ê¿ÅÄƔ
6. É»ºÊÅÆÈ»ÉɹÂÅʾ»Éƺ¿ÈÅÄƻ·ÄºÊźÈϹÂÅʾ»É¿ÄºÈϹ»·Ä¿Ä½ɾÅÆÉƔ
7. É»ºÊÅÉź»ÈƺÆÈ»ÉÉÊŽ»Ê¾»ÈƻûʷÂÉƔ

192
15.2: Production of electricity
Activity 15.2: Field trip to electricity producing plant
¿É¿Ê·Ä»Â»¹ÊÈ¿¹¿ÊÏÆÈź˹¿Ä½Æ·ÄÊƔ

»¹ÊÈ¿¹¿ĻÉ

Dam

ÅͻȾÅËÉ»

Ëȸ¿Ä»

»¹ÊÈ¿¹¿ÊϽ»Ä»È·Ê¿Ä½Æ·ÄÊƔ

What to do:
1. ¸É»ÈÌ»¾Åͻ»¹ÊÈ¿¹¿ÊϿɽ»Ä»È·Ê»º·ÄºÉËÆÆ¿»ºƔ
2. ÉÁÇË»ÉÊ¿ÅÄÉ·¸ÅËʽ»Ä»È·Ê¿ÅÄż»Â»¹ÊÈ¿¹¿ÊÏƔ
3. ·Á»ɾÅÈÊÄÅʻɿÄÏÅËÈÄÅÊ»¸ÅÅÁƔ
4.
Ÿ·¹ÁÊÅɹ¾ÅÅ·ĺ¹ÅÃÆ·È»ʾ»ÄÅÊ»Éʾ·ÊÏÅËÍÈÅÊ»ͿʾʾÅÉ»ż
ÏÅËȼȿ»ÄºÉƔ

»¹ÊÈ¿¹¿ÊϹ·Ä¸»ÆÈź˹»º¼ÈÅÿÊÉÉÅËȹ»É¿Äº¿Ů»È»ÄÊÍ·ÏÉƔ
ÅËȹ»Éż»Â»¹ÊÈ¿¹¿ÊϿĹÂ˺»Ɠ

ÏÄ·ÃÅ

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193
 »½·Ê¿Ì»Ê»Èÿķ Åɿʿ̻ʻÈÿķÂ

ƺºƻ¿ÄººÈ¿Ì»ÄÊËȸ¿Ä» ƺ»ƻ·È¸·ÊÊ»ÈÏ
¿½ƔʸʼƔʸƓÅûÉÅËȹ»Éż»Â»¹ÊÈ¿¹¿ÊÏƔ

ʾ»ÈÉ·È»½»Ä»È·ÊÅÈÉƺº¿»É»Â and Æ»ÊÈÅÂƻƑͷʻȷĺ¼Ë»Â.

Bicycle dynamo
¸¿¹Ï¹Â»ºÏÄ·ÃÅ¿É·½»Ä»È·ÊÅÈƑ;¿¹¾ÆÈź˹»É»Â»¹ÊÈ¿¹·Â»Ä»È½Ï;»Ä
ÈÅÊ·Ê»º¸Ï·¸¿¹Ï¹Â»;»»ÂƔ

Activity 15.3: Producing electricity using a simple dynamo

Materials needed:
¿¹Ï¹Â»ͿʾºÏÄ·Ãŷĺ¸Ë¸Ɣ

What to do:
1. ¸Ê·¿Ä·¸¿¹Ï¹Â»Ϳʾ·ºÏÄ·Ãŷĺ¸Ë¸¿ÄÉʷ»ºƔ
˸

¿¹Ï¹Â»ºÏÄ·ÃÅ

2. ËÈÄ ʾ» ¸¿¹Ï¹Â» ËÆÉ¿º» ºÅÍÄ ÉÅ ʾ·Ê ¸Åʾ ;»»ÂÉ ¼·¹» ËÆ ·Äº ¿ÊÉ
Æ»º·ÂÉ·È»¼È»»Ɣ
3. Ϳʹ¾ ÅÄ ʾ» ¸Ë¸ ;»Ä ʾ» ¸¿¹Ï¹Â» ;»»ÂÉ ·È» ÄÅÊ ÃÅ̿ĽƔ What
happens to the bulb?
4. ÅÊ·Ê»ʾ»¸¿¹Ï¹Â»Æ»º·ÂÉÉÂÅÍÂÏ·ÊŰÈÉÊƔͿʹ¾ÅÄʾ»¸Ë¸·ÄºŸɻÈÌ»
;·Ê¾·ÆÆ»ÄÉƔ

194
 5. ÅÊ·Ê»ʾ»¸¿¹Ï¹Â»Æ»º·ÂÉÌ»Èϼ·ÉÊ;¿Â»ʾ»¸Ë¸¿ÉÉͿʹ¾»ºÅÄƔÅÍ
ºÅ»Éʾ»¸Ë¸·ÆÆ»·ÈƜ
6. ÂÂÅÍʾ»;»»ÂÊÅÈÅÊ·Ê»ËÄʿ¿ÊÉÊÅÆÉƔ¾·Ê¾·ÆÆ»ÄÉÊÅʾ»¸Ë¸Ɯ
What conclusion can you make from the experiment above? Compare
your notes with others.
Observation
¾»Äʾ»¸¿¹Ï¹Â»¿É·ÊÈ»ÉÊƺ;»»ÂÉÄÅÊÃÅ̿ĽƻƔ¾»¸Ë¸ºÅ»ÉÄÅÊ¿½¾ÊËÆƔ
¾»Äʾ»Æ»º·ÂÉ·È»ÈÅÊ·Ê»ºÊÅ÷Á»ʾ»;»»ÂÉÃÅÌ»Ƒʾ»¸Ë¸¿½¾ÊÉËÆƔ
¾»Äʾ»;»»ÂÉ·È»ÈÅÊ·Ê»ºÌ»Èϼ·ÉÊƑʾ»¸Ë¸¿½¾Ê½»Êɸȿ½¾Ê»ÈƔ

Conclusion
¸¿¹Ï¹Â»ºÏÄ·ÃŽ»Ä»È·Ê»É»Â»¹ÊÈ¿¹¿ÊÏ;»Äʾ»¸¿¹Ï¹Â»¿É¸»¿Ä½Æ»º·Â»ºƔ

Solar panel
Å·ÈÆ·Ä»ÂɹÅû¿Äº¿Ů»È»ÄÊɿлÉ
·Äºɾ·Æ»Éº»Æ»Äº¿Ä½ÅÄʾ»¿ÈËÉ»Ɣ
¾»Æ·Ä»ÂÉ·È»ËÉË·ÂÂÏÆ·¹»º;»È»
ʾ»Ï¹·ÄÈ»¹»¿Ì»÷οÃËÃÉËÄ¿½¾ÊƔ
ÉÅ·ÈÆ·Ä»ÂÆÈź˹»É»Â»¹ÊÈ¿¹¿ÊϸÏ
¹¾·Ä½¿Ä½¿½¾Ê»Ä»È½Ï¼ÈÅÃʾ»ÉËÄÊÅ ¿½ƔʸʼƔʹƓÅ·ÈÆ·Ä»ÂÅÄÈÅżƔ
»Â»¹ÊÈ¿¹¿ÊÏƔ

¿½ƔʸʼƔʺƓÅÄÌ»ÈÉ¿ÅÄżʾ»ÉËÄͱɻĻȽϿÄÊŻ»¹ÊÈ¿¹¿ÊÏƔ

195
¾»»Â»¹ÊÈ¿¹¿ÊÏÆÈź˹»º¹·Ä¸»ÉÊÅÈ»º¿Ä·¹·È¸·ÊÊ»ÈÏƔÊ¿Éʾ»ÄËÉ»º;»Ä
ʾ»È»¿ÉÄÅÉËÄ¿½¾Ê»ÉÆ»¹¿·ÂÂÏ·ÊÄ¿½¾ÊƔ

Activity 15.4: Producing electricity from simple solar panels

Materials needed:
¿ÃÆ»ÉÅ·ÈƷĻ»Ɣ½Ɣ·ÉÅ·È·ÃÆÅÈ
·ÉÅ·ÈÆÅͻȻº߿»ƾÅÄ»Ɣ

What to do:
(i) ¸Ê·¿Ä · ÉÅ·È ·ÃÆ ÅÈ · ÉÅ·È ÆÅͻȻº
߿»ƾÅÄ»Ɣ
(ii) ÄÉËÈ»ʾ·ÊÏÅËÈƾÅÄ»ÅÈ·ÃƺŻÉÄÅÊ
¾·Ì»ÆÅÍ»È
(iii) Ϳʹ¾ÅÄÏÅËÈƾÅÄ»ÅÈÉÅ·È·ÃÆƔWhat do you observe?
ƺ¿Ìƻ·¹»ÏÅËÈÉÅ·È·ÃÆÅÈƾÅÄ»¿Äʾ»ÉËÄƺʺʷÿÄËÊ»ÉÊÅʸ¾ÅËÈƻƔ
 ÄÉËÈ»ʾ·Êʾ»Æ·Èʾ·Ì¿Ä½ʾ»Éŷȹ»ÂÂɼ·¹»Éʾ»ÉËÄƔWhat happens?
Observation
¾»Äʾ»ÉÅ·È·ÃƺŻÉÄÅʾ·Ì»ÆÅÍ»ÈƑ¿Ê¹·ÄÄÅÊ¿½¾ÊËÆƔ¼Ê»È»ÎÆÅɿĽ
ʾ»ÉÅ·ÈÆ·Ä»ÂÊÅʾ»ÉËļÅÈÉÅûʿûƑʾ»ÉÅ·È·ÃÆ¿½¾ÊÉËÆƔ

Conclusion
ÉÅ·ÈƷĻ½»Ä»È·Ê»É»Â»¹ÊÈ¿¹¿ÊÏ;»Ä»ÎÆÅÉ»ºÊÅʾ»ÉËÄƔ

Practice Activity 15.1

1. ¾·Ê¿É¾ÏºÈŻ»¹ÊÈ¿¹
ÆÅÍ»ÈƜ
2. ¾·Ê·È»ʾ»ûÄ¿Äʾ»
Æ¿¹ÊËÈ»ºÅ¿Ä½Ɯ
3. ·Ã»ʺ¾ÏºÈŻ»¹ÊÈ¿¹
ÆÅÍ»ÈƖ½»Ä»È·Ê¿Ä½ÆÈÅÀ»¹ÊÉ¿Ä
ÅËȹÅËÄÊÈÏƔ

196
15.3: Common tools used in electricity
Activity 15.5: Identifying common tools used in electricity
·Ã»ʾ»¼ÅÂÂÅͿĽÊÅÅÂÉËÉ»º¿Ä»Â»¹ÊÈ¿¹¿ÊÏƔ

ƺ·ƻͨͨͨͨͨͨͨͨ ƺ¸ƻͨͨͨͨͨͨͨͨ ƺ¹ƻͨͨͨͨͨͨͨͨ ƺºƻͨͨͨͨͨͨͨͨ

ƺ»ƻͨͨͨͨͨͨͨͨ ƺ¼ƻͨͨͨͨͨͨͨͨ ƺ½ƻͨͨͨͨͨͨͨͨ ƺ¾ƻͨͨͨͨͨͨͨͨ

ƺ¿ƻͨͨͨͨͨͨͨͨ ƺÀƻͨͨͨͨͨͨͨͨ ƺÁƻͨͨͨͨͨͨͨͨ ƺÂƻͨͨͨͨͨͨͨͨ

¾·Ê·È»ʾ»Ëɻɿʾ»ÊÅÅÂÉɾÅÍÄ·¸ÅÌ»Ɣ

15.4: Common materials used in electricity

·Ê»È¿·ÂÉËÉ»º¿Ä»Â»¹ÊÈ¿¹¿ÊÏ·È»»¿Ê¾»È¹Åĺ˹ÊÅÈÉÅÈ¿ÄÉË·ÊÅÈÉƔ

Activity 15.6: Identifying common materials used in

electricity
·Ã»ʾ»¼ÅÂÂÅͿĽ÷ʻȿ·ÂÉËÉ»º¿Ä»Â»¹ÊÈ¿¹¿ÊÏƔ

(a) ƺ¸ƻ ƺ¹ƻ (d)

197
 (e) ƺ¼ƻ ƺ½ƻ ƺ¾ƻ

(i) ƺÀƻ (k)

ƺ¸ƻ ¾·Ê·È»ʾ»ËɻɿÊÅÅÂÉɾÅÍÄ·¸ÅÌ»Ɯ

Åĺ˹ÊÅÈɹ·Ä¸»ËÉ»ºÊÅ÷Á»¹Åĺ˹ʿĽÍ¿È»ÉƑ¹ÅÄÊ·¹ÊÉ¿ÄÉͿʹ¾»É·Äº
¼ËÉ»ÉƑÆÂ˽É·ÄºÉŹÁ»ÊÉƔ
ÄÉË·ÊÅÈÉ·È»ËÉ»ºÊÅ¿ÄÉË·ʻ»Â»¹ÊÈ¿¹¹·¸Â»É·ÄºÆȻ̻ÄÊɾÅÈÊƖ¹¿È¹Ë¿Ê¿Ä½Ɣ

15.5: Simple electric circuit

Activity 15.7: Making a simple electric circuit
Material needed:
Wire
• ÈϹ»ÂÂÉ   ˸
• ¿È»É  
• ˸É
ÈϹ»ÂÂ
What to do:
1. ÈȷĽ» ʾ» ÷ʻȿ·ÂÉ ¿ÉÊ»º ·¸ÅÌ»
·ÉɾÅÍÄ¿Äʾ»º¿·½È·ÃƔ
2. »ÃÅÌ»ÅÄ»»Äºżʾ»Í¿È»¼ÈÅÃʾ»ºÈϹ»ÂÂƔ¾·Ê¾·ÆÆ»ÄÉƔ
Additional work
(i) ·Á»Åʾ»È¹¿È¹Ë¿ÊɸϹÅÄÄ»¹Ê¿Ä½ÊÍÅÅÈÃÅÈ»ºÈϹ»ÂÂÉƔ

198
 (ii) ÅÄÄ»¹ÊÆÅɿʿ̻ʻÈÿķÂÉżºÈϹ»ÂÂÉÊÅÄ»½·Ê¿Ì»Ê»ÈÿķÂÉ·ÉɾÅÍÄ
¿Äʾ»¼ÅÂÂÅͿĽ»Î·ÃÆ»Ɣ

(iii) ·Á»ÏÅËÈŸɻÈÌ·Ê¿ÅÄÉƔÅÊ»ʾ»¸È¿½¾ÊÄ»ÉÉżʾ»¸Ë¸;»ÄÅÄ»ºÈÏ
¹»Â¿ɹÅÄÄ»¹Ê»º·Äº;»ÄÊÍźÈϹ»ÂÂÉ·È»¹ÅÄÄ»¹Ê»ºƔ

Ļ»¹ÊÈ¿¹¹¿È¹Ë¿Ê¿É·ƷʾʾÈÅ˽¾;¿¹¾»Â»¹ÊÈ¿¹¿ÊÏŲÅÍÉƔ¾»÷ÀÅÈÆ·ÈÊÉż·
É¿ÃÆ»»Â»¹ÊÈ¿¹¹¿È¹Ë¿Ê·È»Ɠ
(a) 
 ÅËȹ»ż»Ä»È½ÏÅÈÆÅÍ»ÈÉËÆÆÂÏƺºÈϹ»ÂÂÅȸ·ÊÊ»ÈÏƻ
ƺ¸ƻ 
 Åĺ˹ʿĽÍ¿È»É
ƺ¹ƻ 
 ¸Ë¸
(d) Ϳʹ¾ƺÅÄÊÈÅ»Èƻ

Practice Activity 15.2

È·Íʾ»Æ¿¹ÊËÈ»ɾÅÍĸ»ÂÅÍ¿ÄÏÅËÈÄÅÊ»¸ÅÅÁÉƔ

¿È¹Ë¿Ê
Name the parts that you know.

Controlling an electric circuit

Ļ»¹ÊÈ¿¹¹¿È¹Ë¿Ê¹·Ä¸»¹ÅÄÊÈÅ»º¸Ï·ÉͿʹ¾Ɣ
¾»ÉͿʹ¾¾»ÂÆÉÊŹÅÄÊÈÅÂʾ»ŲÅÍż»Â»¹ÊÈ¿¹¹ËÈÈ»ÄʸÏÉͿʹ¾¿Ä½¿ÊÅÄÅÈÅŮƔ
¾»ÄÏÅËÉͿʹ¾ÅÄƑÏÅ˹ÅÃÆ»ʻ ʾ»¹¿È¹Ë¿ÊƔ¾»ÄÏÅËÉͿʹ¾ÅŮƑÏÅ˸Ȼ·Á
ʾ»¹¿È¹Ë¿Ê.

199
 Activity 15.8: Controlling an Electric circuit
What to do:
1. ·Ã»ʾ»ʾ¿Ä½É¿ÄÏÅËȾÅûɷĺ·Êɹ¾ÅÅÂʾ·ÊËÉ»ÉͿʹ¾»ÉƔ¿ÉÊ
ʾ»ÃºÅÍÄ¿ÄÏÅËÈÄÅÊ»¸ÅÅÁÉƔ
2. ·Á»É»ÊƖËÆÉ·ÉɾÅÍĸ»ÂÅÍƔ

Ϳʹ¾

   »ÊƖËÆ »ÊƖËÆ
3. (a) Does the bulb light in Set-up A light?
     È¿Ê»ºÅÍÄÈ»·ÉÅÄɼÅÈÏÅËÈ·ÄÉÍ»ÈƔ
 ƺ¸ƻ Does the bulb light in Set-up B light?
È¿Ê»ºÅÍÄÈ»·ÉÅÄɼÅÈÏÅËÈ·ÄÉÍ»ÈƔ
Explanation
»ÊƖËÆ Ɠ¾»¸Ë¸ºÅ»ÉÄÅÊ¿½¾Ê;»ÄÏÅ˺¿É¹ÅÄÄ»¹Êʾ»ÉͿʹ¾»Äº¼ÈÅÃ
ʾ»ºÈϹ»ÂÂƔ¾¿É¿ÉÉŸ»¹·ËÉ»ʾ»¹¿È¹Ë¿Ê¿É¿Ä¹ÅÃÆ»ʻ.
»ÊƖËÆ BƓ¾»¸Ë¸¿½¾ÊÉ;»ÄÏÅ˹ÅÄÄ»¹Êʾ»ÉͿʹ¾ÊÅʾ»ºÈϹ»ÂÂƔ¾»
É»ÊËÆ¿ÉÉ·¿ºÊŸ»·¹ÅÃÆ»ʻ ¹¿È¹Ë¿Ê.

15.6 Dangers of electricity

Activity 15.9: Investigating dangers of electricity
Materials needed:
¾·ÈÊɷĺ¹ËÊƖÅËÊÉɾÅͿĽº·Ä½»ÈÉż»Â»¹ÊÈ¿¹¿ÊÏ

What to do:
(i) ¸Ê·¿Ä¹¾·ÈÊɷĺ¹ËÊƖÅËÊÉʾ·ÊɾÅÍʾ»º·Ä½»ÈÉż»Â»¹ÊÈ¿¹¿ÊÏƔ
(ii) ¸É»ÈÌ» ʾ» ¹¾·ÈÊÉ ·Äº Æ¿¹ÊËÈ»ÉƔ È¿Ê» ºÅÍÄ ʾ» º·Ä½»ÈÉ ʾ·Ê ÏÅË
¾·Ì»ŸɻÈÌ»º¿ÄÏÅËÈÄÅÊ»¸ÅÅÁÉƔ

200
 (iii) ÈÅÍÉ»ÅÄÏÅËÈ·ÆÊÅÆ·¸ÅËÊʾ»º·Ä½»ÈÉż»Â»¹ÊÈ¿¹¿ÊÏƔ
ƺ¿Ìƻ »·ºʾ»¼ÅÂÂÅͿĽÆÅ»Ã
»¹ÊÈ¿¹¿ÊÏ¿ÉÍÅĺ»È¼ËÂƑ
Ê÷Á»ÉÅËÈ¿̻ɹÅÂÅ˼ËÂƑ
ËÊÍ·¿ÊƑ¿Ê¹·Ä·ÂÉŸ»ɾŹÁ¿Ä½Ƒ
¾¿ÉÆŻù·Ä¸»ʾ»ËÄÂŹÁ¿Ä½Ɣ

»¹ÊÈ¿¹¿ÊϼÈÅÃʾ»÷¿ÄÉƑÉÅÆÅͻȼËÂƑ
ÊƠÉÄÅÊ¿Á»¼ÈÅÃʾ»ºÈϹ»ÂÂÉƑÉÅÆ»·¹»¼ËÂƑ
ʹ·Ä¸»¹ÅÂÅËȼËÂƑϻɸËʿʹ·ÄÁ¿ÂÂÏÅËƘ
»·É»¿ÉʻĹ·È»¼ËÂÂÏƑϻɿʹ·ÄÁ¿ÂÂÏÅËƘ

ÊÅÆƘÅûʷÂÉ¿Äʾ»ÆÂ˽ÉƑ
·Ê¹¾ÅËÊƘ¾·ÊÍ¿È»¿É»ÎÆÅÉ»ºƑ
ÅƘºÅÄƠÊÊÅ˹¾ͿʾÊ¿ÄÏͻʾ·ÄºÉƘ
ÅÄƠÊÊ·Á»ʾ»È¿ÉÁƑ·ÂÍ·ÏÉ·ÉÁ¼ÅȾ»ÂÆƔ
Questions
(a) ÅûËÆͿʾ·ÉË¿Ê·¸Â»Ê¿Ê»¼ÅÈʾ»ÆÅ»ÃƔ
 ƺ¸ƻ ËÊ¿Ļʻº·Ä½»ÈÉż»Â»¹ÊÈ¿¹¿ÊÏûÄÊ¿ÅÄ»º¿Äʾ»ÆÅ»ÃƔ
 ƺ¹ƻ ¾ÅºÅÏÅËʾ¿ÄÁʾ»ÆŻ÷ººÈ»ÉÉ»ÉƜ ËÉÊ¿¼ÏÏÅËÈ·ÄÉÍ»ÈƔ
(d) È¿Ê»ºÅÍÄÍ·ÏÉ¿Ä;¿¹¾ÅÄ»¹·Ä·ÌÅ¿ºº·Ä½»Èɹ·ËÉ»º
  ¸
 ϻ»¹ÊÈ¿¹¿ÊÏƔ
ƺÌƻ ·Á»·ÆÅÉÊ»ÈÊÅÍ·ÈÄÅÈÊ»·¹¾ÏÅËȼȿ»ÄºÉ·¸ÅËʺ·Ä½»ÈÉż»Â»¹ÊÈ¿¹¿ÊÏƔ
ƺÌ¿ƻ »¹ÊÈ¿¹¿ÊÏÍ·É¿ÄÉʷ»º¿ÄÈƔ̷ľÅËÉ»·ÉÊÍ»»Á»ÄºƔ¾»»Â»¹ÊÈ¿¹¿·Ä
¼ÅȽÅÊÊÅ¿ÄÉʷ·ÉͿʹ¾¿Ä¾¿É¸»ºÈÅÅÃƔ¾·ÊÆÈŸ»ÃÉÍ¿ÂÂÈƔÌ·Ä
¾·Ì»Ɯ

»¹ÊÈ¿¹¿ÊÏ¿É·Ì»ÈÏËÉ»¼Ë¼ÅÈÃż»Ä»È½ÏƔÊ¿É¿ÃÆÅÈÊ·ÄʼÅÈÏÅËÊŸ»¹·È»¼ËÂ
;»ÄËɿĽ¿ÊƑ¸»¹·ËÉ»¿Ê¹·Ä¸»Ì»ÈϺ·Ä½»ÈÅËÉƔ
¾»Äÿɾ·ÄºÂ»ºƑ»Â»¹ÊÈ¿¹¿ÊϹ·Ä¹·ËÉ»º·Ä½»ÈÉÉ˹¾·ÉƓ
• ËÈÄÉ       • ¿È»É     
• »¹ÊÈŹËÊ¿ÅÄ    • »·Ê¾É   
• »ÉÊÈ˹ʿÅÄż»Â»¹ÊÈ¿¹·Â·ÆÆ¿·Ä¹»É

201
¾»¼ÅÂÂÅͿĽÆÈ·¹Ê¿¹»ÉɾÅ˺¸»·ÌÅ¿º»º¸»¹·ËÉ»ʾ»Ï¿Ä¹È»·É»ʾ»º·Ä½»ÈÉ
ż»Â»¹ÊÈ¿¹¿ÊÏƔ
• ÄÉ»ÈʿĽÄ·¿ÂɷĺÅʾ»Èûʷ¿¹ŸÀ»¹ÊÉ¿ÄÊÅÉŹÁ»ÊÉƔ
• Å˹¾¿Ä½»Â»¹ÊÈ¿¹·Â·ÆÆ¿·Ä¹»ÉͿʾͻʾ·ÄºÉƔ
•  »Æ·¿È¿Ä½»Â»¹ÊÈ¿¹·Â·ÆÆ¿·Ä¹»É;¿Â»ÉÊ¿ÂÂÆÂ˽½»º¿ÄƔ
• ƻȷʿĽ»Â»¹ÊÈ¿¹·Â·ÆÆ¿·Ä¹»ÉͿʾº·Ã·½»º¹·¸Â»ÉƔ
List 5 other practices that should be avoided.

Revision Activity 15
1. ¸¿¹Ï¹Â»ºÏÄ·ÃÅÆÈź˹»É»Â»¹ÊÈ¿¹¿ÊÏ;»Äʾ»¸¿¹Ï¹Â»¿É·ÊÈ»ÉÊƔ
TRUE/FALSE

2. ¸É»ÈÌ»ʾ»¼ÅÂÂÅͿĽ¹¿È¹Ë¿Êº¿·½È·ÃƔ   
Will the bulb light up? Explain.

3. ·Ã»·ÄÏÊÍÅÉÅËȹ»Éż»Â»¹ÊÈ¿¹¿ÊÏʾ·ÊÏÅËËÉ»¿ÄÏÅËȾÅûÉƔ
4. ÎÆ·¿Ä¸È¿»ŲϾÅÍ·ÉÅ·ÈÆ·Ä»ÂÆÈź˹»É»Â»¹ÊÈ¿¹¿ÊÏƔ
5. (a) ÅÄÉÊÈ˹Ê·¹¿È¹Ë¿ÊͿʾÊÍźÈϹ»ÂÂɷĺÅÄ»¸Ë¸Ɣ
ƺ¸ƻ È·Íʾ»¹¿È¹Ë¿ÊÏÅ˾·Ì»÷º»
ƺ¹ƻ ·¸»Â·ÂÂʾ»Æ·ÈÊÉżʾ»¹¿È¹Ë¿ÊƔ
6. ·Ã»ÊÍÅ÷ʻȿ·ÂÉʾ·Ê·È»½Åź¹Åĺ˹ÊÅÈÉż»Â»¹ÊÈ¿¹¿ÊÏƔ
7. È¿Ê»ºÅÍÄʺÍ·ÏÉżÆȻ̻ÄʿĽʾ»º·Ä½»ÈÉż»Â»¹ÊÈ¿¹¿ÊÏ;»ÄËɿĽ
»Â»¹ÊÈ¿¹·Â·ÆÆ¿·Ä¹»ÉƔ

Johnette made the following circuit

from locally available materials.
8. ·Ã»¼ÅËÈ÷ʻȿ·ÂÉʾ·Êɾ»ËÉ»ºÊÅ
 ÷Á»ʾ»¹¿È¹Ë¿ÊƔ
9. ÅÈËÃÍ·ÄÊÉÊÅ¿ÃÆÈÅÌ»ÅÄ žĻÊÊ»ͱÉÉ»ÊËÆÉÅ·ÉÊÅ÷Á»ʾ»¸Ë¸
¿½¾ÊÃÅÈ»¸È¿½¾ÊÂÏƔWhat should he do?
10. (a)  ¾»Ä žĻÊÊ»»¼Êʾ»¹¿È¹Ë¿ÊÅļÅÈ·ÂÅĽʿûƔ¾»¸Ë¸ÉÊÅÆÆ»º
   ¿½¾Ê¿Ä½Ɣ¾·Êÿ½¾Ê¾·Ì»¾·ÆƻĻºƜ
 ƺ¸ƻ   Å͹·Ä žĻÊÊ»ÉÅÂÌ»ʾ»ÆÈŸ»Ã¿Ä(a)·¸ÅÌ»Ɯ

202
11. (a)·Ã»·ÄÏʺ»Â»¹ÊÈ¿¹·Â·ÆÆ¿·Ä¹»Éʾ·Ê¾·Ì»ʾ»Æ·ÈÊɾÅÍĸ»ÂÅÍƔ

ƺ¸ƻ ¾·Ê ¹·Ä ¾·ÆÆ»Ä ¿¼ ·Ä »Â»¹ÊÈ¿¹ ·ÆÆ¿·Ä¹» ¾·É ʾ» º·Ã·½» ·É
ɾÅÍÄ¿Äʾ»Æ¿¹ÊËÈ»Ɯ
ƺ¹ƻ¾·Ê û·ÉËÈ»É Í¿Â ÏÅË Ê·Á» ¿¼ ÏÅË ¾·Ì» ·Ä »Â»¹ÊÈ¿¹·Â ·ÆÆ¿·Ä¹»
ʾ·Ê¾·Éʾ»º·Ã·½»ɾÅÍÄ¿Äʾ»Æ¿¹ÊËÈ»Ɯ

Word list
1. »·ºʾ»¼ÅÂÂÅͿĽÍÅȺÉ¿ÄÆ·¿ÈÉƔ
• »¹ÊÈ¿¹¿ÊÏ • ¿È¹Ë¿Ê •
»Ä»È·ÊÅÈ • ÈϹ»ÂÂ
• ÏÄ·ÃÅ • »¹ÊÈ¿¹ɾŹÁ • Å·ÈƷĻ • Ϳʹ¾
• ËÉ» •
»Åʾ»È÷ • Ëȸ¿Ä»É • Â˽
• ŹÁ»Ê • »ÉÊ»È • »¹ÊÈ¿¹ûÊÈ»
2. Æ»ÂÂʺÍÅȺÉ;¿Â»ÏÅËȼȿ»ÄºÍÈ¿Ê»Éʾ»Ã¿Ä¾¿ÉÅȾ»ÈÄÅÊ»¸ÅÅÁƔ»Ê
ÏÅËȼȿ»Äº·ÂÉÅÉÆ»ÂÂʺÅʾ»ÈÍÅȺÉ·ÉÏÅËÍÈ¿Ê»ʾ»Ã¿ÄÏÅËÈÄÅÊ»¸ÅÅÁƔ
3. ¿É¹ËÉÉͿʾÏÅËȼȿ»Äºʾ»û·Ä¿Ä½ż·ÄÏʺÍÅȺÉ¿Äʾ»ÍÅȺ¿ÉÊƔ
»¼»ÈÊÅÄÅʻɿÄÏÅËÈÊ»ÎʸÅÅÁƔ

203
TOPIC AREA : MATERIALS AND STATE
OF MATTER

ÅÅÁ·Êʾ»¼ÅÂÂÅͿĽÆ¿¹ÊËÈ»ÉƔ

(a) (d)

ƺ¸ƻ

(e)
ƺ¹ƻ

ƺ¼ƻƺ½ƻ

ƺ¾ƻ (i)
ƺ·ƻ ¾·Ê¿Éʾ»½»Ä»È·Âķû½¿Ì»ÄÊÅ·Ƒ¸Ƒ¹ƑºƑ»Ƒ¼·Äº½Ɯ
ƺ¸ƻ ¾·Ê·È»»·ÈÄ»Èɿľ·Äºƺ¿ƻºÅ¿Ä½Ɯ
ƺ¹ƻ È»º¿¹Êʾ»ÊÅÆ¿¹·È»·¹ÅÄÊ»ÄʼÅÈʾ¿ÉËÄ¿ÊƔ

204
 UNIT 16 MATERIALS

Introduction
·Ê»È¿·ÂÉÈ»¼»ÈÊÅʾ¿Ä½É·ÈÅËĺËÉƔ¾»É»ʾ¿Ä½É¹·Ä¸»ÉÅ¿ºÉƑ¿ÇË¿ºÉÅÈ
½·É»ÉƔ»ËÉ»÷ʻȿ·ÂÉ·ÈÅËĺËÉ¿ÄÅËȺ·¿ÂÏ·¹Ê¿Ì¿Ê¿»ÉƔ
Look at the following pictures.

(a) ƺ¸ƻ ƺ¹ƻ

(d) (e) ƺ¼ƻ

ƺ½ƻ ƺ¾ƻ (i)

»É¹È¿¸»»·¹¾Æ¿¹ÊËÈ»·¸ÅÌ»Ɣ
É»ʾ»Æ¿¹ÊËÈ»ÉÊÅÆÈ»º¿¹Ê;·ÊÏÅË·È»½Å¿Ä½ÊÅ»·ÈÄƔ

ʸʽƔʸƓ ·ÉÉ¿Ű¹·Ê¿ÅÄż÷ʻȿ·ÂÉ
·ÊËÈ·Â÷ʻȿ·Âɹ·Ä¸»¹Â·ÉÉ¿Ű»º¸ÈÅ·ºÂÏ¿ÄÊÅÊÍÅƓ
1. »Ê·ÂÉ     2. 
 ÅÄûʷÂÉ

205
 Activity 16.1: Grouping materials as metals and non-metals
What to do:
(i) º»ÄÊ¿¼ÏÌ·È¿ÅËÉ÷ʻȿ·ÂÉËÉ»º·Ê¾Åû·Äº·Êɹ¾ÅÅÂƓ
• »Â    • Å»       • ¾È»·º    •
·ÉÉ
• Ä·¿Â   • É ·Ë¹»Æ·Ä    • ÆÅÅÄ    • ÅÅÁ
• È¿¹Á   •  ·ÉÊ¿¹Æ»ÄÉ   • ¿»¹»ż¿ÈÅÄɾ»»Ê 
(ii)
ÈÅËÆ ʾ» ÷ʻȿ·ÂÉ ¹Å»¹Ê»º ·É ûʷÂÉ ÅÈ ÄÅÄ ûʷÂÉ ¿Ä ʾ» Ê·¸Â»
¸»ÂÅÍƓ
Metals Non-metals

(iii)
¿Ì»È»·ÉÅÄɼÅȽÈÅËƿĽʾ»÷ʻȿ·ÂÉ·ÉÏÅ˺¿ºƔ
ƺ¿Ìƻƺ·ƻ Åʾ»¼ÅÂÂÅͿĽÊÅʾ»÷ʻȿ·ÂÉƓ
• ¿Êʾ»ÃͿʾ·ÉÊ¿¹ÁƔ   
• »»Â¾Å;»·ÌÏʾ»Ï·È»Ɣ
• ¸É»ÈÌ»ʾ»¿È·ÆÆ»·È·Ä¹»Ɣ
• »Äº·ÄºÉÊÈ·¿½¾Ê»Äʾ»ÃƔ
• ÊȻʹ¾ʾ»ÃƔ
 ƺ¸ƻ È¿Ê»ºÅÍĽ»Ä»È·Â¹¾·È·¹Ê»È¿ÉÊ¿¹ÉżûʷÂɷĺÄÅÄûʷÂÉ
  ¼ ÈÅÃÏÅËÈŸɻÈÌ·Ê¿ÅÄ¿Ä(a)·¸ÅÌ»Ɣ
ƺÌƻ ÅÃÆ·È» ¾ÅÍ ÏÅË ½ÈÅËÆ»º ʾ» ÷ʻȿ·ÂÉ ·Äº ʾ» ŸɻÈÌ·Ê¿ÅÄÉ ʾ·Ê
ÏÅ˾·Ì»÷º»Ɣ

Non metals
ÄÅÄûʷ¿ɷ÷ʻȿ·Âʾ·Ê·¹ÁÉ
ûʷ¿¹¹¾·È·¹Ê»È¿ÉÊ¿¹ÉƔ
¾»¼ÅÂÂÅͿĽ·È»÷ÀÅÈÆÈÅÆ»ÈÊ¿»ÉżÄÅÄ
ûʷÂÉƓ
1. ÅÉÊ ÄÅÄ ûʷÂÉ ·È» ÆÅÅÈ ¹Åĺ˹ÊÅÈÉ È¿¹Á ·Æ»È
ż¸Åʾ¾»·Ê·Äº»Â»¹ÊÈ¿¹¿ÊÏƔ
2. ¾»Ï·È»ÉżÊ·Äº¸È»·Á»·É¿ÂÏƔ
3. ÅÉʾ·Ì»·ºË·ÆÆ»·È·Ä¹»Ɣ
Write in your notebooks two other properties
of non metals. ·ÉÊ¿¹ Åź

¿½ƔʸʽƔʸƓηÃÆ»ÉżÄÅÄ
ûʷ¿¹ʾ¿Ä½ÉƔ

206
ÅÃÃÅĻηÃÆ»ÉżÄÅÄûʷÂɿĹÂ˺»¸È¿¹ÁÉƑÆ·Æ»ÈƑÆ·ÉÊ¿¹ÉƑÍÅź·Äº
½Â·ÉÉƔ

Metals
ûʷ¿ɷ÷ʻȿ·Âʾ·Ê¿ÉÊÏÆ¿¹·ÂÂϾ·Èº·Äºɾ¿ÄÏƔ

Common metals
ÄÄ·ÊËÈ»ƑûʷÂÉ·È»¼ÅËĺÅÄÅÈ¿Äʾ»»·Èʾ¹ÈËÉÊƔ
ηÃÆ»É ż ¹ÅÃÃÅÄ ûʷÂÉ ¿Ä¹Â˺» ·ÂËÿÄËÃƑ пĹƑ ¿ÈÅÄƑ Ê¿ÄƑ »·ºƑ ¹ÅÆÆ»ÈƑ
É¿Â̻ȷĺ½ÅºƔ

Physical properties of metals

Activity 16.2: Investigating physical properties of metals
What you need:
• »·ÊÉÅËȹ»   • ·¿Â   • 
 Åź»Ä¾·ÄºÂ»ÅÈÆ¿»¹»ż¹ÂÅʾ
What to do:
(i) ¿½¾Êʾ»¾»·ÊÉÅËȹ»Ɣ
(ii) »·Êʾ»Ä·¿Â½»ÄÊÂÏƔ
(iii) 
 ¾·Ê¹·ÄÏÅ˼»»ÂƜ
 ·ËÊ¿ÅÄƓDo no hold the nail until it is very hot or you will get burnt.
ƺ¿Ìƻ É»·ÍÅź»Ä¾·ÄºÂ»ÅÈÆ¿»¹»ż¹ÂÅʾÊžźʾ»Ä·¿ÂƔÅ;»·Êʾ»Ä·¿ÂƔ

ƺÌƻ ¾·ÊºÅÏÅ˼»»ÂƜ¾ÏƜ
Observation
• ¾»ÄÏÅ˾źʾ»Ä·¿Â¿ÄÏÅËȾ·Äº·Äº¾»·Ê¿ÊƑ¿ÊͿ½»Ê¾ÅÊƔÅËÍ¿ÂÂ
¼»»Âʾ»¾»·Ê¿ÄÏÅËȾ·ÄºÉƔ
• ¾»ÄÏÅ˾źʾ»Ä·¿ÂͿʾ·ÍÅź»Ä¾·ÄºÂ»ÅÈ·Æ¿»¹»ż¹ÂÅʾƑÏÅË
Í¿ÂÂÄÅʼ»»Âʾ»¾»·ÊƔ¾»ÍÅź»Ä¾·ÄºÂ»ÅÈÆ¿»¹»ż¹ÂÅʾ¿ÉÄÅÊ·½Åź
¹Åĺ˹ÊÅÈż¾»·ÊƔ
Conclusion
»Ê·ÂɹÅĺ˹ʾ»·ÊƔ

207
¾»¼ÅÂÂÅͿĽ·È»ʾ»½»Ä»È·ÂƾÏÉ¿¹·ÂÆÈÅÆ»ÈÊ¿»ÉżûʷÂÉƓ
1. ¾»Ï·È»ɾ¿ÄÏƔ
2. ¾»Ï·È»ÉÅÄÅÈÅËÉƯÅÉÊ÷Á»·¸»ÂÂƖ¿Á»ÉÅËĺ;»Ä¾¿ÊƔ
3. ¾»Ï·È»½Åź¹Åĺ˹ÊÅÈÉż»Â»¹ÊÈ¿¹¿ÊϷĺ¾»·ÊƔ
Name 5 other properties of metals.

¿Ä·ÃÆ ¾ÅÌ»Â

¹È»Í

·¿Â ÆÅÅÄ Pan

¿½ƔʸʽƔʹƓηÃÆ»Éżûʷ¿¹ʾ¿Ä½ÉƔ

16.2: Uses of common metals

Activity 16.3: identifying uses of common metals
(i) Å»¹Ê ûʷ¿¹ ÷ʻȿ·ÂÉ É˹¾ ·É ¹·ÄÉƑ Ä·¿ÂÉƑ ¹Å¿ÄÉƑ ÉÆÅÅÄÉƑ ·Î»Ƒ
»Â»¹ÊÈ¿¹Í¿È»ÉƑ¿ÈÅÄɾ»»ÊÆ¿»¹»É·Äº¸È¿Ä½ʾ»ÃÊÅɹ¾ÅÅÂƔ
(ii)
ÈÅËÆʾ»Ã·¹¹ÅȺ¿Ä½ÊÅʾ»ûʷÂʾ»Ï·È»÷º»¼ÈÅÃƔ

1. ÈÅÄ¿ÉËÉ»ºÊÅ÷Á»ÈÅÅŰĽ÷ʻȿ·ÂɾŻÉƑɾÅÌ»ÂÉƑɹȻÍɷĺķ¿ÂÉƔ

ƺ·ƻÆÅÅÄ ƺ¸ƻÅ» ƺ¹ƻ¹È»Í ƺºƻÈÅÄɾ»»ÊÉ

208
2. ÅÆÆ»ÈƑ É¿ÂÌ»Èand¸ÈÅÄл·È»ËÉ»ºÊÅ ¿¹Á»ÂÆ·ʻºÉÊ»»Â
÷Á»¹Å¿Äɷĺûº·ÂÉƔ
 ÅÆƻȿÉËÉ»ºÊÅ÷Á»»Â»¹ÊÈ¿¹Í¿È»É
·ÄºÍ·Ê»ÈÆ¿Æ»ÉƔ

3.
ź and É¿Â̻ȷȻËÉ»ºÊÅ÷Á»
À»Í»Â»ÈϷĺÅʾ»Èº»¹ÅÈ·Ê¿Ì»¿Ê»ÃÉƔ ÅÆÆ»ÈÆ·ʻºÉÊ»»Â
ƺ»ƻÅ¿Ä ƺ¼ƻ»¹ÊÈ¿¹Í¿È»É

ƺ½ƻ »Í»Â»ÈÏ
ƺ¾ƻź·¹·Ä ƺ¿ƻ»·Ä¹·Ä ƺÀƻ¿Ä·ÃÆ
4. Tin¿ÉËÉ»ºÊÅ÷Á»¹·Äɷĺ
 Ê¿Ä·ÃÆÉƔ

ƺÁƻ·ÄÉ
5. ÂËÿÄËÿÉËÉ»ºÊÅ÷Á»ɷ˹»Æ·ÄÉƔ
¿½ƔʸʽƔʺƓÅÃÃÅÄŸÀ»¹ÊÉ÷º»żûʷÂÉƔ

Practice Activity 16.1:

ɿĽÏÅËÈÈÅÍÉ»¹Ê¿Ì¿ÊÏƓ
1. »·È¹¾·ÄºÍÈ¿Ê»¿ÄÏÅËÈÄÅÊ»¸ÅÅÁÅʾ»ÈËɻɿûʷÂÉƔ
2. ¿ÄºÅËÊ;·Êûʷ·ʼʷͷĺ·Ä ȷĹ¹Å¿Ä¿É÷º»żƔ
3. »·È¹¾·ÄºÍÈ¿Ê»¿ÄÏÅËÈÄÅÊ»¸ÅÅÁûʷÂÉʾ·Ê·È»¼ÅËĺ¿Äͷĺ·ÅÈ
ʾ»Ä»¿½¾¸ÅËȿĽ¹ÅËÄÊ¿»ÉƔ

16.3: Maintenance of metals

Activity 16.4: identifying maintenance of metals
(i)
żÅÈ·Í·ÂÁ·ÈÅËĺÏÅËÈɹ¾ÅÅÂƔ
(ii) ¸É»ÈÌ»ʾ»ÈÅżÉƔ
(iii) 
 ÅÃûÄÊ·¸ÅËÊÈÅżÉʾ·Ê·È»Æ·¿ÄÊ»º·ÄºʾÅÉ»ÄÅÊÆ·¿ÄÊ»ºƔ
ƺ¿Ìƻ¿É¹ËÉÉ;Ïûʷ¿¹ÊÅÅÂÉ·È»÷¿ÄÊ·¿Ä»º¸Ïſ¿Ľ·ÄºÉÊÅȿĽ¿Ä·ºÈÏ
Æ·¹»Ɣ

1. Painting the metal

 ·¿ÄʿĽ ûʷÂÉ ÆȻ̻ÄÊÉ ¹ÅÈÈÅÉ¿ÅÄƔ ÅÈÈÅÉ¿ÅÄ Ź¹ËÈÉ ;»Ä ÃÅ¿ÉÊËÈ» ·Äº
·¿ÈÈ»·¹ÊͿʾ·ûʷÂƔ

209
 ·¿ÄʿĽÁ»»ÆÉʾ»ûʷÂÉËȼ·¹»¼È»»¼ÈÅ÷¿È·ÄºÃÅ¿ÉÊËÈ»Ɣ

¿½ƔʸʽƔʻƓ·¿ÄÊ»º¿ÈÅÄɾ»»ÊÈÅżƔ

2. Galvanisation
 ¾¿É ¿É ʾ» ÆÈŹ»ÉÉ ż ·ÆÆÂϿĽ · ÆÈÅÊ»¹Ê¿Ì» пĹ¹Å·Ê¿Ä½ ÊÅ ¿ÈÅÄƔ ¾» пĹ
¹Å·Ê¿Ä½ÆÈÅÊ»¹ÊÉʾ»¿ÈÅÄÉËȼ·¹»¼ÈÅÃÈËÉʿĽƔ

¿½ƔʸʽƔʼƓ
·ÂÌ·Ä¿É»º¿ÈÅÄɾ»»ÊÈÅżƔ
3. Store in a dry place: ÂÂûʷ¿¹ÊÅÅÂɷĺ»ÇË¿ÆûÄÊÄ»»ºÊŸ»ÉÊÅÈ»º¿Ä
·ºÈÏÉ·¼»Æ·¹»Ɣ
4. Oiling: Å̿ĽÅÈÈÅʷʿĽûʷ¿¹Æ·ÈÊÉɾÅ˺¸»ſ»ºÊÅÈ»ºË¹»¼È¿¹Ê¿ÅÄƔ

16.4: Density
¹Ê¿Ì¿ÊÏʸʽƔʼƓ»ŰĿĽº»ÄÉ¿ÊÏ
(i) ɿĽÏÅËÈ·ÆÊÅÆȻɻ·È¹¾¼ÅÈʾ»º»ŰÄ¿Ê¿ÅÄżº»ÄÉ¿ÊÏƔ
(ii) È¿Ê»ºÅÍÄʾ»º»ŰÄ¿Ê¿ÅÄ¿ÄÏÅËÈÄÅÊ»¸ÅÅÁƔ

»ÄÉ¿ÊϿɺ»ŰÄ»º·Éʾ»÷ÉÉż·É˸ÉʷĹ»Æ»ÈËÄ¿ÊÌÅÂËûƔ

Calculation of density
»ÄÉ¿ÊÏż·É˸ÉʷĹ»¿ÉŸʷ¿Ä»º;»ÄÏÅ˺¿Ì¿º»ʾ»÷ÉÉżʾ·Ê
É˸ÉʷĹ»¸Ï¿ÊÉÌÅÂËûƔ
Ê¿É»ÎÆÈ»ÉÉ»º÷ʾ»Ã·Ê¿¹·ÂÂϷɃ

»ÄÉ¿ÊÏ = ·ÉÉ or M
D =
ÅÂËû V
¾»¹ÅÃÃÅÄËÄ¿ÊËÉ»º¿Äû·ÉËȿĽº»ÄÉ¿ÊϿɽȷÃÉƻȹ˸¿¹¹»ÄʿûÊÈ»
ƺ½ƭ¹Ã3).

210
Ä ¿ÄÊ»ÈÄ·Ê¿ÅÄ·Â ÉÏÉʻà ż ËÄ¿ÊÉ ƺ Ä¿ÊÉƻƑ º»ÄÉ¿Ê ¿É ûÉËÈ»º ¿Ä Á¿ÂŽȷÃÉ Æ»È
¹Ë¸¿¹ûÊÈ» (Á½ƭÃ3).
ÅÊ»Ɠʸ½ƭ¹Ã3̏ʸʷʷʷ½ƭÃ3
Example:
 ûʷ¿¹ ¸ÂŹÁ ¾·É · ÷ÉÉ ż ʼʷʷ½ ·Äº · ÌÅÂËû ż ʼʷ¹Ã3Ɣ ·Â¹Ë·ʻ ʾ»
º»ÄÉ¿ÊÏżʾ»¸ÂŹÁƔ
»ÄÉ¿ÊÏ = ·ÉÉ ƺ·ÉÉ̏ʼʷʷ½ƑÌÅÂËû̏ʼʷ¹Ã3)
ÅÂËû
ʼʷʷ½
= ̏ʸʷ½ƭ¹Ã3
ʼʷ¹Ã3

Activity 16.6: Measuring density of materials

(a) Measuring the mass of the materials
Ê¿Éû·ÉËÈ»ºËɿĽ·¸»·Ã¸·Â·Ä¹»ÅÈÍ»¿½¾¿Ä½ɹ·Â»Ɣ
Materials needed:
• Åź   • ·Ê»È¿Ä·¹ÅÄÊ·¿Ä»È  • »¿½¾¿Ä½¸·Â·Ä¹»
• ·¿ÂÉ   • ÊÅÄ»       • »Ê·Â¿¹¾·ÃûÈÅÈÁÄŸ
What to do:
(i) É»·Í»¿½¾¿Ä½¸·Â·Ä¹»ÊÅû·ÉËÈ»ʾ»÷ÉÉżÍ·Ê»È·ÄºÄ·¿ÂÉ·É
ɾÅÍĸ»ÂÅÍƔ

(ii) É»ʾ»ɷûÍ»¿½¾¿Ä½¸·Â·Ä¹»ÊÅû·ÉËÈ»ʾ»÷ÉÉżÍÅźƑÄ·¿ÂÉƑ
ÉÊÅĻɷĺûʷ¿¹¾·ÃûÈÅÈÁÄŸƔ
(iii) »¹ÅȺʾ»¿È÷ÉÉ¿Ä·Ê·¸Â»¿Á»ʾ»ÅÄ»ɾÅÍĸ»ÂÅÍƔ
Material/Object Mass
Water
Åź
·¿ÂÉ
恀ȃ
»Ê·Â¿¹¾·ÃûÈ

211
(b) Measuring the volume of irregular materials
ÅÂËû ż È»½Ë·È ŸÀ»¹ÊÉ ¿Á» ¹Ë¸»É ·Äº È»¹Ê·Ä½Â»É ¿É ¹·Â¹Ë·ʻº ËɿĽ
¼ÅÈÃË·»Ɣ
ÅÂËûż¿ÈÈ»½Ë·ÈŸÀ»¹ÊÉ¿ÉŸʷ¿Ä»ºËɿĽʾ»º¿ÉÆ·¹»Ã»ÄÊûʾź.
Materials needed:
• ·Ê»È¿Ä·¹ÅÄÊ·¿Ä»È   • Åź  • ¾È»·º     
• »Ê·Â¿¹¾·ÃûÈÅÈÁÄŸ  • ÊÅÄ»   • ·¿ÂÉ
• »·ÉËȿĽ¹Ï¿ĺ»ÈÅȹÅÄÊ·¿Ä»ÈͿʾÌÅÂËû÷ÈÁ¿Ä½ÉƔ
What to do:
(i) Å»¹Êͷʻȿķû·ÉËȿĽ¹Ï¿ĺ»ÈÅÈ÷ÈÁ»º¹ÅÄÊ·¿Ä»ÈƔ
(ii) ÅÊ»ʾ»¿Ä¿Ê¿·Â»̻ÂżÍ·Ê»È¿Äʾ»¹Ï¿ĺ»ÈƔ»¹ÅȺ¿Ê·É¿Ä¿Ê¿·ÂÌÅÂËû
żÍ·Ê»È.
(iii) ¿»·Æ¿»¹»żʾȻ·º·ÈÅËĺ·ÉÊÅÄ»Ɣ
ƺ¿Ìƻ ÅÍ»Èʾ»ÉÊÅÄ»½»ÄÊÂÏ¿ÄÊÅʾ»û·ÉËȿĽ¹Ï¿ĺ»ÈÅȹÅÄÊ·¿Ä»ÈƔ¾·Ê
¾·ÆÆ»ÄÉƜ

ƺÌƻ ÅÊ»ʾ»Űķ»̻ÂżÍ·Ê»ÈƔ»¹ÅȺ¿Ê·ÉŰÄ·ÂÌÅÂËûżÍ·Ê»È.
ƺÌ¿ƻ ¿Äºʾ»ÌÅÂËûżʾ»ÉÊÅÄ»·É¼ÅÂÂÅÍÉƓ
 ÅÂËûż÷ʻȿ·Â̏ ¿Ä·ÂÌÅÂËûżÍ·Ê»ÈƯÄ¿Ê¿·ÂÌÅÂËûżÍ·Ê»È
ƺÌ¿¿ƻ ËÊ ʾ» Åʾ»È ŸÀ»¹ÊÉ ÅÄ» ·Ê · ʿû ¿ÄÊÅ ʾ» û·ÉËȿĽ ¹Ï¿ĺ»È Ϳʾ
Í·Ê»ÈƔ
ƺÌ¿¿¿ƻ»·ÉËÈ»ʾ»¿Ä¿Ê¿·Â·ÄºŰÄ·ÂÌÅÂËûÉżÅʾ»ÈŸÀ»¹ÊɷĺȻ¹ÅȺʾ»Ã
¿Ä·Ê·¸Â»·ÉɾÅÍĸ»ÂÅÍƔ
Material/ object Initial volume Final volume Volume of
of water of water material
Water
Åź
·¿ÂÉ
ÊÅÄ»
»Ê·Â¿¹¾·ÃûÈ

212
  Ë»ÉÊ¿ÅÄ
 ·Â¹Ë·ʻʾ»ÌÅÂËûżʾ»ÉÊÅÄ»ËÉ»º¿Äʾ¿É»ÎƻȿûÄÊƔ
(c) Calculating density
(i) »¹ÅȺʾ»÷Éɷĺº»ÄÉ¿ÊÏżʾ»û·ÉËȻûÄÊÉ¿Ä(a) and ƺ¸ƻ in a
Ê·¸Â»·ÉɾÅÍĸ»ÂÅÍƔ
Material/ object Mass Volume of material
Water
Åź
·¿ÂÉ
ÊÅÄ»
»Ê·Â¿¹¾·ÃûÈ

(ii) ÅÃÆ·È»ʾ»÷ÉÉͿʾʾ»ÌÅÂËûżʾ»º¿Ů»È»ÄÊ÷ʻȿ·ÂÉƔ
(iii) ·Â¹Ë·ʻʾ»È·Ê¿Å¸»ÊÍ»»Äû·ÉËÈ»º÷ÉɷĺÌÅÂËûż»·¹¾żʾ»
ŸÀ»¹ÊÉƔÉ»ʾ»¼ÅÈÃË·Ɠ
M
D =
V
ƺ¿ÌƻÅÃÆ·È»º¿Ů»È»ÄÊÌ·Â˻ɿº»ÄÉ¿Ê¿»Éżû·ÉËÈ»ºŸÀ»¹ÊÉƔ

Relative density
¾¿É¿Éʾ»È·Ê¿Åżʾ»º»ÄÉ¿ÊÏż·É˸ÉʷĹ»ÊÅʾ»º»ÄÉ¿ÊÏż·½¿Ì»ÄÈ»¼»È»Ä¹»
÷ʻȿ·Â.
ÅÈ÷ÂÂÏƑʾ»È»¼»È»Ä¹»÷ʻȿ·Â¿Éʾ»º»ÄÉ¿ÊÏżÆËȻͷʻÈ.
¾»¼ÅÈÃË·¼Åȹ·Â¹Ë·ʿĽȻ·ʿ̻º»ÄÉ¿ÊÏ¿ÉƓ
»ÄÉ¿ÊÏż·É˸ÉʷĹ»
»Â·Ê¿Ì»º»ÄÉ¿ÊÏ =
»ÄÉ¿ÊÏżÍ·Ê»È
ηÃÆ»
¾»º»ÄÉ¿ÊÏżÁ»ÈÅɻĻ¿ÉʷƔʿ½ƭ¹Ã3Ɣ¼ʾ»º»ÄÉ¿ÊÏżÍ·Ê»È¿Éʸ½ƭ¹Ã3Ƒ¹·Â¹Ë·ʻ
ʾ»Ȼ·ʿ̻º»ÄÉ¿ÊÏżÁ»ÈÅɻĻƔ
»ÄÉ¿ÊÏż·»ÈÅɻĻ
»Â·Ê¿Ì»º»ÄÉ¿ÊÏ =
»ÄÉ¿ÊÏżÍ·Ê»È
0.8 ½ƭ¹Ã3
= = 0.8
1½ƭ¹Ã3

213
»Â·Ê¿Ì»º»ÄÉ¿ÊÏ¿Éû·ÉËÈ»ºËɿĽ·¾ÏºÈÅûʻÈ.
¾»¼ÅÂÂÅͿĽÆ¿¹ÊËÈ»ÉɾÅÍ·¾ÏºÈÅûʻȷĺ¾ÅÍ¿Ê¿ÉËÉ»ºƔ

  ϺÈÅûʻÈ  ɿĽ·¾ÏºÈÅûʻÈ
¿½ƔʸʽƔʼƓ¾ÏºÈÅûʻȷĺ¾ÅÍ¿Ê¿ÉËÉ»ºƔ

Activity 16.7: Measuring densities of liquids using a

hydrometer
What to do:
1. ɿĽ · ¾ÏºÈÅûʻÈƑ û·ÉËÈ» ʾ» º»ÄÉ¿ÊÏ ż ¿ÇË¿ºÉ É˹¾ ·É ¹Â»·Ä
Í·Ê»ÈƑ ËĹ»·Ä Í·Ê»ÈƑ ¹ÅÅÁ¿Ä½ Å¿ÂƑ Æ·È·ůÄƑ ÀË¿¹»Ƒ ÿÂÁƑ É·ÂÊÏ Í·Ê»È
·ÃÅĽÅʾ»ÈÉƔ
2. »¹ÅȺÏÅËÈŰĺ¿Ä½¿Ä·Ê·¸Â»·ÉɾÅÍĸ»ÂÅÍƔ
Liquid Density
»·ÄÍ·Ê»È
Ĺ»·ÄÍ·Ê»È
ÅÅÁ¿Ä½Å¿Â
·È·ůÄ
Ë¿¹»
¿ÂÁ
·ÂÊÏÍ·Ê»È

3. ÅÃÆ·È» º¿Ů»È»ÄÊ Ì·ÂË»É ż º»ÄÉ¿Ê¿»É ż û·ÉËÈ»º ŸÀ»¹ÊÉ Ϳʾ ʾ»
º»ÄÉ¿ÊÏżÍ·Ê»ÈƔ

Application of relative density

ÅûŸÀ»¹Êɾ·Ì»·ÂÅͻȺ»ÄÉ¿ÊϹÅÃÆ·È»ºÊÅÍ·Ê»ÈƔ¾¿Â»ÉÅûŸÀ»¹ÊÉ
¾·Ì»·¾¿½¾»Èº»ÄÉ¿ÊϹÅÃÆ·È»ºÊÅÍ·Ê»ÈƔ
¾¿ÉȻ·ʿ̻º»ÄÉ¿ÊÏƺ¾¿½¾ÅÈÂÅÍƻżŸÀ»¹Êɺ»Ê»ÈÿĻÉʾ»¿È¸»¾·Ì¿ÅËÈÅÄ
Í·Ê»ÈƔ

214
 ¹Ê¿Ì¿ÊÏʸʽƔʿƓÎƻȿûÄÊÅĸ»¾·Ì¿ÅËÈżº¿Ů»È»ÄÊŸÀ»¹ÊÉ
in water and relative density
Materials needed:
• Water • ·Ë¹»Æ·Ä
• ·É¿ÄÅÈÉ¿ÄÁ • ¸ÅÊÊ»ƺͿʾ¿ºƻ¼ËÂÂżÍ·Ê»È
• ·È·ůÄ  • Ä»ÃÆÊϸÅÊÊ»Ϳʾ¿ºƺ¼ËÂÂż·¿Èƻ
• ÊÅÄ»  • »·Ê¾»È
• ÅÅÁ¿Ä½Å¿Â • »Ê·Â¿¹¾·ÃûÈ
• »Ê·Â¿¹ÉÆÅÅÄÉ • ·ÉÊ¿¹ŸÀ»¹ÊÉ
What to do:
(i) ËÊͷʻȿķ¸·É¿ÄÅÈÉ¿ÄÁƺËÆÊÅ̆ƻƔ
(ii)
»ÄÊÂÏÆËÊʾ»ŸÀ»¹ÊÉ¿ÉÊ»º·¸ÅÌ»¿ÄÍ·Ê»ÈÅÄ»·Ê·ʿûƔ

 ¸É»ÈÌ»¾ÅÍʾ»ŸÀ»¹Êɸ»¾·Ì»ƔÅÃÆ·È»ʾ»¿È¸»¾·Ì¿ÅËÈ¿ÄÍ·Ê»ÈƔ
(iii) Which objects sink in water?»¹ÅȺʾ»Ã¿ÄÏÅËÈÄÅÊ»¸ÅÅÁƔ
ƺ¿Ìƻ¾¿¹¾ŸÀ»¹ÊÉŲÅ·ÊÅÄÍ·Ê»ÈƜ»¹ÅȺʾ»Ã¿ÄÏÅËÈÄÅÊ»¸ÅÅÁƔ
ƺÌƻ What conclusion can you make concerning relative density of objects
·Äºʾ»¿È·¸¿Â¿ÊÏÊÅŲÅ·ÊÅÈÉ¿ÄÁƜ
Conclusion
¸À»¹ÊÉʾ·Ê¾·Ì»·ÂÅͻȺ»ÄÉ¿ÊÏʾ·ÄÍ·Ê»ÈŲÅ·ÊÅÄÍ·Ê»ÈƔ¸À»¹ÊÉʾ·Ê
¾·Ì»·¾¿½¾»Èº»ÄÉ¿ÊÏʾ·ÄÍ·Ê»ÈÉ¿ÄÁ¿ÄÍ·Ê»ÈƔ

»Â·Ê¿Ì»º»ÄÉ¿ÊÏ¿É·ÆÆ¿»º¿ÄÅËȻ̻ÈϺ·Ï¿̻ɷɼÅÂÂÅÍÉƓ
1. Ê¿É·ÆÆ¿»ººËȿĽº»É¿½Ä¿Ä½żÉÊÈ˹ÊËȻɿÁ»ɾ¿ÆɷĺƷĻÉƔ
• ɾ¿Æ¾·ÉÊŸ»¾ÅÂÂÅÍʾ·Ê¿Ê¹·ÄŲÅ·ÊƔ·Á¿Ä½ʾ»ɾ¿Æ¾ÅÂÂÅÍÈ»ºË¹»É
¿Êɺ»ÄÉ¿ÊÏƔ
• ·Ê»È¿·ÂÉËÉ»º¼Åȸ˿º¿Ä½ʾ»Æ·ÈÊÉż·»ÈÅÆ·ĻÉɾÅ˺¾·Ì»·ÂÅÍ
º»ÄÉ¿ÊÏƔ½Åź»Î·ÃÆ»żÉ˹¾÷ʻȿ·Â¿É·ÂËÿÄËÃƔ
2. »Â·Ê¿Ì» º»ÄÉ¿ÊÏ ¿É ËÉ»º ÊÅ º»Ê»ÈÿĻ ʾ» ÆËÈ¿ÊÏ ż ÉÅû É˸ÉʷĹ»ÉƔ ÅÈ
»Î·ÃÆ»··¹ÊÅûʻÈ¿ÉËÉ»ºÊÅû·ÉËÈ»º»ÄÉ¿ÊÏżÿÂÁÊÅŰĺÅËÊ¿¼¿Ê¿É
ÆËÈ»ÅÈͷʻȾ·É¸»»Ä·ºº»ºƔ
3. ¾»ÁÄÅÍ»º½»żȻ·ʿ̻º»ÄÉ¿ÊÏ¿É·ÆÆ¿»ºÊź»Ê»ÈÿĻʾ»ÿĻȷ¹ÅÄÊ»ÄÊ
¿Ä·ÈŹÁƔ

215
4. »ÄÉ¿ÊÏ ¿É ·ÂÉÅ ¹ÅÄÉ¿º»È»º ºËȿĽ ʾ» º»É¿½Ä ż ÉÍ¿ÃÿĽ ·Äº º¿Ì¿Ä½
»ÇË¿ÆûÄÊƔ

Revision Activity 16
1. ·Ê»È¿·Âɹ·Ä¸»¹Â·ÉÉ¿Ű»º¿ÄÊÅÊÍŸÈÅ·º½ÈÅËÆÉƔ·Ã»ʾ»ÃƔ
2. ·Ã»ʾȻ»ÆÈÅÆ»ÈÊ¿»ÉżÄÅÄûʷÂÉƔ
3. ¾·ÊÊÏÆ»żûʷÂÉ·È»ʾ»¼ÅÂÂÅͿĽʾ¿Ä½É÷º»żƜ
(a) ÆÅÅÄ      ƺ¸ƻ ͷĺ·Äʸʷʷ¼È·Ä¹¹Å¿Ä
 ƺ¹ƻ »¹ÊÈ¿¹Í¿È»É   (e) ÈÅÄɾ»»ÊÉ
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4. ËÊ¿ĻʺƾÏÉ¿¹·ÂÆÈÅÆ»ÈÊ¿»ÉżûʷÂÉʾ·ÊÏÅ˹·ÄÊ»ÉʿĹ·ÉÉƔ
5. »É¹È¿¸» ¸È¿»ŲÏ ¾ÅÍ ÏÅË ¹·Ä û·ÉËÈ» ʾ» ÌÅÂËû ż ·Ä ¿ÈÈ»½Ë·È
ûʷ¿¹ȿĽƔ
6. (a)
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 ƺ¸ƻ ·Â¹Ë·ʻʾ»º»ÄÉ¿ÊÏż·ÉÊÅÄ»ʾ·Ê¾·É·÷ÉÉżʸʷʷʷÁ½·Äº
  ÌÅÂËûżʼʷÃ3.
7. ¾» º»ÄÉ¿ÊÏ ż · Æ¿»¹» ż ÍÅź ¿É ʸʹ ½ƭ¹Ã3Ƒ ʾ» ÌÅÂËû ¿É ʸʷ Ã3.
·Â¹Ë·ʻʾ»÷ÉÉżʾ»ÍÅźƔ
8. ûʷ¿¹ÁÄŸÍ·ÉÆËÊ¿Ä·û·ÉËȿĽ¹Ï¿ĺ»È¹ÅÄÊ·¿Ä¿Ä½Í·Ê»ÈƔ¾»
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9. (a) ¾·Ê¿Éʾ»¿ÄÉÊÈËûÄÊɾÅÍĸ»ÂÅÍËÉ»º¼ÅÈƜ

ƺ¸ƻ ¾·Ê¿Éʾ»Éʷĺ·ÈºËÄ¿ÊËÉ»º¿Äʾ»¿ÄÉÊÈËûÄÊɾÅÍÄ·¸ÅÌ»Ɯ
10. (a) ¼»·Ê¾»ÈŲÅ·ÊÉÅÄͷʻȸËÊ·Æ¿ÄÉ¿ÄÁÉ¿ÄÍ·Ê»ÈƔÎÆ·¿Äʾ¿É 
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ƺ¸ƻ »É¹È¿¸»¸È¿»ŲÏʹ·ÆÆ¿¹·Ê¿ÅÄÉżº»ÄÉ¿ÊÏʾ·ÊËÉ»ʾ»¸»¾·Ì¿ÅËÈ
  »ÎÆ·¿Ä»º¿Ä(a)·¸ÅÌ»Ɯ
11. (a) ¾·Ê¿É½·Â̷ĿɿĽƔ
 ƺ¸ƻ ¼·ÈûȾ·ÉÈÅż»º¾¿É¹ÅÍɾ»ºͿʾĻͿÈÅÄɾ»»ÊÉƔºÌ¿É»
  ¾¿ÃÅľÅ;»¹·Ä÷¿ÄÊ·¿Äʾ»ÈÅżƔ

216
Word list
1. »·ºʾ»¼ÅÂÂÅͿĽÍÅȺÉ¿ÄÆ·¿ÈÉƔ
• Åĺ˹ÊÅÈÉ   •   ·Â»·¸Â»      • »¹ÊÈ¿¹¿ÊÏ  
•

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• ·ÉÉ     •   »·ÉËȿĽ¹Ï¿ĺ»È  • ÅÂËû 
• ϺÈÅûʻÈ   • »¿½¾¿Ä½¸·Â·Ä¹»  •   »Â·Ê¿Ì»º»ÄÉ¿ÊÏ
2. Æ»ÂÂʺÍÅȺÉ;¿Â»ÏÅËȼȿ»ÄºÍÈ¿Ê»Éʾ»Ã¿Ä¾¿ÉÅȾ»ÈÄÅÊ»¸ÅÅÁƔ»Ê
ÏÅËȼȿ»Äº·ÂÉÅÉÆ»ÂÂʺÅʾ»ÈÍÅȺÉ·ÉÏÅËÍÈ¿Ê»ʾ»Ã¿ÄÏÅËÈÄÅÊ»¸ÅÅÁƔ
3. ¿É¹ËÉÉͿʾÏÅËȼȿ»Äºʾ»û·Ä¿Ä½ż·ÄÏʺÍÅȺÉ¿Äʾ»ÍÅȺ¿ÉÊƔ
»¼»ÈÊÅÄÅʻɿÄÏÅËÈÊ»ÎʸÅÅÁƔ

217
 Glossary and Index
·½»

Absorption of food ÆÊ·Á»żº¿½»ÉÊ»º¼Åź¿ÄÊÅʾ»¸ÅºÏ 152

·ÄʿĽżÊÈ»»É;»È»ʾ»Ïº¿ºÄÅÊ
ŮÅÈ»ÉÊ·Ê¿ÅÄ 145
»Î¿ÉÊ
È·¹Ê¿¹»ż½ÈÅͿĽ¹ÈÅÆÉÊŽ»Ê¾»È
Agroforestry 145
ͿʾÊÈ»»É
ÂÉÅÁÄÅÍķɹÅ̻ȹÈÅÆÉƔ·ÄÊÉʾ·Ê
Anti-erosive plants ½ÈÅͷĺ¹ÅÌ»Èʾ»ÉÅ¿ÂÉËȼ·¹»»Ɣ½ 97
ÆËÃÆÁ¿ÄÉƑÉÍ»»ÊÆÅÊ·ÊŻɻƔÊƔ¹Ɣ

Abstinence Åʾ·Ì¿Ä½É»Î¸»¼ÅÈ»÷ÈÈ¿·½» 178

÷ÂÂÆÅÈÊ¿ÅÄÉż¼ÅźÈÅ»º¿ÄÊŸ·ÂÂÉ
Boluses 155
¸Ïʾ»ÊÅĽ˻¿Äʾ»ÃÅËʾ
»Èʿ¿ɻÈÉʾ·Ê¹ÅÄÊ·¿ÄÊÍÅÅÈÃÅÈ»
Compound fertilisers 114
÷ÀÅÈÄËÊÈ¿»ÄÊÉ

Cash crops ÈÅÆɽÈÅÍļÅÈɷ» 138

ËÈ¿¼Ï¿Ä½Í·Ê»ÈËɿĽ¹¾»Ã¿¹·ÂÉ
Chlorination 103
ƺ¾ÂÅÈ¿Ä»ƻÊÅÁ¿Â½»ÈÃÉ

Condensation ¾·Ä½»ż½·ÉƭÌ·ÆÅËÈ¿ÄÊÅ¿ÇË¿º 94

·¹ÊÉ·ÄºŰ½ËÈ»Éʾ·Ê·È»ÆÈŹ»ÉÉ»º
Data 37
¸Ïʾ»¹ÅÃÆËÊ»È
¿É»·É»É¹·ËÉ»º¸Ï·¹Áż¹»ÈÊ·¿Ä
»Ű¹¿»Ä¹Ïº¿É»·É»É 163
¼ÅźÄËÊÈ¿»ÄÊÉ¿Äʾ»¸ÅºÏ

Deforestation ËÊʿĽºÅÍÄÊÈ»»É 145

Density ·ÉÉż·É˸ÉʷĹ»Æ»ÈËÄ¿ÊÌÅÂËû 210

ÈŹ»ÉÉ¿Ä;¿¹¾¼Åź¿É¸ÈÅÁ»ÄºÅÍÄ
Digestion 152
¿ÄÊÅÉ÷»ÈÆ·ÈÊ¿¹Â»É
ÆÆ»ÈÆ·ÈÊżʾ»¿Â»ËÿÄʾ»º¿½»ÉÊ¿Ì»
Duodenum 155
ÉÏÉÊ»Ã
»ÃÅÌ·Âżʾ»Ëĺ¿½»ÉÊ»º¼Åź
Egestion 156
ʾÈÅ˽¾ʾ»·ÄËÉ

218
Evaporation ¾·Ä½»ż¿ÇË¿ºÉÊŽ·É»É 94

Food crop ÈÅÆÉʾ·Ê·È»½ÈÅÍļÅȾË÷Ä¼Åź 136

ÈŹ»ÉÉż¹Å·Ê¿Ä½¿ÈÅÄûʷÂͿʾпĹ
Galvanisation 210
ÊÅÆÈÅÊ»¹Ê¿Ê¼ÈÅÃÈËÉÊ

Genitals »ÆÈź˹ʿ̻ÅȽ·ÄÉ 170

»¹Åĺ·ÈÏÉÊÅÈ·½»º»Ì¿¹»¼ÅËĺ¿Ä
Hard disk/Hard drive 39
¹ÅÃÆËÊ»ÈÉ

Herbal medicine »º¿¹¿Ä»½ÅʼÈÅÃÆ·ÄÊÉ 141

»»Æ¿Ä½»½½ÉËĺ»È¹Åĺ¿Ê¿ÅÄÉʾ·Ê
Incubation/Brooding 124
·ÂÂÅÍʾ»ÃÊž·Ê¹¾¿ÄÊŹ¾¿¹ÁÉ
Æ»¹¿·Â÷¹¾¿Ä»ʾ·Ê·ÂÂÅÍÉʾ»»½½É
Incubator 125
Êž·Ê¹¾
ÅÃÆËʻȼź»È¿Ä;¿¹¾Ä»ÍÂÏ
Inbox 61
º»Â¿Ì»È»º»Ɩ÷¿ÂûÉÉ·½»É·ÆÆ»·È
ÉÊÈÅĽ¼»»Â¿Ä½¼ÅÈ·ÄÅʾ»ÈÆ»ÈÉÅÄ
Infatuation 179
ʾ·Ê·ÉÊɼÅÈ·ɾÅÈÊƻȿźżʿûƔ

Ingestion ÆÊ·Á»ż¼Åź¿ÄÊÅʾ»ÃÅËʾ 154

¿»¹»ÉżÍÅźʾÈÅÍĸ·¹Á;»Ä
Kickback 12
ËɿĽ·É·Í
ÈŹ»ÉÉ¿Ä;¿¹¾ÄËÊÈ¿»ÄÊÉ¿ÄÉſ·Ȼ
Leaching º¿ÉÉÅÂÌ»º·ÄººÈ·¿Ä»ºº»»Æ¿Äʾ»ÉÅ¿Â 111
¸ÏÍ·Ê»È
ÅÅÂÉËÉ»º¿Äʾ»¹ÅÄÉÊÈ˹ʿÅÄż¼·ÈÃ
Masonry tools 16
ÉÊÈ˹ÊËȻɷĺ¸Ë¿Âº¿Ä½É
¾»ºº¿Ä½¸ÂÅźʾÈÅ˽¾ʾ»Ì·½¿Ä·¿Ä
Menstruation 172
·ºËÂʼ»Ã·Â»É·¼Ê»È»Ì»ÈÏʹʿº·ÏÉ
·Ê»È¿·ÂÉʾ·ÊºÅÄÅÊ·ÂÂÅÍ¿½¾ÊÊÅÆ·ÉÉ
Opaque 185
ʾÈÅ˽¾ʾ»Ã

Ornamental trees È»»Éʾ·Ê¸»·ËÊ¿¼Ï·Æ·¹» 144

ÄÅȽ·Ä¿ÉÃ;¿¹¾¿̻É¿ÄÅÈÅÄ
Parasite ·ÄÅʾ»È¿̿ĽÅȽ·Ä¿ÉÃƺ¾ÅÉÊƻº»È¿Ì¿Ä½ 89
ÄËÊÈ¿»ÄÊɼÈÅÿʸϾ·ÈÿĽ¿ÊƔ

219
Peers ÅÏÉÅȽ¿ÈÂÉżʾ»ɿÿ·È·½»½ÈÅËÆ 175

ÈŹ»ÉÉ¿Ä;¿¹¾½È»»ÄÆ·ÄÊÉ÷Á»
Photosynthesis 143
ʾ»¿ÈÅÍÄ¼Åź
¾»ÄͷʻȺÈÅÆ»ÊɹÅĺ»ÄÉ»ÊżÅÈÃ
¹ÂÅ˺É¿Äʾ»ÉÁϷĺʾ»Ä¼·ÂºÅÍÄÊÅ
Precipitation 94
ʾ»»·Èʾ·ÉÈ·¿ÄƑÉÄÅÍƑ»Ê¹Ɣ·¿Ä·Äº
ÉÄÅÍ·È»»Î·ÃÆ»ÉżÆÈ»¹¿Æ¿Ê·Ê¿ÅÄƔ

Premarital »¼ÅÈ»÷ÈÈ¿·½» 178

»È¿Åº;»È»·¸ÅÏÅȽ¿ÈÂÈ»·¹¾»É
Puberty 181
É»ÎË·Â÷ÊËÈ¿ÊÏ
¾·Ä½»żº¿È»¹Ê¿Åĸ·¹Á¿ÄÊÅʾ»
»Ų»¹Ê¿ÅÄ 187
ûº¿Ë÷ɿ½¾Ê¾¿ÊÉ·ɾ¿ÄÄÏÉËȼ·¹»Ɣ
»Äº¿Ä½ż¿½¾ÊÈ·ÏÉ;»Äʾ»ÏÊÈ·Ì»ÂÉ
Refraction ¼ÈÅÃÅÄ»ÊÈ·ÄÉÆ·È»ÄÊûº¿ËÃÊÅ 188
·ÄÅʾ»È
·Ê¿Åżʾ»º»ÄÉ¿ÊÏż·É˸ÉʷĹ»
Relative density ÊÅʾ»º»ÄÉ¿ÊÏż·½¿Ì»ÄÈ»¼»È»Ä¹» 213
÷ʻȿ·Â

Resizing ·Á¿Ä½·Ä¿Ã·½»¸¿½½»ÈÅÈÉ÷ÂÂ»È 52

Ű½ËÈ»ʾ·Ê¾·É¼ÅËÈ»ÇË·ÂÉ·ÄÊ»º
Rhombus 70
É¿º»É
»·ºÅÄÂÏûÃÅÈÏƓ»È÷ĻÄÊ
ROM 40
ÉÊÅÈ·½»ûÃÅÈϿĹÅÃÆËÊ»ÈÉ
·ÄºÅù¹»ÉÉûÃÅÈÏƓ»ÃÆÅÈ·ÈÏ
RAM 40
ÉÊÅÈ·½»ûÃÅÈϿĹÅÃÆËÊ»ÈÉ
»·Ä¿ĻÉÉżʾ»¸ÅºÏ·Äºʾ»
Sanitation 87
ÉËÈÈÅËĺ¿Ä½É
Ä·È»·ż·ĺƭÉÅ¿ÂÆȻƷȻº¼ÅÈ
Seed bed 109
Æ·ÄʿĽÉ»»ºÉ
¸À»¹ÊÉʾ·ÊƻȼÅÈ÷¹Ê¿ÅÄÉ¿Äɹȷʹ¾
Sprites 76
º¿·ÂŽ˻ÉÅȹ·ÈÊÅÅÄÉ
»Èʿ¿ɻÈÉʾ·Ê¹ÅÄÊ·¿ÄÅÄÂÏÅÄ»÷ÀÅÈ
Straight fertilisers 114
ÄËÊÈ¿»ÄÊ
·Äº¾»Âºº»Ì¿¹»ËÉ»ºÊŹ·ÈÈÏÅËÊ·
Tool 2
Æ·ÈÊ¿¹Ë·È¼ËĹʿÅÄ

220
 ÅÉÉżÍ·Ê»È¿ÄÆ·ÄÊÉʾÈÅ˽¾ʾ»
Transpiration 94
ÉÊÅ÷ʷ
·Ê»È¿·ÂÉʾ·Ê·ÂÂÅÍÉÅû¿½¾ÊÊÅÆ·ÉÉ
Translucent 185
ʾÈÅ˽¾ʾ»Ã
·Ê»È¿·ÂÉʾ·Ê·ÂÂÅÍ·ÂÂʾ»¿½¾ÊÊÅÆ·ÉÉ
Transparent 185
ʾÈÅ˽¾ʾ»Ã
¼ÅËÈÉ¿º»ºŰ½ËÈ»ʾ·Ê¾·ÉÊÍÅ
Trapezium 70
Ʒȷ»ÂÉ¿º»É
Å¿¹»¸»¹ÅÿĽº»»Æ»È¿Ä¸ÅÏÉËĺ»ÈƖ
Voice breaking 174
½Å¿Ä½Æ˸»ÈÊÏ
¿É»·É»ÉÊÈ·ÄÉÿÊÊ»ºʾÈÅ˽¾
Waterborne diseases 95
¹ÅÄʷÿķʻºÍ·Ê»È
ÄÊÈź˹ʿÅÄż¾·ÈüËÂÉ˸ÉʷĹ»É¿Ä
Water pollution 98
Í·Ê»È
¿É¹¾·È½»żɻûĸϷºÅ»ɹ»ÄÊƭ
Wet dreams 174
ÏÅËĽ÷»ÉºËȿĽÉ»»Æ

221
 References
1. ÅϹ»·ÃÍ»·ƑSpotlight Quick Revision Science Pupils Book 6: Spotlight
Publishers (EA) Ltd.
2. ÅϹ»·ÃÍ»·ƑSpotlight Quick Revision Science Pupils Book 7: Spotlight
Publishers (EA) Ltd.
3. Ï·ÅÉ¿»Ê·ÂKCPE Mirror Science: Spotlight Publishers (EA) Ltd.
4. ¿ÅÄ··ÎÊ»Èet al Cambridge Primary ScienceƑ»·ÈÄ»ÈÉÅÅÁʻƔ
5. ƔËʾ»Äº»et al KCSE Mirror Biology Spotlight Publishers (EA) Ltd.
6. East African Agriculture for secondary SchoolsƓ·¹Ã¿Â·Ä˸¿ɾ»ÈÉƔ
7. Environmental Scienceƺ·Ê»ÈƑ¿ÈƑÅ¿ÂƑ¾»È÷ÂÅÂÂËÊ¿ÅÄƻƔ
8. È·¿Ä¿Ä½
Ë¿º»Ɣ
9. http://wiki.laptop.org/go/One_Laptop_per_Child.
ʸʷƔ¼È¿¹·Ɣ ICDL Base ModulesƔƺÅÂƔʸƻƔ
11. Computer Fundamentals: Theory and Practice. Modules 1A,1B & 1C. Kenya:
»¹¾ÄÅÈ·¿ÄÉʺƔ
12. ˽·È ·¸É ƺʹʷʸʼƻƔ http://wiki.sugarlabs.org/go/Activities/Turtle_ArtScratch
(2015). http://scratch.mit.edu/.

222