using be b Level II Questions ee % {TOF the foliowing sound wave modes, which one has " multiple or varying wave velocities? 2. longitudinal waves b. shear waves c. transverse waves 4. Lamb waves F439 Which of the following would be considered application(s) of ultrasonic techniques? a, determination of a material's clastic modulus b. study of a material's metallurgical structure ¢c. measurement of 2 material's thickness d. all of the above F-43.2" ‘The only significant sound wave mode that will rave! through a liquid is: a. shear b. longitudinal c. surface 4d. Rayleigh F456 ‘The acoustic impedance of a material is used to determine the: a. angle of refraction at an interface b. attenuation within the material ¢. relative amounts of sound energy coupled through and reflected at an interface ¢. beam spread within the material F43.12 When angle beam contact testing a test’piece, increasing the incident angle until the second critical angle is reached results in: 2. total reflection of a surface wave ». 45° refraction of the shear wave €. production of a surface wave 4. none of the above 2.27 6 10. Ultrasonic Method Acoustic energy propagates in different modes. ‘Which of the following represent a mode? a. longitudinal wave b. shear wave c. surface wave 4. all of the above The simple experiment where a stick in a glass of water appears disjointed at the water surface lustrates the phenomenon of: a. reflection b. magnification ¢. refraction 4. diffraction 5-232 ‘The crystal thickness and transducer frequency are related. The thinner the crystal: a. the lower the frequency b, the higher the frequency ¢. there is no appreciable affect 4. none of the above 3-20 ‘The random distribution of crystallographic direction in alloys with large crystalline structures is a factor in determining: a. acoustic noise levels b. selection of test frequency c. scattering of sound 4, all of the above F-45.6 ‘The length of the zone adjacent to a transducer in which fluctuations in sound pressure occur is mostly affected by: a. the frequency of the transducer b. the diameter of the transducer c. the length of transducer cable 4. both a and b D6Ultrasonic Method, Level I u 12. 13, —<$—$__$<$_—————— | ‘The differences in signals received from identical 15. In the far field of a uniform ultrasonic beam, sound reflectors at different material distances from a intensity is the beam centerline. transducer may be caused by: 7 a. minimum at a. material attenuation b. maximum at c b. beam divergence ¢. maximum throughout twice the angle (sin'y =£-) . near field effects where C is acoustic velocity, D is crystal diameter, d. all of the above and fis frequency at bss 4. not related to orientation of D-17, D-57; H-2-31 Itis possible for a discontinuity smaller than the transducer to produce indications of fluctuating, 16. Which of the following may result in a long narrow amplitude as the search unit is moved laterally if od if the beam divergence results in a reflection from testing is being performed in the: a side of the test piece before the sound wave reaches the back surface? a. Fraunhofer zone b. near field a. multiple indications before the first back reflection c, Snell field b. indications from multiple surface reflections d. shadow zone . conversion from the longitudinal mode to shear re mode 4. toss of front surface indications In immersion testing, the near field effects of a W239 ‘ransducer may be eliminated by: 17. Where does beam divergence occur? a. increasing transducer frequency ’. using a larger diameter transducer a. near field =. using an appropriate water path ». far field d. using a focused transducer ¢. at the crystal F-4g.i4 4. none of the above 3-239 In Figure 1, assuming a uniform beam pattern, what relationship would you expect to exist between the 18. As frequency increases in ultrasonic testing, the angle amplitudes of the reflected laminar signals at of beam divergence of a given diameter crystal: positions A and B? a. decreases a. (2 4B difference b. remains unchanged ». equal amplitudes c. increases c. 2t01 4. varies uniformly through each wavelength d. 3t01 H2317 D-268 19, As the radius of curvature of a curved lens is increased, the focal length of the lens will: a. increase b. decrease . remain the same d. be indeterminate unless the frequency is known F447 1 Figure 1 Plate ' Laminar Reflector 2620. When examining materials for planar flaws oriented 26. parallel to the part surface, what testing method is ‘most often used? a. angle beam b. througb-transmission c. straight beam d. dual crystal 3-268 1, If a contact angle beam transducer produces a 45° shear wave in steel. the angle produced by the same transducer in an aluminum specimen would be: (VS, = 0.323 emis; V,, = 0.310 cm/s) a. less than 45° b. greater than 45° © 45° 4. unknown: more information is required #224 Rayleigh waves are influenced most by defects located: a. close to or on the surface b. 1 wavelength below the surface 28. c. 3 wavelengths below the surface 4. 6 wavelengths below the surface K-285 Eck Ai ‘ Dacian tear nethod in which finger damping is ‘oat in locating a discontinuity is: 1 shear wave b: longitudinal wave «. surface wave 4. compressional wave 24, ‘Lamb waves can be used to detect: 29. a, laminar-type defects near the surface of a thin material ». lack of fusion in the center of a thick weldment ¢. internal voids in diffusion bonds 6. thickness changes in heavy plate material P4512 25. The ratio of the velocity of sound in water compared to that for aluminum or steel is approximately: 8 4 pee 218 27 . In an immersion test of a piece of steel or aluminum, Which of the following scanning methods coyld be classified as an immersion type test? tank in which the search unit and test piece are | immersed ». squirter bubbler method in which the sound is transmitted in a column of flowing water c. scanning with a wheel-type search unit with the transducer inside a liquid filled tire 6. all of the above (5-258, J-259 the water distance appears on the display as a fairly ‘wide space between the initial pulse and the front surface reflection because of: a. reduced velocity of sound in water as compared to test specimen b. increased velocity of sound in water as compared to test specimen ¢. temperature of the water d. all of the above 4-5; J-245 Using the immersion method, a distance amplitude curve (DAC) for a 19 mm (0.75 in.) diameter. 5-MHz search unit shows the high point of the DAC at the B/SI mm (2 in.) block. One day later, the high point of the DAC for the same search unit is at the 3/102 mm (4 in.) block. Assuming that calibration has not changed, this would indicate that the search vonit: is improving in resolution is becoming defective « inas the beam of a smaller search unit both b and c eeoe F-44.13, ‘What law can be used to calculate the angle of refraction within a metal for both longitudinal and shear waves? a. Poisson's ratio law . Snell's law . Fresnel’s field law . Charles’ law F-45.10 At an interface between two different materials, an impedance difference results in: 2 reflection of the entire inoident energy at the interface ’. absorption of sound . division of sound energy into transmitted and reflected modes 4. none of the above 4 F-45.9 ~Ultrasonic Method, Level II 31. When using focused transducers, non-symmetry ina 37 propagated sound beam may be caused by: a. backing material variations b. lens centering or misalignment €. porosity in lenses 4. all of the above 6-13 32. Ultrasonic wheel units may be used for which of the 38, following types of examination? a. straight or longitudinal examination b. angle beam or shear wave examination c. surface wave or Rayleigh wave examination 4. all ofthe above H-4-7 33. During straight beam testing, test specimens with 39. ‘non-parallel front and back surfaces can cause: a. partial or total loss of back reflection b. no loss in back reflection c. a widened (broad) back reflection indication d. a focused (narrow) back reflection indication H-237 34, Inthe immersion technique, the distance between the face of the transducer and the test surface (water 40. path) is usually adjusted so that the time required to send the sound beam through the water: 2. is equal to the time required for the sound to travel through the test piece ». is greater than the time required for the sound to ‘ravel through the test piece ¢. is less than the time required for the sound to travel through the test piece 4 4. none of the above H-46 35. Ina B-scan display, the length of a screen indication from a discontinuity is related to: ‘ a. a discontinuity’s thickness as measured parallel to the ultrasonic beam b. the discontinuity’s length in the direction of the transducer angye! . botha Th d. none of the above 2. D-208 36. Which circuit triggers the pulser and sweep circuits in an A-scan display? a. receiver-amplifier ». power supply ¢. clock 4. damping, J-242 ‘On an A-scan display, the “dead zone,” refers to: . the distance contained within the near field the area outside the beam spread c. the distance covered by the front surface pulse width and recovery time 4d. the area between the near field and the far field 5-267 ‘Onan A-scan display, what represents the intensity of areflected beam? . echo pulse width 9. horizontal screen location . signal brightness . signal amplitude eege F-43.29 (Of the following scan types, which one can be used to produce a recording of flaw areas superimposed over ‘a plan view of the test piece? a. A-scan b. Besean c. C-scan d. D-scan 5-242 In immersion testing in a small tank, a manually operated manipulator is used to: . set the proper water path s set the proper transducer angle ’ . set the proper index function both a and b eege F-46.1 A 45° shear angle beam transducer produces a wave 4 in the metal shat is polarized: ~ 4. perpendicular fo the direction of propagation and. parallel to the entry surface b. in the direction of propagation and at 45° to the normal to the entry surface c. perpendicular to the entry surface 4. perpendicular to the direction of propagation and ~ at 45° to the entry surface D7 In straight (normal) beam contact testing, 4 reduction in the back surface reflection amplitude could indicate: . inadequate coupling 9. a flaw which is not normal to the beam. €. a near surface defect that cannot be resolved from the main bang (initial pulse) d. all of the above F-4384146. Figure 2 0 1 2 I 4 5 | to] t 4B x | 4 $ 41. 123 4 5 6 7 8 9 B. 4, 45. A 15 cm (6 in.) diameter rod is being inspected for 48. centerline cracks. The A-scan presentation for one ‘complete path through the rod is as shown in Figure 2. Where should there be an alarm gate? a. an alarm gate should be used between points Aand E b. an alarm gate should be used at point D only . an alarm gate should be used between points Band D d. an alarm gate could not be used for this application 3-6 In an automatic scanning immersion unit, the bridge or carriage serves to: 49. ‘a, support the manipulator and scanner tube and to move it about transversely and longitudinally b. control the angular and transverse positioning of the scanner tube ¢. controi the vertical and angular positioning of the scanner tube d. raise and lower the transducer H3-12 30. When adjusting che tlaw locating -ule for a shear wave weld inspection, the zero point on the rule must coincide with the: sound beam exit point of the wedge point directly over the flaw wheel search unit circular scanner eegp HT Ultrasonic Method, Level 11 A special scanning device with the transducer mounted in a tire-like container filled with couplant is commonly called: . a rotating scanner an axial scanner . a wheel transducer a circular scanner 4-6 Which best describes a typical display of a crack whose major surface is perpendicular to the ultrasonic, beam? a. a broad indication b. a sharp indication c. the indication orientation 4d, a broad indication with high amplitude not show due to improper W422 A primary purpose of a reference standard is: a. to provide a guide for adjusting instrument controls to reveal discontinuities that are considered harmful to the end use of the product b. to give the technician a tool for determining exact discontinuity size «. to provide assurance that all discontinuities smaller than a certain specified reference reflector are capable of being detected by the test 4. to provide a standard reflector which exactly simulates natural discontinuities of a critical size 5-262, < Compensation for the variatios*in echo height zelated to variations in discontinuity depth in the test material is known as: a. transfer b. attenuation c. distance amplitude correction 4. interpretation 3-265 Which of the following is a reference reflector that is not dependent on beam angle? . a flat bottom hole . a vee notch . a side drilled hole which is parallel to the plate surface and perpendicular to the sound path d. a dise-shaped laminar reflector AGE-164| Ultrasonic Method, Level II 51. 52. 53, 54, 58. During a straight beam ultrasonic test, a discontinuity 56, indication is detected that is small in amplitude compared to the loss in amplitude of back reflection. ‘The orientation of this discontinuity is probably: a. parallel to the test surface ». perpendicular to the sound beam . parallel to the sound beam 4. at an angle to the test surface H-2-40 A discontinuity is located having an orientation such -57. that its long axis is parallel to the sound beam. The indication from such a discontinuity will be: a. large in proportion to the length of the discontinuity b. small in proportion to the length of the discontinuity . representative of the length of the discontinuity 58. 4. such that complete loss of back reflection will result 2-40 Gas discontinuities are reduced to flat discs or other shapes parallel to the surface by: a. rolling b. machining c. casting d. welding 59. F45.22 In which zone does the amplitude of an indication from a given discontinuity diminish exponentially as the distance incréases? a. far field zone b. near field zone c. dead zone 60. ¢. Fresnel zone H-2-41 ‘A smooth flat discontinuity whose major plane is not perpendicular to the direction of sound propagation may be indicated by: a. an echo amplitude comparable in magnitude to the back surface reflection b. acomplete loss of back surface reflection 61. ¢. an echo amplitude larger in magnitude than the back surface reflection 4. all of the above 2-40 Using a pulse echo technique, if the major plane of 2 flat discontinuity is oriented at some angle other than perpendicular to the direction of sound propagation, the result may be: a. loss of signal linearity ». loss or lack of a received discontinuity echo c. focusing of the sound beam 4. loss of interference phenomena 2-40 As transducer diameter decreases, the beam spread: a. decreases b. remains the same c. increases 4. becomes conical in shape A set of standard reference blocks with the same ‘geometrical configuration and dimensions other than the size of the calibration reflectors, e.., flat bottom holes, is called a set of: a. distance amplitude standards b. area amplitude standards c. variable frequency blocks 4, beam spread measuring blocks B55 The angle at which 90° refraction of a longitudinal sound wave is reached is called: 1. the angle of incidence ». the first critical angle . the angle of maximum reflection d. the second critical angle 2-25 Which of the following controls the voltage supplied to the vertical deflection plates of the CRT in an ‘A-scan UT setup? a. sweep generator b. pulser ¢. amplifier circuit d. clock timer E-238 Attenuation is a difficult quantity to measure accurately, particularly in solid materials, atthe test frequencies normally used. The overall result usually observed includes other loss mechanisms which can include: 2. beam spread 'b. couplant mismatch c. test piece geometry 4. all of the above F43.23,: | 65. 66. 67. Ultrasonic Method, Level II ‘The vertical linear range of a test instrument may be determined by obtaining ultrasonic responses from: a. a set of distance amplitude reference blocks b. steel balls located at several different water path distances ¢. asset of area amplitude reference blocks 4. all of the above H-S-5 Large grains in a metallic test specimen usually result in: a. decrease or loss of back surface reflection b. large “hash” or noise indications Figure 3 A D c. decrease in penetration d. all of the above H-4-19 68. The total energy losses occurring in all materials is called: a, attenuation b. scatter . beam spread 4, interface 69. D-98; F-45.3 Delay-tip (stand-off) type contact search units are primarily used for: a. defect detection b. sound wave characterization materials J, attenuation measurements 5-258 Acoustical lenses are commonly used for contour correction. When scanning the inside of a pipe section by the immersion method, which of the following lens types would be used? a. focused cup b. convex . concave 4. variable pitch F-44.9 In Figure 3, transducer A is being used to establish: a. verification of wedge angle b. sensitivity calibration «. resolution 4d. index point 3-266 31 . thickness measurement or flaw detection in thin 70. In Figure 3, transducer C is being used to check: a. distance calibration b. resolution «. sensitivity calibration d. verification of wedge angle In Figure 3, transducer D is being used to chec! a. sensitivity calibration ». distance calibration ¢. resolution 4. verification of wedge angle 5-266 When the incident angié is chosen to be between the first and second critical angles, the ultrasonic wave ‘generated within the part will be: a. longitudinal b. shear . surface 4, Lamb H-2-23yo Ultrasonic Method, Level I! n 3, 14, Figure 4 In Figure 4, transducer B is being used to check: a b, c a . verification of wedge angle resolution sensitivity calibration distance calibration (J-266 ‘The angle at which 90° refraction of the shear wave mode occurs is called the: a. first critical angle b. second critical angle ¢. third critical angle 4. angle of reflection 2.25 In a water immersion test, ultrasonic energy is ‘vansmitted into steel at an incident angle of 14°. ‘What is the angle of the refracted shear wave within the material? 2x 10° cm/s Vy-= 1.5 x 108 emis (Trigonometry Tables Required) 45° 23° 31° 3° 224 If you were requested to design a plastic shoe to generate a Rayleigh wave in aluminum, what would be the incident angle of the ultrasonic energy? ar 57° ©. 75° 48° 2-24 32. 75. 76. 71. 78. 79. 80, I Compute the wavelength of ultrasonic energy in lead at | MHz, V,=2.1 x 10° emis ve 0.21 em - 21em 0.48 cm . 4.8 10 em peep B25 The attenuation of energy within a material in the far field of the ultrasonic beam may be expressed as the: a, arithmetic mean . geometrical average . exponential average 4. exponential decay D-91 For aluminum and steel, the longitudinal velocity is approximately the shear velocity. 2. equal to b. twice ¢. half of 4. four times H-2-22 ‘Water travel distance for immersion inspections should be: such that the second front reflection does not appear between the first front and back reflections exactly 76 mm (3 in.) . less than 76 mm (3 in.) always equal to the thickness of the material being inspected a F-46.10 ‘The electrofic circuitry that allows selection and processing of only those signals relating to discontinuities that occur in specific zones of a part is called: a. anelectronic gate b. an electronic attenuator ¢. a distance amplitude correction circuit d. a fixed marker 36 ‘When conducting a contact ultrasonic test, the “hash” or irregular signals that appear in the CRT display of the area being inspected could be caused by: a. fine grains in the structure b. dirt in the water couplant cc. coarse grains in the structure 4. a thick but tapered back surface F-48.3081. 82. 83. 34. 85. In inspecting a 102 mm (4 in.) diameter threaded steel 86, cylinder for radial cracks extending from the root of the threads, it would be preferable to transmit: 2. shear waves at an angle to the threads b. longitudinal waves from the end of the cylinder and perpendicular to the direction of the thread roots c. surface waves perpendicular to the thread roots, d. shear waves around the circumference of the cylinder D-289 87. In an immersion inspection of raw material, the water travel distance should be: a. exactly 76 mm (3 in.) b. equal to 76 mm (3 in.) £13 mm (40.5 in.) €. equal to the water travel distance used in setting up ‘on the reference standards 4, equal to the thickness of a material 88 F-46.26 ‘The angle formed by an ultrasonic wave as it enters a medium of different velocity than the one from which itcame and a line drawn perpendicular to the interface between the two media is called the angle of: 89. incidence refraction rarefaction |. reflection aege H2-21 The process of adjusting an instrument or device a reference standard is referred to as a. angulation ». scanning ¢. correcting for distance amplitude variations 4. calibration H-5-3 ‘An electron tube in which a beam of electrons from the cathode is used to reproduce an image on a fluorescent screen at the end of the tube is referred to. 91 as: a. an amplifier tube b. a pulser tube ©. a cathode ray tube d. a sweep tube H-2-10 33 90. ee | Ultrasonic Method, Lhvel It A grouping of a number of crystals in one search unit, with all contact surfaces in the same plane, and vibrating in phase with each cvher to act as a single transducer is called a: a. focusing crystal b. crystal mosaic c. scrubber 4. single plane mani H3-13 The scattering of the rays of an ultrasonic beam due to reflection from a highly irregular surface is called: a b. « 4 D-46 ‘The angle of reflection is: a. equal to the angle of incidence b. dependent on the couplant used . dependent on the frequency used 4. equal to the angie of refraction E215 ‘The angular position of the reflecting surface of a planar discontinuity with respect to the entry surface is referred t0 as: a. the axgle of incidence b. the aagle of retraction c. the orientation of the discontinuity d. none of the above #240 A short burst of alternating electrical energy is called: a. a continuous wave b. a peaked DC voltage . an ultrasonic wave d. a pulse H-3-3 In ultrasonic testing, the time duration of the transmitted pulse is referred to as: . the pulse length or pulse width the pulse amplitude the pulse shape none of the above H.3-4, 3-5re Ultrasonic Method, Level Ii 92. 93, 94, 95. 96. The phenomenon by which a wave strikes a boundary and changes the direction of its propagation within the same medium is referred to as: a, divergence b. impedance c. angulation 4. reflection E21 ‘The change in direction of an ultrasonic beam when it passes from one medium to another whose velocity differs from that of the first medium is called: 2. refraction b. rarefaction c. angulation 4. reflection D-28 ‘The coated inside surface of the large end of a cathode ray tbe which becomes iuminous when struck by an electron beam is called: a. an electron gun ». an electron amplifier c. a CRT screen 4. an electron counter H-2-10 Which of the following modes of vibration exhibits the shortest wavelength at a given frequency and in a given material” a. longitudinal wave . compression wave . shear wave ¢. surface wave E-210,£-214 In general, shear waves are more sensitive to small discontinuities than longitudinal waves for a given frequency and in a given material because: 1. the wavelength of shear waves is shorter than the wavelength of longitudinal waves b. shear waves are not as easily dispersed in the materia! ¢. the direction of particle vibration for shear waves is more sensitive to discontinuities 4. the wavelength of shear waves is longer than the wavelength of longitudinal waves D-25-28; F-45.21 91. 98. 99, 100. 101 102. 34 . A substance that reduces the surface tension of a I In general, which of the following modes of vibration would have the greatest penetrating power in a ‘coarse-grained material if the frequency of the waves are the same? a. longitudinal b. shear c. transverse d, all of the above modes would have the same penetrating power D-257-258; F-45.5 AA testing technique in which the crystal or transducer is parallel to the test surface and ultrasonic waves enter the material being testing in a direction perpendicular to the test surface is: a. straight beam testing . angle beam testing . surface wave testing d. none of the above H-4-8; J-233 ‘The distance from a given point on an ultrasonic wave to the next corresponding point is referred to as: a. frequency b. wavelength ©. velocity 4. pulse length H-2-5; J-233 The speed with which ultrasonic waves travel through. a material is known as its: 2. velocity b. pulse repetition rate ©. pulse recovery rate 4. ultrasonic response F-43.9, H-2-5 liquid is referred to as: 2. acouplant ’. an ultrasonic dampener . awetting agent 4. none of the above 7 D-231; F-47.31 ‘The transducers most commonly found in ultrasonic search units (probes) used for discontinuity testing utilize: a, magnetostriction principles b. piezoelectric principles ¢. mode conversion principles 4, none of the above D-128, D-178, F-43.4103. Mechanical and electrical stability, insolubility in liquids, and resistance-to aging are three advantages of search units containing transducers made of: a. lithium sulfate b. barium titanate ©. quartz d, Rochelle salts F-44.2; J-254 sig sin 8 104iThe formula. —>— referred to 1. the acoustical impedance ratio formula b. the phase conversion formula ¢. the Fresnel zone formula d. Snell's law F-43,15; J-166 sin 8, 105. The formula is used to determine: 1 a, angular relationships b. phase velocities ¢. amount of reflected sound energy d. acoustic impedance : F-43,155 J-236 106. The amount of energy reflected from a discontinuity will be dependent on: a. the size of the discontinuity b. the orientation of the discontinuity . the type of discontinuity d. all of the above P4524 107. If an ultrasonic wave is transmitted through an interface of two materials in which the first material has a higher acoustic impedance value but the same velocity value as the second material, the angle of refraction will be: ‘a, greater than the angle of incidence b, less than the angle of incidence c. the same as the angle of incidence 4d. beyond the critical angie F-43.15; J-236 108. Which of the following frequencies would probably result in the greatest ultrasonic attenuation losses? a. | MHz b. 2.25 MHz ce. 10 MHz, d. 25 MHz 43.26, F48.30 35 ra Uttrasonic Method, Level It 109. The product of the sound velocity and the density of a material is known as the: a. refraction value of the material b. acoustic impedance of the material «. elastic constant of the material d, Poisson’s ratio of the material 7” cs F431; 5-235 110. The amplifier range over which the unsaturated signal response increases in amplitude in proportion to the discontinuity surface area is the: a. sensitivity range . vertical linearity range «. selectivity range 4. horizontal linearity range H5-5 111, When inspecting a rolled or forged surface with a thin scale that is generally tightly adhering to the part, what is necessary to do before testing the part? a. clean the surface of loose scale b. have all scale removed . rough machine the surface 4. caustic etch the surface F-47.23, F-47.28 112. The angle of reflection of an ultrasonic beam at an aluminum-water interface is: a, 0.256 times the angle of incidence b. approximately '2 the angle of incidence ¢. equal to the angle of incidence 4. approximately 4 times the angle of incidence F3.14, FBS 113. What kind of waves travel ata velocity slightly less than shear waves and their mode of propagation is both longitudinal and transverse with respect to the surface? a. Rayleigh waves b. transverse waves c. Lewaves d. longitudinal waves 2-205 J-234 114, Which ultrasonic test frequency would probably provide the best penetration in a 30 cm (12 in.) thick specimen of coarse-grained steel? a. | MHz b. 2.25 MHz c. 5 MHz d. 10 MHz H-3-21aE Ultrasonic Method, Level I! ‘ 118, During immersion testing of an ASTM Ultrasonic 119. Generally, the best ultrasonic testing method for ! Standard Reference Block, 2 B-scan, presentation detecting discontinuities oriented along the fusion system will show a zone in a welded plate is: 1. “plan” view of the block, showing the area and 4. an angle beam contact method using surface waves position of the hole bottom as seen from the entry b. a contact test using a straight longitudinal wave c. 4 surface an immersion test using surface waves b. basic test pattern showing the height of indication an angle beam method using shear waves from the hold bottom and its location in depth 248.12; J-270 from the entry surface ¢. cross section of the reference block, showing the 120. An ultrasonic testing instrument that displays pulses top and bottom surfaces of the block and the representing the magnitude of reflected ultrasound as, location of the hole bottom in the block a function of time or depth of metai is said to contain: - 4. none of the above F473 8. acontinuous wave display an A-scan presentation, 116, Properties of shear or transverse waves used for ¢. a B-scan presentation ultrasonic testing include: 4. aC-scan presentation F-43.29; H-3-6, H-3-75 J-241 2. particle motion normal to propagation direction, and a propagation velocity which is about "the 121. Ata water-to-stee! interface the angle of incidence in longitudinal wave velocity in the same material water is 7°, The principal mode of vibration that b. exceptionally high sensitivity due to low exists in the steel is: attenuation resulting from longer wavelengths # when propagating through water a. longitudinal ¢. high coupling efficiency because shear waves are b. shear less sensitive to surface variables when traveling . both aand b a H from a coupling liquid to the part a 4. none of the above statements apply to shear waves H-2.26 H-2-18; J-233 122. Ina liquid medium, the only mode of vibration that 117. One of the most common applications of ultrasonic can exist i tests employing shear waves is: display unit or CRT receiver marker circuit or range marker circuit, . synchronizer, clock, or timer a. longitudinal , 1. detection of discontinuities in welds, tube, and ». shear pipe c. bothaand b ‘ b. determination of elastic propenies of metallic 4. surface products nated 2-215 J-233 . detection of laminar discontinuities in heavy plate i 4. measurement of thickness of thin plate 123. In an ultrasonic instrument, the number of pulses ; A-ASTM E-164, Para, 1, 2; H-4-115 J-270 produced by an instrument in a given period of time is known as the: 118. Significant errors in ultrasonic thickness | measurement can occur if: 4. pulse length of the instrument b. pulse recovery time ‘a, the test frequency is varying at a constant rate c. frequency ». the velocity of propagation deviates substantially 4. pulse repetition rate from an assumed constant value for a given F-43.29; J-252 material c. water is employed as a couplant between the 124, In a basic pulse echo ultrasonic instrument, the transducer and the part being measured component that coordinates the action and timing of | 4. none of the above should cause errors other components is called a: 43.27, F-50.5 | | 36or 125, In a basic pulse echo ultrasonic instrument, the component that produces the voltage that activates, the search unit is called: a. an amplifier b. areceiver ©. a pulser d. a synchronizer 433 126. In a basic pulse echo ultrasonic instrument, the component that produces the time base line is called a sweep circuit receiver pulser synchronizer W241 127. In a basic pulse echo ultrasonic instrument, the component that produces visible signals on the CRT which are used to measure distance is called a: a. sweep circuit b. marker circuit c. receiver circuit d. synchronizer F-43.30 128, Most basic pulse echo ultrasonic instruments use: automatic read-out equipment an A-scan presentation . a B-scan presentation J. a. C-scan presentation F-43.295 J-240 129. The cathode ray tube screen will display a plan view of the part outline and defects when using: read-out equipment ion " jest * ste ‘ F-43.34; J-243 130. The incident angles at which 90° refraction of Jongitudinal and shear waves occurs are called: a. the normal angles of incidence b. the critical angles ~ c. the angles of maximum refledtiOn™ J. none oF the above 217: J-236 37 Ultrasonic Method Level II 131. Compression waves whose particle displacement is, parallel to the direction of propagation are called: a. longitudinal waves b. shear waves . Lamb waves d. Rayleigh waves 2-17; 5-233 132. Which of the following modes of vibration are quickly damped out when testing by the immersion method” a. longitudinal waves b. shear waves c. transverse waves 4. surface waves 2 133. The motion of particles in a shear wave is: 8. parallel to the direction of propagation of the ultrasonic beam b. transverse to the direction of beam propagation ¢. limited to the material surface and elliptical in motion 4. polarized in a plane at 45° to the direction of beam propagation H-2-18; J-233 134. An ultrasonic longitudinal wave travels in aluminum with a velocity of 635 000 ems and has a frequency of | MHz, The wavelength of this ultrasonic wave is: a, 6.35 mm (0.25 in) b. 78 mm (3.1 in.) €. 1.9m (6,35 10) 4. 30000 A 135, The refraction angle of longitudinal ultrasonic waves passing from water into a metallic material at angles ‘other than normal to the interface is primarily a function of: . the impedance ratio (r = Z,Z,,) of water to «etal the relative velocities of sound in water and metal . the frequency of the ultrasonic beam the density ratio of water to metal H-2-24; J-236 136. In contact testing, shear waves can be induced in the test material by: a. placing an X-cut erystal directly on the surface of the materials. and coupling through a film of oil b. using two transducers on opposite sides of the test specimen c. placing a spherical acoustic tens on the face of the transducer J. using a transducer mounted on a plastic wedge so that sound enters the part at an angle H-2-20Ultrasonic Method, Level I! 137. As frequency increases in ultrasonic testing, the angle of beam divergence of a given diameter crystal: decreases remains unchanged increases varies uniformly through each wavelength B-214; F-48.3; J-240 138, Which of the following is nor an advamtage of contact, ultrasonic search units (probes) adapted with lucite shoes? eliminates most of the crystal wear . permits adaptation to curved surfaces increases sensitivity |. allows ultrasound to enter a part’s surface at oblique angles erge F-48.1-48.24 139, In which medium listed below would the velocity of sound be lowest? a. air b. water . aluminum 4. plastic 2-18; J.235 140, A longitudinal ultrasonic wave is transmitted from water into steel at an angle of 5° from the normal. In such a case, the refracted angle of the transverse wave is: a, less than the refracted angle of the longitudinal wave b. equal to the refracted angle of the longitudinal wave ¢. greater than the refracted angle of the longitudinal wave 4. not present at all H-2-20; J-236 141. The velocity of longitudinal waves will be highest in: &. water b. air ¢. aluminum 4. plastic H-218; J-235 142. In steel, the velocity of sound is greatest in which of the following modes of vibration? 2. longitudinal b. shear . surface wave 4. sound velocity is identical in all modes, in a given material H-2-18; J-235 143. The acoustic impedance is: a. used to calculate the angle of reflection b. the product of the density of the material and the velocity of sound in the material c. found by Snell's law 4. used to determine resonance values H-2-35; J-235 144, Thin sheet may be inspected with the ultrasonic wave directed normal to the surface by observing: the amplitude of the front surface reflection . the multiple reflection pattern all front surface reflections none of the above aoe D-253 145. A diagram in which the entire circuit stage or sections are shown by geometric figures and the path of the signal or energy by lines and/or arrows is called a: a. schematic diagram b. blueprint c. block diagram d. none of the above H-2-16 146. A hole produced during the solidification of metal due to escaping gases is called: a. a burst b. acold shut ¢. flaking d. a blow hole J-514 147. A discontinuity that occurs during the casting of ‘molten metal which may be caused by the splashing, surging, interrupted pouring, or the meeting of two streams of metal coming from different directions is called: a, a burst . acold shut c. flaking d. a blow hole 7-10 148. The ratio between the wave speed in one material and the wave speed in a second material is called: a. the acoustic impedance of the interface b. Young’s modulus . Poisson's ratio 4. the index of refraction D8152. 193, 154, Ist. _— 149. The expansion and contraction of a magnetic material under the influence of a changing magnetic field is referred to as: a. piezoelectricity b. refraction ¢. magnetostriction 4, rarefaction D-128 150. Thé ratio of stress to strain in a material within the elastic limit is called: a. Young's modulus . the modulus of elasticity . both a and b d. the index of refraction F-43.10 A point, line, or surface of a vibrating body marked by absolute or relative freedom from vibratory motion is referred to as: a. anode b. an antinode c. rarefaction . compression D-13; F512 The factor which determines the amount of reflection at the interface of two dissimilar materials is: 4. the index of rarefaction b. the frequency of the ultrasonic wave ©. Young's moduius d, the acoustic impedance H-2.36 A quartz erystal cut so that its major faces are parallel to the Zand ¥ axes and perpendicular to the X axis is called: a a ¥-cut crystal b. an X-cut crystal ©. a Z-cit crystal dv a Z¥-cut erystal - Hd The equation describing wavelength in serms of velocity and frequency is: a. wavelength = velocity * frequency b. wavelength = = (frequency x velocity) 4 wavelength = velocity ~ ‘requency wavelength = frequency + velocity H.2-5 39 | Ultrasonic Method, Level 11 155. Which of the following can occur when an ultrasonic beam reaches the interface of two dissi materials? a. reflection ». refraction cc. mode conversion d. all of the above H2.21 156. When inspecting aluminum by the immersion method using water for a couplant, the following information known: velocity of sound in water = 1.49 x 108 cm/s, velocity of longitudinal waves in aluminum = 6.32 x 10° cms, and angle of incidence = 5°. The angle of refraction for longitudinal waves is approximately: a 22 b. 18° ©. 26° 16° He224 157. Of the piezoelectric materials listed below, the most efficient sound transmitter is: lithium sulfate quartz barium titanate silver oxide i 158, OF the piezoelectric materials listed below. the most efficient sound receiver is: a. lithium sulfate b. quartz c. barium titanate d. silver oxide 3-28: 159. The most commonly used method of producing shear waves in a test part when inspecting by the immersion method is: a. by transmitting longitudinal waves into a part in a direction perpendicular to its front surface b. by using two crystals vibrating at different frequencies c. by using a ¥-cut quartz crystal 4. by angulating the search tube to the proper angle 4-258——$—$—$—$<—$<—$—<—<—_—_—_—_—_—_——— Ultrasonic Method, Level II 160. Beam divergence is a function of the dimensions of crystal and the wavelength of the beam transmitted through a medium, and it: 2, increases if the frequency or crystal diameter is decreased wv. decreases ifthe frequency or crystal diameter is decreasec . increases if the frequency 1s increased and crystal diameter is decreased 4. decreases if the frequency is increased and crystal diameter is decreased 2:30 161. The wavelength of an ultrasonic wave is: a. directly proportional to velocity and frequency . directiy proportional to velocity and inversely proportional to frequency . inversely proportional to velocity and directly proportional to frequency 4. equal to the product of velocity and frequency 3-233 162. The fundamental frequency of a piezoelectric crystal is primarily 2 function a. the length of the applied voltage pulse ». the amplifying characteristics of the pulse amplifier in the instrument ¢. the thickness of the crystal d. none of the above B-223; H-6-11 163. Acoustic velocities of materials are primarily due to the material's: 2. density b. elasticity both a and b acoustic impedance ee #217 +164. Inspection of castings is often impractical because of: extremely small grain structure coarse grain structure ;. uniform flow lines uniform velocity of sound aeee 166. The formula used to determine the angle of beam divergence of a quartz crystal is: .. sin @ = diameter '/2 x wavelength in @ diameter = frequency x wavelength . sin @ = frequency X wavelength sin @/2 = 1.22 x wavelength/diameter H-2:30 167. The resolving power of a search unit is directly proportional to it a. diameter ». bandwidth c. pulse repetition 4. none of the above 5-266 168. Acoustic lens elements with which of the following permit focusing the sound energy to enter cylindrical surfaces normally or along a line focus? . cylindrical curvatures . spherical lens curvatures convex shapes concave shapes 5-259 169. In the basic pulse echo instrument, the synchronizer, clock, or timer circuit will determine the: a. pulse length b. gain c. pulse repetition rate 4. sweep length J-170 170. The primary requirement of a paintbrush transducer is that: a. all crystals be mounted equidistant from each other b. the intensity of the beam pattern not vary greatly over the entire length of the transducer ¢. the fundamental frequency of the crystals not vary more than 0.01% 4. the overall length not exceed 76 mm (3 in.) 5-258 171, Heat conduction, viscous friction, elastic hysteresis, 4-37; J-190 and scattering are four different mechanisms which Jead to: 165, Lamb waves may be used to inspect: &. attenuation a. forgings b. refraction ». bar stock cc. beam spreading ©. ingots 4. saturation 4. thin sheet 5-238 22 40172. 173. 174. | . 76. Since the velocity of sound in aluminum is approximately 245 000 inJs, it takes how long for sound to travel through 25 mm (1 in.) of aluminum? a. as b. dus cc. 4ms d. Max 10's 5-163, J-233 178. ‘When testing a part with a rough surface, itis generally advisable to use: a. a lower frequency search unit and a more viscous couplant than is used on parts with a smooth surface . a higher frequency search unit and a more viscous couplant than is used on parts with a smooth surface . a higher frequency search unit and a less viscous couplant than is used on parts with a smooth surface |. a lower frequency search unit and a less viscous couplant than is used on parts with a smooth surface 3.22 Reflection indications from a weld area being inspected by the angle beam technique may represent: porosity cracks veld bead all of the above H4.35 During a test using A-scan equipment, strong indications that move at varying rates across the screen in the horizontal direction appear. It is impossible to repeat a particular screen pattern by scanning the same area. A possible cause of these indications is: ey a. porosity in the test part ». an irregularly shaped crack . a blow hole 4, electrical interference 5246 181. In an A-scan presentation, the horizontal line formed by the uniform and repeated movement of an electron ‘beam across the fluorescent screen of a cathode ray tube is called: a square wave pattern 9. a sweep line a marker pattern |. none of the above epee He2-11 41 179, 180. Ultrasonic Method, Level It 177. Which of the following frequencies would probably result in the greatest amount of attenuation losses? a. | MHz. b. 2.25 MHz c. 5 MHz. d. 10MHz H-4-12 In general, which waves will travel around gradual ‘curves with little or no reflection from the curve? a. transverse waves b. surface waves c. shear waves 4. longitudinal waves H-2-18, H-2-28 To evaluate and accurately locate discontinuities after scanning a part with a paintbrush transducer, it is generally necessary to use a: a. search unit with a smaller crystal ». scrubber c. grid map 4. crystal collimator W315 An ultrasonic instrument has been calibrated to obtain a $1 mm (2 in.) indication from a 2 mm (0.08 in.) diameter flat bottom hole located 76 mm (3 in.) from the front surface of an aluminum reference block. ‘When testing an aluminum forging, a 51 mm (2 in.) indication is obtained from a discontinuity iocated 76 mam (3 in.) from the entry surface. The cross sectional area of this discontinuity is probabiy: a, the same as the area of the 2 mm {0.08 in.) flat bottom hole b. greater than the area of the 2 mm (0.08 in.) flat bottom hole c. slightly less than the area of the 2 mm (0.08 in.) lat bottom hole d. about 2 the area of the 2 mm (0.08 in.) flat bottom hole J-262 As the impedance ratio of two dissimilar materials increases, the percentage of sound coupled through an interface of such materials: a. decreases b. increases ¢. is not changed d. may increase or decreaseUltrasonic Methos. Level H | 182. Low frequency sound waves are not generally used to (188) In cases where the diameter of tubing being inspected test thin. materials because of: a. the rapid attenuation of low freavency sounc b. incompatible wavelengths . poor near-surface resolution ¢. none of the above wili actually limit such a test 3264 ‘When using two separate search umits (one a transmitter. the other a receiver), the most efficient combination would be a: a. quartz transmitter and z barium titanate receiver b. barium titanate transmitter and a lithium sulfate receiver ¢. lithium sulfate transmitter and a barium titanate receiver 4. barium titanate transmitter and a quartz receiver 3-287 In immersion testing, the accessory equipment to which the search cable and the search unit are attached is called a: @, crystal collimator b. scrubber ¢. jet-stream unit 4. Search tube or scanning tube H-3-12 In general. discontinuities in wrought products tend to be oriented: a. randomly b. in the direction of grain flow . at Tight angles to the entry surface 4. at right angles to the grain flow 47-37 immersion testing, irrelevant or false indications ‘caused by contoured surfaces are likely to result in a ‘a. broad-based indication ’. peaked indication . “hashy” signal 4. nasrow-based indication H-4-24 In contact testing, defects near the entry surface cannot always be detected because of: a. the far-field effect b. attenuation c. the dead zone 4. refraction. F-43.31; H-4-20 Cay is smaller than the diameter of the transducer, what can be used to confine the sound beam to the proper range of angles? a. a scrubber b. acollimator c. an angle plane angulator a jet-siream unit F-47332 (ied) me maximum scanning speed possible is primarily determined by: a. the frequency of the search unit ». viscous drag problems c. the pulse repetition rate of the test instrument 4. the persistency of the CRT screen F485 of the following is frequently displayed by a facsimile recording instead of a CRT presentation? 2 A-scan presentation b. B-scan presentation ¢. C-scan presentation 4. none of the above are adaptable for facsimile recordings H38 191. The property of certain materials to transform electrical energy to mechanical energy and vice versa is called: D-119; H-2-7 ¥92)Surface waves are reduced to an energy level of approximately 's of the original power at a depth of: a. 25 mm (1 in.) b. 102 mm (4 in.) c. 1 wavelength 4. 4 wavelengths D-10 ‘To prevent the appearance of the second front surface indication before the first back reflection when inspecting aluminum by the immersion method (water is used as a couplant), it is necessary to have a minimum of at least ! inch of water for every: a, $1. mm (2 in.) of aluminum b. 102 mm (4 in.) of aluminum c. 152 mm (6 in.) of aluminum ¢. 203 mm (6 in.) of aluminum HAS 42194, Increasing the length of the pulse used to activate the of search unit will: a. increase the strength of the ultrasound but decrease the resolving power of the instrument ». increase the resolving power of the instrument . have no effect on the test |. decrease the penetration of the sound wave 1H-3-13, H-4-20 195, The lack of parallelism between the entry surface and the back surface: a. may result in a screen pattern that does not contain @y back reflection indications b. makes it difficult to locate discontinuities that lie parallel to the entry surface ¢. usually indicates that a porous condition exists in the metal 4. will decrease the penetrating power of the test 237 196. A discontinuity with a concave surface will: a. diffuse the sound energy throughout the part b. cause the reflected beam to focus at a point determined by the curvature of the discontinuity . cause mode reinforcement of the ultrasonic wave 4. none of the above P4524 197. Rayleigh waves: a. are generated at the first critical angle b. are generated at the second critical angle are generated at either critical angle . travel only in a liquid ©. are another name for Lamb waves 4-233, J-234 198. Angle beam testing of plate will often miss: a. cracks that are perpendicular to the sound wave b. inclusions that are randomly oriented d. a series of small discontinuities c. laminations that are parallel to the front surface E262 199, Reducing the extent of the dead zone of a transducer by using a detay tip results in: a. improved distance amplitude correction in the near field b. reduced frequency of the primary ultrasonic beam . reduced ability to detect flaws in the near fieid d, improved accuracy in thickness measurement of thin plate and sheet e. none of the above 5-258 43 Ultrasonic Methdd, Level I a plate, skip distance can be calculated from which 9f the following formulas where (t = plate thickness, © = angle of sound beam refraction, and V = sound velocity): a. S=(2x1)/tan@ b.S=2x¢xsin@ ce. S=2xtxtan@ d. $=2x Vxsin@ . none of the above 5-266 \The technique of examining an ultrasonic reflector from different directions might be used to enable the technician to: a. distinguish between different types of flaws b. predict the useful service life of the test specimen ¢. distinguish between flaw indications and spurious or false indications 4d. all of the above €. none of the above Ju7 202. The principal applications of ultrasonic techniques consist of: a. flaw detection ». thickness measurements ¢. determination of elastic moduli d. all of the above . none of the above 43,2 203. Attenuation is the loss of the ultrasonic wave energy suring the course of propagation in the material due to a. reflection and refraction b. dispersion and diffraction . absorption and scattering 4. composition and shape ¢. all of the above D-107 When setting up an ultrasonic inspection, the repetition frequency of the ultrasonic instrument should be set: 4. 50 that its period is at least as long as the operating time ». the same as the transducer resonance frequency «. as low as possible to avoid overpulsing and distortion 4. according to the instruction manual of the instrument . none of the above D-198' Cs immersion shear wave testing, waves are normally 207. The most commonly used method of producing shear ‘generated by dngulating the transducer beyond the waves in atest part when inspecting by the firs critical angle, What is the direction of the immersion method is: ‘materials panicle motion? . by.trantmitting longitudinal waves into a part in a a. the same as the wave propagation direction geerpendicular to its front surface b. normal to the material surface b. by using two crystals vibrating at different ¢. parallel to the direction of wave propagation frequencies 4. perpendicular to the direction of wave propagation ¢. by using ¥-cut quartz crystal . only surface waves existed beyond the first critical 4. by angulating the search tube or manipulator to the angle proper angle 43-233 312 206. Which of the following modes of vibration are quickly dampened out when testing by the immersion method? 2. longitudinal waves b. shear waves ¢. transverse waves <. surface waves H.2.32 44