Periodic

classification
of element
 Periodic Classifications of elements
Earlier attempts at classification Modern Periodic Table
Doberieners Triads Features
Newlands laws of Octaves Positioning
Mendeleev's Periodic Table Corrections
Features Trends
Limitations
 Dobereiner’s Triads
1. This classification is based on the atomic
mass.
2. According to this, when elements are arranged
in order of increasing atomic masses, groups of
three elements, having similar properties are
obtained.
3. The atomic mass of middle element of the triad
being nearly equal to the average of the
atomic masses of the other two elements.

Limitation: It fails to arrange all the known

elements in the form of triads, even having
similar properties.
 Newlands law of Octave's
According to this ‘when elements are
placed in order of increasing atomic
masses, the physical and chemical
properties of every 8th element are a
repetition of the properties of the first
element.’
Limitations
The Law of octaves was applicable only
up to calcium (only for lighter elements).
Newland adjusted two elements in the
same slot (e.g. Co and Ni), having
different properties. For example; Co and
Ni with Fluorine, Chlorine, Bromine, and
Iodine.
 Mendeleev’s Periodic Table:
Mendeleev’s periodic table is based on the
physical and chemical properties of elements and
their atomic masses.

Mendeleev’s Periodic Law: According to this “The

physical and chemical properties of the elements
are the periodic function of their atomic masses.”
 MERITS ABOUT THIS TABLE...

Mendeleev’s left vacant places in his table which provided an idea for
the discovery of new elements. Example: Eka-boron, Eka-aluminium, and
Eka-silicon.
Mendeleev’s periodic table was predicted the properties of several
undiscovered elements based on their position in Mendeleev’s periodic
table.
Noble gases could accommodate in Mendeleev’s periodic table without
disturbing the periodic table after discovery.
Modern Periodic Table:
Henry Moseley showed that the atomic number of an element is a
more fundamental property, he modified Mendeleev's Periodic Law
as "physical and chemical properties of elements are a periodic
function of their atomic number".

This is called Modern Periodic Law where the elements were

arranged in the increasing order of their atomic number.
Features of Groups:
1. The groups are not divided into sub-groups.
2. The elements present in a group have the same number of valence
electrons.
3. The elements present in a group have the same valency.
4. The number of shells increases as we go down the group.
5. The elements present in a group have identical chemical properties.
6. The physical properties of the elements such as melting point, boiling
points density in a group very gradually.
Features of Periods.
1. Elements of a period do not have the same number of
valence electrons but they contain the same number of
shells.
2. As the number of valence shell electrons change, the
chemical properties of the elements also change.
3. Different periods have different number of electrons which
can be explained based on the filling of electrons into
various shells
Features of Periods.
1. The maximum number of electrons that can be accommodated in a shell is given
by the formula, 2n^2.
2. K-shell - 2 X (1)^2 = 2, hence the first period has 2 elements and is called very
short period.
3. L-shell - 2 X (2)^2 = 8, hence the second period has 8 elements and is called short
period.
4. M-shell - 2 X (3)^2 = 18 but the outermost shell can have only 8 electrons, so
the third period also has only 8 elements thus, it is also called short period. The
fourth and fifth periods have 18 elements and are called long periods.
5. Sixth and seventh periods have 32 elements and are also called long periods.
 Limitations of Mendeleev's Table
No fixed position for hydrogen: No correct position of the hydrogen
atom was in Mendeleev’s periodic table.

No place for isotopes: Position of isotopes were not decided.

No regular trend in atomic mass: Position of some elements with

lower atomic masses before with higher atomic mass.
 How Modern Periodic Table fixed them
In the Modern Periodic table elements are arranged in the increasing order
of their atomic number. This removes the anomaly regarding certain pairs
of elements in Mendeleev’s periodic table.
The atomic number of cobalt is 27 and nickel is 28. Hence, cobalt will come
before nickel even though its atomic mass is greater.
All isotopes of the same elements have different atomic masses, but the
same atomic number; therefore they are placed in the same position in the
modern periodic table.
A unique position has been given to hydrogen. It is kept in the top left
corner because of its unique characteristics
TRENDS:
VALENCY
ATOMIC SIZE
METALLIC AND NON
METALLIC CHARACTER
CHEMICAL REACTIVITY
ELECTRONEGATIVITY
NATURE OF OXIDES