Ss. Publication 287 COMMISSION ELECTROTECHNIQUE INTERNATIONALE NORME DE LA CEL INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION 1EC STANDARD Publication 287 Deuidme kien ~ Second edition 1982 Calcul du courant admissible dans les cables en régime permanent (facteur de charge 100°) Calculation of the continuous currant rating of cables (100%: load factor) © cel 1982 7 Droits de reproduction Bsecvés — Copyright all ight reserved Bureau Central de fa Commission Electrotechnique Intemationale 3.vedeVarenbé Gendve, Suisse€.D,U/U.D.C.: 621.315.2.014"745".001.24 681.32.001.24 COMMISSION ELECTROTECHNIQUE INTERNATIONALE NORME DE LA CEI t = I : INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHMICAL COMMISSION | TEC STANDARD Publication 287 Dewsiéme édition ~ Second edition 1982 Calcul du courant admissible dans les cables en régime permanent (facteur de charge 100°/) Calculation of the continuous current rating of cables (100°: load factor) Bote: cabin courant onemanes ay wont abn co Sac Sa Rae. east © cei 1082 ‘cats de reproduction céservés ~ Copyright - al ight esered rv oubeaton ve peut he rate ose sous Mo par of Ba pubis ay be envotuced ct tlie a any fey tat tout sus pracedh etvonqin oy niche le 2t 27 any mean. encvone or meaning PONCE 7 eambislagheocgwetiesmareine sree fen aT daveur na mim wea pemasen wn ram te potter Bureau Cental de la Commission Electrotechnique Internationale 3.mvedeVaremde Genéve, Suisse Hi Fes 120.-fede... Ld alma nahin ee Révision de Ia présente publication Le contenu technique des publications de la CE est constam- rent revu par la Commision afin d'assurer qu'il refléte bien état accuel dela technique, Les renseignements relatifs ce travail de révision, A'éablise ssement des éditions révises et aux mises & jour peuvent étre ‘btenus aupres des Comités nationaux de la CEL et en consul tant lesdocumentsci-dessous: © Bulletinden CEL © Annusiredela CEI (© Catalogue des publications dela CET Publié annuellement ‘Terminologie En ce qui concerne Ia terminologie général, le lectour se reportera 4 la Publication 50 de la CEI: Vorabulaire Electro technique International (V.EL}, qui et éablie sous forme de ‘chapitres séparés traitant chacun dun sujet défini, index (général dtant publié stpardment. Des détails complets sur le \V.E:L peuvent étreobtenvs sur demande, Les termes et définitions figurant dans la présente publica- tion ont été soit repr du V.ELL, soit spécifiquement approuvés ‘aux fins de cete publication. Symboles graphiques et littéraux Pour les symboles graphiques, symbolestittéraux et signes ‘usage général approuvés parla CEI, fe lecteur consult — Ia Publication 27 de la CEI: Symboles littéraux & utiliser endlectrotechniques — la Publication 117 de la CEL: Symboles graphiques recom mandés. Les symboles et signes contenu dans la présente publication cont été soit repris des Publications 27 ov 117 dela CEI, soit spé- ‘Gifiquement approuvés aux fins de cette publication. Publications de la CEI établies par le méme Comité a’ Etudes LLiattention du lecteur est attrte sur les pages 3 et 4de la cou- ‘verture, qui numérent les publications dela CEI préparées par Te Comite "Etudes qui a abl la présente publication Revision of this publication “The technical content of LEC publications is kept under com «stant review by the TEC, thus ensuring thatthe conteat reflects _ _urreat technology. Information on the work of revision, the issue of revised edt tions and amendment sheets may be obtained from TEC ‘National Committees and from the following IEC sources: i) TEC Bulletin TEC Yearbook (Catalogue of IEC Publications Published yearly ‘Terminology For general terminology, readers are referred to [EC Publica tion 50; International Electrotechaical Vocabulary (LEV) ‘which is issued in the form of separate chapters each desing ‘with aspecifie field, the General Index being published asa sep ‘rate booklet. Full details of the LE.V. will be supplied or request. = “ ‘The terms and definitions contained in the present publica tion have either been taken from the LEV. or have been specifi cally approved forthe purpose ofthis publication. Graphical and letter symbols For graphical symbols, and letter symbols and signs approve: by the IEC for general use, readers are referred to: = IEC Publication 27: Leter symbols to be used in electrica technology: = TEC Publication 117: Recommended graphical symbols. “The symbols and signs contained in the present publicatior have either been taken from IEC Publications 27 o 117, 0 have been specifically approved for the purpose of this publice tion. TEC publications prepared by the same ‘Technical Committee ‘The attention of readers is drawn to pages 3 and 4 of th cover, which list [EC publications issued by the Technic: ‘Commitee which has prepared the present publication.287 © IEC 1982 -3- ForeworD PREFACE. - Pease Iyreopucrion « ee . Symbols - 3 Permseible current rating of cables A.C resistance of conductor . - Bl AC.cables— ae aes eeeaateteaitE 32 DiCeableruptoSkV oo esse esse eee ee eee 33 Layoutofrecommendation 2.2.20 0200+ 4.11 D.C. resistance of conductor 42. Skineffectfactor y, 43 Prowimity effet actor yp for two-core cables and fr tw singlecore cables G4 Proximity effet factor for three-core cables and for three sngle-orecables «=.=. e eee eee 45° Skin and proximity effecsin pipetypecables cece are eeretrencn Dielectric totes (applicable to .c. cables only) eect Loss factor for sheath and screen (applicable to power frequency a.c.cables only) 16.1 Two single-core cables, and three single-core cables (in trefoil formation), sheaths bonded at both ends of an electrical section 62 Thee inglore cables in at ‘ormation, with regular transposon, sheaths Bonded et both ends ofan eles- tical section « 63. Three single core cablesin ft formation, iat teanaposon shat bonded aeboth ends ofan electrical section 6.4. Variation af spacing of single-core cable betveen sheath bo 65. Effeccoflargesegmental type conductors... - 68 Single-core cables. with sheath bonded ta sng ota or ross bonded : 67 Two-core unarmoured cables with common sheath 68. Thiee-core unarmoured cables with common sheath 69. Two-core and hree-core cables with steel tape armour 6:10 Cables witheach coreinaeparateleadsheath(SLtype) and armoured 6.11 Lossesinsereens and sheaths of pipe-type cables. ‘8 points ee Loss factor for armour, reinforcement and see! pipes (applicable to power frequency ac:cablesonly) 7A Non-magneticarmourorseinforeement =. - 72 Magneticarmour or reinforcement 7 see 73. Lossesinsteel pipes... eee eens eee ‘| tt SECTION THREE ~ CALCULATION OF THERMAL RESISTANCES ‘Thermal resistance ofthe constituent parts ofa eable Ti. Tz and 73 eee eet 8.1. Thermal resistance between one conductor and sheath T; . ae a 82 Thermal resistance between sheath and armour Ts :a ge 287 © IEC 1982 ‘clue 83 Thermal esisunecof ut covering ig) f 34. Pipe-typecables - 9. External thermal resistance Tal... 9.1 Cablestaid in free air - . 9.2. Single solated buried cable 9.3 Grovpsofbutied cables (not touching) 94 Grouprofured cables (oushng equally load 9.5 Buried pipes 9.6 Cablesin buried troughs - 9.7 Cablesinductsorpipes - ‘Tames. ‘Appeworx A ~ Reference ambient temperatures and thermal resistivities ofsilin various countries. ‘Arrenom B ~ lisformation required from the purchaser forthe selection ofthe appropriate typeof cable - ‘Appenomx C ~ Digitalealculation of quantities given graphicallyin Figures 2t06 ...-. - ‘AreNo1x D ~ Calculation of Af, by means ofa diagram (Figure 8), Figures « 18 85 tos 109 Ww us| 287 © IEC 1982 INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION CALCULATION OF THE CONTINUOUS CURRENT RATING OF CABLES (100% LOAD FACTOR): | FOREWORD ” 1) The formal decisions or agreements of the [EC on technical matters, prepared by Technical Committees on which all the [National Committees having a special interest therein are represented, express, as nearly as possible, an international ‘consensus of opinion on the subjects dealt with 2) They have the form of recommendations for international use and they are accepted by the National Committees in that 3) Inorder to promote international unification, the IEC expresses the wish that all National Committees should adopt the {ent ofthe TEC recommendation for their national rules in so far as national conditions will permit. Any divergence between the IEC recommendation and the corresponding national rules should, as far as possible, be clearly indicated in the later, PREFACE ‘This scandard has been prepared by Sub-Committee 20A: High-voltage Cables, of IEC Technical Committee No. 20: Electric Cables. 'A draft was submitted to the National Committees following the Accelerated Procedurein February 1980 Following the meeting held in Florence in 1980, a draft, Document 20A(Central Office)7S, was submited tothe National ‘Committees for their approval under the Six Months’ Rule in September 1980, “The National Committees ofthe following countries voted explicitly in favour of publication: Australia France Norway ‘Austria German Democratic Spain Belgium Republic Sweden 7 Germany ‘Switzerland Ireland ‘Turkey Canada Italy Union of Soviet Denmark Japan ‘Socialist Republics Egypt Netherlands United Kingdom Finland New Zealand United States of America “The fest edition of this standard was based on Appendix I of C.LG.R-E. Report No. 233, 1964 (Report on the work of CORE, Study Committee No. on High-volage Cables). It was prepared with a view to recommending a complete method of calculation of the current rating of power cables on the basis of the thermal criterion, independent of considera- tions of economic loading. “The frst edition (1968) recommended formulae, chosen from those previously published in various counties, which best combined compliance with theory and ease of application. (n the succeeding years four amendments and one supplement ‘have been issued, anda further amendment circulated for comment. These amendments have made the document applicable ‘over a wider range of cable types and in some instances have improved accuracy.287 © IEC 1982 (Other TEC publications quoted inthis standard: Letter Symbols to be Used in Electrical Technology. International Standard of Resistance for Copper. Recommendation for the Resistivity of Commercial Hard.drawn Aluminium Electrical Con- ductor Wire, = ‘Tests on Oil-illed and Gas-pressure Cables and Their Accessories. Guide to the Selection of High-voltage Cables. 5: Conductors of Insulated Cables, >: Extruded Solid Dielectric Insulated Power Cables for Rated Voltages from | kV upto 30kV.287 © IEC 1982 -u- CALCULATION OF THE CONTINUOUS CURRENT RATING OF (CABLES (100% LOAD FACTOR) INTRODUCTION This second edition has been produced to consolidate the previous amendments and the supplement into one document, to incorporate further more accurate formulae, and to introduce SI units into the publication. The opportunity has also been taken to revert, where applicable, to the fundamental form of the equations so asto show the origin of the numerical constants. The improve- ment in accuracy is only small, but there is some improvement in convenience with the now almost universal use of hand, desk and large digital computers. To aid the user in the application of digital computers for current rating calculations, formulae and methods suitable for digital calculation of the quantities given graphically in this publication are set out in Table V, page 81, and Appendix C. ‘The formulae tecommended in this publication contain quantities which vary with cable design and materials used. The values given in the tables are either internationally agreed, for example, electrical resistivities and resistance temperature coefficients, or are those which are generally ‘accepted in practice, for example, thermal resistivities and permittivities of materials. In this latter category, some of the values given are not characteristic of the quality of new cables but are con- sidered to apply to cables after a long period of use. In order that uniform and comparable results may be obtained, the current ratings should be calculated with the values given in this standard. However, where it is known with certainty that other values are more appropriate to the materials and design, then these may be used, and the corresponding current rating declared in addition, provided that the different values are quoted. Quantities related to the operating conditions of cables are liable to vary considerably from one country to another. For instance, with respect to the ambient temperature and soil thermal resi tivity, the values are governed in various countries by different considerations. Superficial compa- risons between the values used in the various countries may lead to erroneous conclusions if they are not based on common criteria: for example, there may be different expectations for the life of the cables, and in some countries design is based on maximum values of soil thermal resistivity, whereas in others average values are used. Particularly, in the case of soil thermal resistivity, it is :nown that this quantity is very sensitive to soil moisture content and may vary significantly with time, depending on the soil type, the topographical and meteorological conditions, and the cable loading. The following procedure for choosing the values for the various parameters should, therefore, be adopted: ‘Numerical values should preferably be based on results of suitable measurements. Often such results are already included in national specifications as recommended values, so that the caleu- lation may be based on these values generally used in the country in question; a survey of such values is given in Appendix A. A suggested list of the information required to sflect the appropriate type of cable is given in Appendix B. |287 © IEC 1982 -13- In introducing SI units, slight deviations from normal practice have been incorporated to avoid inconvenient sizes for some numerical values and to correspond to the practices of many national standards. Thus the metre has been adopted as the standard unit of cable length, but all radial dimensions, such as insulation thickness and depth of burial are to be expressed in millimetres. The ‘one exception is in Sub-clause 9.1 where the external diameter of the cable must be expressed in metres to be consistent with the heat dissipation per unit surface area of the cable, SECTION ONE — GENERAL ‘This standard deals solely with the condition of steady-state operation of cables at all alter- nating voltages, and direct voltages up to 5 kV, buried directly in the ground, in duets, troughs or in steel pipes, as well as cables in air. The term “steady state” is intended to mean a con- tinuous constant current (100% load factor) just sufficient to produce asymptotically the maximum conductor temperature, the surrounding ambient conditions being assumed ‘constant, The formulae given are essentially literal and designedly leave open the selection of certain important parameters. These may be divided into three groups: ~ parameters related to construction of a cable (for example, thermal resistivity of insulating material) for which representative values have been selected based on published work; — parameters related to the surrounding conditions which may vary widely the selection of which depends on the country in which the cables are used or are to be used; — parameters which result from an agreement between manufacturer and user and which involve a margin for security of service (for example, maximum conductor temperature). 2. Symbols ‘Note. ~ These symbols are those used in Appendix | of C.LG.R.E. Report No. 233, 1964, and are not the same in every case as those recommended in TEC Publication 27: Leter Symbols to be Used in Electrical Tech nology. The symbols used in this standard and the quantities which they represent are given in the following list: A= croeeseconal ate of the armour am 3} cote tin sain 2 C= capacitancepercore Fm Di extemal clameter of amour mm 2, = internal cianeterofduct mm D, = extemal gamete of abe or equivalent lameter of group corsinppesype cable mm Di = exermal diameter ofeable (used in Subaise3.) ™ De diameter overinalation mm 2, = exzeralciameterofduct om 2, = extemaldiameerof metal sheth am Dug = the damer of the iaginary coanal ylinder which just touches the crests ofa cor uedsheath =m ~ the diameter ofthe imaginary coaxial lindr which would just touch the ouside ur Ihesotthe troughs ofa comugated sheath = Dy +25 om| 287 © TEC 1982 -b- De = te dametr fhe imaiary cinder hich wold jutouch te imide ut ofthe ; Stora comuprcdeuh Bye ie as by = te dameter ote imaginary liner which ttc he inside race ofthe Moupotcomupusenh an £ = commtutdin bane 1 F ‘= coefficient defined in Sub-clause 6.5 tas | T Sncentforteted bis detinedin Sub-caute 8.122 FL = sone for bated bles defined in Sub cane 125 G = formar ho or bed cables é = geometric factor for SL and SA type cables 7 leunotyofvearrndaton Sutcate9.12) went 1 wageting fore Sobcawe 72) ampere ira > indvoaneofsath Wm mn . ra } = components of inductance duetothestel wires Sub-lamse 7.2) Hm ws 1” meamestin ons condoms vale) A 7 saueing fcr forte thermal erat of seed able Ka = coutcen wedi Stele LY 2 eepthotiayngtocbleaior ene fe a Ta _ 7 ance beso face tote cene of dct bank v= MY» coaticients dentin Subtase ss N= mumberotionded calesin a duct bank(Subelase3.23) BY Fee dtnetin Seca 3 : lm B= samaag curse renner of conductor ale miximem opeuing tempers havin Ry = relmaneotacmose env B= estan: faba chm Bi _> Sevres of condor st marino operating tempera an R= devraee ofconducor 20°C hmv T& themal eons perce betwen conductor and stead mr 7 > taemeloinns betwen sented ermost Kew T= themelvsuneot ena vering kaw B= thermal rnstace of rrrounding medium (to of cb eace ampere sie oveumlettothe lone perenne) Kavw Ty = tawrathermal itn ni au soaratiaon Kaw Ti = shemaleitansbeiven abled door pe) kav TE = themalesituneot he ut (ope) Kn Fer = thermal rsitens ofthe medi sounding te (opin) knw Ue > volapeteierncondectrand senor sheath ¥ YY» contain Sb-cine971 Ma = tonesinaraourpereniclengh wm WE touetincondce pera Wm Whe elle cpr ens per hase wa > tonerdipeedycaiet we WT feteratspmedtn sea er onitengh wn Wise 10 trltonesi seth nd armour er on enh wn We = tal ower dpe in ough per et eh Wm 1°] etanceoseh (ve sorscaheond heer cabesin rR) ohm 4 7 femtanetof sheath eabiern at formation hmm E> mumalreacans bene th shen aon cable nth condor of te ther wo Shes abis arin a fornnion chav Y= coufisentnedin Subectuse 91 [21 Stnciemanesinsurcane ct | ZT SRenemtnortengin tem erst bonded lei secon having equ minor nhs287 © 1EC 1982 -17- TTR RS APSRSA ARPRASERS sree 3 4 = distance between the axes of conductors and the axis of the cable for 3-co (C0551 + 0.29 tforsectorshaped conductors) ; mm = inean diameter of sheathor screen | mm = mean diameter of sheath and reinforcement mm = mean diameter of reinforcement ° mm mean diameter of amour mm = externa diameter of belt insulation mm = external diameter of conductor mm ~ minor diameter ofan oval conductor mm = major diameter ofan oval conductor mm = exemal diameter of equivalent round solid conductor having the same central duct asa follow conductor mm = Internal diameter of pipe : mm = diameter of antec wie mm = internal diameter ofhollow conductor mm major diameter of screen or sheath oF an oval conductor aaa 1= minor diameter of ereen or sheath of an oval conductor mm = diameter ofan equivalent circular conductor having the sume eros-sectional area and degree of compactness asthe shaped one nm = system frequency He = coetMcient used in Sub-clause 9.1.1 = coefficient used in Sub-clause 66.1 = heat issipation coefficient wrmk% '—Tactor used in the calculation of hysteresis losses in armour or reinforcement (Sub- clause 728) : = accor usd in cateutating x (proximity effec) = factor usedin calculating x ek effect) = length ofa cable section (general symbol, see Clause 6 and Sub clause 64) » natural lopaithm (logarithm tobasee) -E0 - = number of conductorsin a cable '= number of steel wies in a cable see Sub- 2) (Sub-clause9.73) | am = proximity effect factor sie 7 Kinemectcoe } cme| 287 © LEC 1982 -19- my = temperaturecofTicient of eletea resstvty at 20°, per kelvin ve b= angleberneen axis of amour wires and ans of able (Subause72) f= coefitent ued in Subcause 66.1 Y= angulartime delay (Sub-ciuse7.2) : 2 | = coeients usin Sub-lase 661 3 = equivalentthicknes of armour or reinforcement mm B= thickness of metaliesreensonsreened ype cables mm tnd = lossfacorofiasulaion c= selative permitvity of insuaion @ = maximum operating emperare of conductor © fq = meantempertureof medium between eableand yt or Pipe < 9 = permssibletemperaurerseof conductor above theambient temperature « ‘34 7 factor toaccoun fordeiecric ss for calculating Tforealesin ee K ‘8e4, -=Tacor'o account forboth diet lossand direst solar radiation for calling T2for Cables ree airusing Figure, page 127 K Aaa ~ diference between he mean temperature of arin dustand ambien temperature K 8 = diference between the urace temperature of cable inst and ambient temperature k dy temperature rs ofthe arin acale trough K Xo =. coeficient wedin Sub-cavse 651 ody tao ofthe tal lowes in metalic sheaths and armour rexpetvely f0 the tot Taductrtostes (or lssesin oe sheath orarmour tothe Tostesin one conductor) af = catoof thelowsesin oe sheath caused by direalatng cute in the sheath othe losses tnone condscor a= mato tetossesin one sheath caused by eddy current tothe stain one conductor Ma ~ lostactor forthe mide cable Tore cable in Ma foe Ze = losfactor forthe outer able with the reat lsseS~ tration without tans pein, with sheats Aig 7 lossfactor forthe outer cable with the least losses bonded at both ends = selaive magneti permeability ofarmour material fe = longitadialrelaive permeability te teaneere relative permeabiliy @ = conductor ressivity at 20° hen-m Qo: of earth surrounding a duct bank knw @ = thermal reistivity of eoncee used fora duct bank km fm ie sereenson mlticore cables Km/W oH sheath cesievity 020°C ohm G = thermal esisiviy of materi knw 2 = auorpton coefficient of solar radiation fr the cable surface = angular frequen ofsystem a) vs 3. Permissible current rating of cables 3.1 A.C.cables ‘The permissible current rating of an a.c. cable can be derived from the expression for the ‘temperature rise above ambient temperature a0 UPR + bWe) T+ PERC + An) + Wal nT2 + [PRC + 44 + 22) + Wa] (TS + TO)32 33 287 © IEC 1982 -21- where: i 1 = currentflowingin one conductor (A) 0 condusortemperaurerseabovetheambientemeratre_ (K) Note. ~ Theambient temperature is the temperature ofthe surrdunding medium under normal conditions, ata stu tion in which cables ae installed, or are tobe installed, including the effect of any local source of heat, Dut ‘ot the increase of temperature in the immediate neighbourhood ofthe cables due to heat arising therefrom. A ~ sherating cent resitance pers lnghf te fonducorat maximum operating tempenire_ (ohn/) 14x dieeic ln per unitengh fort insltion urtanngthecondaor | CW/e) 11> thermal verte peri enginbencen on conductor sndthe sheath) 2 = thermal rience pero engih of the bdding betwen sath od aon“ (Kn/W) 1, = thermal rrtance penitent of te enteral serving thecable | n/¥) eee eee eee eee ek ee Ciamed tem 11 = numer of o-caryng ondstorsn the able conductor of eq sie and caryingthe sane lod) 1h > Caicos inthe rte esi etl lowest a omc nace 2 = toons in the amourng otal oss in al conus nha ble ‘The permissible current rating is obtained from the above formula as follows: 1 AO- Wal0.5 Ty +n(T2+ T+ TH) le I- ie RT + aR +A) + aR +a + A(T + Th) ~ Where the cable is exposed to direct solar radiation the formisla given in Sub-clause 9.1.2 should be used. is to be used in a saute system where the fourth conduct is either a neutral conductor or a protective conductor. When it is a neutral conductor, the current rating applies to a balanced load. D.C. cables up to 5 kV ‘The permissible current rating of a d.c. cable is obtained from the following simplification of the a.c. formula: 46 [+ aR’ Ty + aR’ (B+ Ta) where A’ = cicectcurent resistance perunit length ofthe conductor at maximum operating temperature (hm/m) « Where the cable is exposed to direct solar radiation the formulae given in Sub-clause 9.1.2 should be used. Layout of recommendation This standard gives methods for calculating the different quantities required for the evalu- ation of these expressions, thus: Section Two contains formulae for the quantities R, Wa, Ay and Aa. Section Three contains formulae for the thermal resistances Ti, Ta, Ts and Tq associated with various parts of the thermal circuit. Appendix A gives reference ambient temperatures and thermal resistivities of soils normally present in various countries. Other values may be used by agreement. For countries287 © TEC 1982 -23- not listed this information must be obtained locaily, or if this is not practicable the values given in Clause A2 of Appendix A may be used. Appendix B contains the information required (fom the purchaser to allow the selection of the appropriate type of cable. Appendix C contains exact formulae for Figures 2to 6, pages 119 to 123, to allow the use of 2 digital computer for the calculation of current ratings. Appendix D gives an alternative graphical method for calculating A@, (see Sub-clause 9.1). SECTION TWO — CALCULATION OF LOSSES 4._A.C. resistance of conductor The a.c. resistance per unit length of the conductor at its maximum operating temperature is given by the following formula, except in the case of pipe-type cables (see Sub-clause 4.5): R~ R’ (1+ y+ yp) where: R = ac.currentresistance of conductor at maximum operating temperature (chm/m) : R’ = de resistance of conductor at maximum operating temperature (ohm/m) Bs > theskin effect factor Jp = the proximity effect factor 4.1 D.C. resistance of conductor The dc. resistance per unit length of the conductor at its maximum operating temperature @ is given by: Ri = Roll + a30(0- 20]. where Ry = ds.resstance ofthe conductor at20°C —_(ohm/m) ‘The value of Ro shall be derived directly from TEC Publication 228 Conductors of Insulated Cables. Where the conductor size is outside the range covered by IEC Publication 228, the value of Ry may be chosen by agreement between manufacturer and purchaser. The conductor resistance should then be ealeulated using the values of resi vity given in Table l, page 75- ‘2x9 = consiant mass temperature coefficient at 20°C per kelvin (see Table I for standard values) 8 = maximum operating temperature in degrees Celsius (this will be determined by the type of insulation to be Used) see appropriate IEC specification or national standards 4.2. Skin effect factor y, The skin effect factor is given by: "pI FORM where: Bef so rok i J = supply requency in hertz Values for k, are given in Table 11, page 75.287 © IEC 1982 25 The above formula is accurate providing x, does not exceed 2.8, and therefore applies to the majority of practical cases: In the absence of alternative formulae itis recommended that the above formula should be used for sector and oval-shaped conductors. | 4.3. Proximity effect factor yp for two-core cables and for two single-core cables ‘The proximity effect factor is given by: 2 wp 8 (4) x29 192+ 08x Vs where: 4, ~ diameter ofconductor (mm) 5 = distance between conductor axes. (mm) ‘Values for kp are given in Table II, page 75. The above formula is accurate providing xp does not exceed 2.8, and therefore applies to the majority of practical cases. 44 Proximity effect factor yp for three-core cables and for three single-core cables 44.1 Circular conductor cables ‘The proximity effect factor is given by: yp (y 0312 (Sf ad “e208 Vs ——F__ 40.27 192 + 08% where: & = diameterofconductor (mm) = distance between conductor axes (mm) ‘Nore. — For cables in flat formation, sis the spacing between adjacent phases. Where the spacing between adjacent Phases isnot equal, the distance willbe taken as s= 3, % Values for kp are given in Table II. ‘The above formula is accurate provided xp does not exceed 28, and therefore applies to the majority of practical cases. 2 4.42 Shaped conductor cables In the case of multicore cables with shaped conductors, the value of yp shall be two-thirds of. the value caleulated according to Sub-clause 4.4.1,_ with: : ~ de = dy = diameter of an equivalent circular conductor of the same cross-sectional area, and degree of compaction (mm) s =(d+9) (mm) where: 1 = thicnes of insulation betwen conductors (em)287 © IEC 1982 -2- Values for kp are given in Table Il, page75. ° The above formula is accurate provided xp does not exceed 2.8, and therefore applies to the majority of practical cases. 4.5. Skin and proximity effects in pipe-type cables For pipe-type cables, the skin and proximity effects calculated according to Sub-clauses 4.2, 4.3 and 44 shall be increased by a factor of 1,7. For these cables: R= R'[1+ 1.7054 yp] (ohm/m) Dielectric losses (applicable to a.c.cablesonly) — - ‘The dielectric loss is voltage dependent and thus only becomes important at voltage levels related to the insulation material being used. Table IIT, page 77, gives for the insulation ma- terials in common use, the value of Up at which the dielectric loss should be taken into ac- count where three-core screened or single-core cables are used. It is not necessary to calculate. she dielectric loss for unscreened multicore or d.c. cables. ‘The dielectric loss per unit length in each phase is given by: Wa= oC Ustand (W/m) where eo =f ws © = capacitance perunitiength (F/m) Uy = voltage toeanh (V) ‘Values of tan 6, the loss factor of the insulation at power frequency and operating tempera- ture, are given in Table Ik - ‘The capacitance for circular conductors is given by: c 10-9 (F/m) where: & = relative permittivity ofthe insulation D, = extemal diameter ofthe insulation excluding screen) (mm) 4, = diameter of conductor, including screen, any (mm) ‘The same formula can be used for oval conductors if the geometric mean of the appropriate major and minor diameters is substituted for Dyand de. Values of eare given in Table II]. 6. Loss factor for sheath and sereen (applicable to power frequency a.c. cables only) ‘The power loss in the sheath (Ajyand eddy currents (21), thus: ren (Ay), consists of losses caused by circulating currents Ma ai eat The formulae given in this section express the loss in terms of the total power loss in the conductor(s) and for each particular case it is indicated which type of loss has to be con-27 287 © IEC 1982 -29- 6.1 62 sidered. The formulae for single-core cables apply to single circuits only and the effects of earth return paths are neglected. Methods are given for both smooth-sided and corrugated sheaths. j For single-core cables with sheaths bonded at both ends of an electrical seétion, only the Joss dhe to circulating currents in the sheaths need.be considered (Sub-clauses 6.1, 6.2 and 6.3). An electrical section is defined as a portion of the route between points at which the sheaths or screens of all cables are solidly bonded. An|allowance has usually also to be made for increased spacing at certain points on the route see Sub-clause 6.4). For cables with large segmental conductors, the loss factor should be increased to take account of the loss due to eddy currents in the sheaths (see Sub-clause 6.5). For a cross-bonded installation, it is considered unrealistic to assume that minor sections are electrically identical and that the loss due to circulating currents in the sheaths is negli- gible. Recommendations are made in Sub-clause 6.6 for augmenting the losses in the sheaths to take account of this electrical unbalance. The electrical resistivities and temperature coefficients of lead and aluminium, for use in calculating the resistance of the sheath Rg are given in Table I, page 75. Two single-core cables, and three single-core cables (in trefoil formation), sheaths bonded at both ends of anelectrical section For two single-core cables, and three single-core cables (in trefoil formation) with sheaths bonded at both ends, the loss factor is given by: jee oe where: R, = resistance of sheath or screen per unit length of cable atits maximum operating temperature (ohm/m) X_ = reactance per unit length of sheath orsereen perunit length of cable (ohtn/m) = raion 24) corm ex equeney_ (9) tance between conductor ae inte ele seston being considered (im) tea ameter ofthe sesh (nm) — for oval-shaped cores, dis given by du da where and dy arte ajo ad nao mean dlametes especively of he sheath w"forcogutedshentedigiveny "(Due * DE) Af’ = 0, i.e, eddy-current loss is ignored, except for cables having large conductors of seg- ‘mental construction when Af is calculated by the method given in Sub-clause 6.5. Three single-core cables in flat formation, with regular transposition, sheaths bonded at both ends of an electrical section For three single-core cables in flat formation, with the middle cable equidistant from the outer cables, regular transposition of the cables and the sheaths bonded at every third trans- Position, the loss factor is given by:es de re ast es an sel 287 © IEC 1982 -31- where: 1X = reactance perunitlength of sheath (chm/m) = sor0'in (22 (9} | Af = 0, ie. eddy-current loss is ignored, except for cables having large conductors of seg- mental construction when 2{' is calculated by the method given in Sub-clause 6.5. &m Sit : 63 Three single-core cables in flat formation, without transposition, sheaths bonded at both ends of an electrical section For three single-core cables in flat formation, with the middle cable equidistant from the outer cables, without transposition and with the sheaths bonded at both ends of an electrical section, the loss factor for the cable which has the greatest loss (i.e. the outer cable carrying the Jagging phase) is given by: t@ Seceecigectee 2RPQXm Re * Ba aR For the other outer cable, the loss factor is given by: 3 1 aoe ® | ans —a™ ___28 70% 2" "R [RP Re+ @ “V3(R2 + PA(R2+ O) For the middle cable, the loss factor is given by: ge B® eR B® In these formulae: _ oO Pa x4 Km Xen where: Q=xX- > X= reactance of sheath or screen per unit length of cable forwo adjacent single-core cables (ohm/m) = 2010710 (3) hmm Xm mutual reactance per unit length of cable between the sheath of an outer c to, when the cables are in flat formation = 20 10-7In12) (ohm/m) nd the conductors ofthe other Af = 0, ie. the eddy-current loss is ignored, except for cables having large conductors of seg- mental construction, when A’ is calculated by the method given in Sub-clause 6.5 Ratings for cables in air should be based on the first formula given above, i.e. the loss for the outer cable carrying the lagging phase. 64 Variation of spacing of single-core cables between sheath bonding points For single-core cable circuits with sheaths solidly bonded at both ends and possibly at inter- mediate points, the circulating currents and the consequent loss increase as the spacing increases, and it is advisable to use as close a spacing a5 possible. The optimum spacing is achieved by considering both losses and mutual heating between cables. f |18 al 287 © IEC 1982 -33- It is not always possible to install cables with one value of spacing all along a route. The following recommendations relate to the calculation of sheath circulating current losses when. it is not possible to install cables with a constant value of spacing over the length of one elec- trical section. A section is defined as a portion of the route between points at which sheaths of all cables are solidly bonded. The recommendations below give values for loss factors which apply to the whole of a section, but it should be noted that the appropriate values of con- ductor resistance and external thermal resistance must be calculated on the basis of the closest cable spacing at any place along the section. a) Where spacing along a section is not constant but the various values are known, the value for X in Sub-clauses 6.1, 6.2 or 6.3 shall be deriyed from: = aKa t b Xo tot dn Rthtoth x where: Inbools arelengths with different spacings along an electrical set Ya Xoo Ko are the eactances per unit length of cable, the relevant formulae being given in Sub-clauses 6.1, 62 0F 63 where appropriate values of spacings Sa 85 5 are used b) Where in any section the spacing between cables and its variation along the route are not known and cannot be anticipated, the losses in that section, calculated from the design spacirig, shall be arbitrarily increased by 25%, this value having been found to be appro- priate for lead sheathed H.V. cables. A different increase may be used by agreement if it is considered that 25% is not appropriate to a particular installation. ©) Where the section includes a spread-out end, the allowance in b) may not be sufficient and it is recommended that an estimate of the probable spacing be made and the loss calculated by the procedure given in a)above. Note, — This increase does not apply to installations with single-point bonding or cross-bonding (see Sub- clause 66), Effect of large segmental type conductors Where the conductors are subject to a reduced proximity effect, as with large conductors of insulated segmental construction, the sheath loss factor 4{'for Sub-clauses 6.1, 6.2 and 6.3 cannot be ignored, but shall be obtained by multiplying the value of 4{, obtained from Sub- clause 6.6 for the same cable configuration, by the factor Fgiven by the formula: pa AMEN? + (M+ NP SMP + (NF +1) where R Mx w= % forcablesin foil formation B: forcablesin wefoitf and for cables i fat formation with equidistant spacing Where the spacing along a section is not constant the value of X shall be calculated as in ‘Sub-clause 6.44). 782° 287 © IEC 1982 -35- . 6.6. Single-core cables, with sheaths bonded at a single point orcross-bonded 66.1 Eddy-current losses ° For single-core cables with sheaths bonded at a.single point or cross-bonded the eddy- current loss factor is given by: Re Guy i= Be [esdo(l + Ai + a+ AO) Ut B [atou + artane aesG where: grit (e)” (6 D,10? - 1.6) Ds , A= es * = electrical resistivity of sheath material at operating temperature (ee Table I, page75)_(ohm.m) 2, = eueraldianeeretabiesbeh (am) nite Torcomipiet shan armeansidedamerr Pt PL gated f= thickness ofsheath (mim) o = By “a ‘Note. ~ For lead sheathed cables, can be taken as unity and >A can be neglected. For aluminium-sheathed & cables both terms may need tobe evaluated when sheath diameters gtester than about 70 mm or the sheath {ehicker nan usual Formulae for 4p, Ay and Ay are given below: Ginwhienim = 210%, forme.1, and 4 canbe neglected) (i) Three single-core cables in trefoil formation: 0-3 (2s) (Sf me 41 = (14 mass + 0.33) ( 25 - a= 0 (li) Three single-core cables, flat formation: 6 (Fe) (14m+07) Ay = 0.86 m3.08 (J 25) 42 = 0 rae) (BY Nee y= 47 mor (4) name a) centre cable: 6) outer cable leading phase: Aga 15 eas Qi2 287 © IEC 1982 -37- ents Er) (B) 0.74(m-+ 2) m5 ( ae » 2+ (m- 032 \35) ¢) outer cable lagging phase: A= m2) 42 = 0.92 m7 Fa) 25) 6.6.2 Circulating current losses : The circulating current loss is zero for installations where the sheaths are single-point bonded, and for installations where the sheaths are cross-bonded and each major section is divided into three electrically identical minor sections. Where a cross-bonded installation contains sections whose unbalance is not negligible, a residual voltage is produced which results in a circulating current loss in that section which must be taken into account. For installations where the actual lengths of the minor sections are known, the loss factor Aj can be calculated by multiplying the circulating current loss factor for the cable configuration concerned, calculated as if it were bonded and earthed at both ends of each major section ‘without cross-bonding by: where in any major section, the two longer minor sections are p and q times the length of the shortest minor section (ie. the minor section lengths are a, pa and qa, where the shortest section is a). ‘This formula deals only with differences in the length of minor sections. « Any variations in spacing must also be taken into account. ‘Where lengths of the minor sections are not known, it is recommended that the value for Af based on experience with carefully installed circuits, be: Af = 0.03 for cables laid direct, and 2{ = 0.05 for cables installed in ducts. 6.7 Two-core unarmoured cables with common sheath For a two-core unarmoured cable where the cores are contained in a common metallic sheath, 2{is negligible and the loss factor is given by one of the following formula — for round or oval conductor en laie ise | — for sector-shaped conductors: 16 nti i 10.8 0710" ( 48 ney frees} RR, a um287 © IEC 1982 -39- where = 2nf | = faequeney (Hy 1 fitener betwen the as fone conésorandihe axa bribecable (om) = radiusof the ielecircumsesbngthetwo sector shaped conducters (mm) + mean diameter of hesheath (mim) este — for oval-shaped cores dis given by Ydhdm where dhq and dy are the major and minor ‘mean diameters respectively: = for corrugated sheaths dis given by Ys (Doc + D 68 Three-core unarmoured cables with common sheath For a three-core unarmoured cable where the cores are contained in a common metallic sheath, A{is negligible and the loss factor is, therefore, given by one of the following formulae: 6-8-1 — for round or oval conductors, and where the sheath resistance R, is less than or equal to 100 uoe/m: pe ia if Renae ec ge (20) eee ae aan () v4 (& ro) “G) 1a (& i) G6-B. 2 — for round or oval conductors, and where the sheath resistance R, is greater than 100 2Q/m: 2G 6-8-3 — for sector-shaped conductors, and R, any value: aim oas anauy 1 Eee ee a1 14(% w') 3 y= radius ofthe circle circumscribing the theee shaped conductors (mm) 1 = thickness of insulation between conductors (mm) 4 = meandiameterofthe sheath (ram) where: — for oval-shaped cores, dis given by Vdyq.dm, where dy and dm are the major and minor ‘mean diameters respectively of the sheath or screen: — for corrugated sheaths dis given by ¥2 (Doe + Dio). 69. Two-core and three-core cables with steel tape armour ‘The addition of steel tape armour increases the eddy-current loss in the sheath. The values for Af given in Sub-clauses 6.7 and 6.8 should be multiplied by the following factor if the ‘cable has steel-tape armour:6.10 611 287 © 1EC 1982 -41- 4. meandancetamour (om) iS Riera othe eae (say ken 830) 3 ecunlentichnesofamour= (m= where A = roses al area of thearmour (mm) This correction is only known to be applicable to tapes 0.3 mm to 1.0 mm thick. Cables with each core in a separate lead sheath (SLL type) and armoured Fora three-core cable of which each core has a separate lead sheath Ai is zero and the loss Factor for the sheaths is given by: yn 17 1+) sshere x = ae10rie &) com 4 daanebemenconaicerses (am). Losses in screens and sheaths of pipe-type cables. If each conductor of a pipe-type cable has a screen only over the insulation, for example a lead sheath or copper tape, the ratio of the screen foss to the conductor loss may be calculated by the formula given in Sub-clause 6.1 for the sheath of a single-core cable, provided that the formula is corrected for the additional loss caused by the presence of the steel piper ‘This modifies the formula t is 7 2 x If each core has a diaphragm sheath and non-magnetic reinforcement, the same formula is used, but the resistance R, is replaced by the parallel combination of the resistance of the sheath and reinforcement. The diameter dis replaced by the value du [PF8 2 f= mean diameter of sheath and reinforcement (mm) d= meandiameter of screen orsheath (em) dy = mean diameter of reinforcement (mm) wheres In the case of oval-shaped cores d and d, aregiven by Vdhwdm, where dy and dp are the major and minor mean diameters respectively. Nowe. — Seealso Sub-clause 7.2.RBG 287 © IEC 1982 =~ 7, Loss factor for armour, reinforcement and steel pipes (applicable to power frequency ac. cables only) Hl The formulae given in this clause express the power loss occurring in metallic armour, reinforcement or steel pipes of a cable in terms of an increment 22 of the power loss in all conductors. ‘Appropriate values of electrical resistivity and resistance temperature coefficients for the materials used for armour and teinforcement are given in Table I, page 75. 7.1. Non-magnetic armour or reinforcement The general procedure is to combine the calculation of the loss in the reinforcement with that of the sheath. The formulae are given in Clause.6 and the parallel combination of sheath and reinforcement resistance is used in place of the Single sheath resistance R,. The root mean. square value of the sheath and reinforcement diameter replaces the mean sheath diameter d (ee Sub-clause 6.11). This procedure applies to both single, twin and multicore cables. ‘The value of the reinforcement resistance is dependent on the lay of the tapes as follows: a) Ifthe tapes have a very long lay (longitudinal tapes), the resistance is based on a cylinder having the same mass of material per unit length of cable and also the same internal diameter as the tapes. b) If the tapes are wound at approximately 54° to the cable axis, the resistance value calculated according to Item a) above. ‘twice the ¢) If the tapes are wound with a very short lay (circumferential tapes), the resistance is regarded as infinite, ie. the loss can be neglected. d) If there are two or more layers of tapes in contact with each other, having a very short lay, the resistance is twice the value calculated according to Item a)above. These considerations apply also to the cores of pipe-type cables dealt with in Sub- clause 6.11 7.2. Magnetic armour or reinforcement 724 ingle-core lead-sheathed cables ~ steel wire armour, bonded to sheath at both ends ‘The method is intended for installations where spacing between cables is large (i.e. 10 m or more). It gives values for the combined sheath and armour losses which are usually higher than the actual ones, so that ratings are on the safe side. This subject is under consideration with a view to providing a more precise and generally applicable method. The following method does not take into account the possible influence of the surrounding media, which may be appreciable in particular for cables laid under water. Calculation of the power loss in the lead sheath and armour of single-core cables with steel-wire armour with the sheath and armour bonded together at both ends is as follows: a) The equivalent resistance of sheath and armour in parallel is given by: | Rew FRA (hmm Ret Ra287 © IEC 1982 -45- &) ¢ a) where: [Ry = resistance of shesth per unit length of cable a its maximum operating temperature (ohm/m) (Ry ~ ac. resistance of armour per unit length 2 its maximum operating temperature _(ohm/m) ‘The ac, resistance of armour wire varies from abut 1.2 times the d.c. resistance of 2mm _ “diameter wires up to 1.4 times the dc. resistance for 5 mm wires.-The resistance does not critically affect the final result. “The inductance ofthe elements ofthe circuit is calculated per phase, as follows: 2s Hy=2% 107 in (P) a whereH, is the inductance due to the sheath - - mdP yt gi Hy nue (SEE) 10 sin Bcos y inom (2 ° ? Hs = 04 (44-1) @ 10-6 cos?B wher Hy, Hy and Hy — components of the inductance dustothesteel wires (H/m) 1 = anial spacing between adjacent cables in trefoil formation: for cables in flat formation sis the geometric ‘mean of thethtee spacings (mm) dy = meandiameter ofarmour (mm) dp = diameter ofa stel wire (mm) P= length of lay ofasteelwirealongthecable (nm) — in, = numberof steel wires B= angle between axis of armour wire and axis of cable Y= angular time delay ofthe longitudinal magnetic ux inthe steel wires behind the magnetizing force ie = longitudinal celative permeability of steel wires = seansversecelative permeability of steel wires For values of 7, andy, see Item d)- Let B = (Hy + Hy + Hs) (ohm/m) By = @ Hy (ohm/m) ‘The total loss in sheath and armour W( + ayis given by: Bh + BE + Re Be Wear ( ) issn PR (Raye BE) W/m) ‘The loss in sheath and armour may be assumed to be approximately equal, so that: W ‘ fat my Nan- H nee We= T Rossin conductor Choice of magnetic properties 7, 1. and ti, ‘These quantities vary with the particular sample of steel and unless reference can be made to measurements on the steel wire to be used, some average values must be assumed.287 © 1EC 1982 -47- 722 No appreciable error is involved if, for wires of diameters from 4 mm to 6 mm and tensile breaking strengths around 400 N/mm*, the following values are assumed: He = 400 Me= tp. when are in contact = I = I where wires are separated y= 4s If a more precise calculation is required and the wire properties are known, then it is initially necessary to know an approximate value for the magnetizing force H in order to find the appropriate magnetie properties. 1000 |/ + I, rn 10001 ads where Land I, are the vectorial values of conductor current and sheath current. For the initial choice of magnetic properties it is usually satisfactory to assume that [7+ [,| = 0.6 J, and to repeat the calculations if it is subsequently established that the calculated values significantly different. (ampere turns/m) Two-core cables - steel wire armour 0.62. @2 10°! 4 38240107 [Latte P Seen gaat Ral R +957 A - where Ry = resistance of armour at maximum armour temperature (ohm/m) bet = mean diameter of armour (mm) = cross-sectional area of armour (mum!) = circumscribing radius over conductors. (mm) insulation thickness between conductors (mm) No correction has been made for non-uniform current distribution in the conductors cause it is considered negligible for conductor sizes up to 400 mm? 7.2.3__Three-core cables - steel wire armour 723: 1 Round conductor cable Ra [2c jaw i2s BA a7 123 ( where: Ry ~ resistance of armour at maximum armour temperature (ohm/m) dy = mean diameter of armour (mm) ‘= distance between the aris ofa conductor and the cable centre (mm) No correction has been made for non-uniform current distribution in the conductors because it is considered negligible for conductor sizes up to 400 mm?. 7.23.2 SL type cables Where the armour is over an SL type cable, the screening effect of the sheath currents Teduces the|armour loss. The formula for 42 given above should be multiplied by the factor a ~ Aj), where Aj is obtained from Sub-clause 6.1287 © IEC 1982 -49- C7333 Sector conductor cables Raf 2ny 4) = 0.358 ay ) GER - 3 wee TT satioefteciecieuseibing ete shaped conductor (me) Deer J = frequency ofsupply (Hz) 7.24 Three-core cables ~ steel tape armour or reinforcement ‘The following formulae apply to tapes 0.3 mm to 1.0mm thick The hystéfesis loss is given for a frequency of 50 Hz by: R107 yo S80 Rady tance between conductor axes (mm) ness of armour (min) A = armourcrosssectional area (mm) dy = mean diameter of armour (mm) ‘The factor k is given by: dy 14+ ue where: = relative permeat lity of the steel tape, usualy taken as 300 For frequencies fother than 50 Hz, multiply the value given by the above formula by the f factor J. The eddy-current lossis given for a frequency of 50 Hz by: 25 3? 25108 Rda and for any other frequency the value calculated from this formula must be multiplied by the factor (g) 30, aga The total armour loss factor is given by the sum of both hysteresis and eddy-current losses, thus: Age Abe ay Note. — Magnetic armour or reinforcement, if any, inerease eddy-current losses in the sheaths. Reference should be sade to Sub-clause 69.287 © IEC 1982 -s1- 7.3. Losses in steel pipes The loss in steel pipes is given by two empirical formulae, one for cables where the cores are bound in close trefoil formation and the other for cables where the cores are placed in a more open configuration (cradied) on the bottom of the pipe. Actual cores in service probably approximate to a configuration somewhere between the two. It is considered that the losses should be calculated for each configuration and a mean value used: Note. — These formulae have been empirically obtained in the United States of America and at present apply only to pipe sizes and stel types used in that country. a= (Reon eae) 10-5 for closely bound triangular configuration 10-5 for the open or cradled formation ane (aE 228 i) where: 5 = axial spacing of adjacent conductors (mm) dy = innemnal diameter of pipe (mm) Rm ac resistance per unit length ofthe conductor at maximum operating temperature _(ohm/m) ‘The formulae given apply to a frequency of 60 Hz. For 50 Hz, each formula should be multiplied by 0.76. For pipe-type cables, where flat-wire armour is applied over all three cores after they are laid up, the losses are independent of the presence of the pipe. For such cables, the losses in the armour are to be calculated as for SL type cables (see Sub-clause 7.2.3.2) and the losses in the pipe are to be ignored. SECTION THREE — CALCULATION OF THERMAL RESISTANCES. & Thermal resistance of the constituent parts of a cable, T;, Tz and Ts This clause gives the formulae for calculating the thermal resistances per unit length of the different parts of the cable T;, Tz and T; (see Clause 3). The thermal resistivities of materials used for insulation and for protective coverings are given in Table IV, page 79. Where screening layers are present; for thermal calculations metallic tapes are considered to be part of the conductor or sheath while semi-conducting layers (including metallized ‘catbon paper tapes) are considered as part of the insulation. The appropriate component ‘dimensions must be modified accordingly. 81 The (252 8.1.2 Belted cables ‘The thermal resistance 7; between one conductor and sheath is given by: er Tee where: G = geometric factor Note, ~ For corrugated sheaths, 1 is based on the meat Put Pes) 4 fiameter of the sheath rnal 8.1.2.1 Two-core belted cables with circular conductors ‘The geometric factor Gis given in Figure 2, page 119. 8.1.2.2 Two-core belted cables with sector-shaped conductors ‘The geometric factor Gis given by: : G-2F1 vs where 220 Falta o d= external diameter of thebelt insulation (mm) FL = radius ofthe circle circumscribing the conductors (mm) dy = diameter ofa circular conductor having the same cross-sectional area and degree of compaction asthe shaped fone (mm) 1 = insulation thickness between conductors (mm) 8.1.2.3 Three-core belted cables with circular conductors The geometric factor Gis given in Figure 3, page 120. 8.1.2.4 Three-core belted cables with oval conductors The cable shall be treated as an equivalent circular conductor cable with an equivalent diameter de = Vey4-dem (min) where: day = major diameter ofthe oval conductor (mm) dep = minor diameter ofthe oval conductor (mm) 8.1.25 Three-core belted cables with sector-shaped conductors ‘The geometric factor G for these cables depends on the shape of the sectors, which varies from one manufacturer to another. A suitable formul: Goan [S|287 © IEC 1982 -55- where: 3 Rol ara dy = external diameter of the beltinsulation (rm) Jn = radius ofthe circle circumseribing the conductors (enm) “d= diameter ofa circular conductor having the same cross-sectional area and degre of compaction a the shaped fone (ma) 1 = insulation thickness between conductors (mm) 8.1.3 Three-core cables, metal tape screened type 8.13.1 Screened cables with circular conductors Cables of this ype may be first considered as belted cables for which “is 0.5. Then, in order to take account of the thermal conductivity of the metallic sereens, the result must be smuliptied by a factor K, called the screening factor, which is given in Figure 4, page 121, for different values of / ‘Thus: ind different cable specifications. er nok fl eo 8.1.3.2 Screened cables with oval-shaped conductors ‘The cable shall be treated as an equivalent circular conductor cable with an equivalent diameter de = Vey Eem- 8.1.3.3 Screened cables with sector-shaped conductors 7) is calculated for these cables in the same way as for belted cables with sector-shaped conductors, but dy is taken as the diameter of a circle which circumscribes the core assembly. The result is multiplied by a screening factcr given in Figure 5, page 122. 8.1.4 Oil,filled cables LAL Three-core cables with circular conductors and metallized paper core screens and circular oil ducts between the cores ‘The thermal resistance between one conductor and the sheath T; is given by: 26 Ty = 0358 er (an) were ; de = conductor diameter (em) f_2 thickness of core insulation including carbon black and metallized paper tapes plus half of any non-metallic tapes over the three laid wp cores (mm) = thermal resistivity of insulation (K.m/W) ‘This formula assumes that the space occupied by the metal ducts and the oil inside them has ‘a thermal conductance very high compared with the insulation, it therefore applies irrespec- tive of the metal used to form the duct or its thickness.287 © TEC 1982 -97- 8.1.42. Three-core cables with circular conductors and metal tape core screens and circular oil ducts between the cores The thermal resistance T; between one conductor and the sheaths given by de 71-0357 (0923 - ain) where = thickness of core insulation including the metal scrcening tapes and half of any non-metallic tapes over the threelaid up cores (mm) Note. — This formula is independent ofthe metals used for the sereens and for the oil ducts. B15 SLandSA typecables : ‘The thermal resistance 7; is calculated in the same way as for single-core cables. 8.2 Thermal resistance between sheath and armour T 8.2.1 Single-core, two-core and three-core cables having a common metallic sheath ‘The thermal resistance between sheath and armour, T, is given by: Tan x erin (1+ 32) where: fy = thickness ofthe bedding (evn) D, = excernabdiameter of thesheath (mm) 8.2.2 SLand SA type cables ‘The thermal resistance of fillers and bedding under the armour is given by: er Rm Gee where G = geometric factor given in Figure 6, page 123. (3) Thermal resistance of outer covering (serving) Ts “The external servings are generally in the form of concentric layers and the thermal resis- tance Ty is given by: where: 5 = thickness of serving (eam) Di, = extemal diameter of thearmour (mm) Note. — For unarmoured cables Di sheath, sereen or bedding. For corrugated sheaths: taken asthe external diameter ofthe component immediately beneath it, i.e. =e"l Cr) |287 © IEC 1982 -59- 84. Pipe-type cables ol 9d For these three-core cables, we have: 4) The thermal resistance 7; of the insulation of each core between the conductor and the screen. This is calculated by the method set out ‘Sub-clause 8.1 for single-core cables. b) The thermal resistance Tp is made up of two parts: ¢ Cables laid in free 1) The thermal resistance of any serving over the screen or sheath of each core. The value to be substituted for part of T> in the rating equation of Clause 3 is the value per cable, i.e. the value for a three-core cable is one-third the value of a single core. ‘The value per core is calculated by the method given in Sub-clause 8,2 for the bedding of single-core cables. For oval cores, the geometric mean of the major and minor diameters Vdi-dm, shall be used in place of the diameter fora circular core assembly. 2) The thermal resistance of the gas or oil between the surface of the cores and the pipe. ‘This resistance is calculated in the same way as that part of Ty which is between a cable and the internal surface of a duct, as given in Sub-clause 9.7.1. ‘The value calculated will be per cable and should be added to the quantity calculated in I) above, before substituting for T; in the rating equation of Clause 3. ‘The thermal resistance T; of any external covering on the pipe is dealt with as in Sub- clause 8.3. The thermal resistance of the metallic pipe itself is negligible. Cables protected from direct solar radiation rae whe & ‘The thermal resistance Tz of the surroundings of a cable in air and protected from solar diation is given by the formula: 1 Ts BER Gaye Zz =p +F external diameter of cable in metres (m) For corrugated sheaths Dz ~ (Dac + 24) +10 (em) = heat dissipation coefficient obtained cither from the above formula using the appropriate values of constants Z. Eand given in Table V, page 81, or from the curves in Figures 7A, 7B and 7C, page [24 to 126, which are reproduced for convenience (W/m? (K>'*) Served cables and cables having a non-metallic surface should be considered to have a black surface. Unserved cabies. either plain lead or armoured should be given a value of h equal to 88% of the value for a black surface 88 = excess of cable surface temperature above ambient temperature (see hereinafter for method of caleula- tion) (ky287 © IEC 1982 -61- For cables in unfilled troughs, see Sub-clause 9.6. Calculation of (48) : A simple iterative method of calculating (4@)"is given below. The alternative graphical method is described in Appendix D. Calculate nDth | Kam & qh init [B+ nosis natn so] then: Ab+ oa 1+ Ka sane caer [ Set the initial value of (AQ) = 2and reiterate until (ABQYs 1 ~ (A0)%4< 0.001 where: 1 1 nao Ts oa wel (eazy 72) BT] ‘This being a factor, having the dimensions of temperature difference, to account forthe dielectric losses. Ifthe dielec- tri losses are neglected, Ad, = 0. ‘A8 ~ permissible conductor temperature rise above ambient temperature 9.1.2 Cables directly exposed to solar radiation 9.1.21 Permissible current ratings Taking into account the effect of solar radiation on a cable, the permissible current rating is given by the formulae: a) for a.c. cables: AG— Wa{0.5 T, +n(T> + Ty + TD)\-o DEH TE I" RT + mR(I + Ay) Te + aR + ay + AMT + TH) b) for d.c. cables: 1 [ AO-oDIHTZ 2 | + AR Ty + aR (T+ T) where: = absorption coefficient of sola radiation forthe cable surface (see Table VI, page 83) {intensity of solar radiation which should be taken as 10? W/m for most latitudes: i is recommended that the Tocal value should be obtained where possible a TZ = external thermal resistance of the eable in free air, adjusted to take account of solar radiation (see Sub- slause 9.12.2) (K.m/W) Dz = external diameter ofcable (m) for corrugated sheaths DE = (Dae + y= thickness of theserving (mm) +102 (mn)a 287 © IEC 1982 -63- 7 9.1.22 External thermal resistance Tf 92 93.1 Where cables are directly exposed to solar radiation, Tf is calculated by the method of Sub-clause 9.1.1 except that in the iterative method (A@,)” is calculated using the following formula: 7 ‘A0+ a+ a0, 1% 1+ Ky (Q8)x" | (AB) = where: oDtH [i Meu TEA say Lm + (4a) + B+ a + Aa) | ‘ isbing factor. hving the mensions of temperature diferenc, to sccont fr de oar radon, ‘The alternative graphical method is included with Figure 8, page 127. Te eer in(u+ yar=1) @ = the thermal resistivity ofthe soil (K.m/W) 2b L_ = distance fromthe surface of the ground tothe cable axis (mm) D, © external diameter of the cable (mm) for corrugated sheaths D, = Dye + 21s When the value of wexceeds 10, a good approximation (closer than I part in 1 000)is: 1 Tam = Or In (2up Groups of buried cables (not touching) Such cases may be solved by using superposition, assuming that each cable acts as a line source and does not distort the heat field due to the other cables, ‘These cables are of two main types: the first, and most general type, is a group of unequally loaded cables of different construction, and for this problem a general indication of the method only can be given. The second type, which is a more particular one, is a group of equally loaded identical cables, and for this problem a fairly simple solution can be derived. Unequally loaded cables ‘The method suggested for groups of unequally loaded dissimilar cables is to calculate the temperature rise at the surface of the cable under consideration caused by the other cables of the group, and to subtract this rise from the value of Ad used in the equation for the rated current in Clause 3. An estimate of the power dissipated per unit length of each cable must be made beforehand, and this can be subsequently amended as a result of the calculation where this becomes necessary.. 287 © TEC 1982 -65- : ‘Thus, the temperature rise AG, above ambient at the surface of the p* cable, whose rating is being determined, caused by the power dissipated by the other (q~ 1) cables in the group, is given by: AG, ~ AB ip + Abay +. APy +» ADgy (the term A @jp is excluded from the summation) where: ‘Ady ~ the tempeltut ite atthe surface ofthe cable produced bythe power Mh wat per unit length spated in cable dix bk, ~pe Win f 2 ) P the ‘The distances dy. and dy, are measured from the centre of the pth cable to the centre of cable k, and to the centre of the reflection of cable kin the ground-air surface respectively (see Figure 1, page 118). @ The value of A@ in the equation for the rated current in Clause 3 is then reduced by the amount A6p and the rating of the pth cable is determined using a value Ty corresponding to an isolated cable at position p. This calculation is performed for all cables in the group and is repeated where necessary to avoid the possibility of overheating any cable. 93.2 EquallyToaded identical cables a The second type of grouping is where the rating of a number of equally loaded identical cables is determined by the rating of the hottest cable. It is usually possible to decide from the configuration of the installation which cable will be the hottest, and to calculate the rating for this one. In cases of difficulty, a further calculation for another cable may be necessary. The method is to calculate a modified value of T; which takes into account the mutual heating of the group and to leave unaltered the value of A@ used in the rating equation of Clause 3. ‘The modified value of the external thermal resistance T, of the pit cable is given by: : non gern {foe vr=1) [(3) (HB) ~ CE) ~ GB} 4, excluded. There are(q~ 1) terms, with the term pp ‘The distances dp, etc., are the same as those shown in Figure 1, for the first method. The simpler version 2u may be used instead of u+ Yu? =T if suitable (see Sub-clause 9.2) For simple configurations of cables, this formula may be simplified considerably. The following examples were obtained by the use of superposition. 9.3.2.1 Two cables having equal losses, laid in a horizontal plane, spaced apart: L The or { in(us Vr=1) +4 In el }287 © IEC 1982 -67- where: 2 L_ = distance from the surface ofthe ground tothe cable axis (mi) Dz = external diameter of one cable (mmm) 45) = axial separation between twoadjacent cables (mm) ‘When the value of uexceeds 10, the term (u + y't2 = 1) may be replaced by (2u). 93.22 Three cables having approximately equal losses. laid in a horizontal plane, equally spaced dete EY} The value 7; is that of the centre cable of the group and is used directly in the equation of ‘Sub-clause 3.1 Tes er {In (ut ae On 9.3.2.3 Three cables having unequal sheath losses, laid in a horizontal plane: equally spaced apart: When the losses in the sheaths of single-core cables laid in a horizontal plane are appre- ciable, am the sheaths are laid without transposition and/or the sheaths are bonded at all joints, their inequality affects the external thermal resistances of the hottest cable. In such ‘cases the value of Ty to be used in the numerator of the rating equation in Sub-clause 3.1 is as given in Sub-clause 9.3.2.2, but a modified value of Ts must be used in the denominator, and is given by: (ees (ims vray [22RD] ag [ey] ‘This assumes that the centre cable is the hottest cable. The value of A; to be used in the rating equation of Sub-ctause 3.1 is that for the centre cable, where: 2 Fea = Gistance from the surface ofthe ground tothe cable axis (mm) D, = external diameter of one cable (mm) 4 = axial separation between adjacent cables (mm) Ay sheath toss factor foran outer cable ofthe group Aig. = sheath oss Factor forthe other outer cable ofthe group Aq = sheath lose factor forthe middle cable ofthe group When the value of wexceeds 10, the term (u + \ i= 1) may be replaced by (2u). 9.4 Groups of buried cables (touching) equally loaded 9.4.1 Two single-core cables, flat formation er ru £(in anos) foru>s287 © 1EC 1982 -69- 9.4.2 Three single-core cables, flat formation Ty = 07 (0.475 In (2u) - 0.346) foru>5S > | { | 9.43 Three single-core cables, trefoil formation | For this configuration, L is measured to the centre of the trefoil group and D, is the diameter of one cable. 7, is the external thermal resistance of any one of the cables and the configuration may be with the apex either at the top or at the bottom of the group. For corrugated sheaths, Dz = Doc + 243. 9.43.1 Metallic sheathed cables er [in (24) ~ 0.630] In this case, the thermal resistance of the serving over the sheath or armour, 7, as calculated by the method of Sub-clause 8.3 must be multiplied by a factor of 1.6. 9.4.3.2 Part-merallic covered cables (where helically laid armour or screen wires cover from 20% to 50% of the cable circumference) i This formula is based on long lay (15 times the diameter under the wire screen) 0.7 mm diameter individual copper wires having 2 total cross-sectional area of between 15 mm? and. 35mm’, @r [In (2u) - 0.630} Ty ™ In this case, the thermal resistance of the insulation Tj, as calculated by the method of ‘Sub-clause 8.1.1 and the thermal resistance of the serving 75, as calculated by the method of ‘Sub-clause 8.3 must be multiplied by the following factors: Ti: by 1.07 for cables up to 35 kV by 1.16 for cables from 35 kV to 110 kV Ty: by 16. Note, — Thissubjectis under consideration. 9.43.3 Non-metallic sheathed cables Ty= <= 0+ [In (2u) + 2In()] 2n Note. — This subjects under consideration, 9.5 Buried pipes The external thermal resistance of buried pipes used for pipe-type cables is calculated as for ordinary cables, using the formula in Sub-clause 9.2. In this case, the depth of laying L is measured to the centre of the pipe and De is the external diameter of the pipe, including anti- corrosion covering.287 © IEC 1982 -11- 9.6 Cables in buried troughs 9.6.1 Buried troughs filled with sand Where cables are installed in sand-filled troughs, either completely buried or'with the cover flush with the ground surface, there is danger that'tle sand will dry out and temain dry for long periods. The cable external thermal resistance may then be very high and the cable may reach undesirably high temperatures. It is advisable to caleulate the cable rating using a value of 2.5 K.m/W for the thermal resistivity of the sand filling unless a specially selected filling, has been used for which the dry resistivity is known. 9.6.2 Unfilled troughs of any type, with the top flush with the soil surface and exposed to free air ‘An empirical formula is used which gives the temperature rise of the air in the trough above the air ambient as: Wrot AO: = Pp where: Weor = the total power dissipated in the trough per metec length (W/m) p= thatpartof the trough perimeter which seffecive forheat dissipation (w) Note. — Taeval ‘Any portion of the perimeter, which is exposed to sunlight, is therefore not included in the value of p. The rating of a particular cable in the trough is then calculated as for a cable in free air (see Sub-clause 9.1), but the ambient temperature shall be increased by AG. ‘of this formula is at present under investigation. 9.7 Cables in ducts or pipes - ‘The external thermal resistance ofa cable in a duct consists of three parts: 1) The thermal resistance of the air space between the cable surface and duct internal surface Ts. 2) The thermal resistance of the duct itself, Tj. The thermal resistance of a metal pipe is negligible. 3) The external thermal resistance of the duct Ti, The value of Ty to be substituted in the equation for the permissible current rating in Clause 3 will be the sum of the individual parts, i.¢.: Ty Tht TH+ TY Note. — Cables in ducts which have been completely filled with « pumpable material having a thermal resistivity not exceeding that of the surrounding soll, either inthe dry sate or when sealed to preserve the moisture ‘content ofthe filling material, may be treated as directly buried cables. 9.7.1 Thermal resistance between cable and duct (or pipe) Ti, For the cable diameters in the range 25 mm to 100 mm the following formula shall be used for ducted cable. It shall also be used for the thermal resistance of the space between cores and pipe surface of a pipe-type cable (see Sub-clause 8.4b)), when the equivalent diameter of the three cores in the pipe is within the range 75 mm to 125 mm. The equivalent diameter is defined below: u T+0.1 (V+ ¥Oq) De T= |287 © IEC 1982 -13- 9.12 9.73 where: y y } ~ sreconsants depending on he insallations and values are given in Table VI, page 83 Y D, = theexternal diameter of thecable (mm) ‘When the formula is used for pipe-type cables (see Sub-clause 8.45)), D, becomes the equivalent diameter of the group of cores as follows = twocores: De 1.65 x coreoutsidediameter (mm) = thee cores: DE= 215 x core outside diameter (mm) fourcores: De=250 x core outside diameter (mm) (q = themeanemperntareo ie media fling he space between able and du An tsumed valu hasta be ed Init andthe callation eased wins moaicdvaluefoecesay. CO) Thermal resistance of the duct (or pipe) itself T4 ‘The thermal resistance (T) across the wall of a duct shall be calculated from: 1 De Login (22 rims er'n (52) where: Dy ~ theoutside diameter ofthe duet (nm) Dg= theinside diameter of the duct (rum) 0, ~ thermal resistivity of duct material (K.m/W) “Tee fy ane ken aero for metal ducts or other mater see Table V, Pope 7S. —~ External thermal resistance of the duct (or pipe) Ti’ This shall be determined for single-way duct(s) not embedded in concrete in the same way as for cable, using the appropriate formulae from Sub-clauses 9.1, 9.2, 9.3 or 9.4, and the external radius of the duct or pipe including any protective covering thereon, replacing the external radius of the cable. When the ducts are embedded in concrete, the calculation of the thermal resistance outside the ducts is first of all made assuming a uniform medium outside the ducts having a thermal resistivity equal to the conerete. A correction is then added alge- braically to take account of the difference, if any, between the thermal resistivities of concrete and soil for that part of the thermal circuit exterior to the duct bank. ‘The correction to the thermal resistance is given by: = (Ge ~ @c)in (u + Yut=1) were 1 = number oftoaded calein he ductbank @, = thermal esa ofeanharoundbesk (Kam/W) = thermalesnviyoteonete (kon) oe ™ Lom depth of laying to centre of dust bank (eam) wae FE (E-3) m (B)owd ‘The quantities x and y are the shorter and longer sides, respectively, of the duct bank sec- tion irrespective of its position, in millimetres. This formula is only valid for ratios of * lessthan 3. x287 © 1EC 1982, -715- TABLE I Electrical resistivities and temperature coefficients of metals used Zistiving Resi (gy ae chem at °C @) Conductors \ Copper 724 tb 393 10? ‘Aluminiam 28264 10 403 10? 8) Sheaths and armour Leadorlead alloy 21s wt 40 Stel bet 43 Brome 5S 30 Staines steel m1 Negligible Alumina 286 405 10 Note Values for copper conductors are taken from IEC Publication 28: International Standard of Resistance for Copper ‘Values for aluminium conductors are taken from TEC Publication 11: Recommen- dation for the Resistivity of Commercial Hard-drawn Aluminium Electrical Con- ductor wire, Taste IL - ‘Skin and proximity effects Experimental values for copper conductors currently ayailable for the coefficients ke and kp (The corresponding figures for aluminium conductors areunder ‘consideration } ‘Whether ded an Typeofconducior | yp ™ impregnated ornot| ty Round, sanded = Ye + [oe Round, stranded No tft Round, compact Yes rf oe Round, compact Ne. | t ' Round, segmental™ oss | 037 Hollow. heialsranded | Yes | oa Sectorshapes Ys 1 | os Sectorshaped No i |r “The values given apply to conductors having four segments (with or ‘without central duct) and sectional areas up to 1500 mm These values apply to conductors in which all the layers of wire have the same ditecion of lay. The values are provisional and the subject i under consideration. ** The following formula should be wsed for ky where: dh isthe inside diameter of the conductor (central duct) (mim) isthe outside diameter of the equivalent solid conductor hav- ing thesame central duct | (mm) he ‘Note. — Although there are no accepted experimental results dealing specifically with aluminium stranded conductors at present, users are recommended to apply the same methods and coef ficients to stranded aluminium conductors of concentric stranded design as are already given for|similar stranded ‘copper conductors. The error willbe on thebafe side. 1: 287 © 1EC 1982 -11- Tape TIT Values of relative permittivity and loss factors for the insulation of high- voltage and medium-voltage cables at power frequency. i 2 3 Type feable = | ane Cables insulated wth imprezaned paper Sipe, uly imprepnatea preimpregnated ‘or macrimpregntel nod iing ‘ oor iw presure(D 32 | ours i-fled bighpresare : 35 | oss Oikpresre pipet 32 | nos Exernal gas peste (i) 3s | ooo Tetermal geepresere aa | s 9 Coble with other kinds of uation Supinster “ 2.050 En > id Pvc : a re 23 | ba010 Rvs 25 | ove Safe values at maximum permissible temperatwre, applicable to the highest voltages —tormally specified for each type of cable. + The diferent values are mainly relate to the characteristics ofthe paper used, and not ta the pressure. The value of tan 8 suggested above applies ony for voltages up to and. including 275 kV. sulaied high pressure oil-filled pipe-ype cables ‘and accessories for altemating Voltages up to and including 400 RV. (Wu) See TEC Publication 141-3: Tests on Oll-illed and Gas-pressure Cables and their Acces sories, Part 3: External Gas-pressure, (Gas Compression) Cables and Accessories for ‘Alternating Voltages up (0275 kV. (i) See TEC Publication 141-2: Tests on Oil-filled and Gas-pressure Cables and their Acces- sories, Part: Internal Gae-pressure Cables and Accessories lor Alternating Voltages up to275 RV. () See IEC Publication $02: Extruded Solid Dielectric Insulated Power Cables for Rated ‘Voltages from 1 kV upto 30 kV, Note. — The dielectric loss should be taken into account for values of Us equal toot greater than the following: Type feb &, atid ah impregnmnd paper | 90 abe wih osha fata Bagi 1s fe & pyc 3 fe us xire i.287 © IEC 1982 -19- es TaBLe IV Therm resistivities of materials ae TT ermal resistivity (2) ee (m/w) Tnsularing materials Paper insulation in solid typeleabes 60 Paper insulation in oil-filled cables 59 Paper insulation in cables with external gas pressure 35 Paper insulation in cables with internal gas pressure: 42) pre-impregnated 65 ) massimpregnated 60 PE : 35 XLPE 33 Polyvinyl chloride: ‘upto and including 3 KV cables 50 = _ greaterthan 3KV cables 60 @ EPR: ‘uptoandinciuding 3kV cables 33 greaterthan 3KV cables 50 Butyl rubber 50 Rubber 50 Protective coverings: ‘Compounsded jute and fibrous materials 60 |__Rubber sandwich protection 60 Polychloroprene 33 PVC: ‘up toad including 35 kV cables 30 presterthan 35KV cables 60 .W.C/bitumen on corrugated aluminium sheaths 60 PE 35 Materials for duct installations - Concrete 10 Fibre 48 ‘Asbestos 200 7 Earthenware 12 PNG. 7a PE 35 + For the purposes of current rating calculations, the semi-conducting sereening ma- terials are assumed to have the same thermal properties as the adjacent dielectric ma- terials. ‘Where plastics or elastomeric materials are used for protective coverings, the thermal Tesistivtes shall be taken 10 be the same as those for the insulating grades of the ‘materials given in this table.287 © IEC 1982 ~81- TABLE V Values for constants Z, E and g for black surfaces of cables in free air (A) In free air, installed on non-continuous brackets, ladder supports or cleats, Dz not greater than 0.15 m, Ne. Tesi zee Mode 3030; Single cabiet o21 | 394 | 060 lo 30805 2 | Tegsibesouehing a2 |.23s | ase | f™ ‘orizontal 4 CO 3050, 3 | Threecablesin refit oss | 12s | 20 j & 3080 4 | Bgecabitoucin, toga lose cass j oriontal a 2050, 5 | Twocablestouching venicat | 142 | 0x6 | o2s 48 D080 6 | Twocabies spaced Dz, verieat] 075 | “Zao | 030 Ox or >1005 7 | Threecabies touching, vertical | 161 | 042 | 020 j 8 3080; | Threecables. spaced Dt, fate esaote|Saas On vera or on * Velues for a sinsle cable” also apply to cach cable of a group when they are spaced horizontally with a clearance between cables of at least 73 tines the cable overall diameter (B) Clipped directto a vertical wall (D$ not greater than 0.08 m) 9 | singlecabie vss | 06 | o2s p 10 | Three cables in eto ose | 07 | 020 2287 © IEC 1982 -83- Taste VI Absorption coefficient of solar radiation for cable surfaces Material ° Biwwmen/juteserving | os Polychloroprene 08 PY.C. 06 PE 04 Lead +| 06 Tale VII Values of constants U, Vand ¥ u ¥ ¥ sz | 14 | oon 52 | gs | 0.008 In fibre ductin concrete 52 | 091 | oo10 Inasbestos cement uct in a 32 | 12 | 0006 ‘duct in concrete 32] 1 | oon 4 Gas pressure cable in pipe ass | 04s | 0.0021 Oil pressure pipe-typecable 026 | 00 | 0.0026 Plastic duets Under consideration Earthenware ducts lst | 028 | 0.0036287 © IEC 1982 ~85~ Al. Ad AQL APPENDIX A REFERENCE AMBIENT TEMPERATURES AND THERMAL RESISTIVITIES OF SOIL IN VARIOUS COUNTRIES ‘Standard operating conditions In order to use the formulae given in the different sections of the main document, numeri- cal values for the physical quantities should be chosen relating to the operating conditions. It is obviously possible to compare the results of two calculations of current rating only when the assumptions made and the numerical values of the parameters are known. In particular, the quantities related to the operating conditions of cables are liable to vary considerably from one country to another. An enquiry into this subject has been carried out and a number of countries have replied. Clause A3 and its sub-clauses summarize the operating conditions used in various coun- tries. Attention is drawn to the fact that the information in Clause A3 is intended only as a guide for cable installation designers when data provided by a user is incomplete. Care must be taken not to draw unjustified conclusions from comparisons of values for different coun- tries. It should be remembered that the values adopted in any particular country are governed by many factors some of which might not be of equal importance in other countries. Values relating to the operating conditions are ven in Clause A3 for the following coun- Australia Netherlands Austria Norway Canada Poland Finland Sweden France Switzerland Germany United Kingdom Italy United States of America Japan Procedure when values are not provided in national tables It is recommended that when there is no value laid down in the national tables for the reference ambient temperature and thermal resistivity of the soil, the following values should be adopted. Ambient temperatures at sea level “Ambient air Ambient ground temperature temperatures ata depth of Im Climate Min. Max. Min, Max, co co, co co) “Tropical 25 35 25 30 Sub-tropical 10 0 15 30 | Temperate 0 3 10 20287 © IEC 1982 -87- tis essential that current ratings should be valid for the maximum temperatures given. The lower values are for winter ratings if required. The values correspond with the temperature limits of winter and summer, alternatively rainy and dry seasons. When no information about the depth of laying is given, the standard depth is to be taken asim. 22 Thermal resistivity of soil “Thermal resistivity : ‘Weather (Km/W) ferent conditions o7 Very moist | Continuously moist 10 Moist Regular rainfall a 20 Dry Seldom rains 30 Very dry Littler ao rain A3, Values relating to the operating conditions in various countries AB.1 Australia : 1) Standard conditions Soil thermal resistivity 12Km/w Soil ambient temperature 25°C summer 18°C winter 2) Depth of laying ‘Measured from the ground surface to the centre of the cable, or to the centre of a trefoil group. LLY. cables 500 mm under footways 750 mm under roadways 11 kV cables 300 mm under footways 800 mm under roadways 33 kV cables and higher voltages 1000 mm under footways 1.000 mm under roadways 3) Air ambient temperature Maximum value 40°C summer 30°C winter A320 Austria 1) Thermal characteristics of the soil 4) Thermal resistivity up to 30 kV, average value 07 K.m/w 30KV, average value 1.0K.m/W (max. 1.2; min 0.7 K.m/W)287 © 1EC 1982 -89- 5) Temperature: ; maximum value 20°C minimum value orc 2) Depth of laying for buried cables All cables up to 1 kV. 700 mm All cables up to 10kV 800 mm | Paper-insulated cables 10 kV 1.000 mm Oil-filled cables up to 220 kV 1200 mm 3) Airambient temperature ‘i Average value 20°C (max. 40°C; min. -20°C) 2 A33° Canada While there are no recognized Canadian national values of soil thermal resistivity and temperature, and depth of laying, the values shown below are typical. 1) Thermal characteristics of the soil for cables directly buried or in ducts a) Thermal resisti maximum value 1.2 K.m/W minimum value 0.6 K.m/W average value 0.9 K.m/w 5) Temperature: maximum value 20°C minimum value —5°C average value not used asa design basis, Soil thermal resistivity e Where direct measurements are not available, it is usual to assume a thermal resistivity of 0.9 K.m/W. However, in cases where it is foreseen that there may be a progressive deteriora- tion of the thermal characteristics of the environment over a period of years, and in cases where the climatic conditions may give rise to significant seasonal variations, it is recom- ‘mended that the current-carrying capacity be based on a thermal resistivity of 1.2 Kam/W. Reference is not made to lower values of resistivity, during winter, as a basis for system design to any significant extent. 2) Depth of taying* Direct buriat Induct 4) Paper insulated, solid and non-draining cables for voltages up to 69 kV 1100mm 1 100mm * This isin reality a"minimum cover” requirement and in the case of duct banks corresponds tolthe duct bank cover.287 © IEC 1982 -91- 4) Solid insulation (butyl, ethylene propylene rubber, p.v.c., polyethylene, cross-linked poly- ethylene, etc.) cables for voltages up to 46 kV 900mm 900 mm ¢) Oil-filled cables for voltages up to345kV* 1100 mm 1100mm 4d) Pipe-type (gas or oil pressure) cables for voltages up to345kV 1100 mm 3) Airambient temperature Maximum value 40°C Minimum value 40°C : Average value not used as a design basis A34 Finland ~ 1) Thermal characteristics of soil 4a) Thermal resistivity: the average value to be used for rating calculations 1.0 K.n/w and for submarine cables where - the soil is completely saturated with water 0.4 K.m/W 6) Temperatures: Isc minimum value orc (average value $°C to 10°C, exceptional maximum 20°C) 2) Depth of laying for cables directly buried or in ducts Allcablesupto36kV 700mm All cables upto 52kV 000mm Allcables upto 123kV 1 300mm. Allcables up to 245kV 1500 mm ‘The actual depth depends on local conditions. 3) Air ambient temperature Reference value for rating calculations 25°C Maximum value 35°C Minimum value -20°C 3.5. France 1) Thermal characteristics of soil 4) Thermal resistivity in summer: 1.2 K.m/W, in winter: 0.85 K.m/W (for main connec- tions at 225 and 400 kV direct measurements are carried out, and an artificial backfill is used if necessary in order to obtain the rated thermal resistivity).; 287 © IEC 1982 -93- 7 b) Temperature - 20kV cables insummer | 20°C inwinter | 10°C ~ 63,225 and 400kV cables: insummer > 20°C in winter 10°C 4n Mediterranean regions, an extra 5*C is added tothe proposed values. 2) Depth of laying = 20kV distribution network cables: 1.400 mm in Paris, 800 mim to 1 400mm generally in the provinces. ® ~ 63, 225 and 400 kV transportation network cables: 1300 mm in trenches or in ducts, 700 mm in sub-stations. ‘The above figures representing the distance between the ground surface and the axis of the cable in the case of flat-laid cables and between the ground surface and the centre of the trefoil in the case of cables laid in trefoil formation. (These values may vary according to local regulations.) 3) Airambiene temperature Reference values for calculations relating to cables laid in cable trays: = insummer 30°C Sinwiner 20°C @ 36. Germany ‘The indicated values are taken as a basis as standard values for current rating calculations unless there are any requirements specified for the thermal resistivity of the soil, the tempera ture and the depth of laying. 1) Thermal characteristics of the soil 4) Thermal resistivity: average value 1.0 K.m/W for calculations considering a dry zone near the cable - for the dry zone 2.5 K.m/W +) Temperature: ‘maximum value 20°C minimum value | oc average value hoc237 © IEC 1982 -95- 2) Depth of laying for buried cables Forcables > 60kV min, 1 200mm For cables < 60 kV 700 mm* 3) Air ambient temperature of Maximum value 30°C Minimum value -20°C Average value 10°C 7 Italy 1) Thermal characteristics of the soil 4) Thermal resistivity: maximum value 1.0 K.m/W If the thermal characteristics of the soil are found to be poor, a suitable backfill is used and reference is made to a thermal resistivity intermediate between that of the backfill ‘and that of the surrounding soil. +) Temperature: maximum value (1o be used in calculations) 20°C. minimum value 3c 2) Depth of laying for directly buried cables ‘This depth is the maximum adopted unless otherwise specified. Upto 12kV 800 mm Uptol7SkV — 1000mm Upto2skV 200mm Upto36kV 500mm Upto72kV — 1800mm Upto220kV 200mm 3) Airambient temperature Maximum value (to be used in calculations) 30°C Minimum value oc Maximum daily excursion 20°C In summer, the maximum temperature may sometimes, fora few hours daily, be higher by 5°C (and in special cases even more) than the above-mentioned maximum value. Such an occurrence is considered to be acceptable due to its short duration. Japan 1) Thermal characteristics of the soil a) Thermal resistivity: average value LoK.m/w (one manufacturer uses 1.2, 0.8 and 0.4 K.m/W for dry, normal and wet soil respectively) “In spite to being calculated for 700 mm, often cables at20 kV 0 30KV are laid at 900 mm to 1 400 mm depth,: 287 © IEC 1982 ~97- b) Temperature: maximum value | 25°C summer | 15°C winter minimum value 10°C 2) Depth of laying for cables directly buried or in ducts | a) Direct burial: | i paper and solid insulation up to33kV —1200mm i oil-filled and pipe cables 1500 mm | b) Induets: . lessthan66kV — 1200mm 66kVandover 100mm 3) Airambient temperature Maximum value 40°C summer + 30°C winter A3.9 Netherlands 1) Thermal characteristics of the soil 4a) Thermal resistivity: } sub-soil water evel neartocables 0.5.K.m/W i eastern part of the country 0.8 K.m/W } b) Temperature: ! ‘maximum value 20°C minimum value sc average value 15°C 2) Depth of laying for directly buried cables Cables up to 1OkV 700 mm Cablesabove 10kV — 1000mm. 3) Airambient temperature Maximum value 30°C Minimum value -5°C Average value 20°C A310 Norway 1) Thermal characteristics of the soil a) Thermal resistivity: average value to be used in calculations 1.0 K.m/W287 © IEC 1982 ) Temperatures: °C Maximum = Minimum ‘Southern Norway 7 0 Central Norway 15 0 Northern Norway ‘ 3 5 2) Depth of laying, minimum 1kV 500 mm above 1 kV 700 mm 3), Air ambient temperature Maximum value (to be used in calculations) 25°C A311 Poland ~ 1) Thermal characteristics of the soil 4) Thermal resistivity: average value to be used in calculations 0.8 K.m/W 1b) Temperature: average value to be used in calculations 15°C minimum value 3c 2) Depth of laying for directly buried cables Paper-insulated and solid type cables ay upto kV 700 mm upto 1SkV 800 mm Paper-insulated cables at voltages higher than 15 kV 1000 mm Oil-filled cables _ upto HOkV 1.000 mm 3) Airambient temperature Average value to be used in calculations 25°C. A312 Sweden 1) Thermal characteristics of the soil a) Thermal resistivity: average value to be used in calculations 1.0 K.m/W (0.4 K.m/W where the soil is completely saturated with water and for sub-marine cables where the bottom is covered with sand). In other cases, values as high as 1.0 K.m/W may be found. For important cables, a measurement of the resistivity and soil conditions on the sea bottom is recommended. Where nothing is known, a value of 0.6 K.m/W is used.287 © IEC 1982 -101- +b) Temperature: maximum value 15°C minimum value 0°C. (for main part of the year between 5°C and 16°C). 2) Depth of laying for directly buried cables and for short road crossings by means of ducts All cables up to 24 kV 700 mm Paper-insulated cables up to 52kV 700 mm Oil-filled cables up to 420 kV 1000-1500 mm* A313 Switzerland 1) Thermal characteristics of the soil a) Thermal resistivity: normal value to be used in calculations 1.0 K.m/W (1.3 K.m/W in case of rocky soil) 5) Temperature: maximum valueto be used incalculations 20°C inimum values 10°C in general -15°C in mountains ‘Note. ~ An additional condition in case of permanent load is $0°C maximum temperature ofthe soil near the cable (Gnorderte avoid soil drying). 2) Depth of laying Normally 1000mm 3) Airambient temperature Maximum value to be used in calculations 25°C (30°C in some spots of the country) Minimum values 25°C A314 United Kingdom 1) Standard conditions Soil thermal resistivity 12K.m/w Ground ambient temperature 15°C 2) Depth of burial 4) For 1 kV cables ~ depth from ground surface to centre of cable, to centre of duct or to centre of trefoil group of cables or ducts 500mm ‘The depth depends on local conditions, Les than 1 000 mm is not used.: 287 © IEC 1982 - 103- b) For 3.3 kV to 33 KV cables (unless pressure assisted) - depth from ground surface to centre of cable, to centre of duct or to centre of trefoil ground : of cables or ducts 800mm, ©) For 33 kV pressure assisted cables - depth from ground surface to upper- | ‘most surface of cable or duct or of group of cables or ducts 900 mm 3) Air ambient temperature Out of doors* 25°C In buildings 30°C ARIS United States of America 1) Thermal characteristics of the soil e 4) thermal resistivity average value to be usedin calculations ‘when no information is available 09 Km/w b) Temperature 20°C 2) Depthoflaying for buried cables 900 mm : 3) Air ambient temperature Design value 40°C (including solar heating the maximum values range between 40°C and 50°C). fs emperature is also assumed as a standard condition in tabulating ratings of cable for use in certain indoor situations such as cable basements in power stations and other industrial plants.287 © IEC 1982 = 105- APPENDIX B INFORMATION REQUIRED FROM THE PURCHASER FOR THE SELECTION OF THE APPROPRIATE TYPE OF CABLE ‘The information, which is necessary to enable the selection of the appropriate type of cable to be made, has been reproduced from IEC Publication 183: Guide to the Selection of High-voltage Cables, and is given in this appendix so that purchasers can provide the data needed by a cable manufacturer when he is called upon to specify the correct size and type of cable for a particular application. Purchasers should provide the manufacturer with as much information as possible, and draw attention to those questions to which they either do not know or are uncertain of the answer. In the absence of definite data, a manufacturer is obliged to make assumptions and there- fore any relevant information which a purchaser can provide will be helpful. BI. Operating conditions 4) Nominal voltage of system U. The rms. line-to-line voltage by which the system is designated. 5) Highest voltage of system U. The highest r.m-s. line-to-line voltage that can be sustained under normal operating conditions at any time and at any point on the system. It excludes temporary voltage variations due to fault conditions and the sudden disconnection of large loads. ¢) System frequency. a 4) Type of earthing and, where the neutral is not effectively earthed, the maximum permitted uration of earth fault conditions on any one occasion. e) Required impulse level, A) Where outdoor terminals are specified, the altitude above sea level, if above 1 000 m, and Whether excessive atmospheric pollution is expected. 8) Maximum rated current for continuous operation. A) Cyclic loading requirements. Nore. ~ A toad curveis essential if cyclic loading has to be considered when determining conductor size, J) Maximum currents which may flow during short circuits, both between phases and to earth. k) Maximum time for which short-circuit current may flow. B2._ Installation data B21 General 4a) Length and profile of route. 6) Details of the laying arrangement (e.g. flat or trefoil arrangement) and how the metallic coverings are connected to each other and to earth.287 © IEC 1982 ~107- B2.2 Underground cables a) Details of installation conditions (e.g. direct burial, in ducts, et¢.) to enable decisions to be taken on composition of metallic sheath, type of armour (if required) and type of serving, ¢.g. anti-corrosion, flame-retarding or anti-termite. | b) Depth of laying. { ¢) Thermal resistivities and kinds of soil along the route (e.g. sand, clay, made-up ground), ‘and whether this information is based on measurement and inspection or only assumed. 4) Minimum, maximum and average ground temperature at the depth of cable burial. ¢) Proximity of other load-carrying cables, or of other heat sources, with details. JD Lengths of troughs, duets or pipe lines, with spacing of manholes, ifany. 8) Number of ducts or pipes. hh) Internal diameter of duets or pipes. J) Spacing between individual ducts or pipes, if more than one. k) Material of ducts or pipes. B23. Cables in air 4) Minimum, maximum and average ambient air temperature to be assumed. b) Whether exposed to direct sunlight. ©) Details of ventilation (for cables indoors or in tunnels). d) Forcables in tunnels: Dimensions of the tunnel. Other load-carrying cables, so that the total heat generation in the tunnel can be calculated.287 © 1EC 1982 = 109- APPENDIX C DIGITAL CALCULATION OF QUANTITIES GIVEN GRAPHICALLY IN FIGURES 2 TO 6 C1. Introduction ‘This appendix gives formulae and methods suitable for digital calculation for those quanti- ties given graphically in the main body of this publication. The method used is approximation by algebraic expressions, followed by quadratic or linear interpolation where necessary. The maximum percentage error prior to interpolation is given for each case. Geometric factor Gfor two-core belted cables with circular conductors (Figure 2, page 119) C2. Denote X = 1/d- 1 by Then: G= MG, where: is dee Mito =n [290 O29 = pote) [+ taaeal Mest AHEM Sera ex eee Tey *2 G, = G(X, Y), ie, isa function of both X and Y. Calculate the three quantities G, (X, 0), G, (%,0.5)and G, (X, 1) where: G.(X,0)_ = 1.060 19 ~ 0.067 1778 X+ 0.0179521 x2 G.(X,0.5) = 1.067 98 ~ 0.065 1648 X+ 0.015 8125 X2 G(X.) = 1.067 00 ~ 0.055 7156 X + 0.012 3212 X2 G,(X,¥) may be obtained by quadratic interpolation using the following formula: G(X, Y) = G(X) + ¥ [— 3 G(X) + 4 G(X0.5) — G(X] +¥2L 2G,(%,0)-46,(%05)+26,(X 1) ‘The maximum percentage error in the calculation of G,(X, 0), G, (X, 0.5) and G(X. 1) is Jess than 0.5% compared with corresponding graphical values.287 © TEC 1982 <1 C3. Geometric factor G for three-core belted cables with circular conductors (Figure 3, page 120) Denote X = ty/d. ¥ = (24/9-1 ‘Then: G~ MG, where: | 1 = of + (0 - @ (1 - pay M= Mie formula = In [ ap o elit ta Scniae ei tony a aa('tind) + G,~ G,(X. ¥). i. isa function of both Xand Y. Calculate the three quantities G, (X, 0), G, (X, 0.5) amma G, (X, 1) where: G(X,0)_ = 1.09414 — 0.094 4045 X+ 0.023 4464 X2 G(X 0.5) = 1.096 05 — 0.080 1857 X + 0.017 6917 X2 G(X 1) = 1.09831 ~ 0.072 0631 X+ 0.014 5909 x2 and obtain G,(X, ¥) by quadratic interpolation between the three calculated values. This may be done by substituting G, (X, 0), G, (X 0.5) and G, (X, 1) in the following formula: GLY = GK 0) + ¥ 1-3 G40) + 4G,(405)- G(X] +2 [ 2G,(%0) 4 G(%05) +2 6% DI ‘The maximum percentage error in the calculation of G, (X, 0), G, (X, 0.5) and G,(X, 1) is less than 0.5% compared with corresponding graphical values. C4. Thermal résistance of three-core screened cables with circular conductors compared to that of a corresponding unscreened cable (Figure 4, page 121) Denote X= (51 0r)/(de Om) 7 Y=/de ‘The screening factor K is @ function of both X and ¥. Calculate the three quantities K (%, 02), K (X, 0.6) and K(X, 1) from the following formulae according to whether 0< X<60r6 3) TT Ifthe dielectric losses are neglected, Mba = 0 py [TABU + AD Tet al tartan Atm ot [a-118- 287 © CEI 1982 ableg?? Cable Not sua FIG. 1. — Diagramme montrant un groupe de cables get leur symétrique par rapport ta surface du sol. Diagram showing a group of q cables and their reflection in the ground-air surface.287 © IEC 1982 -119- 6 ' 20 ' - | i Felt inn | ‘ | I 25 1 | 10 TIT os an eile i t Hy ot iL LL t T T (a L if | Tat “LAE Al Tt | - | | 15 tyiyl Ty] DTT L] , - tossseuediscam ene des to i | > Rating leaner beteeen conduc LTTE], - teciseurdiscan entre tme easing UP If ot Besneeestedanon SemeorSnaicorand snes T ~ diametre d'une ame (circulaire) TELL] 47 Sie ietncee(creteh yt TTT aE EGIAEE LI HH 0 10, 20 30 a ae FiG. 2. — Facteur géométrique G pour les cables bipolaires a ceinture et Ames circulaires. Geometric factor G for two-core belted cables with circular conductors. (Voir paragraphe 8.1.2.1), (See Sub-lause 8.1.21)