véiv CHU DE“GIAO TIEP PHI NGON NGO” TRONG MOT SO GIAO TRINH GIANG DAY TIENG BUC Va Thi Thu An* ‘Tom tts Nyén mg nd ing cia suy ng cia ti ite wa de hidu. King mt a of thé phi nin vai td quan trong cia ngén ng, dé a phuong tign giao tgp chi yu cia con ngudi. Khing ch wy, ngén ngit cia mot ving hay quéc gia con t8n tai trong mbi twong quan chdt ché v6i vin héa eta ving hay qube gia 4S, Trong bi ch ton cu ha, se gin lt gta ce ngén nga vd fe nd on ha Ta tt nen li din dn ni ofn trong giao tepgita nig ng dd tr hing Woe Re ha Vif, vite sip sinh vem bit, higu ot bao dung v6 mhlog dire Ke bgt trang gia tfp lien vin Sa a nhigm vu quan trong cia ging day ngoai ngit. Bai wiét nay tap trung phan tich mhieng kin thite v8 ‘giao tibp lien vin héa duge truyen tdi trong mBt wai gido trink ging day tiéng Bite duge chon Ipc, v6i 6 har Ut pinot phi ngn ng vd hg did cd lew § rong gio tip ving Bite. Tir klaba: Gio fp idm on ha, gino tfp phi ngéin ng, dit ci Abstracts Language is basis of thinking, understanding and sléreflection, Language is very important, ease i's the mest common way of human communication. The language ofa region or country exist in close relation withthe elture of that region or country In the context of globalization, exchanges belween languages and cultures are inevitable, but lead fo many problems in communication between people from diferent regions. Therefore, helping students know, understand and tolerate dierences in interaltural communication isan important task of foreign language leaching. This wring focuses on analyzing the knowledge of intercultural communication transmitted ina selected number of German teaching course ook, otha limi to nonverial communication and some communication considerations withthe Germans. Keywords: Intercultural communication, nonverbal communication, taboos. 1. DAN NHAP ‘Theo Broszinky-Schwabe (2011), khéng,c6 xa hi lodi ngudi nao c6 thé t8n tai ma khong, cé nng6n ngit. Ngén ngis 1a nén tang cia suy nghi, cia tri thife va thu hiéu. Khong mét ai c6 thé phui nhan vai trd quan trong cia ngén nga, vi dé la phuong tién giao tiép chi yéu cha con ngudi Khdng chi vay, ngon ngit cia mot viing hay quéc gia cdn tn tai trong méi tuong quan chat ché héa ciia ving hay quéc gia dé, Muén hiéu duge mét nén van héa, nguési ta cn hoe ngén ngit cla nén vin héa 46 cho siu. Trong béi cinh toan chu héa, si giao Iuu gta cée ngén ngtt va cécnén van héa, cing nhu sy da dang vé céch thc giao tiép Ia tat yéu va can thiét, tay nhién lai din dén nhiéu vin 48 trong giao tiép gitta nhiing ngudi dén tir mhimg khu vyc kde nhau. Vi vay, viée gidp sinh vién biét, hiéu va bao dung véi nhimng diém khac biét trong giao tiép lién van héa la 1 ThS, Dan vi: Khoa NN&VH Dic - Truding Dai hoc Ngoai ngit- DHQGHN; E-Mail: vu.thu.an?1@gmail.com.28 VaThiThu An nhigm vu quan trong ciia gidng, day ngoai ngit, Bai viét nay tap trung phan tich nhimg kign thite vd giao tiép lin vin héa duge truyén tai trong mét vai gido trinh ging day tiéng Dic duge chon le, véi gidi han li nhing digu can luu ¥ trong giao tiép véi ngudi Dic, hay mé rOng hon la trong giao tigp voi nhimg ngudi dén tir cdc quéc gia, viing lanh thé néi tiéng Dutc, Cang véi ngit ligu nghién citu la nhiing gido trinh 46, bai nghién cu cdn m6 td va phan tfch mot vai bai tap v8 giao tiép phi ngon ngit - mét trong nhiing hinh thie giao tiép gay nhiéu khé khan nit cho nhing ngudi dén tir céc nén vin héa khéc nhau, 2. GIAO TIEP PHI NGON NGU 2.1.Giaotigp phingén ngita gi? ‘Theo Maletzke (1996), ngén ngit bing lai néi (verbal communication) la phuong tign chuyén bigt va higu qua nhat dé gidp con ngudi cé thé higu nhau, nhung khong phai la phuong tién duy hit; c6 rat nhigu hanh dng cing truyén thi thong digp hay ¥nghia nao dé - va ngudi ta goi dé 1a giao tigp “phi ngén ngit” (nonverbal communication). Hinh thiic giao tiép nay cing can duige truydn dat va luyén tap ging nhu hinh thiic giao tiép bing Idi néi. Hai hinh thie nay khong di 1p, phat dinh nhau, ma bé trg nhau gidip nhiing ngudi tham gia h6i thoai dat duge mye dich giao ‘tip. Bi khi, giao tiép phi ng6n ngit cdn rat hitu dung, vi du nhu d6i voi nhimg ngudti cé khigém Khuyét v8 giong ngi hay cam di ‘rong Tir dién Duden, “giao tiép phi ngon nga” duge dinh nghia mot céch dé hiéu, a6 la: thay vi sit dung Idi néi trong khi giao tiép, ngudi tham gia hoi thoai sit dung ctr chi, nét mat hogc nhimg du higu cé thé quan sit duge. Theo Broszinky-Schwabe (2011), giao tiép phi ngén ngtt 1a bao gbm nhiing hanh déng cia co thé (hay con goi la ngon ngit co thé - body language), anh mit, cit chi cham, mai huong, khoang céch gitta nhimg ngudi tham gia hdi thoai, quan 40, du t6c, trang stte 2.2. Chit d8Giao p phi ngén ng” trong gio trinh tiéng Bute ‘Trong pham vi bai nghién citu, hai gido trinh du tign duige chon lam ngttligu nghién citu 1a Tangram aktuell 3 va studio d B1. Hai gido trinh déu danh cho trinh d6 béc 3 theo Khung tham chiéu chau Au 6 bic, trude day duge diing dé giing day & Khoa Ngon ngit va Van héa Dite— Truong Dai hoc Ngoai ngit - DH Quéc gia Ha Ngi va Vién Goethe (Trung tm Ngon ngif va Van héa Dit). Day 1d hai trong s6 it nhiing gido trinh c6 d8 cAp dn “giao tiép phi ngon ngit” — chi dé gan nhut Khéng duge nhic dén trong nhiing gido trinh danh cho trinh 6 bic thip hon theo Khung tham chiéu chau Au. Nhéing bai tap vé giao tiép phi ngon ngit trong hai gido trinh néu trén cing lé ta Ngoai ra, trong gio trinh studio 21 42 danh cho trinh 46 bic 2 theo Khung tham chiéu chau Au, hii a8 nay cing duge nhc dén, nhung chi xic qua nét mat nhu thé nao. jp trung vao vige dua théng tin vé vige thé hign cim ‘rong gio trinh studio d B1 c6 hai bai tap trong phan sich gido khoa c6 lign quan dn “giao tiép phi ngon ngit’, hung chi tap trung vio ngon ngit ct chi, Mét bai tap duge xay dung duéi dang sip xép tranh (trong tranh Ia nguési dang lam mot cit chi nao a6) va cu (¥ nghia cia cit chi),‘CHO DE*GIAO TIEP PHI NGON NGU"TRONG MOT S6 GIAO TRINH GIANG DAY TIENG BUC 29. vi du: ngudi gio ngén tay cai dm chi rang “tuyét vai, da lam rét t5t”; ngudi tao chit V tie ngén tay tro va ngén gita dé an mimg chién thing (victory) ... Bai tap dugc danh gia don gian vi nhiing ctr chi nay da khé quen thuge véi nguéi hoc. Dé ting 4 khé ciia bai tap, truéc hét gido vién chi dé ‘gui hoc nhin phan tranh va viét cau bing tiéng Date lign quan dén nhimng tranh dé, cing nhut phan doin nghia cia hanh dng. Ngudi hoc c6 thé dat ra nhiéu tinh hudng ma & d6 ngudi ta Jam nhimng ctt chi, hanh dong nhu vay va ban ludn véi nhau. Tham chi, mot nhém ngudi hoc cb thé phan vai va ty dong tinh hudng, dé ning ngudi hoc khéc doan xem tinh hudng la gi va néu § nghia cla cit chi, hanh dng. Bai tp cdn lai duge xy dung du6i dang nh hudng qua tranh va gui hoc can nghe dé xem ngudi trong finh hung phan ting nhu thé nao. Muc dich cia bai tap Ja nhin manh sy khdc nhau vé ¥ nghia cia nhimg cit chi, hanh dong duge dign ti 6 cdc nén van héa khdc nhau, vi dy: & An DG, lic dau 06 ¥ nghia gidng véi cai gat ddu & Bite (ddng y); ngudi Dac chao bing céi bit tay con ngudi Nhat gap ngudi cdi ddu dé chao ... Sau khi nghe, gido vien c6 thé giao tinh hudng hode ngudi hoc ty nghi tinh huéng dé dién ta nhéing hiéu lam c6 thé xdy ra trong giao tip lién van héa, nhimg ngudi hoc con lai m6 té va binh lun vé tinh hudng d6 bang tiéng Biic, cling nhu rat ra cAch phan ting trong céc tinh hudng a6. Cling nhu gido trinh studio d BI, bai tap vé giao tiép phi ngén ngtt trong gido trinh Tangram aktuell 3 tap trung vao truyén dat ¥ nghia ciia mot vai ct chi, hanh dong. Giéng véi bai tap dau tién trong gido trinh studio d BT, day la dang bai sp xép tranh va ¥ nghia. Biém khac Ia, sau khi sip xp, ai tap yéu clu ngudi hoc lap hei thoai ngén 4é néu phén dodn, cing nhu ké vé ¥ nghia hanh dng 46 6 Vigt Nam hay dia phuong cita minh. Sau dé, gido vién cting c6 thé yéu chu ngudi hoc lén lam cdc dng téc va nhiing ngudi hoc cdn Iai mé t8 hanh dng va néu ¥ nghia bing tiéng ite. Con trong gido trinh studio 21 A2, thong tin vé giao tiép phi ngon ngit dugc truyén dat dudi dang bai doc higu, Qua vige doc, ngudi hoc nit ra biéu hign ca giao tiép khéng, dng latin: dy nhu thé hign su vui vé, budn sdu hay tac gifn qua nét mit. Hoan toan khong c6 bai tap lién quan dé ngudi hoc luyén tap. rong trudng hgp nay, gido vign bude phai stt dung tai ligu bd trg tit cc sch tham khdo va gido trinh khc. Qua dién gidi trén day, c6 thé nit ra két ludn ring, vigc truyén dat va rén luyén ki nang giao tiép ign van héa thong qua céc giso trinh thyc hanh tigng thong thudng cdn nhigu han ché. Viée dua thém céc ta bai tap, slide théng tin hay video tinh huéng la can thiét dé ngudi hoc e6 thé cing cé kign thie cing nhu kinang v2 giao tigp lign vin hoa, 3, NHONG DIEU CAN LU Y TRONG GIAO TIEP VOI NGUGI DUC ‘Trong gitr hoc thuc hanh tiéng Dat tai tratmg dai hoc, vige truyén dat nhimg kign thiic v8 dat nude hoc (v8 nude Dic va nhiing khu vuc néi tiéng Dic) bi han ché, bai thai hugng chi vira dit dé hhoan thanh nhimg néi dung trong sich gido khoa. Vigc lua chon mot gido trinh &é bé sung kién thiic vé mang nay cing 1 mot kh khan, vi tir vung lién quan dén van héa tong d6i phitc tap, cha yéu phit hop véi trinh 46 tix B1 (bac3 theo Khung tham chiéu chau Au) tré Ten. “Zwischen den Kulturen” la mét trong s6 it nhiing gio trinh vé dt nude hoe durge sit dung lim tai ligu tham Kho bé try trong ning gies hoc thuc hank tiéng, rong gido trinh nay 6 nhc dén nhidu chit de Hien quan dén van héa cla céc nude néi tiéng Dic, cy thé la Dac, Ao va Thuy Si, vi du: cach hanh xit trong dai s6ng hing ngay, nhimg luu ¥ trong vige an udng, céch cho hai... Cubn gio trinh duge30 ‘VaThi Thu An chia thanh 5 phan 16 rang: lam quen, Khdng gian van héa, ting xi, quan nigm va tam bidt; trong moi phan lai duge chia thanh nhéing muc nhé cu thé hon. Voi méi cha d8 nhé, adi tueng, muc dich va céc hoat dong déu durge néu 16, ngoai ra con c6 nhiing hu § khi dp dung trong gid hoc. ‘Trong chutong thir 3 vé cdc céch ting xi, chit 48 “Tabu ~ ja oder nein?” duage xay dung huéng én hoat déng giao tiép phi ngon ngit. Digu nay da duge nhin manh trong phan mo ta chit da Chit d8 nay hudng dén nhing digu can Iu ¥ trong giao tiép véi ngudi Déte ndi riéng va voi nhiing ngudi dén tir nhing ving sit dung tiéng Dic néi chung. 19 tinh hung duge dura ra dé sinh vién théo luan, ring nhiing hanh dong dé 6 duuge goi a tabu — didu cém kj hay khng. Dusi day la 19 finh hudng duc gido trinh nay liét ké: - v6 vai ngudi khac - 6m va hon nhau & noi cong cong ~ sit dung nhigu ng6n ngitco thé khi néi chuyén = Khoanh tay -néi chuyén to - ngai vit chéo chan - bit tay bang tay tréi khi cho ~ chéng nanh - cai nhau to = di ldo dao trén dung Kkhi say xin ~ khong nhin vao mit ngudi d6i dién khi néi chuyé - dung ngén tay chi tré = thé hign su tite gidn ~ khodc tay qua vai ngudi khac -xi mb =xoa du ngudi khéc -nhai top tép khi an. ~ khgc nhé ra dung, ~ bit tay chat Sinh vién thao lugn theo nhém nhé vé cdc tinh hudng va céc khé nang c6 thé xdy ra trong tinh hudng dé, dng thai so sénh voi Vigt Nam: Ligu 6 Vigt Nam, dé c6 phai la didu cim ki hay Khéng, hay vin dude chép nhan & mete d6 nao 46? Sinh vien ft nhigu da tréi qua nhiing tinh hudng nay, nén khé khan chi nim & vige giai thich nhimng tit méi trong tinh huéng bang tiéng Ditc. Vi vay, true khi thdo ludn, gido vién can xay dung thém mét bai tap nhu thyc hanh tiéng thong thuding dé sinh vién hiéu 16 nghia cia céc tinh hudng, vi du: dign dong tit con thiéu vao cum tit cho truéc, ghép tranh véi tinh hudng tuong ting Gio trinh dua ra I gidi chi tiét v8 nhang hanh dong duge coi la cm ki, cing nhu nhéing hanh, ong 06 thé chp nhin trong giao tip v6i nhiing ngudi dén tit céc nude néi tiéng Bite. 4 hanh vi duge coi la cam ki Ia: say xin & noi céng céng, khéng nhin vao mat ngudi déi thoai, nhai t6p tép‘CHO DE*GIAO TIEP PHI NGON NGU"TRONG MOT S6 GIAO TRINH GIANG DAY TIENG BUC al vva khac nhé ra dudng, Nguge lai, cb nhiing hanh dong duge coi fa rSt binh thung d6i véi ho: 6m va hén nhau & noi cong céng, bit tay bing tay trdi hay xi mai, Bén canh d6, c6 nhimng trang hop Khong bi coi la chm ki, nhung can xem d6i tuong déi thoai véi minh Ia ai, vi du: 06 thé xoa du tré con nhung khong duigexoa dau nguii lin va dacbiét la phy ni; c6 thé ding ngén tay dé chi vao a3 vat, nhung khong nén chi vao mat ngudi déi dign ... Gido vien c6 thé cung cp cho sinh vién nhiing I gidi d6 dé sinh vién c6 thé tut doc va kiém chting nhiing suy dodn truéc a6 cia mink, vige nay 4é tang ki nang doc hiéu, cing nhu tang von tir vung lién quan dén chit d8. Qua vige thio ludn va doc idm chting, ngudi hoc cing rit ra duge quan diém khéc nhau cha ngudi Viet Nam va ngudi dén tir céc nude néi tiéng Difc. Sau &6 ngudi hoc c6 thé tigp tuc thdo ludn, dé Ii giai sy khde nhau a6 xudt phat tir dau: 46 chinh la nén van héa A Déng va van héa phuong Tay. Khi biét duge r6 nguyén nhan cia sy khic biét vé quan niém chinh la sy khéc nhau vé vin héa, sinh vién cdn duge nhin manh ve su'bao dung vai nhiing diém khéc biét d6. Boi chinh su khée biét mdi tao ra su giao lutu, hoc héi va 1d trg lin nhau dé cing phat trién, chit khong phai mau thudn, 5. KETLUAN thé thy duge ring, vigc truyén dat nhiig ki nang vé giao tigp lign vin héa qua cic gio trinh tigng Bite con nhigu han ch, Ngoai ra, mot vai bai hc trong gido tinh chuyén vé giao tip lign van 1héa vn chuta di dé tao cho sinh vien kign thite va ¥ thiic ting xttlign quan dn giao tiép lién van héa Tai Khoa Ng6n ngit va Van héa Bite ~ Tiuding Dai hoc Ngoai ngit — Dai hoc Quéc gia Ha Noi, ben canh nhting kién thie dan xen trong nhimg tiét thuc hanh tiéng, chuong trinh dao tao cdn c6 hoc phan Giao tiép lién van héa (45 tit, hoc bing tiéng Diic), va sinh vign con o6 cot hgi tham gia nhiing hi thao, workshop lign quan dén giao tiép lién van héa do chinh nhing chuyén gia ngudi Bite 6 chiée (workshop trong Chuong trinh Erasmus+ lién két voi Dai hoc Greifswald va trong khuén khé chuong trinh véi Quy Robert-Bosch). Tuy nhién, nhiing workshop nay chi durge té chtte 1 nam 1 Lin vva td chite cho céc di tung sinh vign khéc nhau (cu thé la cha yéu dank cho sinh vién nam th 2,3 vva sinh vign sé nhan hoc bing Erasmus +). éi tugng sinh vin nam thit nhdt chuta phi hop, bai cde hoat dng dau sir dung gan nhu hoan toan tiéng Date. Vi vay, viée dua céc kign thitc ve giao tiép lién van héa vao cfc tiét hoc thyc hanh tiéng ngay tir nam théenhat a can thiét, tuy mbién chua cdn qua chi 1i8t va d8 cap dn nhiing chi d8 c6 tit vung qué khé d6i véi sinh vien. TAILIEUTHAM KHAO 1. Broszinsky-Schwabe, F. (2011): Interkulturelle Kommunikation. Missverstindnisse — Verstindigung, Wiesbaden: VS. 2 Dallapiazza, R/ von Jan, E/Bkiggel B/Schiimann, A. 2006}: Tangram aktuelle 3. Lektion 5-8, Ismaning: Heber Funk, I1/ Kuhn, C/ Demme, S/ Winzer, B. (2007); studio d BI, Deutsch als Fremdsprache. Berlin; Cornelsen 4, Funk, Hy Kichn, C/ Demme, S/ Winzer B. 2015): studio 21 A2. Deutsch als Fremdsprache. Bern: Comelsen, 5. Hansen, MJ Zuber, B. (1996): Zwischen den Kulturen. Strategien und Aktivitaten fiirlandeskundliches Lehren und Lernen. Berlin: Langenscheidt 6 Malet G, (1996): Interkulturelle Kommunikation. Zur Interaktion zwischen Menschen verschiedener Kulturen. Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag.