© Youdetermined © ff Use arithmetic Whether a sequence was arithmetic. NewVocabulary arithmetic means series arithmetic series partial sum sigma notation Common Core >») State Standards Content Standards ‘AGED Rearang formulas ‘to highlight a quantity of intrest, sng same reasoning sin song eqiatons. ‘Mathematical Practices 8 Look for and express regulary in repeated ‘reasoning Ei) 666 | Lesson 10-2 Fer tae: Mead aT a ‘e Intho 18h century, a teacher asked his class find the sum of the if elementary ‘students to ee tuning number 1 rough 100A PUD a rama Kar Gauss cect answered wtih arithmetic series. ggg, astonishing the teach Gauss wer tanto become a great mathematician He solved this problem by using an arithmetic series. 1 Arithmetic Sequences In Lesson 10-1, you used the point-slope form to ing specific term of an arithmetic sequence. It is possible to develop an equa term of an arithmetic sequence using the same process. Consider the arithmetic sequence @y, yy.» @n in which the common differen, m(x x) Point-slope form: =d(n-1) = (0, ae) (0H a; +d(n—1) Add a; each side, a ton (1,4), and m= d You can use this equation to find any term in an arithmetic sequence when you kno first term and the common difference. KeyConcept nth Term of an Arithmetic Sequence The rth term a, of an arithmetic sequence in which the first term is a, and the common differen is dis given by the following formula, where nis any natural number. a= a + (n= 1)d You wil prove this formula in Exercise 80, El] Grou Find the 12th term of the arithmetic Sequence 9, 16, 23, 30, .... SE Find the common difference. 16-9=7 B-16=7 30-2357 So,d=7. Find the 12th term, My = ay + (n—1)d «th term of an arithmetic sequence m= 94(12—1)) - 4 =9,d=7,adn=12 +77 or 86 ‘Simplify, > GuideaPractice \, Find the indicated term of each arithmetic sequence, d=6,n=9i sous Chik “ n by using it to ete fst TEE fet nee FeadingMath ‘ritmetic mean the ‘aera of two or more mien. ‘ethmetc means the ‘enstetween any two ‘romsecutive terms of ‘Maiteetic sequence eee Ifyou are given nth term of the sen Sequence, me ten ms of an arithmetic sequence ‘ou can write an equation for the {2st ite an equation for the nt Ph 'h term of each arithmetic sequence. =-13 ~ 5 or ~ tenart - we Sis the first tern ‘th erm oan arithmetic sequence : fae 1-18) ae een ' ota 18" +18) dist Prperty —18n + 23 Simplify, 19,d=6 First, find a, eeu tad ‘th term ofan arithmetic sequence 4 + (5-1/6) = 19, nd d= 19=a, +24 Multiply, “5a, Subtract 24 from each side, ‘Then write the equation, Ay = ay + (n—1)d ‘th term of an arithmetic sequence —S4(1- 16) ay =—Sanda=6 = —5 + (6n—6) Distributive Property 4, = 60 = 11 Simply. b GuidedPractice 2a) 12,3, -6,. Ci 2d=8 Sometimes you are given two terms of a sequence, but they are not consecutive terms of the sequence. The terms between any two nonconsecutive terms of an arithmetic sequence, called atithimetieimeans, can be used to find missing terms of a sequence. Pr} eos Find the arithmetic means in the sequence ~8,?,.2,.2, 2, 22, SEEN Since there are four terms between the first and last terms given, there are 4 +20r6 total terms, so" = 6. Find d. a, = a, +(n— 1) atvtermof an avithmetic sequence 2=-8+(6- 1d = -8,4=22,andn=6 30=5d Distributive Property 6= Divide each side by 5. ESE] Use to find the four arithmetic means. 3 2 «2 2 6 B yo +6 «+6 F6 +6 ‘The arithmetic means are -2, 4, 10, and 16. GuidedPractice 7 Find the five arithmetic means between ~18 and 36,WatchOut! ‘Common Difference ‘Don't confuse the sign of the common citference in an arithmetic sequence, (Check that the ule actualy produces the terms of a sequence. ed when tne se enotic Seqtien eae er of an arithmetic Sequence, The cs series A Bef is For Qin ithe sum of the aa Tie denoted Se a im of or mmust be det etermined before the sum of an arithmetic sete Sometimes ft he formula for the nth term. found. When this occurs, use 4 ens nd the sum of 12 +19 -+26 +. +280. Bea, = 12.4 490, and d = 19 - 12 0r7- We need to find 1 before we can use one of the formulas. a, =a, + (0-1 ‘nih torm of an arithmetic sequence n= 180 = 12 + (n= 11) ay = 1080, a) = 12, and d= 7 168 =7n-7 ‘Simplify. Ben Solve for Use either formula to find S,. = Bln, + (n= Dl sum formula as = B22) + (25-7 n= 25, =12,and d=7 12.5(192) or 2400 Simply. > GuidedPractice Find the sum of each arithmetic series. y, FD 2+ +6 + +100 ABD = 16, a9 = 240, and d = 8. You can use a sum formula to find terms of a series, Banos Find the first see Fe an ee terms ofthe arithmetic series in which ay = 7, 4 =79.4%4 Sum formula wo) 430 = n(43) 10=n y= 430, a, = 7, and a= 79 Simply Divide each side by 43, 66B | Lesson 10-2 | Arithmetic Sequences and Series| oaecley adingMath ton The name 2 tthe Greek eter raic is used in the oe Pie ‘itakingTip SPesererance tines itis necessary "ka problem into | the each part, then ie he solutions of as, Nai ta to determine =7+80r15 ‘The first thrve terms ayanday = 154+ 8028 are 7,15, and 23, D GuidedPractice Find the first thr PsVs ee terms of each arithmetic series. n= 120,n = 8,0, Y 8B.) a, = ~24, a, = 288, Sy = 5280 { ‘The sum ofa series can be written in shorthand by using sigmainotation. ‘Symbols | ee | a Same D+ A= +2442 HD+ + N+) A 846, B 910 Cc 975 D 1008 Read the Test Item You need to find the sum of the series. Find a,, 4), and n. Solve the Test Item There are 18 — 4 + 1 or 15 terms, son = 15. a, = 6(4)— 10123 ay = 6(18) 1 0r 107 Find the sum. sen (2) Sum formula n= 2 (23 +107 n= 15, a) = 23, and ay = 107 552 15( 5 ) : Sys = 15(65) or 975 ‘The correct answer is C. > GuidedPractice : =, (Gm + 6). china 3 am H 1281 ym F 972Example 1 Example 2 Example 3 Example 5 Example 6 ETS UT OSES uls) Example 1 Example 2 Example 3 Check Your Understanding Enc ee a sithmetic sequence. Find the indicated term of each a Bator. 3 a h arithmetic sequence. Write an equation for the nth term of each ar sal (Alas = ~12,d = (8)13, 19, 25, y 7 uence. Find oe in each seq Helene BHULL thmetic series. ind the sum of each arithm meapve ti wath “Y7)the first 50 natural numbers roy i vty = 12,050 168,44 f0.)n, = 145,d=5,n=21 0) = 12, dy = 188,d = Find the first three terms of each arithmetic series. (2, n= 18, a, = 112, 5, = 1098 44.)ny = 8, a, = 100, S, = 1296 (12 2 ULTIPLE CHOICE Find 5 (Ok +9) =“ Aas ca B78 D410 15, a, = -12,n = 66,d=4 11. ays for ~5, ~12, -19, ... 18. ayo for -1, 1,3,... 19. ng for 8.25, 8.5, 8.75, ... Write an equation for the nth term of each arithmetic sequence. 24,35, 46. 2. 31,17,3, 2. ay = 45,4 2,d=5 @ a= 12,4=025 25, as B, 9,2,-5, 2. as = 22,d=9 28, ay = 2 28. m53=7,4=2 @ -2-17,-m,... St a=-4a=2 32. GSSSTRUCTURE Jose avera season. He is taking bowli new season. ged 123 total pins per game in his bowling league this ing lessons and hopes to bring his average up by 8 pins each 2, Write an equation to represent the nth term of the sequence. ». If the pattern continues, during what season will José average 187 per game? © Isit reasonable for this pattern to continue indefinitely? Explain. Find the arithmetic means in each sequence, 93. 24,22, g& & t eb Yaa 4 Pr os b c 37. -12, 2ample 4 Find the sum of each arithmetic se saample 5 Example 6 39. the first 100 natural numbers 4. the frst 100 rir 40, the first 200 odd natural numbers ‘tural numbers, 43. -18 + (-15) + (<1) 4 45. a 42, the first 300 even natural numbers + 66 44, 24 + (—18) + (—12) + = +72 = 19,0, = 154,d=8 16,4 =6,n=24 47. CONTESTS The prizes in a w weekly. each Week that the contest | awarded in total? 46, 3 tadio contest began at $150 and increased by $50 for ‘sted. I the contest lasted for eleven weeks, how much was Find the first three i terms of each arithmetic ser (8,0 = 32,0, = ¢ a ae — 49. 0; = 48, 0, = 180, Sy = 1368 ey err @ 1 = 28,0, = 228, 5, = 2982 (2. ” Ay = 453, S,, = 6858 83. 11 = 30, ay = 362, S, = 4770 36,S, = 6372 ries, 54.0; = 19,1 =44,5, = 56, PRIZES A radio station is offering a total of $8500 in prizes over ten hours. Each hour, Prize will increase by $100. Find the amounts of the first and last prize. Find the sum of each arithmetic series, 16 13 16 12 57. (4k — 2) us 3) Pe) a Sate — BE Hora 61. FINANCIAL LITERACY Daniela borrowed some money froin her parents, She agreed to pay $50 at the end of the first month and $25 more each additional month for 12 months. How much does she pay in total after the 12 months? 62, GRAVITY When an objectiis in free fall and air resistance is ignored, it falls 16 feet in the first second, an additional 48 feet during the next second, and 80 feet during the third second. How many total feet will the object fall in 10 seconds? Use the given information to write an equation that represents the nth term in each arithmetic sequence \XG3) The 100th term of the sequence is 245. The common difference is 13. OG. The eleventh term of the sequence is 78. The common difference is -9. \) () The sixth term of the sequence is ~34, The 23rd term is 119. \\Géithe 25th term of the sequence is 121. The 80th term is 506. 67. G9 MODELING The rectangular tables in a reception hall are often placed end-to-end to ” form one long table. The diagrams below show the number of people who can sit at each of the table arrangements. a. Make drawins the arrangement. a a = be Writ : uation representing the nth number in this pattern, ). Write an eq ¢, Is it possible to have seating for e to find the next three numbers as tables are added one ata time to gs to scactly 100 people with such an arrangement?and at a concert. He ve yn seosaneroand a. 3M g fe wwdetormined Use geome sia es ter asemuence—B Severe’ ei is trends. Tey ea Ore was geomet: om sums of thelr friends. Tho fi omar eis etic sequences, there isa formula for As with arith i eras ‘can be used to determine 8, 2 any terme, nce. This formul Gears NowVocabulary term of a geometric seque! eometric means Seomet series the sequence. KeyConcept_nth Term of a Geometric Sequence me, uence in which the first term is a, and the common ratio ® Common Core The ath term a, of a geometric seq S)) state Standards by te following formula, where n's any natural number. Content Standards cae ASSEA Dette fomula a= ar" fore sumet a ite geo aes (ven he ‘common ratio is not 1), and teri fama soe proses ‘Mathematical Practices OS cial MUSIC IF the pattern continues, reasoning eighth round? Exercise 68. You will prove this formula nee how many e-mails will be sent in the Understand We need to determine the number of forwarded e-mails on the eighth round. Five e-mails were sent on the first round. Each of the five recipies sent five e-mails on the second round, and so on. Plan This is a geometric sequence, and the common ratio is 5. Use the forms for the nth term of a geometric sequence. Solve a, =ayr"~1 nth term of a geometric sequence 45 = 558-7 a =5,r=5,andn=8 45 = 5(78,125) or 390,625 87 = 78,125 a 5 heck Write out the first eight terms by multiplying by the common ratio. 5, 25, 125, 625, 3125, 15,625, 78,125, 390,625 ‘There will be 390,625 e-mails sent on the 8th round. D GuideaPractice 1, EMAILS Shi es HS FARA Shire receives ajoke in an email that asks her to forward itt and so on. If the lien pad of her friends forwards it to four of the! ye ninth found of forwarding? ues, how many people will receive the em#) Nithewentreitcrtechaibmsdeeieliniiesitld i ss four off 674 | Lesson 10-32s-s47 80) queees, of ee yess, Were ejay Greek penal Nhs. His ates Sequences Setters in Sand ae feadingMath ‘enti Means -maic mean can also ‘eepaerted geometrically teigue teow, his the ‘eee mean between ay Ifyou are given . ‘Some of equation for finden”! the terms of a geometric sequence nding the nth term of th (GAZ Wik waa oom te an equation for the ni fou can determine an h term of each geometric sequence. &0. 32,04. ee prt HOS the first term. nnOM-| eee Sand r=6 BOM indo, = ayrt—1 ‘th term of a goometrc sequence y= 5, r= 6,and n= 4 Evaluate the power. Divide each sido by 216. ? ‘th term of a geometric sequence oS dea Sey meat D GuidedPractice .y Write an equation for the nth term of each eometric sequence. &)-025,2, -16, 128, Spe Like arithmetic means, ge0miettie:meafs are the terms between two nonconsecutive terms of a geometric sequence. The common ratio r can be used to find the geometric means. (Seek) a Find three geometric means between 2 and 1250. [SEGHI Since there are three terms between the first and last term, there are 3 +2 or 5 total terms, son = 5. Find r. 2 y= ar"~ 1 thterm ofa geometric sequence 1250 = 2r5-1 a= 1250, = 2,andn=5 ost Divide each side by 2. s5=r ‘Take the 4th root ofeach side, [REGED Use r to find the four arithmetic means. 2 =10 =250 CPE eres . x5 x5 XS XS X-8 K-55 KAS ‘The geometric means are 10, 50, and 250 or ~10, 50, and ~250. GuidedPractice ind four geometric means between 0.5 and 512.is the sum of the terms of a geomet, ic series is denoted Sy, You can uses 5, of the first n terms of a seomeni a A st n terms of a eats 2 uence. The sum of t rior 8 the following, formulas © find the partial st! Fen MUSIC: Refer to the beginning of the lesson. If the pattern continues, what i they number of e-mails sent in the eight rounds? Five e-mails are sent in the first round and there are 8 rounds of e-mails, So, a) =5,7=5and n= 8. Sa= se sum formula syn SeSt wy nsresantn=t See 2% ‘imply the numerator and denominator. Sq = 488,280 Divide. ‘There will be 488,280 e-mails sent after 8 rounds. > GuideaPractice Find the sum of each geometric series. Gao WatchOut! ‘Sigma Notation Notice in and SO 2 Eup Sthlyoune bag |] Fite Du Ata asked to evuate the sum z Find ay, r, and 1. In the fi {rom the 3rd term to the iy, r, and n, In the first term, k = = i 10th term. exponential fuisdliai is7,96 7 = and a, = 4+ 23-1 or 16, The base of the "807 = 2. There are 10 — 3 + 1 or 8 terms, som=8. ga Sie 7 ‘Sum formula ed = 16,r=2,andn=8 = 4080 Use a calculator, > GuideaPractice Find each sum. RB, 12 Our )} 676 | Lesson 10-3 | Geometric Sequences and ¢er;...heck Your, Understanding ry sample 1 xample 2 ample 3 Example 4 brample 5 You can use the the series, Formula forthe sum of a geometric series to hep find a particular term of 7 ind a1 in a geometric series for which §, = 13,116,n = 7,and r= 3. ‘Sum formu Sy = 19,116, r= 3, and n= 7 Distributive Property Subtract. 13,116 = 10934, 2 Simply Divide each side by 109. GuidedPractice Find a ima geometic series for which $, = ~26240, n= 8 andr Gy Sse Ae Sea 1, GSYREGULARITY Dean is making a family tree for his grandfather. He was able to trace many generations. If Dean could trace his family back 10 generations, starting with his parents how many ancestors would there be? gt Oz te © Write an equation for the nth term of each geometric sequence. = 2248)... 3. 18,6,2,... @y416, 64, ... @e=47=3 6 a6= Qm=-%,r= Find the geometric means of each sequence. 8.025,2,.2,.2.64 @3a27 25 10, GAMES Miranda arranges some rows of dominoes so that after she knocks over the first ‘one, each domino knocks over two more dominoes when it falls. If there are ten rows, how many dominoes does Miranda use? Find the sum of each geometric series. 6 1 ye 3(4yk-F Find a; for each geometric series See ai a6, 13, 5, =855,7= 4" described. 15. $= 1020,0,=4,7= 3 {fpmetoncgarniicon] 677 &i) aw nl) verto rise. The river rose three ios the previous day. How eral snne’s town caused the mpl | WEATHER Heavy rain in Bris case Oe much Exam TT res te ist clay, are each day ar twice much did the river rise in five days a etric sequence: 7 Z Find a, for each geome qaamurayres =2400,r=4,0=7 ee aprese a0 2,n=8 (20)a, = 2, 22, BIOLOGY A certain bacteria 6 260 cells initially, how mat y 2 minutes. If there were rows ata rate of 3 cells ‘are there after 21 minut of each geometric sequence. Example 2 Write an equation for the nth term : 7 , YB, 288, -96, 32, 2. -1,1,-1,... 16, 4, 26, | 2.8, 24pm 28, 12, -16, 4... 28, 0) =28,r=2 90. ay = -8,7 = 05 31. a6 = 05,7 =6 ' =t =80,r=4 32, a= 8,7 = 33, a = 24, = 34, ay Example 3 Find the geometric means of each sequence. 35, 810,2, 2.2.10 z 56 n2222% me 438, Find two geometric means between 3 and 375. 40, Find two geometric means between 16 and —2. 41. GSPERSEVERANCE A certain water filtration system can remove 70% of the contaminants each time a sample of water is passed through i. Ifthe same water is passed through the system four times, what percent of the original contaminants will be removed from the water sample? Example 4 Find the sum of each geometric series. @.=%6,r= 30-8 43, 0, = 16, 44, a = 240, r 7 48, 0, = 360,r=4n=8 3 46, VACUUMS A vacuum claims to pick up 80% of the dirt every time it is run over the carpet. Assuming this is true, what percent of the original amount of dirt is picked up after the seventh time the vacuum is run over the carpet? Example 5 Find the sum of each geometric series. 2 41. 4-3-1 (46)S4 (-3y.=2)'-1 aH, SS & By ora! & & Example 6 Find a; for each geometric series described, @ 5, =-2912,r=3,n=6 ce 521 S, = ~10,922, r= 4,n = 53. Sy = 1330, ay = 486, r= 3 , et ney . 2 55. a, = 1024,r=8,n=5 678 | Lesson 10-3 | Geometric Sequences and Series 1(aye-1 (S4/Sn = 4118, a, = 128, 7 = 3 56. a, = 1875,r=5,n=7‘pranasums ot @ ate geo is NewVocabulary te geometric Series conerget series diego eres innit common Core siate Standards athematical Practices 6 tnd to precision § loko and express ua n repeated resoring u 2 WHT taer tts Find sums of infinite ° oorneti erie ‘With their opponent onthe 10-yard ne, the ‘tense is penaized half the distance to the ‘oa, placing the bal onthe 5-yard line. Continue tobe penalized in his way, where ‘wil the ball eventualy be placed? Wil they Vor reach the goal ine? How many total ‘Penalty yards will the defense have incurred? ‘These questions can be answered by looking A ntinite geometric series, J Write repeating decimals as fractions 1 Infinite Geometric Series An infinite geometri@series has an infinite number of terms. A series that has a sum is a gonivergent series, because its sum converges to a specific value. A series that does not have a sum is a When you evaluated the sum S, of an infinite geometric series for the first n terms, you were finding the partial sum of the series. Itis also possible to find the sum of an entire series. In the application above, it seems that the ball will eventually reach the goal line, and the defense will be penalized a total of 10 yards. This value is the actual sum of the infinite series 5 + 2.5 + 1.25 + ... . The graph of S, for 1 He see" livers $ GuidedPractice 100 + 50-4254 we atast studyTip \ . »# will approach 0 as 1 increases ‘Therefore, the ‘Absolute Value Recall tat SWhen int < 1, the vali of ft will appt jt op Parti. | tre rmeane 1 < r= forge infinite geomet series will approach “=p T= ‘ { ) series with [1 < 11s given by ‘The sum Sof an infinite geometric yl 1 the series has no sum. —— is divergent,I712 and When an infinite geometric series i z bsolute value of r will the series has no sum because the al increase infinitely as increases. ‘The table at the right shows the partial sums for the divergent series 4 + 16 + 64 + .....Asm increases, 5, increases rapidly Find the sum of each infinite series, if it exists. Determine whether each infinite geometric series is convergent or divergent, 246418 abtitgte EEE] Find the value of r to determine if the sum exists. 6 £233 Brgos Divide consecutive terms. Since 3| <1 the sum exists. Use the formula to find the sum. ‘Sum formula StudyTip Convergence and ee b64+9+13.5 420.25 + ien the absolute 9 7 Vale of aterm is smaller 1= Gor 1.5;since 1, than the absolute value : |1.512 1, the series diverges and the sum does not exis ‘of the previous term, An infinite arithmetic series will always be divergent GuidedPractice (a)i-241-054. @ 16 + 20+ 25 +... f ) 684 | Lesson 10-4 | Infinite Geometric Series 2te that = andre 4 Simpy Repeati 2 For econ A repeating decimal is the sum of an infinite geometric series. sum of an infinite ser; 0.454545... oF 0.45 + 0.0045 + 0.000045 +... . The formula for the infinite series can be used to convert the decimal to a fraction. Been problem-SolvingTip sense-Making iu Write 0.63 as a fraction. saat hese Use the sum of an infinite series. ante 0.63 = 0.63 + 0.0063 + ... «fotable. Let x= 088. SudyTip x = 0.636363. ‘Write as a repeating decimal, ‘ing Decimals Eve ti ry = ‘gical ge 100 = 63.636363... "Mulily each sie by 100. etunbe and can 99x = 63 ‘Subtract x from 100% and 0.83 from 63.63 . mien 3s a fraction, aSak re Bord Divide each side by 99, GuidedPractice 4, Write 0.21 asa fraction. \eae am rye eaeu ll) ie 1s convergent or divergent, ite geometric series i ji Jhether each int Example 1 Determine eh fe -8 +4- de 3.90.5 + 0.7 + 0.98 + « Ait . Example 2 Find the sum of each infinite series, if it exists. E Dio + 220-4110 + 6. mos 1804 5+ Qi+htis 9 24 aor. Wrtstiet pte - ertain drug has a half-life of 8 hours after its administer 9, GS SENSE-MAKING A certain drug, i ol fed ton patient. What percent ofthe drug is stil in the patien infinite series, if it exists. Example 3 Find the sum of each i Gk S058? & @zre Example 4 Write each repeating decimal as a fraction. 14. 035 15. 0.682, Ce Pesce ined esse Luss) Determine whether each infinite geometric series is convergent or divergent. ‘Example 1 16. 21+ 63+ 189+... 17, 480 + 360 + 270 + .. 1a) 4+24 24... 5410, 40 8 16 Ae ig tot +0.01 + 0.001 +... (2 0.008 + 0.08 + 08 +... Example 2 Find the sum of each infinite series, ifit exists. (B18 +216 + 2592+... @. -3- 42-588 - Pe: 88= .. atetit: Br Ss34.. Ga +4428 3 27. 32+40 +50 +... 28, SWINGS If Kerry does not push any harder after his initial swing, the distance traveled per swing : wil decrease by 10% with ach swing. If his initial swing trave Stet, find the toa distance traveled when he comes to rest. Y} 686 | Lesson 10-4 | Infinite Geometric Seriesged Find the sum of each j ss CBee asp Infinite seri Write each ole 4 he Sa T*Peating decimal as a fraction, @on acim 6 ee 07.278 496 : ; = 98. 0.1274 40. 043% 41, FANS A fan is runn decreases at a rate by the fan 10 revo my pa 7 lutions per second. After itis turned of, its speed after itis turned off on Determine the number of revolutions completed 42, CESS PRECISION Kamiko deposited : The account earns 8% interernes a into an account at the beginning of the year. a, How much money will be in the represent the end of the first yea b. Is this series converger poet after 20 years? (Hint: Let 5000(1 + 0.08)! I Mt or divergent? Explain, 43, RECHARGEABLE BATTERIES. A certain recha t0 99.9% of its previous capacity with eve, life, how many total hours should the bat! tery last? Find the sum of each infinite series, fit exists 7 24 21 8 54548 (w)Z42 Se... P4554. 15,5410 214747 ee re AZZ a Bese Wy e244 50. f MULTIPLE REPRESENTATIONS In this problem, you will se a square of paper that is at least 8 inches on a side. a. Concrete Let the square be one unit, Cut away one half of the square. Call this piece Term 1. Next, cut away one half of the remaining sheet of paper. Call this piece Term 2. Continue cutting the remaining paper in half and labeling the pieces with a term number as long as possible. List the fractions represented by the pieces. b. Numerical If you could cut the squares indefinitely, you would have an infinite series. Find the sum of the series. ¢, Verbal How does the sum of the series relate to the original square of paper? 51, PHYSICS Ina physics experiment, ste! ball on flat track is accelerated, and then allowed to roll eal ‘After the fist minute, the ball has rolled 120 feet. Each minute the ball travels only 40% as far as it did during the preceding minute. How far does the ball travel? \dulum travels 12 centimeters on its first swing and 95% of that = ante oR aig thereafter. Find the total distance traveled by the pendulum. when it comes to rest. iginal height, what is the total pall can bounce back to 95% of its original height, = Taal Head that it will travel if it is dropped from an elevation of 30 feet? inspection, a tire is removed from a car and spun on einen the machine Is tured ofthe spinning te completes +t second and 98% of the revolutions each additional second. the tire complete before it stops spinning? Ajmctinerernitcon] 687 54, CARS During a maint a diagnostic machine. 20 revolutions the firs How many revolutions does 3@ You explored @ & Recog' tr the ae compositions of ‘special sequene es ow ane we pore, = erate functions ewan a fea. Tale 2 troypeo, hawover, produced DY ‘quoon's unfotiized 608 and thus has only one parent, female. ‘The family tree for the honeybee follows @ special sequence. ji every term in the list of ancestors js va New! bular Special Sequences Notice that every n the recursive sequence and it is found in many places in nature. The Fibonacci sequence is an example of explt forinla a a ursive sequence, each term is determined by one recursive formula or more of the previous terms. ‘eration for sequences thus far have been explicit formulas, Common Core ®) State Standards Mathematical Practices 6 alten a precison. 8 Look oad express rely repated reso J 692 | Lesson 10-5 ‘The formulas you have used aga function of n, Such as a, = 31 + 1. The formula An explieitsformula gives ; that describes the Fibonacci sequence, ty = @y ~2 + @n — 1118 2 recursive formula, ‘m will be determined by one or more of the previous which means that every ter Terms, An initial term must be given in a recursive formula. irsive Formulas for Sequences = aq —1 + 0, where dis the common difference KeyConcept Recu ‘Arithmetic Sequence { Geometric Sequence + dp 1» where ris the common ratio ene Find the first five t Bad ths five terms of the sequence in which ay = —3 and dy 41 = 405 ~% 4441 = My — 2 Recursive formula a4 = Ay 2 = 4(-3) -2or—14 3 = 4(-14) — 2 or 58 4 = 4(—58) — 2 or 234 4(-234)—2or-938 a= 204 The first five terms of the sequence are —3, 14, —58, —234, and —938. ‘ GuidedPractice 1. Find the first five terms ie teed nee Ee ee of the sequence in which a, = 8 anddetermine the initial term. Then eval The recursive f wrenula that generates a seque m rip \ Go snatearin Write a recursive fo rg atetc . © Formula for N sequence. 7 ic sequences, 2,10, 18, 26, 94, tims cele ban oreo be dan on Determine wh thet the sequ $ ene he sequence geometric were pste ees, | foun te artnet bacenec cet amet Sees nt PY adding a common difference : ater” BOB bing the common difference 4= 10-2048 BED wite the recursive formula Mn yy bd ‘Recursive formula for arithmetic sequence d=6 Arrecursive formula for the Sequence is ay 1+ 8 =2 . 16, 56, 196, 686, 2401, ... BER Determine ‘Whether the sequence is arithmetic or geometric. {ihe Sequence is geometric because each term aftr the first can be ; found after multiplying by a common ratio, EE Find the common ratio. 9s —~ 56 eor3s EERE] Write the recursive formula. Oy =F Oy Aocursive formula for geometric sequence Oy = 3.5, — 1 r=35 A recursive formula for the sequence isa ©. ag = 108 and r=3 FEE] Determine whether the sequence is arithmetic or geometric. Because ris given, the sequence is geometric. [BEBE] Write the recursive formula. ty =F My 1 Recursive formula for goometic sequence y= 3y=1 ‘Arecursive formula for the sequence is ay = 32 D> GuidedPractice Write a recursive formula for each sequence. 2k. 8, 20,50, 125,3125,..- 2B. 8,17, 26,35, 44, Gennes 26. a3=16andr=4Pe Exam 4 ast 5,000 in credit card debt when he grag y Nate had a pach month due (0 interest, an, a Ney inc ‘er month. Write & recursive formula for ati balance after five monn’ bat , FINANCIAL, college. The balance ke payments ‘ only econ och month. Then determine thi formula. SEED Write the rect! pees sbalance of the account month. The inj et a, represent the balance & ei Leta mn terest 20d anda payment sma, monthly ‘ Initiat balance ~ SS anes” Real-WorldLink ae & tee 400 12008, the average i creditcard debt for college ay = 1.02m - 400 per cea ae ‘The formula is ty = 1.02 -1 ~ 400. See IS 87 [BINH Find the next five terms. fy = 1.024, - 1 ~ 400 Recursive formula f= (15,000 X 1.02) ~ 400 oF 14,900 a = 15,000 t= (14,900 x 1.02) ~ 400 oF 14,798 m= 14,900 a= 14,798 ag = (14,798 X 1.02) ~ 400 oF 14,693.96 ‘as = (14,693.96 X 1.02) — ‘400 or 14,587.84 ay = 14,693.95 ing = (14,587.84 X 1.02) ~ 400 oF 14, 479.60 a5 = 14,587.84 ‘After the fifth month, the balance will be $14,479.60. GuidedPractice 3, Write a recursive formt $600 monthly payment. ‘ula for a $10,000 debt, at 2.5% interest per month, with Then find the first five balances. at ReviewVocabulary Composition of functions ‘A function is performed, and then a second functon is performed onthe est of ‘the first function. Iteration Iteration is the process of repeatedly. ‘composi ion wit the pro yposing a function with: 2 Consider xp, The first iterate is f(x0), the second iterate is f(f(%o)), the third ea ‘#f(fle))), and 50 07. Iteration can be used to recursively generate a sequence. Start with the initi t with the Let x; = flo), x2 = flf(to)), and so on. i rs tial valuen, Find the first three iterates x,, x2, and x, of f(x) = 5x-+ 4 for an (xo) tterate the function. (2)+40r14 y= (1) erate the function. (14) + 4 or 74 Had x3 = flr) Iterate the function, =5(74) + 401374 y=74 The first three iterates are 14, 74, and 374, SuidedPractice 4, Find the first three it oe iterates my, x2, and x3 of f(x) = —3x + 8 for an intial valued! 6 Q 94 | Lesson 10-5 | Recursion and IterationGE Seathidneleoleleeie pool? Writea recursive formula for each 5. 3,8, 18,38, 75, sequence, i 8. 5,14,41, 122,365, eae re tanee a $1500 rowing achine to help him train for the oll ng team, He could only mej nin Mache to help im train forthe college by 1 Me o interest at the ey 200 Payment tach month, and his bill increased ‘ach month, Write a recursive formula for the ind the balance owed 6. How much interest ha: balance owed at the end of each month after the first four months, b. 9. fla) = ~4r + 2,19 =5 M1. f(x) = 8x = 4, x9 = -6 jaulpal aaa so ean Pee nae fxample ample. Erampic 1 GSPERSEVERANCE Find the first five terms of each sequence described. 12. ay = 10, 41 = 404 +1 13, a = ~9, ay 4) = 2a, +8 eee ea te 15.0 = 4,41 = 2g + 1B, 2; = 7,42 = 10, Oy 4.2 = 2a + Oy 41 19, 0; = 4,0) =5,0,4 22. ay = 2,02 =X +3, Ay = Ay 1 + Oy 7 re 2D) ay = 42 = 3x, Oy = Oy 9 + Ay 2 Ghevader= item tees tees BB = 1, ay = x, 05 = Bay — 1 + 6, > 2 White a recursive formula for each sequence. (2. 16,10, 7,55,475,... BR, 122,7,548,... 26. 4, 15, 224, 50,175, .. 2. 1,2,9, 730, . 28. 9, 33, 129, 513,.... 29, 480,128, 40, 18,... 30,)393, 132, 45, 16, . Gi) 68, 104, 176, 320, 332. FINANCIAL LITERACY Mr. Edwards and his company deposit $20,000 into his retirement account at the end of each yeat. The account earns 8% interest before each deposit. a. Write a recursive formula for the balance in the account at the end of each year. b. Determine how much is in the account at the end of each of the first 8 years. 4 Find the first three iterates of each function for the given initial value. /$B) fix) = -9x +1, x9 = NB fo) = 8x 43.4 6. fl) = 8x + 3,29 38, flit) = 4x? +5, x9 = -2 Bw x 40, fx) = 70.25%? + x + 6,x9=8 ) fla) = 2x? + x + 1,24 (2) flo) 33. f(x) = 12x + 8, x9 = 4 35. f(x) = —6r + 3,29 =8 37. fx) = —3x? + 9,49 =2 39, f(x) = 2x2 — Sx + 1,%0=6 MM. fx) = 32 + 2x +3, 40=