CHAPTER 6 Political Science and the Undergraduate ‘Attaw Bons eft he sting of undergo ony an oblige sion pl sy ot fins face ei may poe ‘nay Toru» soohins sacle fo reassures anf ov “oupine at» tne when ic retools snd in dary a well at Novant ape tw sadests The younger stent yt com Intel to ny pcan, sl open to witout empeion ad Bnd Ten in mcd of impsion, esing and gidnce-prvids 30 x on focal poi, fo in hckng of fin we ate contained to di Shoot wht we shld cootabut tothe fontaion of + whole man fn what we scp ate soning fo tat foranton, We ena {ry fo deci wre pica cece fs nthe chee of the {Sees a what role ts ay ply nthe economy ofthe a “Tis Ld of rem to crgins ha ban sly neglected. For 2 long whl combiton of estan andthe hopes geersted iy he new sine projet i pls kepe palit antics fom iow rete on tet pedopagianepentileneacpe co the ‘Sect sy aug for fect tothe new ilence. Beag secs {> undergadunts became snr + lint ofthe sons of lel acnit~abowing that he a dvoced hl fom SSnunon soue aad yourfl echo, tht held become He te fied ii nbs bratry. The when el plies mae So E2Er anu anne plc sfc eumed tobe young no i Cchc burs followers snd demagoguca, sad este! prenaes Tro the hr plc sci in ht ely dase whe sock tha we ws ging to emerge fom the iortrcs weeld be of ‘edt to che avi All hie wat only response t medinteper them not srr renting, Poel since eae ae now ny1 rau Paar. Sa serctred eps, rsing waticuted sts an compeonies Teached forse ke f demee rangle, they eet no agement owe what poll scence sof wat Kind of ring Maks Iie scene, “To pr Manly, stwlets amd zens in goer fave a0 in stinctive wares of whee pis It pole scene dees noe tive my view of viot We or at lent no one Cat any way ate fFoponds may reins tar untcred arsnes, Tha takes poll Sebi fepulive or ks nnpiring to tet, 1 no aeceat pula scence, were usinfaral by fea polit owlalge, were port dete spun wc slence and found aang plea sc ul nly few le spprrs who wee fail to ise the Wave St che fate They were acer piel poll scents, not feral by ten, or evel you. Tei elect! sources free in schlgy ploy, abd above all cette ole se ats hal netted Se moveneat and hal nothing tay tw the aware of whic ya haps dh with jize othe Feira the gant M.S he tte Falla dscainabaut war ad pce wh all power, cain, fcr apeae to determine our way of if, Poles the areas where tre mont effectively cite wr deste, where we fll uncves ead the at wr win gory. Av sch takes the highest deans on out tees and ur cam Tet ke 3 cla t be the natura nd of mathe qu for guna pli practice and yale in poi henry which simsted rial seen Was an expr, owerer dort of ths polis! swarenem and need, Aros wat tor enunciatng + personal doctne bur merly gg vice 10 the ‘ize’ perspetive when he sl tae the pol i he sanction wlse i etic Iigeat and is comprehensive good, te one that fy lode aller goods and en whch they depend, The ken has perhaps ean frosted y inode civil mcisty oy 2 Wile tue he Res tmnrcereily been Festal hy pote eeice frm which eas ight to expect stron a cleanin abe dh ens pols al he mane aa, a Sea Eipey at Hehehe sowinesi- eke plete or ging "Fo survey the difcky one we aly ke af enmempority Ponsa Scnnee aso re Unvenonouare 19, Sa an A nee Sena ae oe idee ut goad and bad in order to be tnteligble, Eeonomis se i ld i a eal sa Cotes ts etn ll on eh tema ts ene ee ee tee eee Sh tl ol ol el Sietorose ee eo meee ees aurea Se ee connie ees ety opty Sic tee ace enter ae seme oy me ey og0 “Teicrne Poueica Seuce tion of poli! man A famous poli siete once anerted to me that was wrong forthe APSA to inte fous poll gre © lees eonveton. Tey ae or dt" he side“ When Five Geiger conters giving speeches attri covenions, te Twill ‘Bhi pec er PreieneTramin speak cows" I douke wher police wicnce which looks ge sevtnen ab theit concer os Tidigis looks ne gnes hugh amirscope irene posible e would crate ivan toon naergeadate ment who ging 0 ies woer or won hopes to hea pian, Ove of the tos ent ‘Sars ony pli sents tht hy tet ie Sse in pols, Aral omaered poll sccace be but 8 e- face mercy now pea ats pe thelvs Gira bk wih Thee isa fal reso for pote science’ problems with ule senate suction, ad ths a ony Ia prt Ae othe belo ovencct, Pla cence to long sle to digs betwen fhe iporiny an the aningortang, the cereal andthe pri ‘Rite onthe mals coeiertons wich bpd ar hoe datnctine then growth ofthe sbdbepling i the se ongy yoo has cred oer the cre auch a etet tht one Sone’ whether ir there may more, The expan of the iver: TS er will tosspond to epee demands thee “Suagencat of foes rghit hand of speea—pane Slain aca ste un pula sicoedparmest the eats of Sow fs shuld faye bw slated to resach tert who 2S profesor hal to rah cones sd who commited 3 Wong aot iin tater of dartment psy, Now, for example, file {> find cous tang in Western Eaopan obs atd dics 0 fat cachens for tam, while areas of sconday sguiesce foe the Aiudrtnding of plies ate overepreseva, would Yeaure 0 Suggs that Anetican polite, intematonl resins, ani pial {henry ave ibn every slew moor neds to bw tH hin eh seid intrusion cfs thi, to the extent tat dee is 1 raj etane of inert ‘What pti since ection ought coe can be infra fom wnt an saying ie. conern Sl with the gest po Tein ite feat cgay ees, a tron Tt shoud provide sv cyunnce of pol acon nl pone st ‘ells ping nes a's seule aprons the es. r Potten, Sever axon, Usouncuapoere n should appeal tothe anuenc’s hear while calling forth Me reson. Shonld at les make a ete forthe ntegricy ofthe plea phenomen Ieahould concentrate om method oaly tothe extent that method co tributes to ce tboraton of the quesions of primary concer. ould show the various posible regimes snd the arguments for a0 guna then=particulely in the intention of avoiding the Goyin Sete of contrnssm encouraged Uy contention, unprogrimmatic = " ks obvious chat the incoherence of undergraduate eduction 2 rest of havin it stack on tadonal plea cence, a1 in vats repnas o betuviraom, And the eealton oF the po! tem would require 2 fuatnenta transformation of the profesor Sutra sellandencandig, for the undergrdaste trning will b villy reflec the moss fspectale views held atthe higher lve tthe dacipline, everyone lake tothe top od in the major waive Stes he tecers ate the sane asthe scholars There i ot likly he bach polite educeion and a poll scence elation why the demands ofthe ro ates disparate ss they ow are Thay hou, ‘what T sggest issn in the case vation ee uropian, Hot rer, fe further rears are sppeoprae, They may be of use Indivials of smal groupe of teachers who are itreed pol tial sgges a saregy for thir educational endeavors, Tivthe fre place, there tno doubt as wo what is arating ¢ stale a all levee polities theory. Inthe major universes whe oferings are che mo pop tnd eatin aplicaer i thei ‘nore tha any ott ln the others thee fa peatent clamor fort hiring of theorist. Thee fea Toe of td reasons for this remasan ff they, On hour, eaes co be the ee thing dy = {prove the marian epportnity for slfindslgeee, gab, Inala, I some quate theory” bis meant ile more than Chnal and seaerving cle for snestabshmene sentiments ins teconne a pea-bagfor every trendy movement of Ieting go 2 iran, The tate for poles phos can have is source thi pnceatos peal combination of intellect lines and es {or sry Buti ae giver evidence of heathy fesince whem “Tesonine Pouamest. Samer ee Sr a ra, Th cnc we acs cee sre tate ing cael Sees es et seem os Fog tenlray alte a bret eetpt Seneca es re mn cee oe sce Soto ta hotly oe pd LD etnecteg pte Soest ese ores ale es ri eK ae Th ey oth of thse factors provide a eel to pital ence ein ing. Swen snot ot become valve in bok. he books sat be prescated co thea ly teachers who eate alt then, Know they, lev tat they contain aemuiee which night be ehosen by tie sales, aul can comaicate sae eathusm for then Aga ample of» book wll ued fortis tks Teequeviles Demoetary In America At fs sight i appears bore to the sales, ont Poumeat Science axe rus Usoescuneare ' iced, and descriptive of what they dhink dey already know. F wien they become awe, for example, hat Tocquerile i describ thedemcrate mind describes their ind end tha ha mind is grave Tnited ia its eapacisy for the sciences and the ar, they begin take notice, Tocqucnle sigue Gat contin’ in the very pie ‘flenmercy na sendengy 0 lnellecul medicrcy and conforms hisses roubling aneton, one which the sadent sie to disco for bec owenpotction and becaie he ae almost no experience intlenil grees, Coorlinat withthe asertion about the int Teel wedoctity of democratic man ithe aserton that aster ae likely 10 emperor in tir respect. Now artery i someth as which the sens know nehing except for cern les 3 ‘which they simply ide with oligarchy. They are feed too to anor reine cne wich dois the fandamens principle of Se~equnleys which al accept and to which they ate devoted. Th find ere are auments hath sides of the bse, and they flemmcracy more seriously in calling ifn queson, They star lox ing nthe practice of democracy, t historical examples of acer Ke ‘t rsine Ind shove allo the bes argument for eath-oe of whi Fesimply contained in Tecquevle but co which be points. They Asien out of the nrtow cranes of the impoverished conempon Semaves tt they also Tole at the presne more lonely. Tet {hysrimy af the mij? What can "power ete” be ins dem racy? And Toei seo wats that egeearanim ean lend af {isp #9 to frown, The stnty of maern evans taker “Trew caning inti ight, Toequeile both teacher abo the ba Cot thane of pliir-and doe an with a precio based upon exp nce ant ststrvation-and ie a Himlf model of = pial» Tn the contest of sich sates, which woold broaden at 1 nice hiony of pital pllsophy, a sralent would surely want {nw ane wring ties: bt they woul be subordinate ro coed ino ehe it in lecton, and they would suey be les impor th the sly of the Federalist. Sateanship wil be a mae fon ‘ental sony tha matics ‘The radente mus get ivolved with fret peal Bure, ey to determine what constitutes ep Sheree they eat relly inacnce ats, what the retion of rence fo moeiy ond jusice ‘Once ented and policed they mt sady history and4 “Teves Potent. Scene exiled analyses of other regimes that have accomplished great tings tome ps others contemporary—he peculiar genus of Bitch parar meaty goverment andere schierement, Ua of the Koran {cpu te. Partelarly wef x Soviet poles because there Amer feta, who can hardly relly nsginesnoer way of hfe a esenslly dierent, can ines theeles in he heros of» sodern tranny Whar i aedet ir noe seienfely newt sis of development at of manager elites but description and anayss of how this regime fifth lives of is nec wae goal wee, bow ts alr four a vay to govern ao scouey, Ido noe tenn hae dy a= ‘ie, parti, oF underalen with = propagandisie intention. Te thou te a dapanionte bveration, be ose tha says else to the ‘questions chat ay bought man wold ase in deciding whether fe Sans to live i a regine, The stent shoul be open enough to ree= ‘give tha curseat American sadarde ate ot the only grounds of Jigar, ba a o's seni should be s dled By fae sence tot to recoize muterous dso, A decent pla scene fst ksow ne everyone Snows the Watergate bay a its borzon tan be etd ernogh to ake i impossible ro mention icin he sme breath with-not speak of aitng i tthe Gulag ‘Archipelago, Ie here thatthe (aca debate hecores filo Regimes sich at thar of San or Caligula canaat be seen for what they arene has ben fornlln to tink of then a bad Wee 00 ‘imple inde eo say thot we mam sy fs, sen each values, The fact conus the vale, the separation destroys both. The sey of these foreign regener should pot lead eo slfcongratlton a0 it not Intended te contrite to any pola! movement Tis pure it Aindentand the mitre af pola things When the nae of Hier ‘a fe invoked ro fy Rit Daley, pital selene fas fil in ie toa elemental responsi. Te tut dy to eae aon such tinge A. genta of Gentle con ple fren oe on ‘erat wh dnt hav tele ie what Fai wa. Neither the important fate mo the prisepes uf jlgneat lve been Bere ‘Along with pic theory, the serpine whi as arta sod stinlaed Healthy polite iver Sterol relations, Be flne wat ant pence are of such imedte and intense concen, een to pital seit, ples sang mations has ded reaction. Most ft ie practice fl alsat rea iestons alt abet made {The shone stokes hcl in plea! Me are muet clearly fee Pouca Soexce ano ne Usoescapuane ns here, particulily s0 today when the coronation involve difer- octeel fundamental piniple as welt oppostions of wil, Therfore Sealy pola jlgmeneB maintained so long atthe ies are mat ter of lite ad death. Poy oremation help hep the foes which ey be eprint ora Fe rida too inmedily sf to power, scl or aneipate. Bot fe cam lem lot eve from those who ares valved. And ifthe Ccporion are properly contd te interasona age xo on ‘which the broadest spetcram of pola! macives ean be played, All the spect ofthe statemans at reread thre. ‘The Felton be- teen the prediable and the unpreScabl,natre abd ckane, be- me serous questions and canbe conereely peed. The Felon be- teen josie aod survia,pelciple and expediency, come bet Tig The ncenty andthe Gfiuy of jodping benwen coficting ins become mane, Most ofall the bu eof We so there protiem of combing hmanenes with succes crn be shown °0 ‘Young poms without expereoce of neces and imbued wit gest Aepes Living trough he peblens of foreign af pod eds tian inthe wolty ant bens of oll fe a el the sere to lbertehimel fom the docesnairams of principe nd method [Kc bait cn lead him ¢o comemplate the serotivs contained in the somber geclnes of Thucydides the bopelul broly of Mach. Hil, and the sic moraism of Kant Tam not arguing tat» sinilar movement from the practice of putes to the pray theoreti oes could not be made on the [iss of Amencin police Bur given he erent sate of the dpi ieiswuch herder te do so. Atonand Kisinger ae closer co plies and to php han are Dal and Eason ut A proper ining in polcal sience mie not only addres it self tn dhe sudo coaeved universally but alo tothe cotempory ‘American suden, by which Tmean ie must comet the charters incllceual defects of oue rege. Every regime tends to develop cer fai» pect 3 the expense of wher, and a good eduction tempts fects dhs tenleney forthe sake ofthe ioelctal freedomns “Tescune Potmou: Somer of the invita in the hope of mitaing te exces of the ‘ogime. Here agin Tocqueville « good oll: The cont wesle ‘eof eplintan Aneta to whi be ot wd wich pal ence ering cod help to ry are the following (1) pany trick foe on pty concn ch ta he dil fly ca {ee Reel rte ts, (2) + luck af andar, @) 3 ink of rapt for trans whch uiatly toes tht densaninge de tos ck of swaren of aera, (4) a aa tion to lms ses ad (3) x rnies to seep determine ex Plnaon of things, raking tour» ows ofthe iden wel ‘anand tending reonforce thax see of werk” All of thse Incinaon have Uscome ioce pronounced nce Tooele te, 2 soci ees bth an expeson of thon ad fre cx ft ihem, With rapt to wedaeae (1) ad (3) sbove seal ce ta conetred on mpl and pe moter for eeyting 2d parla pal scion, Wit reper 0 (), weld ee toed bat ielly an expctly denis the ud ye of sr ink, ad epoca bard compa in confined i toa, tnd putculcly Avia, esesnce, Wik tepect © () ao (0, ste cece wishes to ezbleh gre ls We tow fe ae Sra sine, goog te pry of whieh police hngly ‘Smal st nena wo Ive to too for the eal Soe of een oF stern “Te pls fr whch Large an which ely and ‘woul act ata sue to tha moral end invlecal vites (0) Te Begin iy tking the pole on own ur and ging ad he Inoue conse rh ts suanal and refueetence (2) ie proves spond an gal forthe pctaly piel de> te fot tobe hme and win glory. labo proves examples and shipewof san’) lenake foul tate be waco no teoks and he qucsins they raed. Ont hiner Wondeed by {he paces of eal eras to sham Int of eu ning veryhing eke, we ae senna by th gest hints afte pase (@) Alda loking for gener ten coatana no dete ree tht they ae to Ue found ands upe to he pony of ‘hice and ecient Moreover pays pets tention to the one rare an he icteugencina (9) lesa. th level the ptanets Sd doe nox expla sory the mona examples of pal Cote Sadecemind by canceling the tft pola Poumeat Scunce snp mur Usomcnsouare a things 1th an edscson in fretom and human digiy with tut ening tobe wo. Seas Tn ny pence he moder avg op by the newly dscoered poly of aol eeecton on Jace and happiness rex overs te ln der of the niente univer odey 50 much folged ant so wisp. He begins to read hicoy fr example Tie nds dh the genet Hers hat «poli intention td ges, the pores represen ofthe ext pls moral probes nd Ie hemes who grapple with them He begin to sce the porte St shore or fe rin of a Hen at ok ice, both tere pope fle in scety aod to Gnd wha {Coches sbot suture ia Bee and ence above human nate He finds he ls hey tothe ety ofthe aacnces aa thereby eo era ‘ato, Nothing cy or parca ne needed fut ech Stndens, books, and cm Sing fr wiich redo dour re ‘peed By comping poles and nits we face apn the {fessnswihour which site x oman redom, vie god love, oraALLAN BLOOM ‘The Failure of the University 1 Pca a ed ele et rol f had en eres so Iman bl are lt fd en ia eo gre er a Teri, Demaaey Amen 10 TORRE SRR Ep ta tend and amir, emis inthis page af thy et toute dhton of he soldi pintado, and hae 25 2 fat eadetanding of human porto. ach face Pane pee, ume mation to action a has ts ove proper end Dee eek et {en ad comfort pede, hoor, pricy a poke oot eee ee pa on ae: of the contemplation of ting The educated tine fe eee ROTLehaT ee his amen hs devlped propery ad fly cn Imrie demaacis the theory of which war precy eet hee ‘earogpasons au sur ens to pli comsenis Dsnronet oe af ae“pwe FAILUME OF THE CNRS 5 spurts threatened in demas. The mative honor and lo which rt teres are mn temses ay more a the ve of Meat they fee wen om the concer fr presereation and hence eee fchment fea mercenary eof the mi ASIST af more ofa Seihaps ina fancaun way Dut one which cane wed 0 the wy the theese beotl and ces ings & Psa therefore. mae A i ey tad more Hels to dw home wth He Thu ain re eves cided. the intellectoa he x democracy bs profound Hee none fry Iared cls which would patronize ad protest Ilr the dere of the mare, To ruc the umveris have take the ple af uch as and Anan ponds bs for the ealtvation of the theoreti fe wiih Bods SRT Blois inthe soe, Tht sucess would have enabled doa, tae odvantges of ual foie Sih the advantages ofthe peaks of TRESS Fea sk of the eine, ha to ea he ei» tnd we Fae cnn end Ad the regi has omer weapons ip mone (SEC opm and. above all the appearance of rl nce ae aetjieeitmestd the fle ofthe university It ha become incon sster of tess and gol of the soit around it The ml os jedeaton to thease a dened by society» demands, bis nc band wth what appeaed tobe enemy dhe son for ernest and ‘ne tw ttar ela was the cl of the ate sities, Now quietly they er ei awe the fd te ha receded, ut Seease thas sue ah RE SERAE The misery tthe eten i epeseted the there Hl ores wor than 2 aly ee ital pt voune Americans a0 loge Hk wo read and they dort So Te ee ea soot books which form the. through which thes ee he roan st ton Te te tthe se ky, Den ho Fa eee cn afr the sake of eformation Books are wot soars of Foe Sinan sede rte tat ld tok ould conta Bea we eat men emer them ‘The univers does net repent» Meu esa Tied hight reipeted Meal ats college is New Fagland Isis wget my mom at the faulty lb 1 had fo ps trough «conference Chanter ia ich te president, dank sed department chaimen were meting 1 erned V2, bur could pot beip bearing ane sentence tered by the preset for the cher hand aight appea to be male chauinst” These men—oe prnon—aure ding whet rot! univers admins ae doing, Ther were Ergun in westifung voegualtestment, eal or alleged, of equal persona TREES, ches eased the moral and intellectual energies of the univers Tag WE awesty may have nothing to teach, It going to be tat by face cerated equally to all student equally admitted. The universe ae firs ena wich opel ut all 0 och has pased, But twa not» pusing Ta, TS etewing ells oe seating The cb world was evertrova by the) ual that of the movement hat become Incorporated ito the ie ne pti of the university, What we are tesing the rutnzaben eh othe weil eglaranion which was the eence of the sent ger he uatin Our ett cal seat In pst de to the fat that tbe fore” dasdens now sal comttate the etablhrent “Fi caltaran clerescene ch which Iam speaking was, whatever tbe pa tice ces cpus. te ols motive and the only goal of wha tok place in he Tr toot Th had i pert te intention of extending prevaling pncipley of ‘eusurun juste to aeas wet their applcaton had been hindered partly ‘cua blocs and ween Ths was pereaty i keeping with bath the sito {he nogne and whet prope tothe univer But there wat alo ¢ new and foc denen a thought which insted on moverent from equal of oppor toss Feta gules by way of Bnyng tht there we ay eleva!6 suas ntoone uate oe by nay of using government, the univerity, oF genes to overcome then, Connected with ths new adel ealtaanim in the aniverty eve the shundonment of quirements the demand for stent putational fanctone oF the university the ealuation of profes by students sevcounsling the Fenouncing of standards becuse they eneurage dria and unhealthy come Petition continuing ition of graes, concentration on teaching ratte tag Stholanhip, open admistons. the intvuction f new programs to Mt cery at Ze quota inthe admission of students andthe hing of faculty 1s queso “tether university ean pusie is proper end st must be engaged it the Bgbt eit scl iequality Bot mach move ws being demanded of There wen Sed ‘49 opinion abou that natura inequlives ate a alrsve a8 seal 9 Cnven- oma aes and that 8 the busines a he univer to core the fre el the later Thus the nies mut declare a war on nature a well okey te mame fealty “The neler fects of this determination on the part of univrities ae ‘veeuhelming In the frst place, equity has fo come ind of eli, doulas ‘tout which in thought. mot to speak of deede case pangs of conscnee Benes mp Yo rect om the gents that there might be» hetero human types and puss and hat spat of the university ack and day a jie 1 encuurage and culate sme of thew types and putts more had nes. Any esearch however dispassionate, which might tend fovea dienes mung natn. rates, or sets which are counter to the preva dog ye ‘ie tothe scholar One mast be ircunpec a er not fo app To den ‘hose great rues. Thos whole ringe of thought about the atest or ma at ‘ansted Tim abou fundamental suc the eer ofthe dy ‘One an ate mhere the powers by the things of which men most Fear being cused The charges thal cary weg ith the tbl of veer plc ope iom tay are racism, sexism and els, taking the place of olde charge ae theism or Communism Tht thee ae in varving degrees nat spstion cae tote doubted Br they ae dealt define And ste dificult prove that tan pests them a5 0 prove that man docs nt belive in Go los Se thse das would ad to ay on ofthe. Butte ai ile withscreton Most want be considered nthe vanguard the Baht aint acom evs nd lite al wish asd being unpested of fvoring them Testor thee 9a tile 'held for the fowishing of farafene and’ McCarthyism of the Rat Feminst. and egaltaan extemst sem claim to vepesent the rth and pramote unesenable plies, Take the ease of women’s Hbertin, for example. How many profesrs would are to make serous investigations concersing pvehicdiferentations betarca em fn women oe to suggest diferent ways of ie and education a oppepeate fo {hem All tthe contary. thee fe 4 stch-hust going fo root Out sean fe Scheels. and the hry tradition. Sng ts ow accepted hat mae ‘hunni domiated owt of the putt impossible to tke, for example Rousseau's Nouvelle Heloise as anything better than a particularly prejutioed pespetive on nen ind women and the elatons. It mut either be Fel up to ride. or tated ay = historia cant Since almost tone of tot clase works of ay kind cat be the to support hewmen s iberatin roves, ‘yehane ome more reason fer abandon the stad ofthe tradition, fr we se 90" ‘ova higher moral and intelectual plates, The new pacpes donot Bd oppet“rue FAILERE OF HE CARTY 6 cad entre camot ba sor of spain. And forthe met a Thas not generated a literature of a comparable quality. In the name of Base Worn nt ace nr so An he snes annua inode ode ney sh pres Oo Tn PT paste purehnarewed fe oer 280 ee ut hs yc fad abou the nett SE stati Wt hey an enor sch Sn nan tthe say weiter of ratte ue pose Our bape ha ih dg and ine Beene ee niece atest abner an th a Dd ae ahh vase the aes ethic a ccs sonst pty ped by HEM spol bea, Sting etn Thee treme ra for st hey Fe eat unatnsae semteey he settion eh ie ea ote se to te egy became eet mancnt demure betes met be meron TOT tnd er ach oo the bn of rarer feat eon eee ng mu feb as aberdeen He Uy TCU att ee tmnt aes a i Sonata atom mos a ere Witt desing het ch weg eee Sai a pany to tomes the sow te tele wera nets cede dwt of uh ple cope BecUmTRah etn the lr then place re ah ae ee CMUeE af ctor: We se Sat ari ta Paella en enone Kw ha mee fin werent ae Sade comm ta ont ol ct ps TEN BipLtt nu have then ow thew ef e EW to ae se eer e we otha epen amie ve nk deed Sear ea ac eed wt the cra fr eh ge SPATE cod ean kt epee the ne We ae red SOTA. Stta sede pega we pet see heen oe ls froth mr ers ha tr ae Ser aig atthe, ere uated We a that eres dn Fa a eae Collin ttt ene We al tht fd wage wr neque bts rr be et Fee tt wSastns eave srr dato ae Sa ee Aa pet note seh at Een dice re kent ar bored-—ored caste they hive ale inh coal ened the freshen une ppl wed to look forward to colge, bred ecae thes eve ti th the eos m bi demas he uverty a fol of hee Aablibnet and = pespor fe sic. bored eeass the od. ll, but entng ebb tas dappeared bored trcne thes ms eepare for eres which the ie to ncrsrhs but shh they dept, aod above aed ease he um ru ete ny anspration. son a higher motive for ie or of ast ne worl "Mis ic mt «apps tine forthe univers, nor one of which we univer men Tet ed ert aso ceasing ramp othe niversy 98h no prea 6 SLAY atoowe for the fature These ae too many students who do not care atl 100 many protestors with too Ite schalurshp. The nest step forthe later loan, ‘thick wll sd another hepery about standards ube covering the ‘el once {or jb sccunty Ta umonizaton wil be janx farther step in rodcing the profesor to the level of the highschool tac Liberal ara education would fey five a hard time defending ts sum d How bores tbanal of the wise Tn eng ‘oy the sluton i simple The student are arog fr spits] toursbment cad it's ght under or noses, where alsans was. But 0 one ho hr any power wal bk‘ and the pec Interests mould oppoe wich might and. ain The schivement of sibel eduction bya ident il fo the tine being bt, be Irere pce of god Inck—theconcidence of the stedets wh ong fr learning Ieeting with the teacher who kaw something abot the spe things Aa it ‘ations univests now So a gteat injustice to human sate12 University Standards and the Decline of Humane Learning ‘We iy bina cosierton of the ple stn in vier wit Beavis the mos uml ee shat he quanta ‘eke ony peruse thing tow sfmpeom of the elem) change in stander dorngehe le twenty Ys, undergraduate gree infaon, “Anh profesor mayne lnge be ery sue shoe wha they esse ‘hese aio, talons knw tac hey atere bythe A CoD, and, of ther tise A ad Be an the palepine eage ‘wc susp thir ral axgvement x chen oar pe Ineven Teor univesits tela in ras ha ced chat he cone, swith the dllrence thar in the academe corey thee na wn 0 nae the A; i canner be sured, a9 that among salen tate ow {rocco he chante newly ch. Ae area 0 ore by, Bae {he consolation pez, and unusual ak of ateniven lef [ee ssignmens els ian. Aa Fisanachevemen, peed by ne fou etase ese the eu oan act of will onthe pr feet "hr shan sgh of meg. Dad disappeared. Wath 401060 percent ‘hese een hn, gration erm bene eng Uf an enisrassmene for unventes thar reps themarive ad He fe fared as sanda-betes, fo everyone knows hat thas oc el a Ereakeeough in polagony Bu « Ceapening of he peda alle bs Poon ti Tape ee ridve uLAN o100m ‘CONSEQUENCES OF GRADE INFLATION Bocwha wrong wth hi, partly since heres aso chink hac college dens ate working ar as they evet di erin harder ‘han heya inthe cess? The ld sytem grading was alter aon {convention snd we simply aaped oe tine wa new one. Well che Te place the devel corteny ray il serve foe damestic prs ba rca inser, hi i he pofeinal chase aet to wi (hr prduce ae aw gel seeking rapped, ro longer tus our ea of Shyrval The allege record doesnt revel elles aciewermen, ‘Euless. Hence they iyo eters recommen el seandardinel tens Ad sce ltrs ve safle the sare Kd Tetaion te al shy ave mest hy the pteors whe give the grade fin whe geetny ie emp by verneatl Sa 6 nf ‘Towa the reste supe yosing at eae a ceria ash Uhecity Stetson tons he estar ene meses AT sccomplsieot, nl she shes he Eset Testing Srice Teplice te universe he satel eho ard stan The en (eliberal dca with ts malic unity the ait fleeing Ul sensciiy the ponte, Being eae a6 1 aha, never ‘escve or mare han & et arnt vo sy even, supplant The ‘ler son ly tke the uni vey aan he source lek Thon rather thas pop te vil ang, es mer ims omm mek, what ungely poe oes 0 be wat Prepare ho for he ee sy oa eae hi a ene oher es dctor but kw tha saint anerty eaprince reels Telia ermal dye nl cto! wl ede (in by hs wegen etrmanc I ute another hing fe “hints a he wavy pearing i epee exons in the puison of hace ser ae the ieity unde (Sect of ch civsing pies ie are undermines sanchw bu thar the fous yoshi al exprcn, wih cn eval 2 tens ‘rues in sprained contete wayne deel Gv 2 hr hee si se, In opie te meninges of ras, he sew sjetaton hs mae peaked af estes. The pak from avtagesbescut fr wet, Tht ain sneha A sent sre sa party with the fea af ls nye Suomuny Aare ns thao Aca poe ale Ga Iratery of he dpi ‘terry wcll tor the ae rrp cpg at en seen est Ueto sake vss somanqonne othe ae as ag the sats, hen epi at ona ck Kote Shes and wngraonyot lt une op were ie on. Mile ‘Shins stoic ey ha youl el he ena ‘Phe atin of Haman Lang ws Doubs, the deste fr diinton is 0 the same a concern for ge bu is perl ive that ean atrac the young seis ‘hey my nels veo hema eas epee el chee Inc in ciple, they act both af guaran of Tae icesves for ‘pect i Ciera Ronse propery se, mena toeducon [Rulsresed love of knowledge it oper resale The agitation guest ies ok hi rte ele aa gand education oe te commen posession Atevery beginning wdene The aces of cat agitation upped bach the munie fw ahievemen ao the awe for daciplnes wha tex do Socesec cher. But td hing ace the natural love afhonr fom th souls of the young. Thi pan eo be fist allied with the peat ecco fot ung stant pone by the out weld, peeved the Itportance pies whch ha fated pry aa wy faving gees wile making them sunngian. "The grade eth bok pu ad Kopalhesicance nso the leaning of Sipline has een ‘Hostel destoyel “Tc comanjccs hve bc severe ar he mae of dens. Thee i ‘uw aceeain self. ote sve het theo alain FRaudaene Legitimate epelraranin es yoube wha your demapopc Ceolaanismellsyou yar whe you ko you ae or. Mereyone sant be bes he be word loner meaning thou anya’ ann nce or eve having been pended Ts ial 0) tat ula srs or fener or Soctore rexel nd tha pencil all the vest ate ery al. Rater an leveling, ov woes egleaanen fas tae eveyone he rca of he elec Of oe, aden tht teiee ny otha They wan el menurs af bee woth. They Simpy cea o espe the niet as place be ese and fred fot Teun comet be the seroutnee of te eae “Aas oe of arg dane rave deere bythe bis arharuinssu anand jaca cllege ipl no lange gonates thy kit ering he peaks he honor diplomas in hoe univer ik cogiaed ub best, ave bees lower. Weface the dager chat he ‘eal ancompesnsing standard ofeach wl ipa om while eae ‘nay sls edna shat by nature Bangs toe pat of al sis sane op? De fol, fa, es wih te pofessr Thy tly pan th gras but mane oy ad ewe is he gee Sigua ale fo uegradate rade ination oly 2 5596~ ‘mi tenet unveney core The fang ofthe exteaal ‘Munda pn! sles te election of decay i the itera {MRt ie pnt sol They eo longer sre what they at 0 teu ar even they a stl te doing sming 3 But eo be Smewhat move peste per in eel whom Lam Cute ‘Chcngs le of hme a wl ence Aad, cue16 [ALLAN 91006 er tie prof he every came the grade ation, The era cmt bese pp of ties sof wat Cnc ‘Sine nei pny, hy Kept ee ch ely Steiner nc fe ene re cocerod pn wih 3, SSR SESS sae wah end id rer iy ened, thc sea, as one 04 ‘Avot pla see sot eapctd to be exe hea, nek tor odpng plus nce wee meget a hone he waits then icy wer mayo cet Kind. And nce os Siu fom poy o Egle so ie SEESE'Nnstmehing oct upper an gs tote be of ce Felice cna ie hem ema iy Fh roar btn re i ase ea ceo eee iu ill the Reman whe Rane fad eco 2 et sept naaosoppt mt hare avuson abo a he Mine nar ae amen hangin ou Spd oe nee ge Oo sams A Sit UNIVERSIY “This wakes ins the humanities aml sce siete ey revel ll ith Dah. wet cng ome of pai {lic eglaimam,This fe phenome sinc cece wth seein whch forded excl poop peoples fea Tih eres xis carat chat enity wee ene 0 ‘Mr the ws ess alain npc te that rebel aia te ‘oats ees ope al mene aman excellence Bu dase nese slays woth fo by the presen of hs uate an ny dacs sity theo ht seep the en ‘ought necery bythe ong Faber, Tete always he empation (Dekel gunn natant fhe nara! equlies of ya 9 ‘elles aan tse rl a oe Torte sites shart fr theft toe sry eck gant the verte sn lect ie peer.” Previn oi Fee arc mehow note sanget Arena plitic asin, ay i en math nm ati 9 Hen tt wget et nb ml en he Delo Haman Larne » sna heegalitain response co the greet Eat Cons universities ad been © Ii averse in thir image across the cote. The best American Univers muntine lary svou nelle poste pay at love of trac prey out of snob, and partly becuse they bad (nae aod cents the Euogean une, which hd, p el Wed ‘irl, the ery highs andar and produced many rly get scholars. ‘When de stack onthe otellectua inegity of he universe eam, all he elements of his sactate ha len been neve, ad eo Lapel atte aa me mas ry oem hac fer wet faced with athe sate o Undenand their reponse. Sadens were inthe angus the onslagh, profess ud threo eit ee sgl el a es song ‘paca sesumets Fr pasr, ose Americana Bd ie ‘ese publie opintn. Moreover, ma countey where tility the dom une pitipe an the gat a che theoreti ei conespondigly “imine fe Busses nly o che exten tht dase who ie od the “scnmuniy a le sre the omferablepenatio tha Ears pur Iniureitl The qui ae rasan heats before outbusts of mer Urligaotion, An the fat ue tat came dhe scene ws the one best steed ruc Ameria conscience ace Savery was Ames preset Injustice an ofende our lexing perag ut ly pnp of aie, talc, No thong el dere ctren ul ah he esp of ‘Sing sues to staripaut ts legacy Citaeshipand scholarship make ‘irene demands sd we generally lack a medi principle The ives prpae func ot change he wd Ba that Sc alwags te wew oman thse wh ae par ft apd the sees ‘Many wena oa the watery co efor ny Teese hing oma very ert be eta al hot who could soa wate purse vp he peal ighereducaional communi id 2 ne anther hing change scarcer a onerto comma ‘hue wh has eco, Hoe the tes bape peo an pay avout Bae ince Fis, amiions andes were lowered. Tew cans tac, al somerimesexplice, eaning of grading standards sell changer incur snd ata daconey Oe el of ssl cpm demu. Nea chve wan al green eae a {een nthe emt ty, eich mea a sbuboet he {morn hard-wired eligi Crass fa vl on the ively ol ta A a onsegoence, “cjrogam stunning acomnalator udev nee sao began Rola Ai, lye wien epertedandalseted tach on rc petal eb of Hight These ere ined 0 an ee tore conte seo he inept the Uaipines ween pate alone ns A hea compan by osuof Maris hiking that tepee she witty previ hel be ‘hesymbol andthe rey of Nbr! dency devon the rile hc the asl ke rene he vec "borg slog "Ore tm ofthe moral einen given ate0y byte cl igs ovement foe the ats anvemen ha, ough #3 ape (ele macy as feat tonite fad round whacoeve, ceed ‘he pos seltouscs uch x degre that watever ws {Tune by popes ramet repeal, The ete peat wes boty gal sutra mer the authority feces Boat cerns of une, ae al nal) who wee seg the Soung men owe, bt ae he suthorty of tution ado ech, Teen more, he ain lene ita scence a the es fo ‘Pah The une oemacon, hc icin teen prs satel mer ewig, anes Segre suena denna, swale Te esl of nua ret sch the cy onto of tory aed crops eh uve an ftir eansfrmatin of he ci sree ded sespny oy of mach raiona ein ‘har ed mrs i in he ye he ses eta es ry ith sy wo funn, Te ok ontage ache cra na oa Se weap he snsogy steer. alameda keine eke Sry fteraen fem mation Fein dd nt ae ee reece 2 yc er we ny et he Te prea Fatend aac he realness a me Met wl pony en st oe tw trey viaharer a gaan be tlc fe Aon wins ds i tnhernty tke thee agate parry Meco cet eel oe, ee on ne il secu nee, nest cone ws we ‘dni ra frei in eft wens ee Te thee endl i the gar red-—ra, sein, alsany econ net the weeny. Sc the Sls eye 8 Wy see eee ran hie gal wht 8 te ppt he Sha ppt et pt al he ew pa oe vey ing Thier aque ace barat oer fut, wl seo reeled dare cs th fiaey The aa ome see need at enfaldona by she sample the wanes wt ‘Mee Aany unc sn tk a tina wth he ‘seit teacher Nn ane wos hg se TNs ngs eastonad shots Tests Te Deli of Haman Lang 19 a Iwi ha hc he oat pages do ae el ee el try ofthe sobre ston that tw permeates the stmanphee of she univer) The spi ‘haracterand vocation ofthe university ad i inne confidence ae en ‘te. Arong other things, hypcesy tna rampun, the hyper of se who ine che programs work aod tamper withthe cao decee the ‘eles and the bypocriy of thene wh believe they dont werk bot ho enw eh fatal consequences of being tegged + aonb "ANTILITISM” AND UNIVERSITY PURPOSE Sova ism i the vice ose dtc related ro andar, becouse stanandsare whats mean by eis. And ncelitiam provides he pet ‘at chalenge othe univers. Aatrcam ad seni wee on dan [eous tothe xen tae they pore sn egalitarian imi othe Inca if Papel unto, dents for gemineeguly of ‘cand women con be exily met wihou changing the setae terol che university But the tap he each the sel seking ed the itty Iny canoe be 0 seepratel. The vous dines ‘sui rales ox soe that te hard deny a which mo feacher shold {lo lvoe ‘Theres naar rk etree nceay alas te Spece, ut alway ther ehae eatin mt encourage, fo he pd of ‘he connie, fr the good of leeng, and for joie to indies, ‘Elti tnaching bat 2 pacadncnte tem populated by il sciace wiht makes wmething ate sem convention ad perverted ‘Aa, it some mestre, the thereof stan wat rested, i has ‘ese by the atural setts, They ped the ck othe scl ens {un de humans, wh proved mae scommodatng. Nasu cen ‘is tn were Americans and ween general fevorbly disoned oe ne ‘oa ty were sure whe tey were ding, The opti ‘ew ha sis the weary ad ules condi democracy — The ambience va which scene slob with god consciences Taig sty under the salle ofthe ral Ceigues howe he bats the way in which hae jects hol be sae, what ont tutes wr wut them are ll car fo sian and apred upon, The tall acenes mathemati. Prag contemporary cence bas parched isauthorey bys nares tht othe ln ru deleterious fo sent ie ic ha ecnity done so by making asl incapable of peaking oat snyhing hora a the wer concent ete al at hes con dee sets tha they ae seuhing isecewie ey ae They hve Powel persia et sso anpeteac An wal they ble a et iy expen Tintin al Kelle acetic owt. Inthe der tht {vl the thematic mane, nampl, rose mote lac ‘omc a ould oe fd ety enough competent once thy a ‘Sct sid ha thehumansamd sacl scent sold ie tem, Undeio ‘ALLAN 100M yng eis wide wa 2 pofon conemge fr the humanities di itkenabough the neural wens fen pid lip servic them, Tete tc wetes rough to the sure the sobmerged fa tht the rcniy oo loge ha sy nyo purse, no communi abe pater oy one earl ad ce baa es fhe nies fF aeenelwcling companions, a were, shting ches hip Nocvce sy hw much ned othe ocr The spit papeed oe th Te uw ere or undegrdante consumpeo; but fer he Hera ‘Sheation pr ofthe csr s gen throgh, ee ew wor par eeeiing that theese no veal sandr on ee oter se, cents usual te nije te could ely be made, With food ‘Responsible went slong with ais pecs ef amare an Soe te cum ihr ny minony stone amited without Soper latone wea be hen eve fy ter deparnent sey atsecdn well mene, The sents dil not antipa nge fer of sch sues with ce eal eile oseguece hat would eal hey ok forged tar hey mold seed somewhere cn he unvety Th mal ilps thi we ry stat ce ama a a cnt geno at ave chef fr earn Belve hac [ee acum reson the eso a ea ‘Shel tes iy mld ar gh ocean tt ut torcooion sling, sn we mast ars urs ‘eto rat in eco ners dig orilisand proses torches ete pac, wx cena hc aed with he hn swerld on which eh pleat iverments the sities al ses wer Teint imps sew tepao,for the srs tae ips EE ee eae ett ny nay omar ring view, te [ety thar tal beds. Norte grup sa 81 Kem he ‘Scores wen sa ad Beppe Onl ern ‘Sto mrrl cee pws ere oy we Spesn heir cost pollute the evimnment—were (Erland ae fiir ok ed Fc Ricco surah tat iy the amet poten eg und hsp rie cya he ding Fiche inh yn ce sles Theses etc by sh ety ‘eechingh eyo thsewhoe ors we ha Ca sh Ne Te Din of Haan Lari 1 root and branch cai ana must supplaned by athe. In order to eep fn the good graces of the mave of the frre 50 famous» itor em Morges haa sudden convertion ad fovnd caer wa 48 "loi nvenson the Virgin aiatacas deve poor wher to sling wich ich one to kexp down the sees rahe ha llowing thet traci interes, whieh would have dicated aida of poor wie tne ‘ck Thus ory makes ss acorn tnd purges sal of rc Only those who were wing to make sch concessions cold wveid the anger of igh scsacon snd of loin ther moral ong a oainy ‘ome fore Boris ne only tha the humanist and Social sientits were sane a he font lines that Cand thee wee, Rath, concur they were ‘rerceing on incr ube abou the ret thet dito othe Simple rems, they eobeleve Ou knowledge cen kaowldge od Ihnen heya noted fy eve i Hee he ‘nto he huranterand the wc eee diverge. Tey a ned Inthe bch must alk sb harman tings and tat ermal fant Eomledge makes ve very dial to dos. But thei vspnse fo this eae ile The socal ences tyne wy or arabe be scien ‘qty the std man ad thas breakaway fo the ited embace ‘the manists an escape opin the mattis thei white booty [ut The humans, in cota weeanoter source fegmacy, oping the scence wil coe hem site pee of hie emp, which they ml [mine otro eplin sway Imagen ad eatin te gpl wach ‘nia apaie the lance a cnc, bu hey rove cesingly egy co he enene ta they cave Ba plc in are -ACTION OF TH SOCIAL SCIENCES This ilveae acne fr he ilerence beowen the humane ad soc ccnes ates ncn he dernds placed on them by stadt fa te cmmmunty The sacl sciences, with the paral exepion of ‘nomics, had lng soc sharon! dhe sicrape ogres simply mechan SSIEoount ol man ad asset favor of Maw Wibers method hae ‘lacing facts fon vals. Sil fr, like natural at, ae of “ote eatment, Sal slec, wa alleged, ad ot prey Srucelel bens nae value judges wth fal sateen A UUivece svi scence cd tin to these Kd of objec 9 Thtwral ieee ur thi aertn atthe ne ime a amin tht ‘Sinking speci human evap the purview af cence Ad that “shat moe important fom the point of ew fe, Prt "ancy, demaray, ao science all egal ae, themes Usp esl by su, ta orm and nlm the ae es pee 4 Aen Sy An Fr Th f rg wk: an,‘Tus when sudens sce sil scents of stung the wrong things tng i oa aching ohne ho id hehe tera eye oy sep They could not Seles nator pin ye hye, bs cei cntet a byte student’ omit Inet, Toy ligne dodo fan ec yon vlc pea ore al ayer eter Hiteneet leat dee her ccs es ca tha corn conor sk Inte opsy-trey pectin tre by = hic stanly 2 a ho eee atte ceenitee ete Ried and he emetic cites fr dsingtsing bree th wo and he bal {Senate panto wonder hehe hi een for iba demcaey rr refer oppied othe at eacventonl pres se ste ia = Dre aon ns presents othe Aner Pita Siete Ascvion, gre te rae ah nce ht ial ce Ter been enie to lur quent aa aries, mw el as ah hr eh tld cna eotherems, chan ner he sf snreiey t Tiemann beanies tthe oly eo fs ate mh Staley onthe emtomporty Sor cece aa publ ion, Ard tt {ensue wh ang pb opin Reh partes Stace pov te power public opinion dd how i wil Be we East aie har ann an ence the unr havea standard wh Sica aie nts wre the recs pie in He ‘ne weep” th po thr aa cen an OMA ‘Se roped the del ln ean “Theyoed cence ne, fr ht dl Sop 0 eden mn hy yh i us whe weg ie ou Teh wee tice they owner stot hoe ay “sunita ‘Mma nthe county al saath rail ere epi ay of ame pala hy he Kindo an eaten re eka em Pie a ob desqie he eof Hama Laing ry scp a by how may chem hve ied he akon gan. The montis ual ws rage inthe ses, Ret Beta oo ‘ge oh ls ves decay “ie humanity ba no eps Uke cof Eaton’ take, They tution in our minds, but lo, in particular, the election on the principles of politics contained i that branch ofthe humans faled political philosophy. Poll philonophy isthe quest for nowlecge ofthe good ofthe best regime, The founders wert © quis educated in he triton of politcal plosophy Contrary topopular notions, this is ota practical ation tha ket theoreti studies 10 inefectaal Europeans. Its athe the most theoretical ‘lion ever to xt. Not baring themselves on tradition, revelation, ‘cay authority starting aresh inthe ful light of dy, «group of crlighlened individuals constructed rege intended to bring into Me certain seltevident, Le, avaiable tothe reason of all _gople truths arived at by philsophic reflection. This was The frst epme founded by phileophy and philosophers mean tobe anwampletollanda iberation frm the burden ofthe past Whet ‘Sore all Amicana were understood o be capable a eproducr ing the thought ofthe Constitution and of choosing the goveen ‘ment eablshed by iton the basis ther oo compelingfeson The Constitution was thereore accompanied bya manic os intention, ome of he greatest ofall pecs of politcal eter the Decaraton of Independence, ane by a cornmentary on ils mest ing, which, i ot precisely peltcl philosophy, informed by per liveal philosophy the Feat. These documents were mean Io te read by all Amiens nd opera them both ofthe rath of the underying principles and ofthe gous ofthe regime into ‘which those principles had been translated, Lave of teu nol ee sane, was tobe the prevailing disposition of an enlightened ci “ony. The fouryers ha tad the casical philosophers and hit tans with rivaled care and intelligence ain patcalar were ‘mpeesed with John Locke. Our carclesness, nay inference, lt sch things his pt un the pion of mo anger av oval eeasons fr adherence to oar institutions, Look at the Fat rls. and See what aninay cizens were supposed fo det. nt then. The gquston of plea phlosophy, what the good region, ‘was taave bee te esto every American, The ery sophia “wat that mw ss tis queation a8 ave might be a measure the distance have trawl frm the: American founders and night giv us pase, wondering whether that distance dacs ot “cpt us fet concern fe and understanding ofthe regime. I ul hove us in the coming Bxentenal yar fo concentrate