Cyber Physical Engineering

Cyber-physical systems (CPS) are integrated embodiments of cyber systems (consisting of

computing, communication, and control elements) and physical systems (consisting of
geometrical and material elements). Almost all products used in modern society are cyber-
physical systems. Almost all modern manufacturing systems to produce these products are
also cyber-physical systems. Engineering such complex CPS has re-energized the field of
systems engineering, which has been moving steadily away from a document-based practice
to a model-based discipline. In fact, success in cyber-physical systems engineering strongly
depends on proper application of model-based systems engineering (MBSE).
Advances in CPS will enable capability, adaptability, scalability, resiliency, safety, security,
and usability that will far exceed the simple embedded systems of today. CPS technology will
transform the way people interact with engineered systems—just as the Internet has
transformed the way people interact with information. New smart CPS will drive innovation
and competition in sectors such as agriculture, energy, transportation, building design and
automation, healthcare, and manufacturing

1. Interdisciplinary field that involves the integration of physical systems with digital
technologies to create intelligent systems that can sense, analyse, and respond to the
environment in real-time.
2. CPE aims to combine the physical and cyber worlds into a single, integrated system that
can operate more efficiently, effectively, and autonomously.
3. CPE involves the application of engineering principles to design and optimize cyber-
physical systems, which are systems that include physical components, such as sensors
and actuators, and digital components, such as software and networks.
4. Examples of cyber-physical systems include smart grids, autonomous vehicles, and
industrial control systems.
5. It involves the use of various technologies, such as the Internet of Things (IoT), big data
analytics, and machine learning, to create intelligent systems that can optimize their own
performance, improve efficiency, and respond to changing conditions.
6. Overall, Cyber Physical Engineering is a rapidly growing field that seeks to create
intelligent systems that can operate in a more efficient, effective, and autonomous
manner. It has a wide range of applications in various industries, including manufacturing,
transportation, energy, healthcare, and smart cities.

Modelling of Cyber Physical Engineering

 Cyber Physical Engineering (CPE) involves the integration of physical systems with
digital technologies to create intelligent systems that can sense, analyse, and respond
to the environment in real-time.
 Modelling of CPE involves creating computer-based models that simulate the
behaviour of physical systems and the interactions between physical and digital
components.
 Multi-physics simulation tools and co-simulation techniques are commonly used to
create comprehensive models of cyber-physical systems.
 Data analytics and machine learning models can be used to analyse large amounts of
data generated by cyber-physical systems and to develop algorithms for optimizing
their performance.
  CPE draws on various disciplines, such as electrical engineering, computer science,
and mechanical engineering, and utilizes technologies like IoT, big data analytics, and
machine learning.
 The modeling of CPE is crucial for designing and optimizing cyber-physical systems,
which have applications in various industries, including manufacturing,
transportation, energy, healthcare, and smart cities.

Manufacturing of CPE:

Manufacturing of Cyber Physical Engineering (CPE) involves the application of CPE principles to
design, build, and optimize cyber-physical manufacturing systems. CPE can improve the
efficiency, quality, and flexibility of manufacturing systems by integrating physical systems with
digital technologies.

Here are some key points about the manufacturing of CPE:

 CPE can optimize the manufacturing process by integrating physical systems with digital
technologies, such as sensors, data analytics, and machine learning algorithms.
 Cyber-physical manufacturing systems can improve quality control and reduce waste by
monitoring and analysing data in real-time, enabling operators to make data-driven
decisions.
 Digital twins, which are virtual replicas of physical manufacturing systems, can be used to
simulate different scenarios and optimize the performance of the system before it is built.
 Co-simulation techniques can be used to integrate the behaviour of physical and digital
components in a manufacturing system, enabling engineers to optimize the performance
of the entire system.
 CPE can enable flexible manufacturing systems that can quickly adapt to changes in
demand or production requirements.
 CPE can improve worker safety by using sensors and monitoring systems to detect and
mitigate potential hazards in real-time.
 Cyber-physical manufacturing systems can improve sustainability by optimizing resource
usage and reducing waste.

Overall, the application of CPE principles to manufacturing systems can lead to significant
improvements in efficiency, quality, flexibility, and sustainability, making it an increasingly
important area of research and development in modern manufacturing.

Model-based Engineering of supervisory controllers for CPS:

Model-based engineering of supervisory controllers for Cyber Physical Systems (CPS) involves
creating models of the CPS and using those models to design and verify the behaviour of the
supervisory controller. The supervisory controller is responsible for coordinating the actions of
the physical and digital components of the CPS to achieve a desired behaviour or task.

Here are some key points about the model-based engineering of supervisory controllers for CPS:

 Model-based engineering involves creating models of the CPS that capture its physical
and digital behaviour, as well as the interactions between those components.
  The supervisory controller is designed to ensure that the CPS operates safely and
effectively, while also achieving its intended goals.
 Formal methods, such as model checking and theorem proving, can be used to verify that
the supervisory controller meets its design specifications.
 The model-based engineering approach can help reduce the time and cost of
development by allowing engineers to simulate the behaviour of the CPS and the
supervisory controller before building the physical system.
 Model-based engineering can enable rapid design iteration and allow engineers to
quickly adjust the behaviour of the supervisory controller to accommodate changes in the
CPS or its operating environment.
 Model-based engineering can help improve the reliability, safety, and performance of
CPS by allowing engineers to rigorously analyse the behaviour of the system and the
supervisory controller under various operating conditions.

Overall, the model-based engineering of supervisory controllers for CPS is an important

technique for ensuring the safe, reliable, and effective operation of complex Cyber Physical
Systems. By using this approach, engineers can design and verify the behavior of the supervisory
controller before building the physical system, helping to reduce costs, improve reliability, and
accelerate development.
Evaluation model for assessments of cyber physical production systems.
An evaluation model for assessments of Cyber Physical Production Systems (CPPS) is a framework
that helps assess the performance and effectiveness of CPPS. The model consists of a set of
metrics and criteria that are used to evaluate the various aspects of CPPS, such as their reliability,
safety, performance, and adaptability. Here are some key points about the evaluation model for
assessments of CPPS:

 The evaluation model is designed to provide a systematic and structured approach to

assess the various aspects of CPPS, such as their technical capabilities, operational
performance, and business impact.
 The evaluation model includes both quantitative and qualitative metrics and criteria that
are used to measure the performance and effectiveness of CPPS.
 The evaluation model can be tailored to specific applications or domains, such as
manufacturing, transportation, or healthcare, to reflect the unique requirements and
challenges of each domain.
 The evaluation model can be used to assess different types of CPPS, including discrete-
event systems, continuous-process systems, and hybrid systems.
 The evaluation model can help identify areas of improvement in CPPS and guide the
development of strategies to enhance their performance and effectiveness.
 The evaluation model can also help benchmark the performance of CPPS against industry
standards and best practices, and facilitate communication and collaboration among
stakeholders involved in CPPS development and deployment.

Overall, the evaluation model for assessments of CPPS is an important tool for assessing the
performance and effectiveness of CPPS, and guiding the development of strategies to improve
their performance, reliability, safety, and adaptability. By using this model, stakeholders can
evaluate and optimize CPPS for various applications and domains, and ensure that they meet the
requirements and challenges of the modern industrial landscape.