Review: The Effect of Media on Public Knowledge about

COVID-19 and Vaccines

Hayyat Gempita Syakban, Syofyan, Muslim Suardi

Faculty of Pharmacy, Andalas University

Abstract
Coronaviruses are a large family of viruses that cause serious and even fatal lung diseases.
This virus can spread very quickly and can infect everyone. Due to the high number of
COVID-19 (Coronavirus Disease 2019), a health communication strategy is needed, one of
which is by providing clear information about COVID-19 and vaccines through the media so
that misinformation does not occur, this is to increase public awareness in efforts to prevent
and overcome the COVID-19 outbreak. This review aims to determine the influence of the
media on the level of public knowledge about COVID-19 and vaccines in convincing the
public of the importance of vaccination. The method of reviewing this article is to browse
from several websites such as Science Direct, ResearchGate, and also through Google
Scholar. Based on the results of the review, the majority of people have good knowledge
about COVID-19 and vaccines, while the information obtained comes from various media
such as social media, print media, television, and so on. But even though people have good
knowledge about vaccines, not all of them are willing to vaccinate.

Keyword: COVID-19, knowledge, vaccine, media

Introduction
Coronaviruses are a large family of viruses that are known to cause serious lung diseases and
can be fatal, such as SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome) o and MERS (Middle East
Respiratory Syndrome) .[1]

In 2002–2003, SARS-CoV (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus) was first

identified as pneumonia in Guangdong, China, which later turned into life-threatening
respiratory failure. Initially, only animal-human transmission between species later developed
into human-to-human transmission. The virus infected about 8,500 people with a 10%
mortality rate.[2] Similarly in 2012, an epidemic of MERS-CoV (Middle East Respiratory
Syndrome Coronavirus) emerged in Saudi Arabia where people experienced symptoms
similar to SARS-CoV but the mortality rate was much higher at 36%, mainly transmitted to
humans from dromedary camels.[3]

In December 2019, a similar case was reported in the city of Wuhan, China. This virus is
identified as a new form of Coronavirus (Novel Coronavirus-2019) and the disease it causes
is COVID-19.[4] The rapid transmission process led WHO to designate COVID-19 as PHEIC
(Public Health Emergency of International Concern) on January 30, 2020. The death rate
caused by the virus varies, depending on the infected population, regulations applied by the
government, and the availability of laboratory tests.[3,4]

The World Health Organization (WHO) on January 30, 2020, declared COVID-19 a public
health emergency, and then on March 11, 2020, the outbreak has declared a pandemic.
According to the WHO report, globally there are about 3,349,786 confirmed cases of
COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2),
including an estimated 238,628 deaths as of 03 May 2020.[5]

The Ministry of Health together with several organizations AGI (Advisory Group on
Immunization), UNICEF (United Nations Children's Fund), and WHO (World Health
Organization) conducted an online survey on 19-30 September 2020 to determine public
acceptance of the COVID-19 vaccine. The survey involved more than 115,000 respondents
from 34 provinces in Indonesia. Based on the survey, it was found that 658 respondents were
willing to accept the COVID-19 vaccine if it was provided by the government, while 8% of
them refused. The remaining 274 expressed doubts about the Government's plan to distribute
the COVID-19 vaccine. Based on respondent data conducted by the Ministry of Health
together with the Indonesian Technical Advisory Group on Immunization (ITAGI) released
in October 2020, it shows that there is still around 7.6 percent of the people who refuse to be
vaccinated and 26.6 percent of the people have not made a decision and are still confused.
Not all groups of people can be directly vaccinated, this is based on Circular No.
HK.02.02/I/368/2021 concerning the Implementation of Covid-19 Vaccination in the Target
Group of Elderly, Comorbid, and COVID-19 Survivors and Delayed Targets issued by the
Directorate General of Prevention and Disease Control Ministry of Health.[6]

Having critical public health communication strategies during an epidemic can increase
public awareness of the disease and provide information on how to prevent infection. This
shows that limited knowledge and public awareness of COVID-19 can increase the risk of
transmission.[7]

Standard recommendations for preventing the spread of infection include; maintaining hand
hygiene, covering mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing, avoiding close contact with
anyone showing symptoms of respiratory illness, and preventing unprotected contact with
farm or wild animals.[1]

In addition, media platforms have an important role in communication between researchers,

scientists, public health experts, and funding agencies, to respond quickly and effectively. [8] A
communication media seen from the message conveyed must have a positive impact and a
negative impact. This of course can shape the behavior patterns of each individual. The
positive impact of media according to Zukria (in Kairuni 2016) can facilitate learning
activities, can seek and add insight. The media also aim to facilitate the dissemination of
information and increase knowledge, awareness, and practice of health care among the
public.[9]

Method

In this article review, the technique used is a literature study by looking for sources of
information through international journals in 2019 to 2021 through online media with the
keywords COVID-19, knowledge, vaccines, and media. Search for this review article using
web sources such as Science Direct, Google Scholar, ResearchGate, and from other sources.

Results

The number of articles obtained in the initial search stage was 6,902 (6,523 from Science
Direct, 332 from Google Scholar, and 47 from ResearchGate). From these articles, further
screening was carried out on titles and abstracts related to knowledge about COVID-19 and
vaccines, as well as the influence of the media and written in English, then 35 articles were
obtained. And the last step after deleting duplicate journals obtained 23 journals as journals to
be analyzed.
 Science Direct Google Scholar Research Gate
(n=6,523) (n=332) (n=47)

Exclude journal
Primary screening (n=3,610)
(n=6,902) Not contain a free acces and full
text

Secondary screening
(n=3,292)

Exclude journal
Duplicate journal (n=12)
(n=35) Duplicate journal

Analyzed journal
(n=23)

Figure 1: Article Selection Flowchart

Table 1: Overview of Public Knowledge about COVID-19 and Vaccines

No Title Author Method Source Result
1 Knowledge A.Liem,C.W Cross-sectional Social media Nearly 96% of
and ang,C,Dong, study[10] (Facebook),electronic participants know the
awareness A.I.F media, and print media. symptoms of
and COVID- Lam,C.A.Lat [10]
COVID-19 and
19 among kin,B.J.Hall. 94.1% of participants
Indonesian [10]
know how to transmit
migrant COVID-19.[10]
workers in
the Greater
China
Region.[10]
2 The Xuefang Cross-sectional Social media 47,94% of
information Xie,Zhipeng study[11] (Weibo,Wechat), and participants or 2397
impact of Zhang, Jose foreign media.[11] of 5000 participants
network M. Ponzoa. [11]
said that social media
media, the had a 10% more
psychologica significant impact on
l reaction to student knowledge
 the COVID- with a value of 0.164.
19 [11]

pandemic,
and online
knowledge
acquisition:E
vidence from
Chinese
college
students.[11]
3 Knowledge Kushalkumar Web base Social media The majority of
and H. Gohela, Cross-sectional (Facebook, Instagram, participants (70.91%)
perceptions Prati B. study[12] Youtube, Whatsapp), had adequate
about Patela, Pushti print media, television, knowledge about
COVID-19 M. Shaha, and institutions.[12] COVID-19 and 18%
among the Jay R. Patela, of participants had
medical and Niraj moderate knowledge
allied health Panditb, about severe
science Asavari COVID-19
students in Rautc.[12] symptoms.[12]
India: An .
online cross-
sectional
survey.[12]
4 Knowledge Yudong Shi, Cross-sectional Television, print media, 89.51% of hospital
and attitudes Juan Wang, study[13] and Internet.[13] medical staff have
of medical Yating Yang, extensive knowledge
staff in Zhiqiang of COVID-19.[13]
Chinese Wang,
psychiatric Quoqing
hospitals Wang, Kenji
regarding Hasimoto,
COVID-19. Kai Zhang,
[13]
Huanzhong
Liu.[13]
5 Predictors of Mukhtiar Cross-sectional Print media, television, Two thirds of
misconceptio Baig, Tahir study[14] social media, and participants or
ns, Jameel, Sami government websites. (68.1%) of the total
knowledge, H. Alzahrani, [14]
2117 participants
attitudes, and Ahmad have good
practices of A.mirza, knowledge about
COVID-19 Johair J. COVID-19.[14]
pandemic Gazzaz,
among a Tauseef
sample of Ahmad,
Saudi Fizzah Baig,
population. Saleh H.
[14]
Almurashi.[14]
6 The Atiqa Khalid, Cross-sectional Print media, radio, The majority of
Relationship Sana Ali, study[15] digital media, and participants (71.3%)
 between Ayesha social media.[15] revealed that the
Media Qamer[15] official media
Advertising provided useful
and information
Attitudinal regarding awareness
Changes of COVID-19 and
during provided positive
COVID-19. information.[15]
[15]

7 Communicat Luke Ifeanyi Cross-sectional Message media.[16] Only 28.72% of

ing COVID- Anorue, study[16] participants have
19 Vaccine Alphonsus extensive knowledge
Safety: Chukwuma about vaccines and
Knowledge Ugwu, only 26.1% of
and Attitude Stanley participants agree
Among uzoamaka that the media
Residents of ugboaja, message about the
South East, Uzoma O COVID-19 vaccine
Nigeria.[16] Nwabunze, can convince the
Chinyere public.[16]
Christiana
Ugwulor
Onyinyechi,
Chioma
Njoku.[16]
8 Knowledg, Nurul cross-sectional Social media and mass Majority of
acceptance Azmawati study[17] media.[17] participants (62%)
and Mohamed, have poor knowledge
perception Hana about COVID-19
on COVID- Maizuliana vaccine.[17]
19 vaccine Solehan,
among Mohd
Malaysians: Dzulkhairi
A webbased Mohd Rani,
survey.[17] Muslimah
Ithnin, Che
Ilina Che
Isahak.[17]
9 To vaccinate Julia Cross-sectional Social media, print 79.9% of participants
or not to Brailovskaia, study[18] media, and television. are willing to
vaccinate!? Silvia [18]
vaccinate.[18]
Predictors of Schneider,
willingness Jurgen
to receive Margraf.[18]
Covid-19
vaccination
in Europe,
the U.S., and
China.[18]
10 Predictors of Jeanette B. Cross-sectional Social media and 23% of participants
intention to Ruiz, Robert study[19] television.[19] are unsure about
vaccinate A. Bell.[19] getting vaccinated
against and 14.8% of
COVID-19: participants are
Results of a unlikely to get
nationwide vaccinated.[19]
survey.[19]

Discussion

Awareness of knowledge of the dangers and impacts of COVID-19 is very important at this
time. Everyone gets information related to COVID-19 and vaccines and so on from various
sources, mostly from social media (Facebook, Instagram, Weibo), apart from this social
media, other platforms are also used to connect with family and friends.[20]

Based on a survey conducted on Indonesians working in the Chinese region with a cross-
sectional study method, it was found that participants received information on COVID-19
mainly from television news (79.1%), followed by social media (57.7%). For Indonesian
immigrants residing in Macao, Taiwan, and Hong Kong to receive information related to
COVID-19 through social media (Facebook) and print media. Nearly 96% of participants
knew the symptoms of COVD-19 and 94% knew how it was transmitted. [10]

In China, people often use social media (Weibo) to be able to find out the latest developments
regarding COVID-19, especially students there. A survey has shown that social media has a
10% more significant impact on information about COVID-19. This shows that students are
increasingly positive in responding to information related to COVID-19.[11]

Viewed from various countries, the media has a very important role in providing information
to the public. As in India, the majority of students seek information about the COVID-19
pandemic through social media, especially health students there. A survey revealed that the
majority of health students (70.91%) there have adequate knowledge regarding COVID-19
where as many as 65.17% get information from social media and other media such as from
television news, 20.84% the rest from print media such as newspaper. The social media they
often access include Instagram, Twitter, Youtube.[12]

Then in China, a survey conducted on hospital medical staff revealed that 89.51% of medical
staff had extensive knowledge of COVID-19, such as the symptoms of COVID-19, the mode
of transmission of COVID-19 and how to treat it. One of the sources of information obtained
is from various media such as newspapers, television, and the internet. This proves the role of
the media has a big role in the knowledge of medical staff.[13]

In the Middle East, more precisely in Saudi Arabia, the general public also accesses the
media to find information about COVID-19. 44% of Saudi Arabian people access social
media, 16% come from television, then around 32% get information from government service
media and the rest from newspapers and others. There is a reason that the people of Saudi
Arabia access information more through social media because it is easier to access. A survey
proves that about 2 thirds of participants (68%) of the total 2117 Saudi Arabian people have
good knowledge of COVID-19 and 1 third have intermediate knowledge. Most people who
have good knowledge are people with higher educational status.[14]

The relationship between the media and people's understanding of information is very closely
related. A study conducted in Pakistan showed that around 71.9% of Pakistanis believe that
the media can attract their attention quickly, and about 69.7% of the public give a positive
impression of the media, especially at this time regarding the need for information on
COVID-19, both symptoms of transmission and methods of prevention. Then about 71.3% of
the public believe that the media can increase their awareness of COVID-19. This proves that
the media has a vital role in society's information needs.[15]

During a pandemic like now, it is very necessary to take precautions to avoid COVID-19.
Various studies continued to be carried out so that the COVID-19 vaccine was finally found,
because it is a new vaccine, doubts arose in the community. This caught the public's attention
and various responses emerged on social media such as on Twitter and Reddit, some
supported vaccination, and some had doubts about the vaccine.[21]

The media also have an important role in providing information about vaccines and in
knowing the importance of vaccines. A cross-sectional survey was conducted on people in
Nigeria regarding the influence of media on awareness of the importance of vaccines. The
results showed 26.1% of participants agreed that media messages about the COVID-19
vaccine could ensure the public but only 11% of participants agreed that the media was
committed to providing perfect vaccine information. Information about vaccines was
obtained mainly through social media (35.3%), then through radio (26.3%), television
(21.8%), and through messages from family and friends (16.5%). This proves that active
participants see information about vaccines in the media. However, only about 28.72% of
participants know about vaccine safety, so most people are still hesitant to vaccinate and do
not vaccinate.[16]

Social media is also used as a place to obtain various information about vaccines among
social media users. This is also done to make sure to get vaccinated. Like a study conducted
in the UK where around 33% of adults use social media such as Twitter to encourage others
to vaccinate.[22]

The success of vaccination cannot be separated from the role of the media. With the recent
advances in information technology, social media is rapidly developing and gaining more
popularity than traditional mass media. As a survey conducted in Malaysia proved that social
media, electronic media, and state media are the most sought-after sources of information
obtained information on the COVID-19 vaccine. In addition, the public also seeks
information through other media such as newspapers and journals that discuss the COVID-19
vaccine. but around 62% of participants have low knowledge about the COVID-19 vaccine so
only around 64.5% of participants are willing to vaccinate even though the majority of
participants believe that vaccines can protect them.[17]

Public doubts about vaccines have become a concern in many countries. Not all countries
believe in the safety of vaccines as in various European countries, America, and China. Based
on a survey conducted among these countries, the majority of people (79.9%) are willing to
vaccinate with the UK (United Kingdom) being the country with the most people willing to
vaccinate, this is the highest of several other countries followed by Spain and China. This is
inseparable from the role of media such as social media as well as television and print media
that provide various information about vaccines. In addition, most of the people who received
information about vaccines through newspapers, television, and social media also gave a
positive response to the information.[18]

The possibility of people's willingness to vaccinate is related to how high the public's
understanding of vaccines is. Vaccines themselves are very important to maintain the body's
immunity to avoid COVID-19, but some people are still hesitant to vaccinate. A cross-
sectional study conducted in America states that 23% of participants are not sure to vaccinate
and 14.8% of participants say it is impossible to vaccinate, while the source of information
obtained comes from television media such as FO and CNN, and also from the media. social.
Based on this, it can be proven that the media that plays the role of providing information
related to vaccines does not have a significant influence on the American people's desire to
vaccinate. There are allegations that this happened because the public lacked confidence in
the safety of vaccines and also because of political factors.[19]

The media providing information about the threat of COVID-19 sometimes gives people a
sense of anxiety. Therefore the media must correctly provide information and must not be
wrong in providing information. The media is also a place to find information such as about
vaccines such as using social media, the information provided must be correct so that there is
no misperception so that it increases the desire to vaccinate.[23]

The pandemic is rapidly spreading throughout the world, therefore the acceleration of
vaccination must be carried out. In Africa, the cases of COVID-19 are also very large, so it is
necessary to accelerate vaccination. In Ethiopia, a study proves that around 74% of the people
have good knowledge of vaccines and only 62% intend to vaccinate. One of the sources of
information obtained by the public about vaccines is from media such as television, social
media, the internet, and also newspapers. This proves that the media have a very important
role in providing information and convincing the Ethiopian people, while the majority of
people use television as a source of information.[24]

The low willingness of the public to receive vaccines is influenced by fear of side effects
from vaccines, in addition to frightening information from social media about vaccine side
effects, causing vaccination in the community to be uneven. But the majority of people in
many countries still believe that vaccines can protect themselves and others.[25,26]

Conclusion

During the current pandemic, people need information, especially information related to the
COVID-19 pandemic, including information related to vaccines. The majority of people in
various countries obtain information through media such as television, the internet, and also
from social media. Surveys from various countries prove that people have good knowledge
about COVID-19 as well as knowledge about the importance of vaccination, the information
is accessed mostly through social media. But even though people have good knowledge about
vaccines, not all of them are willing to vaccinate, one the reasons are because they are afraid
of side effects and also the safety of vaccines. Therefore, the role of the media in providing
vaccine information cannot always convince people to be willing to vaccinate. So other
solutions are needed to convince the public to be willing to vaccinate.
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