Alloys PURE METAL pure metal and not very strong atoms of pure metals have similar size

and shape and are arranged closely but there is space between the atoms -

ALLOY substance formed from a mixture of metal and other substances process of mixing atoms of impurities with atoms of pure metal by melting is called alloying ALLOYING to increase strength and hardness of the metal prevent corrosion of the metal improve the appearance of the metal so that it is more attractive

POLYMERS 1. Polymers are long chained molecules formed by joining up many identical repeating sub-units called monomers 2. Polymerisation(the monomers are joined together into chain like big molecules known as polymers 3. polymer is a macromolecule and consist of thousands of monomers(large relative molecular mass) Natural polymers 1. from living things 2. natural rubber from tree 3. CARBO are formed through polymerisation from a simple sugar(glucose) 4. wool, meat, and silk consist amino acid as monomer

When force is applied, the atoms slide along one another easily it causes pure metal to be ductile, that is, it can be stretched causes pure metal to be malleable, that is, can be knocked or pressed into various shapes

impurities atoms can prevent the layers of metal atoms to slide along each other due to this, alloy is stronger than pure metal EXAMPLES Steel bronze brass

Synthetic polymers 1. made by man through chemical reaction 2. through polymerisation of monomers

3. monomers are obtained from the fractional distillation of petroleum(refining and cracking) 4. commonly known as plastic Addition polymerisation 1. involves monomer with carboncarbon double bonds between carbon atoms 2. during this process, the double bonds break and join with another molecules

GLASS - made of silica or silicon dioxide(obtained from sand) - brittle - hard - chemically inert - transparent - not permeable to glass and liquid - does not conduct electricity - heat insulator TYPES Fused silica glass Soda limed glass containers Borosilicate glass plates Lead crystal glass crystals

USES computer microchips vase and ornamental items plates and bowls car engine, spacecraft, superconductors and nuclear reactors bricks, cement, tiles, underground piping or roof tiles

COPOSITE MATERIALS Reinforced concrete - mixture of cement, gravel, sand, water, iron, steel - strong, high tensile strength, cheap Superconductor - mixture of niobium & germanium - no electrical resistance - only function under extremely low temperature Fibre glass - silica, sodium carbonate, calcium carbonate - good insulator of heat and electricity - protective apparel for astronauts and fire-fighters Fibre optic - made from glass, copper, and aluminium - enables information to travel at the speed of light - used in field of communications to make electrical cables

Condensation polymerisation 1. joining the monomers with the formation with other simple and smaller molecules(water) Plastic 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. -

lenses, spectacles bottles, glass test tube, bowls, lenses, glasses,

can be easily moulded and coloured low density strong inert to chemicals insulator to heat and electricity impermeable non-biodegradable

CERAMIC - made from clay that has been heated from very high temperature - main component is silicate - ceramic cannot be recycled - brittle - extremely hard - high meting point - withstand compression - inert to chemicals - good insulators of heat and electricity

Photo chromic glass - from molten silica - dark in colour when exposed to UV ray and bright in the dark - make optical lenses, glass windows Ceramic glass - exposing glass that contains certain amount of metals to UV ray and heating it at high temperatures - withstand heat - used to make cooking materials and rocket heads SULPHURIC ACID - fertilisers - electrolyte in lead acid accumulators(car battery) - soap and detergent - pesticides - plastic item(rayon and nylon) - paints and dyes CONTACT PROCESS -

POLLUTION

colourless gas pungent smell

HABER PROCESS

Effects of acid rain - corrodes and destroys properties - reduces pH of soil - reduce pH of water AMMONIA USES - fertilisers - nitric acid(OSTWALD process) - electrolytes in dry cell - cleaning agent - explosives - dyes PROPERTIES - soluble in water - less dense than water