GENERAL ARTICLES Sustainable forest management in India Tajbar S. Rawat*, B, L. Menaria, D. Dugaya and P. C. Kotwal In India, the criteria and indicators approach for sustainable forest management is being implemented on a pilot basis since 2000. The initiative, known as the Bhopal-India process, has over the years endeavoured to formulate a working framework for the achievement of the goals of sustainability specific to the national forestry conditions. Forests provide a wide range of ecological, economic and socio-cultural benefits for the communities, enhancing their quality of life. However, the dynamics of forest management in a developing country is unique, as the multiple uses of forests are clearly felt in a multi-stakeholder environment. The application and monitoring of criteria and indicators by the communities together with effective institutionalization and capacity-building can provide us tools to review the progress towards our goals of sustainability. This article discusses the application of criteria and indicator approach for sustainable forest management, giving a picture of the present situation in the country towards achievement of sustainability of our forest resources. Keywords: Criteria and indicators approach, forest management, sustainability ‘Tue intense global debate on sustainable development and sustainable management of natural resources can be traced back to the 1970s, when there was a growing concern re- garding their depletion and degradation. Sustainable deve- lopment is commonly defined as development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability Of future generations to meet their own needs’, Sustain- able forest management has been considered as an integral ‘component of sustainable development since the UNCED Conference at Rio de Janeiro in 1992, also called the Earth Summit. After the summit, where international forest principles were formulated for the first time by ‘world leaders and the first global policy on sustainable forest management was adopted, the notion of sustainable forest management rapidly gained interest. Accordingly, the forest resources and lands should be managed sustains bly to meet the social, economic, ecologieal, cultural and spiritual functions, and for the maintenance and enhance- ‘ment of biological diversity. The concept got support and recognition in various international fora for the manage- ‘meat, conservation and sustainable development of all types of forests, There have been numerous initiatives and processes in the world to streamline the efforts towatds sustainable forest management. Over the years since then, the criteria and indicators approach developed as a potent tool for assessment, mor toring and reporting of sustainability of forest resources Now, some indicators relating to forest area change have been’ included among 48 indicators of the Millennium Development Goals of the United Nations, particularly The ators are i he InanIstite of Foret Management, PO, Box 1357, Neo Nagar, Mhopal #62003, Indi ‘Tor conespondesce. (eal bac ndig? gall. com) 6 under Goal 7, to ensure environmental stability which contains Target 9 — integrate the principles of sustainable development into county polices and programmes, and reverse the loss of environmental resources. The indicators for it ate indicators 25 (proportion of land atea covered by forest) and 26 (rato of area protected to maintain bio- logical diversity to surface area) towards the fulfilment of the Millennium Development Goal Sustainable forest management encompasses all the three components of sustainability, viz. ecological, economic and socio-cultural well-being. It has been defined by the International Tropical Timber Organization (FTTO) as “the process of managing permanent forestland to achieve one or more clearly specified objectives of forest management With regatd tothe production of a continuous flow of de= sirable forest products and services without undue reduc- tion of its inherent values and future productivity and without undue undesirable effects onthe physical and social environment”. Sustainability isnot an absolute, independent of human conceptual framework. Rather, itis always set inthe con- test of decisions about what type af system is 10 be sus- tained and aver what spatio-temporal scale’. Given the abstract nature of sustainability, the criteria and indica tors approach provides a framework to define the parame- ters and goals of socio-cultural, economic and ecological aspects relating to sustainability and assess. progress towards them. Forest management in India ‘The forestry sector in India is among the first in the world 10 be managed on the lines of modern scientific manage- CURRENT SCIENCE, VOL. 44, NO. 8, 25 APR. 2008‘ment, Establishment of forest management from the midle of the eighteenth century incidentally coincided with the industrial revolution in the West’. The forests emerged as, important resources during the pre-independence period, as the demand for raw materials increased, and a need was felt to expand the railway network®, Forestry was thus production-oriented a that time. However, the basic ehange in perception was brought by the National Forest Policy of 1952, from production forestry to focus on meeting ob- jectives of maintaining ecological balance on the one hhand and meeting the needs of stakeholders in the best possible way on te other ‘The 1988 National Forest Policy® focused on the maine tenance of environmental stability, conservation of natu ral heritage by preserving the natural forests and! meeting the basic needs of people, and also maintaining the rela- tionship between the tribals and other dependent people, thus encompassing ecological, economic and social a pects of forest management. There is however an urgent need to monitor and ensure proper implementation of these policy implications. The quantifiable approach lke criteria and indicators to monitor and implement these objectives Cf sustainability is imperative. ‘Why sustainable forest management? Increased pressure on forest resources of the country over the last few decades has threatened the livelihoods of mil- lions of forest-dwellers and other poor people living in the vicinity ofthe forests. Forest resources have been im portant for the prosperity of any nation and its commu ties, They are an essential natural resource providing ‘multiple benefits to people besides other important fune- tions such as biodiversity conservation, global carbon stor- age and a storehouse for future option values. The rich and the poor alike are dependent on forest resources, di- reclly or indirectly, and forestry in many developing coun- vies, including India is also seen as a means for eradicat- Ing rural poverty and achieving sustainable development. ‘The pressure on existing forest resources is immense in India. Having only 2.5% of the world’s geographic area and 1.8586 of the world’s forest area, we have 17% of the ‘world’s population and 18% of livestock population”, In this context, it is imperative to preserve the forests and ‘manage them sustainably, so as to ensure secure livell- hhood of the forest-dependent communities as well as con- serving our biological diversity Recently, asa result of increasing public awareness and various treaties and conventions all over the world, there is a movement towards accepting only those forest proclucts which have originated from sustainably managed for- ests), It has emerged as a market-based mechanism in support of sustainable forest management, Certification and eco-labelling are such new mechanisms enhancing for- est-product positioning for a premium price on the one (CURRENT SCIENCE, VOL. 44, NO.8, 25 APRIL 2008 GENERAL ARTICLES hand, anel ensuring better managing, practices for forests fon the other. Criteria and indicators approach for sustainable forest management Inthe forestry sector, there isa paradigm shift from a focus fon sustained timber yield to sustainable forest manage- ‘ment, encompassing in it environmental, economic and social dimensions, The principle of sustained yield is considered as the focus of forest management ever since the forests were managed on modem scientific basis. Its an accepted norm in forest management and forms the core of modern, organized forestry. Scientific knowledge is heeded all over the world to effectively address these Is- sues globally and regionally, and to provide the technical basis for policy decisions. ‘There have been many international initiatives with po- tential application to define and assess sustainable forest ‘management, such as criteria and indicatos, life eyele as- sessment, cost-benefit analysis, knowledge-based systems and environmental impact assessment". The criteria and indicator method has been widely accepted and immense work has been done towards its refinement and practical application. Over the years, it has developed as a potent tool for assessment, monitoring and reporting of sustain- ability of forest resources. Currently, about 160 countries are participating in nine regional and international proc- esses of sustainable forest management following the eri- teria and indicator approach, mostly within the framework of an international initiative, which are specific to various forestry conditions"*™. ‘The criteria and indicators approach presents a tool for assessing the magnitude and direction of change in given forestry situations, and this provides critical information to the forest managers and other actors for forestrelated decision-making. It is an important framework to assist countries collect, store and disseminate reliable selence- based forest information needed to monitor and assess forest conditions". Criteria define and characterize the essential elements, as well as a set of conditions or proc- esses, by which sustainable forest management may be assessed. The criteria and indicators provide a robust framework not only to define sustainability Inthe context of individual countries, but also provide a mechanism for understanding, monitoring and analysing national and global trends", These are instruments through which progress towards sustainable forest management may be evaluated and reported. Castenada" defines criteria as the range of forest values to be addressed and the essential elements or principles of forest management against which the sus- tainability of forests may be assessed. Each criterion relates to a key element of sustainability and may be de- seribed by one or more indicators. While indicators are parameters that measure specific quantitative and qualita- 7GENERAL ARTICLES ‘Table 1. Brief descripton of major ntertlonlly recognized processes on extra an nears and the numberof artic counts” Taal oof Place of Ducal Noo Proce viria indicators seption seption counties Reference 170 Iniave oo 7 66 ‘Yokabama, Japa March 1982 earn ssiteria aoindcatoes Dryzone Alen Process 7 a Nairobi, Kenya Novenher 1985325 Pan European Forest Process 6 zr quate, Hels, Finbad: tune 1983, yw otdesenpive ‘Lisbon, Portwgal__June 198 Montreal Process Tsonteglly 67 Somiag, Chile Eebroary 1995 2 a” Tanai) Taapote Proposal 1 lob Tarapto, Peru Febuary 1995 a 28 "rain management mie Near East Process 7 6 cir, Eevee October 1896 oe Lepaterigue Proce of regiocal, regional “Teguaigatps, Sanary 1997 a 2» ‘Cental America ‘nator 52 nations Hondas Aion Timber rgpazation 28 oo breville, Gabon Janary 1999 oe ea Regional inkiaivefordry 3 Bhopal, India Deere 1999 ° 8 erat in Asie tive attributes and help monitor trends in the sustainability of forest management over time. International initiatives ‘The criteria and indicators approach for sustainable forest ‘management was initiated by the ITO". At present, there appears to be growing international consensus on the key clements of sustainable forest management. There are nine ‘on-going international and/or regional criteria and indicators Initiatives currently, involving approximately 160 countries with some member-counties. participating in more than fone process. Table 1 summarizes these nine processes”. Seven common thematic areas of sustainable forest ‘management have emerged based on the criteria of the tine ongoing regional and international sustainable forest ‘management initiatives. These were acknowledged by the International forest community at the fourth session of the United Nations Forum on Forests (2004) and the 16th session of the Committee on Forestry (2003). These seven thematic areas include: () Extent of forest resources; (i) Biological diversity; (iii) Forest health and vitality; (iv) Procluctive functions of forest resources; (v) Protective functions of forest resources; (vi) Socio-economic functions, and (vil) Legal, policy and institutional framework. ‘The Indian initiative ‘The criteria and indicators approach developed with de- velopment of a specific set of criteria and indicators for specific forestry conditions through international. proc- ne esses among the participating countries. It was realized to develop sustainable forest management in Tndia, to ac- complish establishment of a benchmark for sustainability according to the prevailing policy framework. In 1999, a workshop on ‘Development of National Level Criteria and Indicators for the Sustainable Management of Dry Forests in Asia” was held at the Indian Insitute of Forest Management (IIFM), Bhopal, with support from the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and the United Nations Environment Programme in collabora- tion with the ITTO, the United States Department of Agri- culture Forest Service, and the IIFM, Now referred to as the ‘Dry Forest in Asia Process, ten Asian countries jointly developed a regionally applicable set of national-level criteria and indicators relevant for dry forests in the re- gion’. ‘The Asia regional initiative was endorsed by the ‘National ‘Task Force on Sustainable Forest Management’, appointed by the Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India. Thus, the Indian initiative of criteria and indica- tors approach for sustainable forest management was spearheaded by the IIFM in collaboration with ITTO and ‘the Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India'®"". A seties of national technical workshops and consultation meetings were held to sensitize communities, forest managers, NGOs and researchers about the need for developing @ national and state/forest management unit (FMU) level set of criteria and indicators. A total of 8 cri- teria and 51 indicators specific to Indian forestry condi- tions were evolved after a consultative process involving a gamut of stakeholders, The criteria and indicators of the CURRENT SCIENCE, VOL. 44, NO. 8, 25 APR. 2008Bhopal-India process have evolved after a lot of delibera- tions and field-testing over the years Present operational framework We see the applicability of a set of criteria and indicators atthe national or FMU level. The set of indicators is unique for a particular management unit, The forest presents a «dynamic situation in the field as the forest resources are under the interplay of many situations. In this context, development of a sitespecific set of indicators and sta dardizing their threshold values according the site-specific requirements, are of critical importance. The indicators of the Bhopal-India process were revisited through a work- shop in March 2005, when a refined set of @ criteria and 43 indicators have been evolved”. The criteria and indi- cators approach has over the years endeavoured to provide a working framework for the achievement of a site-specific set of sustainability indicators of forests. The national set of criteria and indicators of the Bhopal-India process is given in Table 2. ‘The criteria of the Bhopal-india process encompass all aspects of sustainability, ie. ecological, economical and socio-cultural, Hence the criteria will remain the same ‘whether itis for the national or FMU level. Applicabilit of indicators of sustainable forest management within the ‘broad framework of the criteria varies with the specific forestry conditions. A method for developing FMU-level Indicators has been standardized lavolving stakeholders, viz, foresters, local communities, researchers and acade- rmicians, and tested for development of indicators appli cable to FMU level, This process involves sensitization of stakeholders to help in building an understanding of sustainable forest management followed by participatory development of indicators, creating and strengthening institutional framework and identification of working ‘groups from among themselves for its operationalization, ‘The way ahead (Over the year, there has been a paradigm shift towards community participation in forestry management. How- fever, a system for continuous monitoring of trends and progress towards sustainability is not in place". Some aspects of forest management are being, monitored on a regular basis, but in the light of the management objectives, a robust, all-uncommon passing system needs to be devel- ‘oped. Involving the communities in the application anc ‘monitoring of the management systems through criteria and indicators can enhance the sustainability of people- ‘oriented management initiatives. The system of criteria and indicators can help monitor the direction of change, whether towards or away from sustainable forest management. ‘The forest policy lays emphasis on raising productivity of forests by research and technical inputs, and for mana- (CURRENT SCIENCE, VOL. 44, NO.8, 25 APRIL 2008 GENERAL ARTICLES sgement under prescriptions of the working plans. Although the present Indian Forest Policy addresses the ecological (environmental), economic, socio-cultural and legal policy and institutional issues, there appears to be no such in- built mechanism to monitor and provide feedback on its Implementation, The criteria and indicators approach for sustainable forest management therefore becomes an es- sential tool to brie this gap” ‘There have also been many efforts for institutionaliza- ton of the criteria and indicators approach. The forests in India are managed according to a scientifically sound, written management plan known as the “Working Plan’, and every division has a working plan which is revised alter every ten years. Incorporating the monitoring and evaluation frameworks for sustainable forest management in working plans itself is imperative for institutionaliza- tion. The National Working Plan Code 2004 mentions in- corporation of criteria and indicators in working plans for ‘monitoring and evaluation of sustainable forest manage- ment’. Some working plans have already incorporated the aspects of criteria and indicators of sustainable forest management, like the Working Plans of Haldwant and Tarai East Forest Divisions of Western Cirele of Utara- hand (2006-07 to 2016-17). Many other State Forest Departments ate also working towards incorporation of criteria and indicators in their working plan, ‘The implementation of sustainable forest management in a diverse country like India isa challenging task. To be more effective, criteria and indicators should be Incorpo- rated into national forestry legislations and regulation; not only as voluntary application, Being analogous with sustainable development, sustainable forest management also has important implications in the global economic scenario. Besides contributing to environmental, socal and economic well-being of the communities, it also facili- lates market-oriented tools like certification and eco- labelling. This requires active participation and coordina- tion among the stakeholders for proper implementation, A wider application of criteria and indicators shall re- ‘quite a long maturity process. ‘The Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India has already created a Sustainable Forest Man- agement (SFM) Cell in the Ministry in 2006. It is ex- pected to act as a national-level focal point towards SEM in the countty. Discussions are also in an advanced stage to create SFM Cells in each state. These SFM Cells are expected to act as a nodal point forall matters related to sustainable forest management in the country and to en- courage development of national programmes aimed at sustainable utilization and conservation of Forests, Conclusion One of the biggest challenges towards the outlook of forests ln the recent times has been concerns about ‘sustainability’ 9GENERAL ARTICLES ‘Table. Cetera an nda ofthe Bhopal-Inda process Tnerase nthe ete of fore and wee covey Molotenance, conservation and enhancement ‘of brdiversity Maintrance and enkancement of ecosystern function sa vitality Conservation ad malaenance of soi and Matoenance and enbancemet of forest resouree productivity ‘Optntzation of forest resources lization Maioonance and enhanceten of sock ‘ultra and sprtual benef Adequacy of ple, egal and insittonal ramework ‘Arca ad tp of fret covernder natal and manne ore (ee planation) ovest are fic ave for ne-fresty purposes Forest area under encroachment Area of dese, ope ad ser forests Trew cover onsite ores ara Area protected ecosystems (protected aes) umber of “Animal and plant pecs [Number ad statu of tretene species ‘Ania Plat Stas of locally sigan specie ‘Ania Plat Stats of species prove over exploitation Status of won-desructive harvest af wood and non-wood forest produce Stats of natal rgeneation Incidence of fret ie tet of livestock grazing Forest tea open fr grazing [Number ivetock paziog ia Forest Occurrence of weeds in forest, Weed ype Incidence of pest and diseases Area under watershed teste ‘Area pre w sil erosion ‘Are ver vine, aie al So felis quality Duration af water flow inthe selected streams ‘Grounwae inthe vieiiy ofthe Forest areas (rowing stock of wood Increment in volume of deified species of wood fers towards enhancement ol fret prodectvty Teehnolegical inputs ‘Area under heh panaions ‘Area under sed proictio, clonal ted orcharés, Recorded removal of wood Recorded cllection of won-wood forest produce Elfen towans redtion of went Aggregate and pr capa consumption of wood and now- woo! foes procuce Direct employment in forestry an fores-ased industries ‘Contaton of forests tthe fncore of fores-dependent people Demon and supply of wood ad non-wood forest produce Ipod ad export of wood a no wood fares produce Number of ot Forest Manageme conimees ad aes) protced bythe, ‘Degree of people's arcpation in anagentot and benetisharng. Level of paicipaion of women. Use of ingenous echnical knee: Henin, documentation and application ‘Quality and extent a which cancessions a privileges ate provided tet of caltualisceed protected landscapes: Forests, wes, pons, scans, Type and area of landscape amber o vistors Existence of policy an legal anew [Number of fores-elatedoences Level of investnt in vesrorch and development Human resource capacity buléeg ears Foret resource aceouting ‘Cantbuton a forestry stort the Gross Domestic Prout, Budgetary allocations tthe forestry sector Monitor and evaluation mechanisns Status of tormationdeseination and lization oe sil and deserts (hot al cal) 11000 CURRENT SCIENCE, VOL. 44, NO. 8, 25 APR. 2008of our resources. It has emerged as one of the main con- ccemns of recent policy advocacy. The National Forest Commission in its report released in 2006, has recom ‘mended creating an enabling environment to facilitate as- sessment, monitoring and reporting on national-level teria and indicators For sustainable forest management. ‘This phenomenon of comprehensive management of forests addressing its ecological, economic and socio-cultural functions developed throughout the world, resulting in improved understanding of the forest managers and awareness among the people. ‘The sustainability of people-orlented management ini tiatives like joint forest management can be enhanced by involving the communities in applying and monitoring the sustainability by criteria and indicators approach, For application and monitoring of criteria and indicators by the communities, it is imperative that we take care of the insttutionalization and capacity-building needs of the ‘communities ‘The criteria and indicators give an opportunity to monitor and assess the state of sustainable forest management ‘The approach provides a powerful yet user-friendly tool to forest managers. However, as with other monitoring and assessment frameworks, it ultimately rests with the forest managers to implement and analyse the framework to make sustainable forestry decisions. The criteria and indicators approach besides measuring sustainability of forests at a national level, envisages to monitoring it ef- fective. Close Intemational cooperation in forest science and related disciplines is required to enable forests to satisfy the manifold human needs in a sustainable way. Though the evolution of regional initiatives for criteria and indi cators has been possible because of such cooperation in the first place, we may need to strengthen them for ensur- ing our goals of sustainability. 1. Worl Commission on Environment and Development, Our Com- ‘mon Future: The Brunand Report, Oxford University Pes fom the World Commission or Environment and Development, New ‘or, 1987 2 United Nations. 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ITO, Revised ITTO ererla aod Indicators for the sustainable management of tropical forest including reporting format, Ie inal Tropical Fer Orgonstion, apa, 205, FAO, Gites ad indicators for sustainable forest management in dey-zane Alt UNEDIFAO Expert Meeting, Nal, Keoya, 21-24 Noverber 1985, Food and Agriculture Orgatzaton ofthe United Nations, Rome, 1886, Pan-European Process on Forests, Criteria and iadiaors fo the ‘concervation ond sustainable orect nanagensst, Ministerial Con ference onthe Protection of Forests in Europe, Analy, Turkey, 1985, 1001GENERAL ARTICLES 27. Moateal Process Working Group, Progress and inplemenaion of the Montel Process on creria an indicator for sustainable ‘management of temperate and ore fost, Cabada, Ferry 1997 Polley Develpment Seles No, 14, Iteration Tropa Timber ‘Orgavizaion, pan, 2003, 28, Tarapoo Proposal, Proposal of eta and indicators for sutals- ability ofthe Amazon foress, Ress ofthe Reglnal Workshop ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS, We thank Prof. D. K. Bandyopadhyay, fe the Definition of Criteria ata ldicators for Sestiabity of Director, Indian lesitte of Forest Management (HEM), Shopal for Amazonian Fores, Tarpote, Per, Pro Tempore Secrara, guidance, apport and encouagemect, ant the Iniemationl Tropical ‘Amazon Cooperation Teta, Lina, Per, 25 February 1995. Timbee Orgatzaion (ITTO), Yokohama, Japan for final suppor. 28, FAO, Workshop on Cite and Indicator for Stsaiable Font ITTO is supporting ressarch projec on sxainable forest manage Management in Neor East Process, Caro, Egypt, 30 June 3 July rant srough comarwitypatiiation in tia implemented by TEM, tee? der the aegis ofthe tui of Eeviooment and Forests, Govern 30, FAOICCADICCAB-AP, Cetera and ndlestrs for sustainable et of nda, forest management in Central Ameria, Exper? meeting, Lops terque Process of Cenrl Ameria, Tepiclgaia, Handora, 1987 31. TTTO, ATOVTTTO principles, cera aed tndcoors fr the sus tanable management of Asan ratrl wopical forests, ITO Received 20 August 200: revised accepted 29 Febuary 2008 Display Advertisement Rates India Tarif (rupees) Inside pages Inside cover pages: Back cover page No. of insertions Size Baw Colour Baw Colour Baw Colour 1 Fullpage 10,000 20,000 35,000 25,000 20,000 30,000 Half page 6.000 412.000 ei = e = 6 — Fullpage $0,000 1.00.00 75,000 1,28,000 —1,00,000 150,000 Half page 30.000 ‘50,000 SI es “ es 12 Fullpage 3,00,000 -2,00,000—1,50,000—2,60,0002,00,000—_3.00,000 Half page "60,000 1,20,000 = = ~ = ‘other Countries Tarif (U5 §) Inside pages Inside cover pages: Back cover page No. of insertions Size Baw Colour Baw Colour Baw Colour 1 Fullpage 300 650 450 750 600 1000 Half page 200 325 7 Ss S 7 6 Fullpage 1600, 3000 2250 3500 3000 5000 Halfpage 1000 2000 7 7 . ~ Note: For payments towards the advertisement charges, Cheques (local) or Demand Drafts may be drawn in favour of ‘Current Science Association, Bangalore’. 102 CURRENT SCIENCE, VOL. 44, NO. 8, 25 APR. 2008