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Chapter 17 Notes
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A. Definition: The common ion effect occurs when the addition of an ion already present in a solution
B. Formula: Qsp = [C]^c [D]^d / [A]^a [B]^b, where [A], [B], [C], and [D] are the molar concentrations of
C. Examples:
Calculate the solubility of PbCl2 in a 0.010 M NaCl solution. The Ksp for PbCl2 is 1.6 x 10^-5.
1. Solution: The presence of Na+ ions from NaCl will cause the solubility of PbCl2 to decrease
due to the common ion effect. The solubility of PbCl2 can be calculated using the formula:
Ksp = [Pb2+][Cl-]^2 = (x)(2x)^2 = 4x^3 = 1.6 x 10^-5, where x is the molar solubility of PbCl2.
Solving for x, we get x = 0.0020 M. Therefore, the solubility of PbCl2 in a 0.010 M NaCl
solution is 0.0020 M.
Calculate the molar solubility of Ag2CrO4 in a solution that contains 0.10 M K2CrO4 and 0.10 M
2. Solution: The presence of CrO42- ions from K2CrO4 and Ag+ ions from AgNO3 will cause the
solubility of Ag2CrO4 to decrease due to the common ion effect. The molar solubility of
Ag2CrO4 can be calculated using the formula: Ksp = [Ag+]^2 [CrO42-] = (x)^2(0.10 - x) = 1.1 x
2
10^-12. Solving for x, we get x = 1.0 x 10^-6 M. Therefore, the molar solubility of Ag2CrO4 in
II. Buffers
A. Definition: Buffers are solutions that resist changes in pH when small amounts of acid or base are
added.
B. Henderson-Hasselbalch equation: pH = pKa + log [A-] / [HA], where pKa is the acid dissociation
constant, [A-] is the concentration of the conjugate base, and [HA] is the concentration of the
weak acid.
C. Examples:
Calculate the pH of a buffer solution that contains 0.10 M acetic acid (CH3COOH) and 0.10 M
1. Solution: The pH of the buffer solution can be calculated using the Henderson-Hasselbalch
equation: pH = pKa + log [A-] / [HA] = -log(1.8 x 10^-5) + log(0.10 / 0.10) = 4.74. Therefore, the
2. Calculate the pH of a buffer solution that contains 0.15 M NH3 and 0.10 M NH4Cl. The
Solution: NH3 is a weak base and NH4Cl is its conjugate acid. The NH3 will react with the H+ ions in
the solution to form NH4+ ions and water, while the NH4+ ions will react with OH- ions in the
solution to form NH3 and water. The reaction can be represented as follows:
The pH of the buffer solution can be calculated using the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation: pH =
pKa + log [A-] / [HA] = pKa + log (base/acid). Since NH3 is the base and NH4+ is the acid, we
can calculate the pKa using the Kb for NH3: Kb = Kw/Ka = 1.0 x 10^-14 / 1.8 x 10^-5 = 5.6 x
3
10^-10. Therefore, pKa = -log(5.6 x 10^-10) = 9.25. Substituting the values into the
B. Formula: M1V1 = M2V2, where M1 is the concentration of the acid or base being titrated, V1 is the
volume of the acid or base being titrated, M2 is the concentration of the standard solution,
and V2 is the volume of the standard solution required to reach the equivalence point.
C. Examples:
A 25.00 mL sample of HCl solution of unknown concentration is titrated with 0.1000 M NaOH. It
takes 33.60 mL of the NaOH solution to reach the equivalence point. Calculate the
Solution: Using the formula M1V1 = M2V2, we can calculate the concentration of the HCl solution as
follows:
A 50.00 mL sample of 0.150 M H2SO4 solution is titrated with 0.100 M NaOH solution. Calculate the
At the equivalence point, the number of moles of NaOH added will be equal to the number of moles
of H2SO4 present in the solution. Therefore, we can calculate the concentration of H2SO4 as
follows:
M H2SO4 = (0.100 M) (V NaOH) / V H2SO4, where V NaOH is the volume of NaOH required to reach
the equivalence point and V H2SO4 is the volume of the H2SO4 solution titrated.
At the equivalence point, the solution will be neutral and the pH will be 7.
A. Definition: Solubility equilibrium is a dynamic equilibrium between a sparingly soluble salt and its
B. Formula: Ksp = [A+]m [B-]n, where A and B represent the ions in the salt, m and n are the
coefficients of the ions in the balanced equation, and [A+] and [B-] are the ion concentrations
C. Examples:
The solubility product of AgCl is 1.8 x 10^-10 at 25°C. Calculate the solubility of AgCl in water.
Since the molar solubility of AgCl is equal to the concentration of Ag+ and Cl- ions at equilibrium, we
can substitute [AgCl] for both [Ag+] and [Cl-] in the Ksp expression:
The solubility of PbF2 in water is 1.1 x 10^-4 M at 25°C. Calculate the value of Ksp for PbF2.
PbF2 ⇌ Pb2+ + 2 F-
Since the solubility of PbF2 is 1.1 x 10^-4 M, the concentration of Pb2+ is also 1.1 x 10^-4 M, and the
concentration of F- is 2.2 x 10^-4 M (since there are two F- ions for each PbF2 molecule).
A. Definition: Common ion effect is the shift in equilibrium position of a weak acid or base due to the
B. Formula: The formula for the common ion effect can be derived from the equilibrium constant
Ka = [H+][A-] / [HA]
If a common ion (A-) is added to the solution, the equilibrium will shift to the left, resulting in a
decrease in the ionization of the weak acid (HA) and a decrease in the concentration of H+
C. Examples:
6
Calculate the pH of a 0.10 M solution of acetic acid (Ka = 1.8 x 10^-5) after the addition of 0.05 M
sodium acetate.
1. Solution: The addition of sodium acetate will introduce acetate ions (A-) into the solution,
which will react with the acetic acid to form the conjugate base. The reaction will shift the
equilibrium to the left and decrease the concentration of H+ ions in the solution. The
The initial concentration of acetic acid is 0.10 M, and the initial concentration of acetate ions is 0 M.
After the addition of sodium acetate, the concentration of acetate ions becomes 0.05 M, and
acetate ions that react with it, which is also 0.05 M. Therefore, the equilibrium
[CH3COO-] = 0.05 M
[H+] = sqrt(Ka [CH3COOH] / [CH3COO- + CH3COOH]) = sqrt(1.8 x 10^-5 x 0.05 / 0.10) = 1.5 x 10^-3 M
MaVa = MbVb, where Ma and Va are the molarity and volume of the acid, Mb and Vb are the molarity
and volume of the base, respectively. The equation is based on the principle of stoichiometry,
where the moles of acid are equal to the moles of base at the equivalence point.
C. Examples:
Calculate the concentration of a 25.0 mL solution of HCl that is titrated with 0.100 M NaOH solution.
If it takes 35.0 mL of NaOH to reach the equivalence point, what is the concentration of HCl?
Solution: At the equivalence point, the moles of acid (HCl) are equal to the moles of base (NaOH).
Since the reaction is 1:1, the molarity of HCl can be calculated using the formula:
MaVa = MbVb
A 50.0 mL sample of 0.100 M H2SO4 is titrated with 0.100 M NaOH solution. What is the pH of the
2. At the equivalence point, all of the H2SO4 will have reacted with the NaOH, and the solution
will contain only Na2SO4 and water. However, the addition of 25.0 mL of NaOH is not enough
to reach the equivalence point, since the amount of H2SO4 present is twice the
concentration of NaOH. Therefore, we need to use the formula for calculating the
concentration of excess acid (or base) in the solution after the addition of the titrant:
8
Since H2SO4 and NaOH react in a 1:2 ratio, the amount of NaOH needed to react with all of the
H2SO4 is:
C(excess NaOH) = n(excess NaOH) / V = 0.0025 mol / (75.0 mL / 1000 mL) = 0.033 M
Since NaOH is a strong base, it completely dissociates in water to form OH- ions. Therefore, the
concentration of OH- ions in the solution is equal to the concentration of excess NaOH:
The concentration of H+ ions can be calculated using the equation for the ion product constant of
water: