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    13 views16 pages

    Class 11 Experiment PDF

    Uploaded by

    Divyansh Srivastava

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
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    5 PRACTICAL PHYSiCn, Proo: esents Q. f. Completing the parallelogram OACB.Then OB || AC rer OC becomes diagonal of parallelogram OACB. Hence from parallelogram law, R=p+Q Proved) he ee EQUILIBRIUM OF VECTORS AND EQUILIBRANT VECTOR | VECTORS AND EQUI! tant is zero. In this cou; Two o more vectors are said to be in equilibrium if their rest each single vector balances the other remaining vectors. A single vector which balances other vectors, is called an equl must be equal and opposite of the resultant of other vectors. | | Jibrant of other vector ©) EXPERIMENT 6 AIM To find the weight of a given body using parallelogram law of vectors. APPARATUS Parallelogram law of forces apparatus (Gravesand’s apparatus), plumb line, two hanges! with slotted weights, a body (a wooden block) whose weight is to be determined, thin strong: thread, white drawing paper sheet, drawing pins, mirror strip, sharp pencil, half metre sca: set squares, protractor. | THEORY i If the body of unknown weight S suspended from middle hanger, balances weights!) 3.2.2 and Q suspended from other two hangers, then P + @ + S$ =0 or S=\/P?+@ +2PQcos6 off The unknown weight can be calculated from equation (1). } pk ADDITION 85 pad Fig. Gravesand’s apparatus. PROCEDURE Set up the Gravesand’s apparatus with its board vertical, tested with the help of a plumb line. . ‘Test that pulleys P and P, are frictionless. Oil them if necessary. Fix the white drawing paper sheets on the board with the help of drawing pins. Take three pieces of strong thread and tie their one end together to make knot O. This knot becomes junction of the three threads. 5. From the other ends of two threads, tie a hanger with some slotted weights in each. These serve as the weights P and’Q. From the other end of third thread tie the given body S. Pass threads with weights P and Q over the pulleys and let the third thread with given body S, stay vertical in the middle of the board. Adjust the weights P and Q (forces) such that the junction O stays in equilibrium slightly below the middle of the paper. wp 2 33 8. The weights P, Q and wooden block S act as three forces P, @ and § acting along the three threads at the junction O. The forces are in equilibrium. 86 COMPREHENSIVE PRACTICAL Phtygys : See that all the weights hang freely and none of them touches the board or x, 10. Mark the position of junction O on the white paper sheet by a sharp peneil, ll. Disturb weights P and Q and leave them. 12. Note position of junction 0. It must be very close to earlier position. (If not, ., 13. Lee to remove friction.) " - Keeping mirror stri nder each thread, mark the position of the. the image of thread i the minvor covering the image by the thread (this reat Parallax error). The position are P,, P, for thread of weight P, Q, and Qp for thy,’ weight Q and S,, S, for thread of weight S as shown in figure. es | | | | Fig. Determination of weight of a wooden block. 14. Remove paper from the board. 15. With the help ofa half metre scale draw lines through points P, and P, to represen:? through points Q, and Q, to represent Q and through points S, and S, to represent ‘These lines must meet at point O. 16. Taking a scale, 1 cm = 50 g, take OA = 3 cm and OB = 3 cm to represent P = 150g Q=150¢g. 17. Complete parallelogram OACB using set squares and join OC. It represents R. 18. Measure OC. It comes to be 3.9 cm. 19. For different sets of observation, change P and Q suitably. 20, Find weight of the wooden block by a spring balance. TOR ADDITION BSERVATION Least count of spring balance Zero error of spring balance = ....., ¢ Weight of unknown body by spring balance = ..... Seale. Let lem = 50g. 87 (Note. Observation 1 is as sample) «CALCULATIONS OC =3.9cm,R=50x3.9=195g * Unknown weight S=195g. Mean unknown weight S= Sth = 195g Weight by spring balance = 200g Difference =5g. RESULT The unknown weight of given body = 195 g The error is within limits of experiment error. PRECAUTIONS 1. The board should be stable and vertical. ‘The pulleys should be frictionless. ‘The hangers should not touch the board or table. Junction O should be in the middle of the paper sheet. Points should be marked only when weights are at rest. Points should be marked with sharp pencil. ‘Arrows should be marked to show direction of forces. ‘A proper scale should be taken to make fairly big parallelogram. Sr 2a wn ————__———_——_—sS ~ COMPREHENSIVE PRACTICAL PHYgicy SOURCES OF ERROR 1. Pulleys may have friction. 2. Weights may not be accurate. 5. Points may not be marked correctly. 4. Weight measured by spring balance may not be much accurate, Ulva VOCE * Define a vector quantity. Ans. Read Art. 5.01, Q.3. How a geometrical vector represents a vector quantity ? Ans. Read Art, 5.02. Q.4. Define addition of vectors. Ans. Read Art. 5.03. Q -5. State parallelogram law of addition of two vectors. Ans. Read Art. 5.04 (a). Q.6. Write expression for magnitude and direction of the resultant of two vectors. Ans. The required expression are For magnitude, R = /P* + @? + 2PQcos 0 Qsin P+Qcos0 For direction, tan B = Q.7. State triangle law of addition of two vectors. ‘Ans. Read Art. 5.05 (a). Q.8 Define equilibrium of vectors. Ans, Read Art. 5.06. Q.9. Define an equilibrant vector. Ans. Read Art. 5.06, Q.10. State triangle law for equilibrium of three vectors. ‘Ans. Read Art. 5.07 (a). Q.11. Can the law of vectors be used to add forces and velocities ? Ans. Yes, they can be used, because forces and velocities are also vectors, Q.12. Why is addition of vectors different from addition of scalars? Ans. Because vectors have direction also, which makes all the difference. Q.13. Why is addition of vectors called composition of vectors? Composition means collection. By addition we collect (convert) many vectors into one sag vector. Q.14. What is meant by resolution of vectors? Ans. It is reverse of composition of vectors. The breaking of a single vector into its componeats: called resolution of vectors. Fi 89 pee ADDITION nd Q.15, What are rectangular components? ted rota Ans. ‘The two components of a vector, which are perpendicular to each other, are ca! gular (or right angular) components, ing Gravesand’s Q.16. What are the main sources of error in the experiment using apparatus? Ans. Its sources of error are (1) Friction in the pulleys. (2) Weights in the threads, 2 i IH 3? Q.17, Why the thread junction does not come at rest at same position alway! Ans. It is due to friction on the pulleys, Q.18. How can this friction be reduced ? Ans. It is done by oiling the pulleys. Q.19. Why the suspended weights are kept free from board or table ? ee Ans. So that their effective weight may not become different due to reaction 0} & Motion under Gravi and Acceleration due to Gray; ee ooo! EGR sraviranion. AND GRAVITY | (@) Gravitation, It is an attractive force acting between two mass bodies Of unin, separated by a distance. The force of attraction between two bodies of masses m,andm,, Whe their centres are separated by a distance r depends upon m, 5 : Fe mymp OA? where, G = gravitational constant = 6.67 x 107! Nm? kg”. (6) Gravity. It is special case of gravitation, if one of the attracting body is the eant Gravity is the force of attraction between earth and any object lying on or near its =; face. The gravity is equal to the weight of a body. (c) Acceleration due to gravity. Acceleration produced in a body by the force of gr. ity, is called the acceleration due to gravity. Its symbol is g. For a body of gravitational mass m, Ww e= oor Wemg m 6 Motion under Gravity GRAVITATION AND GRAVITY | $$ (a) Gravitation. It is an attractive force acting between two mass bodies of univer separated by a distance. The force of attraction between two bodies of masses m, and mo, whe, their centres are separated by a distance r depends upon m ® aM Using a simple pendulum, plot its L-T® graph and use it to find the effective length agsecond’s pendulum. a pPARATUS A clamp with stand, a split cork, thread, bob, vernier callipers, stopclock/watch, metre gale and a piece of chalk. sHEORY 1, Simple Pendulum. An ideal simple pendulum consists of a heavy point mass (called tob) tied to one end of a perfectly inextensible, flexible and weightless string. There is no ideal

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