Basics of Real Numbers

Basics of Real Numbers
Even numbers → A number divisible by 2 is called an even number. For example →

2,4,6,8 … etc.
Odd numbers → A number not divisible by 2 is called an odd number. For example →
1,3,5,7 … etc.
Prime number → Natural numbers which are divisible by only one and number itself are
called prime numbers. For example → 2,3,5,7,11,13,17,19,23,29,31,37,41,43,47, … etc.
Composite number → The numbers which are not prime numbers are called composite
numbers. For example → 4, ,8,9,10,12,14,15 … etc.
Co-prime numbers → Two natural numbers (not necessarily prime) are co-prime, if their
Highest Common Factor (HCF) is 1. For example → (1,2), (1,3), (3,4), (3,10), (5,6), etc.
Exercise 𝟏
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
Choose the correct answer from the given options:

1
1. is
2+√2
(a) a fraction (b) a rational number
(c) an irrational number (d) none of these
2. 9. ̅̅̅̅̅
745 is
(a) an integer (b) a rational number
(c) an irrational number (d) none of these
3. 3.97997999799997 … is
(a) an integer (b) a rational number
(c) an irrational number (d) none of the
7
4. 𝜋 − is a/an
22
(a) prime number (b) rational number
(c) whole number (d) irrational number
5. Which of the following is an irrational number?
̅̅̅̅
(a) 3.1416 (b) 3.1416 (c) 3. ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
1416 (d) 3.141141114 …
2√45+3√20
6. The number , on simplification, gives
2√5
(a) a fraction (b) an irrational number
(c) whole number (d) prime number
23
7. If 𝑎2 = 25 then 𝑎 is
(a) rational (b) irrational (c) whole number (d) integer
8. The product of a non-zero rational and an irrational number is
(a) always irrational (b) always rational
(c) rational or irrational (d) one
9. The product of a rational and an irrational number is
(c) rational or irrational (d) one
2
10. If 𝑎 is an irrational number then 𝑎 is always
(a) a natural number (b) a rational number
(c) an irrational number (d) cannot be determined
11. The product of two different irrational numbers is
(a) a rational number (b) an irrational number
(c) either rational or irrational (d) None of these
𝑎
12. If 𝑎 and 𝑏 are two different irrational numbers then 𝑏 is
(c) either rational or irrational (d) one
13. If 𝑎 and 𝑏 are two natural numbers (𝑎 > 𝑏) then an irrational number between 𝑎 and 𝑏
is given by
𝑎
(a) √𝑎 − 𝑏 (b) √𝑏 (c) √𝑎𝑏 (d) √𝑎 + 𝑏
14. If 𝑎 and 𝑏 are two rational numbers then which of the following should be multiplied by
𝑎 + √𝑏 such that the resulting number is a rational number
(a) −𝑎 + √𝑏 (b) −𝑎 − √𝑏 (c) 𝑎 + √𝑏 (d) 𝑎 − √𝑏
15. The number which should be multiplied by √5 + √10 such that the resulting number is a
rational number is
(a) √5 + √10 (b) √5 − √10
(c) √10 − √5 (d) can be both (b) and (c)
16. The smallest number which should be multiplied by √363 so as to get a rational number
is
(a) √2 (b) √3 (c) 3 (d) None of these
17. The smallest number which should be divided by √147 so as to get a rational number is
(a) √3 (b) 3 (c) √147 (d) 3√3
18. If 𝑛 is a natural number then 122𝑛 − 62𝑛 is always divisible by
(a) 6 (b) 12 (c) 18 (d) both (a) and (c)
4𝑛 4𝑛
19. If 𝑛 is a natural number then 5 − 3 is always divisible by
(a) 8 (b) 16 (c) 24 (d) 32
2𝑛 2𝑛
20. What is the remainder when 9 − 5 (𝑛 being a natural number) is divided by 14?
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) can be both (a) and (b) (d) Insufficient data
Euclid’s Division Lemma
Lemma → A lemma is an already proven statement which helps in proving another

statement.
Euclid’s Division Lemma → Given two positive integers a and b, there exist unique integers
q and r satisfying a = bq + r, 0 ≤ r < b. Here a, b, q and r are called dividend, divisor,
quotient and the remainder respectively.
Algorithm → Algorithm basically means the steps. It is a series of some rules which are given
step wise to solve similar kind of problems.
Finding HCF of two positive integers a and b (such that a > b) using Euclid’s division
algorithm:
STEP𝟏 → By applying Euclid’s division algorithm, find q and r where a = bq + r, 0 ≤ r < b.

STEP𝟐 → If 𝑟 = 0, then the HCF of the numbers a and b is b. If 𝑟 ≠ 0, then apply the division
algorithm to b and r taking b as the new dividend and r as the new divisor.
STEP𝟑 → Continue this process till the remainder comes zero. When the remainder comes
zero, the divisor at that stage is the required HCF of the numbers a and b.
Exercise 𝟐
1. Euclid's division lemma states that for two positive integers 𝑎 and 𝑏, there exist unique
integers 𝑞 and 𝑟 such that 𝑎 = 𝑏𝑞 + 𝑟, where 𝑟 must satisfy
(a) 1 < 𝑟 < 𝑏 (b) 0 < 𝑟 ≤ 𝑏 (c) 0 ≤ 𝑟 < 𝑏 (d) 0 < 𝑟 < 𝑏
2. When a number is divided by 6, its remainder is always:
(a) greater than 6 (b) at least 6 (c) less than 6 (d) at most 6
3. Let 𝑝 be the smallest composite number. If 𝑝 is divided by 𝑞 (𝑝 > 𝑞) then what are
possible values of the remainder so obtained?
(a) 1,2,3,4 (b) 0,1,2,3 (c) 0,1,2,3,4 (d) 1,2,3
4. If 𝑎 = 5𝑞 + 𝑟 then the conditions on 𝑎 and 𝑟 are
(a) 𝑎 is any positive integer and 0 ≤ 𝑟 < 5
(b) 𝑎 is any positive integer and 0 < 𝑟 ≤ 5
(c) 𝑎 is any positive integer such that 𝑎 ≥ 5 and 0 ≤ 𝑟 < 5
(d) 𝑎 is any positive integer such that 𝑎 ≥ 5 and 0 < 𝑟 ≤ 5
5. If 𝑏 = 3, then any integer can be expressed as 𝑎 =
(a) 3𝑞, 3𝑞 + 1,3𝑞 + 2 (b) 3q (c) 3𝑞 + 1 (d) none of the above
6. For any integer 𝑚, square of the number is of the form or
(a) 3𝑚 + 3,3𝑚 − 2 (b) 3𝑚 − 2,3𝑚 + 2
(c) 3𝑚 + 2,3𝑚 − 3 (d) 3𝑚, 3𝑚 + 1
7. When a number is divided by 3 it leaves remainder as 5. What will be the remainder
when 3𝑛 + 3 are divided by 3?
(a) 0 (b) 3 (c) 9 (d) 6
8. A number when divided by 143 leaves 31 as remainder. What will be the remainder
when the same number is divided by 13?
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 3 (d) 5
9. The product of three consecutive positive integers is divisible by
(a) 4 (b) 6 (c) no common factor (d) only 1
2
10. 𝑚 − 1 is divisible by 8, if 𝑚 is
(a) an even integer (b) an odd integer
(c) a natural number (d) a whole number
11. What is the remainder when square of 256 is divided by 3 ?
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 3
12. The remainder when the square of any prime number greater than 3 is divided by 6, is
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4
Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic
Every composite number can be expressed (i.e. factorised) as a product of primes, and this
factorization is unique, apart from the order in which the prime factors occur.
 To find the HCF (Highest Common Factor), we take the smallest exponents of the
common prime factors. Whereas in the case of LCM (Lowest Common Multiple), we
take those factors which are with the largest exponents.
Remark → To find the LCM (or HCF) of two integers 𝑎 and 𝑏, we can use the relation given
here if we know already their HCF (or LCM) : 𝑎 × 𝑏 = (HCF) × (LCM)
Theorem → If a prime number p divides a2 , then p also divides a where a is a positive

integer. That is, if a2 = 𝑝𝑞, then a = pλ where q and λ are positive integers.
Exercise 𝟑

1. The total number of factors of a prime number are

(a) 1 (b) 0 (c) 2 (d) 3
2. Find the prime factorisation of 3825
(a) 32 × 52 × 172 (b) 32 × 52 × 17 (c) 32 × 5 × 17 (d) 3 × 52 × 172
3. The exponent of 5 in the prime factorisation of 3750 is
(a) 3 (b) 4 (c) 5 (d) 6
4. The HCF and LCM of 12, 21 and 15 is
(a) 3, 140 (b) 12, 420 (c) 420, 3 (d) 3, 420
5. The largest number that divides 612 and 1314 exactly is
(a) 9 (b) 15 (c) 18 (d) 36
3 2 2 3
6. The LCM of 2 × 3 and 2 × 3 is
(a) 23 (b) 33 (c) 23 × 33 (d) 22 × 32
7. The HCF of two numbers 𝑎 and 𝑏 is 5 and their LCM is 200. The product 𝑎𝑏 equals to
(a) 103 (b) 205 (c) 104 (d) 40
8. For the numbers 100 and 1000, the value of HCF × LCM is
(a) 102 (b) 104 (c) 105 (d) None of these
9. The LCM of two numbers is 182 and their HCF is 13. If one of the numbers is 26, then
the other number is
10. The HCF of two numbers is 27 and their LCM is 162. If one of the number is 54, then the
other number is
11. If 𝑎 and 𝑏 are coprime numbers then
(a) 𝐻𝐶𝐹(𝑎, 𝑏) = 0 (b) 𝐻𝐶𝐹(𝑎, 𝑏) ≠ 1 (c) 𝐻𝐶𝐹(𝑎, 𝑏) = 1 (d) 𝐻𝐶𝐹(𝑎, 𝑏) ≠ 0
12. If 𝑎 and 𝑏 are co-prime numbers then the product of 𝑎 and 𝑏 is
(a) equal to their HCF (b) equal to their LCM
(c) lies between 𝑎 and 𝑏 (d) insufficient data
13. If 𝑎 and 𝑏 are two consecutive natural numbers then 𝐻𝐶𝐹(𝑎, 𝑏) =
(a) 𝑎 (b) 𝑎𝑏 (c) 1 (d) cannot be determined
14. The HCF of two consecutive even numbers is
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 4
15. The LCM and HCF of two rational numbers are equal, then the numbers must be
(a) prime (b) co-prime (c) composite (d) equal
16. If 𝑝 is prime, then HCF and LCM of 𝑝 and 𝑝 + 1 would be
(a) HCF = 𝑝, LCM = 𝑝 + 1 (b) HCF = 𝑝(𝑝 + 1), LCM = 1
(c) HCF = 1, LCM = 𝑝(𝑝 + 1) (d) None of the above
17. If 𝑚 is the exponent of 2 and 𝑛 is the exponent of 3 in the prime factorization of 144,
then 𝐻𝐶𝐹(𝑚, 𝑛) is
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 4 (d) 8
18. If 𝑥 is the sum of the exponents of the prime factors in the prime factorisation of 196,
then LCM(𝑥, 6) =
(a) 4 (b) 24 (c) 12 (d) 8
19. Two numbers 𝑎 and 𝑏 are equidistant from 35 such that LCM(𝑎, 𝑏) = 84. The numbers
𝑎 and 𝑏 are
(a) 32, 38 (b) 28, 42 (c) 30, 40 (d) 26, 44
20. What is the least number that is divisible by all the natural numbers from 1 to 10 (both
inclusive)?
(a) 100 (b) 1260 (c) 2520 (d) 5040
21. What is the HCF of smallest prime number and the smallest composite number?
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 4 (d) 8
22. The ratio of LCM and HCF of the least composite and the least prime numbers is
(a) 1 ∶ 2 (b) 2 ∶ 1 (c) 1 ∶ 1 (d) 1 ∶ 3
23. Let 𝑝 be the sum of first five prime numbers and 𝑞 be the sum of first three composite
numbers, then HCF(𝑝, 𝑞) =
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 6
3 2 3
24. If two positive integers 𝑎 and 𝑏 are written as 𝑎 = 𝑥 𝑦 and 𝑏 = 𝑥𝑦 ; 𝑥, 𝑦 are prime
numbers, then HCF(𝑎, 𝑏) is
(a) 𝑥𝑦 (b) 𝑥𝑦 2 (c) 𝑥 3 𝑦 3 (d) 𝑥 2 𝑦 2
25. If two positive integers 𝑝 and 𝑞 can be expressed as 𝑝 = 𝑎𝑏 2 and 𝑞 = 𝑎3 𝑏; 𝑎, 𝑏 being
prime numbers, then LCM(𝑝, 𝑞) is
(a) 𝑎𝑏 (b) 𝑎2 𝑏 2 (c) 𝑎3 𝑏 2 (d) 𝑎3 𝑏 3
26. If two positive integers 𝑝 and 𝑞 can be expressed as 𝑚 = 𝑝2 𝑞 3 𝑟 4 and 𝑛 = 𝑝4 𝑞 4 ; 𝑝, 𝑞
being prime numbers, then HCF(𝑚, 𝑛) is
(a) 𝑝2 𝑞 3 (b) 𝑝4 𝑞 4 (c) 𝑝2 𝑞 3 𝑟 4 (d) (𝑝𝑞𝑟)4
27. If two positive integers 𝑝 and 𝑞 can be expressed as 𝑚 = 𝑝2 𝑞 3 𝑟 4 and 𝑛 = 𝑝4 𝑞 4 ; 𝑝, 𝑞
being prime numbers, then LCM(𝑚, 𝑛) is
(a) 𝑝2 𝑞 3 (b) 𝑝4 𝑞 4 (c) 𝑝2 𝑞 3 𝑟 4 (d) (𝑝𝑞𝑟)4
28. If 𝑝 = 23 × 32 × 52 and 𝑞 = 22 × 32 × 53 then LCM(𝑥, 𝑦) =
1 1
(a) 5𝑞 (b) 5 𝑝 (c) 5 𝑞 (d) 5𝑝
29. If 𝑝 = 23 × 32 × 52 and 𝑞 = 22 × 32 × 53 then HCF(𝑥, 𝑦) =
1 1
(a) 5𝑞 (b) 5 𝑝 (c) 5 𝑞 (d) 5𝑝
30. The LCM of two numbers is 1200. Which of the following cannot be their HCF?
(a) 600 (b) 500 (c) 400 (d) 200
31. The HCF of two numbers 30. Which of the following cannot be their LCM ?
(a) 90 (b) 270 (c) 140 (d) 330
32. The LCM of two prime numbers 𝑝 and 𝑞 (𝑝 > 𝑞) is 221. Find the value of 3𝑝 − 𝑞.
(a) 4 (b) 28 (c) 38 (d) 48
3 𝑛 3 2
33. If 𝑎 = 2 × 3, 𝑏 = 2 × 3 × 5, 𝑐 = 3 × 5 and LCM (𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐) = 2 × 3 × 5, then 𝑛 =
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4
34. If the HCF of 65 and 117 is expressible in the form 65𝑚 − 117, then the value of 𝑚 is
(a) 4 (b) 2 (c) 1 (d) 3
35. The largest number which divides 81 and 129, leaving remainders 9 in each case is
(a) 12 (b) 6 (c) 18 (d) 24
36. The largest number which divides 70 and 125, leaving remainders 5 and 8, respectively,
is
(a) 13 (b) 65 (c) 875 (d) 1750
37. The largest number that divides 1251, 9377 and 15628 leaving remainders 1,2 and 3,
respectively is
(a) 1250 (b) 625 (c) 225 (d) 950
38. If sum of two numbers is 1215 and their HCF is 81, then the possible number of pairs of
such numbers are
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) 5
39. If the sum of LCM and HCF of two numbers is 1260 and their LCM is 900 more than their
HCF, then the product of two numbers is
(a) 203400 (b) 194400 (c) 198400 (d) 205400
40. According to the fundamental theorem of arithmetic, if 𝑝 (a prime number) divides
𝑏 2 , 𝑏 > 0, then
(a) 𝑝 divides 𝑏 (b) 𝑏 divides 𝑝 (c) 𝑝2 divides 𝑏 2 (d) 𝑏 2 divides 𝑝2
Word Problems
Exercise 𝟒
1. 144 cartons of Coke Cans and 90 cartons of Pepsi Cans are to be stacked in a Canteen. If
each stack is of the same height and is to contain cartons of the same drink, what would
be the greatest number of cartons each stack would have?
(a) 12 (b) 16 (c) 9 (d) 18
2. There are 312, 260 and 156 students in class 𝑋, 𝑋𝐼 and 𝑋𝐼𝐼 respectively. Buses are to be
hired to take these students to a picnic. Find the maximum number of students who can
sit in a bus if each bus takes equal number of students
(a) 52 (b) 56 (c) 48 (d) 63
3. A shop has 420 diary milk chocolate and 130 milkybar chocolate. The owner of shop
wants to stack them in such a way that each stack has the same number, and they take
up the least area of the tray. The minimum number of stacks of milky bar chocolate are
(a) 13 (b) 26 (c) 21 (d) 42
4. There are 24 peaches, 36 apricots and 60 bananas and they have to arranged in several
rows in such a way that every rows contains the same member of fruits of only one type.
What is the minimum number of rows required for this to happen?
(a) 12 (b) 9 (c) 10 (d) 14
5. In a seminar the number of participants in Hindi, English and Mathematics are 60, 84
and 108 respectively. The minimum number of rooms required if in each room the same
number of participants are to be seated and all of them being in the same subject is
(a) 12 (b) 21 (c) 14 (d) 10
6. Three bells ring at intervals of 4, 7 and 14 minutes. All three rang at 6 AM. When will
they ring together again?
(a) 6 ∶ 07 AM (b) 6 ∶ 14 AM (c) 6 ∶ 28 AM (d) 6 ∶ 25 AM
7. Four bells toll at intervals of 10 s, 15 s, 20 s and 30 s respectively. If they toll together at
10 ∶ 00 am at what time will they toll together for the first time after 10am ?
(a) 10 ∶ 01 am (b) 10 ∶ 02 am (c) 10 ∶ 00 ∶ 30 am (d) 10 ∶ 00 ∶ 45 am
8. On a morning walk, three persons step off together and their steps measure 40 cm,
42 cm and 45 cm, respectively. The minimum distance each should walk so that each
can cover the same distance in complete steps is
(a) 1260 cm (b) 1920 cm (c) 2242 cm (d) 2520 cm
9. Four bells toll at an interval of 8,12,15 and 18 seconds respectively. All the four begin to
toll together. The number of times they toll together in one hour excluding the one at
the start will be
(a) 5 (b) 8 (c) 10 (d) 12
Rational Numbers and their Decimal Expansions
Condition for a Rational number to have Terminating Decimal Expansion :
A rational number having terminating decimal expansion can always be expressed in the
p
form of q where p and q are co primes and the prime factorization of denominator i.e., q is
of the form 2𝑚 × 5𝑛 where m and n are nonnegative integers.
p
➢ If a rational number expressed in the form of q is such that q is not of the form 2𝑚 × 5𝑛 ,
p
then decimal expansion of q is non- terminating i.e. it has repeating decimal expansion.
p
Remark → If for a rational number , the denominator q is of the form 2𝑚 × 5𝑛 then, it
q
terminates after 𝐤 places of decimals where 𝐤 is the largest of m and n.
Exercise 𝟓

1. Which of the following is correct?
(a) The denominator of 72.123456 ̅̅̅̅̅ is of the form 2𝑚 × 5𝑛
(b) The denominator of 72.123456 ̅̅̅̅̅ has factors other than 2 or 5
(c) both (a) and (b) are correct
(d) Insufficient data
23
2. The decimal expansion of 24 ×56 will terminate after
(a) 4 places of decimals (b) 6 places of decimals
(c) 10 places of decimals (d) None of these
15
3. The decimal expansion of 400 will
(a) terminate after 1 decimal place (b) terminate after 2 decimal places
(c) terminate after 3 decimal places (d) terminate after 4 decimal places
343
4. The decimal expansion of 1400 will terminate after
(a) 2 places of decimals (b) 3 places of decimals
(c) 4 places of decimals (d) None of these
14587
5. The decimal expansion of the rational number will terminate after:
1250
(a) one decimal place (b) two decimal places
(c) three decimal places (d) four decimal places
6. Which of the following numbers has terminating decimal expansion
294 31 19 220
(a) 600 (b) 160 (c) 42 (d) 750
7. Which of the following numbers has non-terminating decimal expansion
257 19 37 251
(a) 8000 (b) 1000 (c) 10000 (d) 720
8. Which of the given numbers has terminating decimal expansion –
21 336 62 42
(i) 630 (ii) 1500 (iii) 140 (iv) 840
(a) (i) and (iii) (b) (ii) and (iv)
(c) (i) and (iv) (d) (ii) and (iii)
9. Which of the given numbers has a non-terminating decimal expansion
13 14 9 18
(i) 70 (ii) 700 (iii) 2880 (iv) 1344
(a) (ii) and (iii) (b) (i) only (c) (i) and (iv) (d) (i) and (iii)
441
10. The decimal expansion of 24 ×56×72 is
(a) terminating (b) non-terminating
(c) non-terminating repeating (d) non-terminating non-repeating
129
11. The decimal expansion of 22 ×57×717 will terminate
(a) after2 decimal places (b) after 7 decimal places
(c) after 17 decimal places (d) Non-terminating
12. 10.9013̅̅̅̅ is a number which is
(a) non-terminating and repeating (b) terminating and repeating
(c) terminating and non-repeating (d) non-terminating and non-repeating
57
13. is a
300
(a) non-terminating and non-repeating decimal expansion.
(b) terminating decimal expansion after 2 places of decimals.
(c) terminating decimal expansion after 3 places of decimals.
(d) non-terminating but repeated decimal expansion.
43
14. The decimal expansion of 162
(a) is terminating.
(b) is non-terminating and non-recurring.
(c) is non-terminating and recurring.
(d) does not exist.
15. Which of the following is incorrect?
(a) The decimal expansion of 0.189098 terminates after 6 decimal place.
21
(b) 640 has a terminating decimal expansion.
11
(c) 72 has a non-terminating decimal expansion
(d) The denominator of 19.9876512 ̅̅̅̅ is of the form 2𝑚 × 5𝑛
51 17
16. The terminating decimal expansion of 1500 is in the form of 2𝑛×5𝑚, then HCF(𝑚, 𝑛) is
equal to
(a) 6 (b) 3 (c) 2 (d) 1
23
17. What should be multiplied by 700 so that the resulting number will terminate after 4
places of decimal
7 7 700 100
(a) 2300 (b) 100 (c) (d)
23 7
18
18. What should be divided by 50 so that the resulting number will terminate after 3 places
of decimal
4 1
(a) 4 (b) 100 (c) 40 (d) 40
1
19. The smallest number by which 37 should be multiplied so that its decimal expansion
terminates after ′𝑛′ decimal places is
1 37 10𝑛 1
(a) 10𝑛 (b) 10𝑛 (c) 37
(d) 37×10𝑛
20. For which natural number 𝑛, 6𝑛 ends with digit zero?
(a) 6 (b) 5 (c) 0 (d) None
21. Which of the following number(s) can never end with digit 0 for any natural value of 𝑛
(a) 12𝑛 (b) 50𝑛 (c) 5𝑛 (d) both (a) and (c)
 Answer Key
Exercise 1
1. (c) 2. (b) 3. (c) 4. (d) 5. (d) 6. (c)

7. (b) 8. (a) 9. (c) 10. (d) 11. (c) 12. (c)
13. (c) 14. (d) 15. (d) 16. (b) 17. (a) 18. (d)
19. (b) 20. (a)
Exercise 2
1. (c) 2. (c) 3. (b) 4. (c) 5. (a) 6. (d)

7. (a) 8. (d) 9. (b) 10. (b) 11. (b) 12. (a)
Exercise 3
1. (c) 2. (b) 3. (b) 4. (d) 5. (c) 6. (c)

7. (a) 8. (c) 9. (a) 10. (a) 11. (c) 12. (b)
13. (c) 14. (c) 15. (d) 16. (c) 17. (b) 18. (c)
19. (b) 20. (c) 21. (b) 22. (b) 23. (b) 24. (b)
25. (c) 26. (a) 27. (d) 28. (d) 29. (c) 30. (c)
31. (c) 32. (b) 33. (b) 34. (d) 35. (a) 36. (b)
37. (c) 38. (b) 39. (b) 40. (a)
Exercise 4
1. (d) 2. (a) 3. (a) 4. (c) 5. (b) 6. (c)

7. (a) 8. (d) 9. (c)
Exercise 5
1. (b) 2. (c) 3. (d) 4. (a) 5. (d) 6. (d)

7. (b) 8. (c) 9. (a) 10. (a) 11. (d) 12. (d)
13. (b) 14. (c) 15. (a) 16. (b) 17. (d) 18. (c)
19. (d) 20. (d) 21. (d)
Introduction
Constants : A symbol having a fixed numerical value is called a constant.
Variables : A symbol which may be assigned different numerical values is known as variable.
Algebraic expressions : A combination of constants and variables connected by some or all

of the operations +, −,∗,/ is known as algebraic expression.
Polynomials : An algebraic expression in which the variables involved have only non-
negative integral powers is called a polynomial. For example → 5𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 − 3 is a
polynomial in variable 𝑥 and 5 + 8𝑥 3/2 − 4𝑥 −2 is an expression but not a polynomial.
Polynomials are generally denoted by 𝑝(𝑥), 𝑞(𝑥) and 𝑟(𝑥), etc.
Degree of a polynomial in one variable : In case of a polynomial in one variable the highest
power of the variable is called the degree of the polynomial.
Classification of polynomials on the basis of Classification of polynomials on the basis of

degree : number of terms :
Zeroes of a polynomial
Let 𝑝(𝑥) be a polynomial. If 𝑝(𝑎) = 0, then we say that "𝑎" is a zero of the polynomial of
𝑝(𝑥).
Geometrical Meaning of the Zeroes of a Polynomial
Graphically, number of zeroes of a polynomial is determined by the number of times the

graph of polynomial cuts the 𝑥 −axis.
NOTE → If a polynomial is of the form 𝑥 = 𝑝(𝑦) then geometrically, its zeroes are y-
coordinates of the points where the graph of 𝑥 = 𝑝(𝑦) intersects the Y-axis.
Remark : In general, given a polynomial 𝑝(𝑥) of degree 𝑛, the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑝(𝑥) intersects
the 𝑥-axis at atmost 𝑛 points. Therefore, a polynomial 𝑝(𝑥) of degree 𝑛 has at most 𝑛
zeroes.
Exercise 𝟏
1. Which of the following is a polynomial?

(a) 𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 4√𝑥 + 3 (b) 𝑥 3/2 − 𝑥 + 𝑥1/2 + 1
1
(c) √𝑥 + (d) √2𝑥 2 − 3√3𝑥 + √6
√𝑥
2. Which of the following is not a polynomial?
(a) √3𝑥 2 − 2√3𝑥 + 5 (b) 9𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + √2
3 1 3
(c) 2 𝑥 3 + 6𝑥 2 − 𝑥−8 (d) 𝑥 + 𝑥
√2
3. Which of the following is a true statement?
(a) 𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 − 3 is a linear polynomial. (b) 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 − 1 is a binomial.
(c) 𝑥 + 1 is a monomial. (d) 5𝑥 3 is a monomial.
4. If 𝑝(𝑥) = 𝑙𝑥 + 𝑚 then one zero of 𝑝(𝑥) is
𝑚 𝑙 𝑙 𝑚
(a) (b) 𝑚 (c) – 𝑚 (d) −
𝑙 𝑙
5. How many zeroes does a non-zero constant polynomial has?
(a) 0 (b) 1
(c) more than 1 but a finite number (d) infinitely many
6. If graph of a polynomial intersects 𝑦 −axis at 5 points and 𝑥 −axis at 4 points then
number of zeroes of the polynomial is equal to
(a) 5 (b) 4 (c) 1 (d) 9
7. What type of polynomial is represented by the equation of graph if it cuts 𝑦 −axis at
exactly 3 points and 𝑥 −axis at exactly 2 points?
(a) linear polynomial (b) A binomial of degree 3
(c) cubic polynomial (d) quadratic polynomial
8. The graph of a polynomial 𝑝(𝑥) cuts the 𝑥 −axis at 3 points and touches it at 2 other
points. The number of zeroes of 𝑝(𝑥) is/are
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 5
9. If the graph of a polynomial intersects the 𝑥-axis at exactly two points, then it
(a) cannot be a linear or a cubic polynomial
(b) can be a quadratic polynomial only
(c) can be a cubic or a quadratic polynomial
(d) can be a linear or a quadratic polynomial
10. Which of the following is not the graph of a quadratic polynomial?
(a) (b) (c) (d)

11. The zero(es) in the following graph is/are
(a) 1,0 (b) 2,3 (c) only 1 (d) None of these

12. The zero(es) in the following graph is/are
(a) only 0 (b) only 4 (c) −8, −1, 1 (d) None of these
13. The number of zeroes in the following graph is/are
(a) 4 (b) 1 (c) 5 (d) 3

14. If 𝑝(𝑥) is a polynomial of degree 𝑛 then the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑝(𝑥) intersects the 𝑥-axis at
(a) exactly 𝑛 points (b) at least 𝑛 points
(c) at most 𝑛 points (d) exactly 𝑛 + 1 points
15. If one of the zeroes of the quadratic polynomial 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 𝑘 is 2, then the value of 𝑘 is
(a) 10 (b) −10 (c) −7 (d) −2
2
16. If one of the zeroes of the quadratic polynomial (𝑘 − 1)𝑥 + 𝑘𝑥 + 1 is −3, then the
value of 𝑘 is
4 −4 2 −2
(a) 3 (b) (c) 3 (d)
3 3
2
17. If 1 is one zero of the polynomial 𝑝(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑥 − 3(𝑎 − 1)𝑥 − 1, then the value of 𝑎 is
(a) 1 (b) −1 (c) −2 (d) 2
18. If −1 is a zero of a polynomial 𝑝(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 1 such that 𝑎 − 2𝑏 = 2 then (𝑎, 𝑏) =
(a) (4,3) (b) (4, −3) (c) (−4,3) (d) (−4, −3)
19. If 𝑥 + 2 is a factor of 𝑥 2 + 𝑎𝑥 + 2𝑏 and 𝑎 + 𝑏 = 4, then
(a) 𝑎 = 1, 𝑏 = 3 (b) 𝑎 = 3, 𝑏 = 1
(c) 𝑎 = −1, 𝑏 = 5 (d) 𝑎 = 5, 𝑏 = −1
2
20. The zeroes of quadratic polynomial 4𝑥 − 3𝑥 − 1 are
1 1 1 1
(a) 4 , −1 (b) − 4 , 1 (c) − 4 , −1 (d) 4 , 1
21. The zeroes of quadratic polynomial 5𝑝2 − 2𝑝 − 7 are
5 7 7
(a) 5, −7 (b) 1, 7 (c) −1, 5 (d) 1, − 5
22. The zeroes of quadratic polynomial 6𝑥 2 − 3 − 7𝑥 are
1 3 1 3 1 2 2 1
(a) 3 , − 2 (b) − 3 , 2 (c) 3 , − 3 (d) 3 , 3
23. The zeroes of the quadratic polynomial √3𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 + 4√3 are
√3 3 2
(a) , 3√2 (b) ,3√2 (c) , 2√3 (d) None of these
2 √2 √3
𝑦2 52
24. The zeroes of quadratic polynomial −𝑦− are
9 9
(a) 13, 4 (b) 9, 4 (c) 4, −13 (d) −4, 13
25
25. The zeroes of quadratic polynomial 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 6 are
3
2 2 3 2
(a) 9, − 3 (b) −9, 3 (c) −9, 2 (d) −9, − 3
26. The zeroes of quadratic polynomial 𝑥 2 − (5 + √3)𝑥 + 5√3 are
(a) √5, 3 (b) √3, 5 (c) 5√3, √3 (d) 5 + √3, 5√3
2 2
27. The zeroes of the polynomial 𝑎𝑏𝑥 + (𝑏 − 𝑎𝑐)𝑥 − 𝑏𝑐 are
𝑏 𝑐 𝑏 𝑐 𝑏 𝑐 𝑏 𝑐
(a) − 𝑎 , 𝑏 (b) 𝑎 , − 𝑏 (c) 𝑎 , 𝑏 (d) − 𝑎 , − 𝑎
𝛼 𝛼2
28. The zeroes of the polynomial 𝑥 2 − 2 𝑥 − are
2
𝛼 𝛼 𝛼 𝛼
(a) − 2 , 𝛼 (b) 2 , −𝛼 (c) 2 , 𝛼 (d) − 2 , −𝛼
29. If 𝑎 and 𝛽 are the zeroes of a polynomial 𝑝(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 4 then the value of
(𝑎2 − 𝛽 2 ) is
(a) 4 (b) −4 (c) ±4 (d) 0
30. The degree of polynomial having zeroes −3 and 4 only is
(a) 2 (b) 1 (c) more than 3 (d) 3
To find a Quadratic polynomial if its zeroes are given
If α and β are the zeroes of quadratic polynomial say 𝑝(𝑥) then the polynomial is given as,
𝑝(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 𝑆𝑥 + 𝑃 or 𝑘(𝑥 2 − 𝑆𝑥 + 𝑃) where 𝑆 = 𝛼 + 𝛽, 𝑃 = 𝛼𝛽 and 𝑘 is any real
number.
Exercise 𝟐

1. If one zero of 𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 4 is 3 + √5 then the other zero is

(a) −3 + √5 (b) −3 − √5 (c) 3 + √5 (d) 3 − √5
2. A quadratic polynomial, whose zeroes are −3 and 4, is
𝑥2 𝑥
(a) 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 12 (b) 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 12 (c) −2−6 (d) 2𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 24
2
3. The quadratic polynomial, the sum of whose zeroes is −5 and their product is 6, is
(a) 𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + 6 (b) 𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 6 (c) 𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 − 6 (d) −𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + 6
3 −1
4. A quadratic polynomial whose zeros are 5 and , is
2
(a) 10𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 3 (b) 10𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 3 (c) 10𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 3 (d) 10𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 3
5. The quadratic polynomial whose zeroes are 2√7 and −5√7 is
(a) 𝑥 2 − 3√7𝑥 − 70 (b) 𝑥 2 + 3√7𝑥 + 70
(c) 𝑥 2 + 3√7𝑥 − 70 (d) 𝑥 2 − 3√7𝑥 + 70
6. Let 𝑝(𝑥) be a polynomial defined as 𝑝(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 1 then a quadratic polynomial
whose zeroes are 𝑝(1) and 𝑝(−1) is
(a) 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 (b) 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 (c) 𝑥 2 + 1 (d) 𝑥 2 − 1
7. The quadratic polynomial 𝑝(𝑥) with −24 and 4 as a product and one of the zeros
respectively is
(a) 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 24 (b) 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 24
(c) 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 24 (d) Can't be determined
8. The zeroes of a quadratic polynomial, the sum and product of whose zeroes are 4 and
−21 respectively, are
1
(a) 7, 3 (b) 7 , −3 (c) −7, 3 (d) −3, 7
9. The number of polynomials having zeros as −2 and 5 is
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) more than 3
Relationship between Zeroes and Coefficients of a Polynomial
If 𝛼 and 𝛽 are the zeroes of quadratic polynomial 𝑝(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐, 𝑎 ≠ 0 then,

𝑏 𝑐
Sum of zeroes (i.e. 𝛼 + 𝛽) = − 𝑎 and Product of zeroes (i.e. 𝛼𝛽) = 𝑎
coefficient of 𝑥 constant term
i.e, 𝛼 + 𝛽 = − coefficient of 𝑥 2 and 𝛼𝛽 = coefficient of 𝑥2
Exercise 𝟑
1. If sum of zeroes of a quadratic polynomial 𝑝(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 is zero then which of

the following must be true?
(a) 𝑎 ≠ 0, 𝑐 = 0 (b) 𝑎 = 0, 𝑏 ≠ 0 (c) 𝑎 = 0, 𝑐 ≠ 0 (d) 𝑎 ≠ 0, 𝑏 = 0
2
2. If 𝛼 and 𝛽 are zeroes of a polynomial 𝑝(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑏, 𝑎 ≠ 0 then the value of 𝛼 +
𝛽 + 𝛼𝛽 is
𝑏 𝑏
(a) 𝑎 (b) 1 (c) 0 (d) − 𝑎
3. If the zeroes of the quadratic polynomial 𝑥 2 + (𝑎 + 1)𝑥 + 𝑏 are 2 and −3, then
(a) 𝑎 = −7, 𝑏 = −1 (b) 𝑎 = 5, 𝑏 = −1 (c) 𝑎 = 2, 𝑏 = −6 (d) 𝑎 = 0, 𝑏 = −6
2
4. If 2 and 3 are zeroes of polynomial 3𝑥 − 2𝑘𝑥 + 2𝑚, then the values of 𝑘 and 𝑚 are
9 15
(a) 𝑚 = 2 and 𝑘 = 15 (b) 𝑚 = and 𝑘 = 9
2
15
(c) 𝑚 = 9 and 𝑘 = (d) 𝑚 = 15 and 𝑘 = 9
2
1 1
5. If 𝛼 and 𝛽 are zeroes of 4𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 7, then the value of 𝛼 + 𝛽 is
3 7 7 3
(a) − 7 (b) 3 (c) − 3 (d) 7
6. If one zero of a polynomial is reciprocal of other then which of the following is true for
the quadratic polynomial 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐?
(a) 𝑎 = −𝑐 (b) 𝑎 − 𝑐 = 0 (c) 𝑎 + 𝑏 = 0 (d) 𝑎 = 𝑏
1
7. If 2𝑝 and 𝑝 are the zeroes of 𝑙𝑥 2 + 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑚, 𝑙 ≠ 𝑚 then the value of 𝑝 is
1
(a) 1 (b) −1 (c) − 2 (d) does not exist
1 1 1
8. If 𝛼 and 𝛼 are the zeroes of a quadratic polynomial such that 𝛼 3 + 𝛼3 = 5 (𝛼 2 + 𝛼2 − 1)
then the polynomial is
(a) 𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + 1 (b) 𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 − 1 (c) 𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 − 1 (d) 𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 1
9. If one root of a quadratic polynomial 𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 is negative reciprocal of other then
which of the following is true? (Assuming 𝛼 to be one of the roots of 𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐)
1 1
(a) 𝑐 = 1 and 𝛼 = 𝑏 − 𝑏 (b) 𝑐 = 0 and 𝛼 = 𝑏 + 𝑏
1 1
(c) 𝑐 − 1 = 0 and 𝛼 + 𝛼 = 𝑏 (d) 𝑐 + 1 = 0 and 𝛼 − 𝛼 = 𝑏
10. If equation of a quadratic polynomial 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 has constant term as 0 then which
of the following is true?
(a) both of the roots must be greater than zero
(b) both roots must be equal to zero
(c) at least one of the roots must be equal to zero
(d) None of these
11. If one of the zeroes of a quadratic polynomial of the form 𝑥 2 + 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 is the negative of
the other, then it
(a) has no linear term and the constant term is negative.
(b) has no linear term and the constant term is positive.
(c) can have a linear term but the constant term is negative.
(d) can have a linear term but the constant term is positive.
12. If one zero of the polynomial (𝑎2 + 9)𝑥 2 + 13𝑥 + 6𝑎 is reciprocal of the other, find the
value of 𝑎.
1 1
(a) (b) − (c) 3 (d) −3
3 3
2
13. If one zero of the polynomial 3𝑥 − 8𝑥 + 2𝑘 + 1 is seven times the other, then the
value of 𝑘 is
2 2 2 3
(a) 5 (b) 3 (c) 7 (d) 2
14. The value of 𝑘 such that the polynomial 𝑥 2 − (𝑘 + 6)𝑥 + 2(2𝑘 − 1) has sum of its
zeroes equal to half of their product.
1 1
(a) 7 (b) 7 (c) − 7 (d) −7
15. If zeroes 𝛼 and 𝛽 of a polynomial 𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 + 𝑘 are such that 𝛼 − 𝛽 = 1, then the value
of 𝑘 is
(a) 21 (b) 12 (c) 9 (d) 8
2
16. If sum of zeroes of a polynomial 𝑝(𝑥) = 𝑘𝑥 + 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑚 is negative of the product of its
zeroes then the value of 𝑘 is
(a) 𝑚 (b) −𝑚
(c) any real number other than 0 (d) None of these
17. If 𝛼 and 𝛽 are zeroes of the polynomial 𝑥 2 − 𝑝(𝑥 + 1) + 𝑐 such that (𝛼 + 1)(𝛽 + 1) =
0, then the value of 𝑐 is
(a) 1 (b) 0 (c) −1 (d) None of these
𝛼 𝛽
18. If 𝛼 and 𝛽 are the zeroes of a polynomial 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐, 𝑎 ≠ 0 then the value of 𝛽 + 𝛼 is
𝑏 2 −𝑎𝑐 𝑐 2 −𝑎𝑏 𝑏 2 −𝑐 2
(a) (b) (c) (d) None of these
𝑎𝑐 𝑎𝑏 𝑏𝑐
1 1
19. If 𝛼, 𝛽 are the zeros of the polynomial 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐, then 𝛼2 + 𝛽2 =
𝑏 2 −2𝑎𝑐 𝑏 2 −2𝑎𝑐 𝑏 2 +2𝑎𝑐 𝑏 2 +2𝑎𝑐
(a) (b) (c) (d)
𝑎2 𝑐2 𝑎2 𝑐2
2
20. If 𝛼 and 𝛽 are the zeroes of a polynomial 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐, 𝑎 ≠ 0 then the value of 𝛼 − 𝛽 is
𝑏 2 −4𝑎𝑐 √𝑏 2 −4𝑎𝑐 √𝑏2 −4𝑐
(a) √ (b) (c) (d) None of these
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
5
21. If 𝛼 and 𝛽 are the zeroes of a polynomial 2𝑥 2 − 𝑘𝑥 + 5 such that 𝛼 3 𝛽 2 + 𝛼 2 𝛽 3 = 4 then
the value of 𝑘 is
2 2 5 5
(a) − 5 (b) 5 (c) 2 (d) − 2
21
22. If 𝛼, 𝛽 be the zeros of the polynomial 2𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + 𝑘 such that 𝛼 2 + 𝛽 2 + 𝛼𝛽 = then
4
𝑘 =?
(a) 3 (b) −3 (c) −2 (d) 2
2
23. If sum of the squares of zeroes of the quadratic polynomial 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 − 4𝑥 + 𝑘 is 20,
then the value of 𝑘 is
(a) −2 (b) −3 (c) −4 (d) 2
24. If 𝛼 and 𝛽 are the zeroes of the quadratic polynomial 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 − 5𝑥 − 2, then 𝛼 3 +
2
𝛽 3 is equal to
215 357 115 325
(a) 27
(b) 21
(c) 28
(d) 31
25. If 𝛼 and 𝛽 are the zeroes of 𝑝(𝑦) = 6𝑦 2 − 7𝑦 + 2, then the quadratic polynomial whose
1 1
zeroes are 𝛼 & is
𝛽
(a) 2𝑦 2 − 7𝑦 + 6 (b) 2𝑦 2 + 7𝑦 + 6
(c) 2𝑦 2 + 7𝑦 − 6 (d) −2𝑦 2 + 7𝑦 − 6
1
26. If 𝛼 and 𝛽 are zeroes of 4𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 4, then a quadratic polynomial whose zeroes are 2𝛼
1
and 2𝛽 is
(a) 8𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 2 (b) 𝑥 2 + 8𝑥 − 2
(c) 8𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 2 (d) 2𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 − 1
27. A quadratic polynomial whose zeroes are reciprocals of the zeroes of the polynomial
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐, 𝑎 ≠ 0, 𝑐 ≠ 0 is
(a) 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 (b) 𝑐𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑎
(c) 𝑏𝑥 2 + 𝑐𝑥 + 𝑎 (d) 𝑐𝑥 2 + 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏
28. If 𝛼 and 𝛽 are the zeroes of a polynomial 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 − 2 then a quadratic polynomial
1 1
whose zeroes are (𝛼 + 2) and (𝛽 + 2) is
5
(a) 4𝑥 2 − 20𝑥 − 1 (b) 𝑥 2 − 4 𝑥 + 1
(c) 4𝑥 2 − 20𝑥 + 1 (d) 𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 1
29. If the sum and difference of zeroes of a quadratic polynomial are 7 and 5 then the
corresponding quadratic polynomial is
(a) 𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 + 5 (b) 𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 − 6
(c) 𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 − 6 (d) 𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 + 6
30. If the zeroes of the quadratic polynomial 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐, 𝑐 ≠ 0 are equal, then
(a) 𝑐 and 𝑎 have opposite signs (b) 𝑐 and 𝑏 have opposite signs
(c) 𝑐 and 𝑎 have the same sign (d) 𝑐 and 𝑏 have the same sign
2
31. The zeroes of the quadratic polynomial 𝑥 + 99𝑥 + 127 are
(a) both positive (b) both negative
(c) one positive and one negative (d) both equal
2
32. The zeroes of the quadratic polynomial 𝑥 − 77𝑥 + 150 are
2
33. The zeroes of the quadratic polynomial 𝑥 + 23𝑥 − 75 are
2
34. The zeroes of the quadratic polynomial 𝑥 + 𝑘𝑥 + 𝑘, 𝑘 ≠ 0,
(a) cannot both be positive (b) cannot both be negative
(c) are always unequal (d) are always equal
35. What should be subtracted from the polynomial 𝑝(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 3 such that 5 is the
zero of the resulting polynomial ?
1 1
(a) −8 (b) − 8 (c) 8 (d) 8
36. What should be added to the polynomial 𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 4, so that 3 is the zero of the
resulting polynomial?
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 4 (d) 5
Division Algorithm for Polynomials
If 𝑝(𝑥) and 𝑔(𝑥) are any two polynomials with 𝑔(𝑥) ≠ 0, then we can find polynomials
𝑞(𝑥) and 𝑟(𝑥) such that
𝑝(𝑥) = 𝑔(𝑥) × 𝑞(𝑥) + 𝑟(𝑥) , where 𝑟(𝑥) = 0 or degree of 𝑟(𝑥) < degree of 𝑔(𝑥).
If 𝑟(𝑥) = 0 then the polynomial 𝑔(𝑥) is a factor of polynomial 𝑝(𝑥) .
Exercise 𝟒
1. On dividing a polynomial 𝑝(𝑥) by a nonzero polynomial 𝑞(𝑥), let 𝑔(𝑥) be the quotient
and 𝑟(𝑥) be the remainder then 𝑝(𝑥) = 𝑞(𝑥) ⋅ 𝑔(𝑥) + 𝑟(𝑥), where
(a) 𝑟(𝑥) = 0 always (b) deg 𝑟(𝑥) < deg 𝑔(𝑥) always
(c) either 𝑟(𝑥) = 0 or deg 𝑟(𝑥) < deg 𝑔(𝑥) (d) 𝑟(𝑥) = 𝑔(𝑥)
2
2. The polynomial which when divided by −𝑥 + 𝑥 − 1 gives a quotient 𝑥 − 2 and
remainder 3, is
(a) 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 5 (b) −𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 − 5
(c) −𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 5 (d) 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 5
3. If a polynomial 𝑝(𝑥) is divided by 𝑥 2 + 9𝑥 + 2 then which of the following cannot be the
possible value of remainder
(a) 𝑥 + 5 (b) 0 (c) 𝑥 2 + 2 (d) None of these
4. If a polynomial 𝑝(𝑥) is divided by another polynomial 𝑔(𝑥) of degree 1 then the
remainder 𝑟(𝑥) is always
(a) zero (b) a constant polynomial
(c) a polynomial of degree 1 (d) a polynomial of degree > 1
5. Which of the following cannot be the quotient on division of 𝑥 6 + 2𝑥 3 + 𝑥 − 1 by a
polynomial in 𝑥 of degree 5
(a) 𝑥 2 − 1 (b) 𝑥 − 2 (c) 9 (d) None of these
3 3
6. If two zeroes of a polynomial 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 4 − 2𝑥 3 − 7𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 6 are −√2 and √2 then
its other two zeroes are
(a) 1,2 (b) −1, 2 (c) −2, 1 (d) −2, −1
 Answer Key
Exercise 1
1. (d) 2. (d) 3. (d) 4. (d) 5. (a) 6. (b)

7. (d) 8. (d) 9. (d) 10. (a) 11. (d) 12. (c)
13. (a) 14. (c) 15. (b) 16. (a) 17. (a) 18. (d)
19. (b) 20. (b) 21. (c) 22. (b) 23. (c) 24. (d)
25. (b) 26. (b) 27. (a) 28. (a) 29. (d) 30. (a)
Exercise 2
1. (d) 2. (c) 3. (a) 4. (d) 5. (c) 6. (d)

7. (b) 8. (d) 9. (d)
Exercise 3
1. (d) 2. (c) 3. (d) 4. (c) 5. (a) 6. (b)

7. (b) 8. (d) 9. (d) 10. (c) 11. (a) 12. (c)
13. (b) 14. (a) 15. (b) 16. (c) 17. (c) 18. (a)
19. (b) 20. (b) 21. (b) 22. (d) 23. (a) 24. (a)
25. (a) 26. (c) 27. (b) 28. (c) 29. (d) 30. (c)
31. (b) 32. (a) 33. (c) 34. (a) 35. (c) 36. (b)
Exercise 4
1. (c) 2. (c) 3. (c) 4. (b) 5. (a) 6. (b)

Introduction
An equation of the form 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0 where 𝑎, 𝑏 and 𝑐 are real numbers such that 𝑎
and 𝑏 are not both zero is called a linear equation in two variables.
A pair of values of 𝑥 and 𝑦 which satisfy the equation 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0 is called a solution of

the equation.
System of linear equations → It is a pair of linear equations in two variables of the form
𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0 , 𝑙𝑥 + 𝑚𝑦 + 𝑛 = 0 where 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐; 𝑙, 𝑚, 𝑛 are constants corresponding to
real numbers.
Graphical Method of Solution of a Pair of Linear Equations
STEP𝟏 → Obtain the system of linear equations in 𝑥 and 𝑦 in the following form:
𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0 … (𝑖)
𝑙𝑥 + 𝑚𝑦 + 𝑛 = 0 … (𝑖𝑖)
STEP𝟐 → Draw the graphs of equations (𝑖) and (𝑖𝑖) in STEP1. Say 𝐿1 and 𝐿2 represent the
lines of equations (𝑖) and (𝑖𝑖) respectively.
STEP𝟑 → The point of intersection say (𝛼, 𝛽) of lines 𝐿1 and 𝐿2 corresponds to the solution
of the given system of equations. That is the solution of these equation is given as say 𝑥 = 𝛼
and 𝑦 = 𝛽. This is case of consistent system having the unique solution.
STEP𝟒 → If the lines 𝐿1 and 𝐿2 are coincident, then the given system of equations has
infinitely many solutions. This is case of consistent system having infinitely many solutions.
STEP𝟓 → If the lines 𝐿1 and 𝐿2 are parallel, then the given system of equations has no
solution. This is the case of inconsistent system having no solution.
Exercise 𝟏
1. The coordinates of the vertices of triangle formed between the lines and 𝑦-axis from the
graph is
(a) (0,5), (0,0) and (6.5,0) (b) (4,2), (6,0) and (6.5,0)
(c) (4,2), (0,0) and (0,5) (d) none of these
2. The area of the triangle formed by the lines 𝑦 = 𝑥, 𝑥 = 6 and 𝑦 = 0 is
(a) 36 sq. units (b) 18 sq. units (c) 9 sq. units (d) 72 sq. units
3. The area of the triangle formed by the lines 𝑥 = 3, 𝑦 = 4 and 𝑥 = 𝑦 is
1
(a) 2 sq. unit (b) 1 sq. unit (c) 2 sq. unit (d) None of these
𝑥 𝑦
4. The area of the triangle formed by the line 𝑎 + 𝑏 = 1 with the coordinate axes is
1 1
(a) 𝑎𝑏 (b) 2𝑎𝑏 (c) 2 𝑎𝑏 (d) 4 𝑎𝑏
5. The area of the triangle formed by the lines 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 12, 𝑥 − 𝑦 − 1 = 0 and 𝑥 = 0 (as
shown in Fig.), is
(a) 7 sq. units (b) 7.5 sq. units (c) 6.5 sq. units (d) 6 sq. units
6. Given below is the graph representing two linear equations by lines AB and CD
respectively. What is the area of the triangle formed by these two lines and the line 𝑥 =
0?
(a) 3sq. units (b) 4sq. units (c) 6sq. units (d) 8sq. units
7. The pair of equations 𝑥 = 𝑎 and 𝑦 = 𝑏 graphically represents lines which are
(a) parallel (b) intersecting at (𝑏, 𝑎)
(c) coincident (d) intersecting at (𝑎, 𝑏)
Consistent and inconsistent system
Consistent and inconsistent systems → A system of simultaneous linear equations having at

least one solution is said to be consistent system. Whereas if a system of simultaneous
linear equations has no solution then, it is said to be an inconsistent system.
Table depicting conditions of Consistency and inconsistency of the pair of lines
For the system of two linear equations

𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑏1 𝑦 + 𝑐1 = 0; 𝑎2 𝑥 + 𝑏2 𝑦 + 𝑐2 = 0
S. No. Compare the Graphical representations Algebraic interpretation
ratios
1. 𝑎1 𝑏1 Intersecting lines • Exactly one solution (unique)
≠
𝑎2 𝑏2 • Consistent system of equations
• Equations are independent
2. 𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1 Coincident lines • Infinitely many solutions
= =
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2 • System is consistent
• Equations are dependent
3. 𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1 Parallel lines • No solution
= ≠
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2 • System is inconsistent
Exercise 𝟐
1. If a pair of linear equations is consistent then their graph lines will be

(a) parallel (b) always coincident
(c) always intersecting (d) intersecting or coincident
2. If a pair of linear equations is inconsistent then their graph lines will be
(a) coincident (b) parallel
(c) intersecting exactly at one point (d) perpendicular to each other
3. The pair of equations 𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 5 = 0 and −3𝑥 − 6𝑦 + 1 = 0 has
(a) a unique solution (b) exactly two solutions
(c) infinitely many solutions (d) no solution
4. The pair of equations 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 5 and 4𝑥 + 6𝑦 = 15 has
5. The graphs of the equations 6𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 9 = 0 and 3𝑥 − 𝑦 + 12 = 0 are two lines which
are
6. The graphs of the equations 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 2 = 0 and 𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 8 = 0 are two lines which
are
24
7. The graphs of the equations 5𝑥 − 15𝑦 = 8 and 3𝑥 − 9𝑦 = are two lines which are
5
4
8. The pair of linear equations 3 𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 8 and 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 12 is
(a) consistent (b) inconsistent
(c) consistent with one solution (d) consistent with many solutions
9. The pair of equations 𝑦 = 0 and 𝑦 = −7 has
10. If 𝑎𝑚 ≠ 𝑏𝑙, then the system of equations 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 = 𝑐 and, 𝑙𝑥 + 𝑚𝑦 = 𝑛
(a) has a unique solution (b) has no solution
(c) has infinitely many solutions (d) may or may not have a solution.
11. The system 𝑘𝑥 − 𝑦 = 2 and 6𝑥 − 2𝑦 = 3 has a unique solution only when
(a) 𝑘 = 0 (b) 𝑘 ≠ 0 (c) 𝑘 = 3 (d) 𝑘 ≠ 3
12. Which of the following is true if the given system of equations has a unique solution
2𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 7 and 2𝛼𝑥 + (𝛼 + 𝛽)𝑦 = 25
𝛼 𝛽
(a) 𝛼 ≠ 𝛽 (b) 𝛽 ≠ (c) 𝛼 ≠ (d) 𝛼 = 𝛽
2 2
13. The system 𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 3 and 5𝑥 + 𝑘𝑦 + 7 = 0 has no solution, when
−7
(a) 𝑘 = 10 (b) 𝑘 ≠ 10 (c) 𝑘 = (d) 𝑘 = −21
3
14. If the lines given by 3𝑥 + 2𝑘𝑦 = 2 and 2𝑥 + 5𝑦 + 1 = 0 are parallel then the value of 𝑘
is
−5 2 3 15
(a) (b) 5 (c) 2 (d)
4 4
15. For what value of 𝑘 do the equations 𝑘𝑥 − 2𝑦 = 3 and 3𝑥 + 𝑦 = 5 represent two lines
intersecting at a unique point?
(a) 𝑘 = 3 (b) 𝑘 = −3 (c) 𝑘 = 6 (d) all real values except −6
16. If the system of equations 3𝑥 + 𝑦 = 1 and (2𝑘 − 1)𝑥 + (𝑘 − 1)𝑦 = 2𝑘 + 1 is
inconsistent, then 𝑘 =
(a) 1 (b) 0 (c) −1 (d) 2
17. The value of 𝑘 for which the following system of linear equations has no solution is
(3𝑘 + 1)𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 2 = 0 and (𝑘 2 + 1)𝑥 + (𝑘 − 2)𝑦 − 5 = 0
(a) 𝑘 = 1 (b) 𝑘 = −1 (c) 𝑘 ≠ 1 (d) 𝑘 ≠ −1
18. If the system of equations 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 7 and 2𝑎𝑥 + (𝑎 + 𝑏)𝑦 = 28 has infinitely many
solutions, then
(a) 𝑎 = 2𝑏 (b) 𝑏 = 2𝑎 (c) 𝑎 + 2𝑏 = 0 (d) 2𝑎 + 𝑏 = 0
19. For what value of 𝑘, do the equations 3𝑥 − 𝑦 + 8 = 0 and 6𝑥 − 𝑘𝑦 = −16 represent
coincident lines?
1 1
(a) 2 (b) − 2 (c) 2 (d) −2
20. If 2𝑥 − 3𝑦 = 7 and (𝑎 + 𝑏)𝑥 − (𝑎 + 𝑏 − 3)𝑦 = 4𝑎 + 𝑏 represent coincident lines, then
𝑎 and 𝑏 satisfy the equation
(a) 𝑎 + 5𝑏 = 0 (b) 5𝑎 + 𝑏 = 0 (c) 𝑎 − 5𝑏 = 0 (d) 5𝑎 − 𝑏 = 0
21. If the system of equations 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 7 and, (𝑎 + 𝑏)𝑥 + (2𝑎 − 𝑏)𝑦 = 21 has infinitely
many solutions, then
(a) 𝑎 = 1, 𝑏 = 5 (b) 𝑎 = 5, 𝑏 = 1 (c) 𝑎 = −1, 𝑏 = 5 (d) 𝑎 = 5, 𝑏 = −1
22. The values of 𝑚 and 𝑛 for which the following system of linear equations has infinitely
many solutions is
3𝑥 + 4𝑦 = 12 and (𝑚 + 𝑛)𝑥 + 2(𝑚 − 𝑛)𝑦 = (5𝑚 − 1)
(a) 𝑚 = 1 and 𝑛 = 5 (b) 𝑚 = 5 and 𝑛 = 1
(c) 𝑚 = 𝑛 = 1 (d) 𝑚 = 𝑛 = 5
23. A pair of linear equations which has a unique solution 𝑥 = 2, 𝑦 = −3 is
(a) 𝑥 + 𝑦 = −1 & 2𝑥 − 3𝑦 = −5 (b) 2𝑥 + 5𝑦 = −11 & 4𝑥 + 10𝑦 = −22
(c) 2𝑥 − 𝑦 = 1 & 3𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 0 (d) 𝑥 − 4𝑦 − 14 = 0 & 5𝑥 − 𝑦 − 13 = 0
24. Two lines are given to be parallel. The equation of one of the lines is 4𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 14, then
the equation of the second line cannot be
(a) 12𝑥 + 9𝑥 = 42 (b) 12𝑥 + 9𝑦 = 5
(c) 12𝑥 + 9𝑦 = 15 (d) 12𝑥 + 9𝑦 = 32
25. One equation of a pair of dependent linear equations is −5𝑥 + 7𝑦 = 2. The second
equation can be
(a) 10𝑥 + 14𝑦 + 4 = 0 (b) −10𝑥 − 14𝑦 + 4 = 0
(c) −10𝑥 + 14𝑦 + 4 = 0 (d) 10𝑥 − 14𝑦 = −4
𝑥+𝑦
26. The number of solutions of 3 = 243 and 243𝑥−𝑦 = 3 is
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) infinite
Solution of pairs of linear equations in two variables
Let the pair of equations be 𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑏1 𝑦 + 𝑐1 = 0 and 𝑎2 𝑥 + 𝑏2 𝑦 + 𝑐2 = 0
Solution by Substitution method:
➢ From one of the equations, express one of the variables say 𝑦 in terms of the other
variable i.e., 𝑥.
➢ Substitute the value of 𝑦, obtained in above step, in other equation, the getting an
equation in 𝑥.
➢ Solve the equation and get the value of 𝑥.
➢ Substitute the value of 𝑥 in expression for 𝑦 obtained in first step and get the value of 𝑦.
Solution by Elimination method, i.e., by equating the coefficients:
➢ In the two given equations, make the coefficients of one of the variables numerically
equal. To do so, multiply these coefficients by suitable constant.
➢ Add or subtract the equations obtained in above step according as the terms having
same coefficients are of the opposite or of the same signs and get an equation in only
one variable.
➢ Solve the equation found and get the value of one of the variable.
➢ Substitute the value of this variable in either of the two given equations and find the
value of the other variable.
Solution by Cross Multiplication method:
To find the values of 𝑥 and 𝑦, we have the formulae:

𝑥 𝑦 1
𝑏1 𝑐2 −𝑏2 𝑐1
=𝑐 =𝑎
1 𝑎2 −𝑐2 𝑎1 1 𝑏2 −𝑎2 𝑏1
Also, you can memorize the above with the help of following diagram
Exercise 𝟑
1. What are the values of 𝑥 and 𝑦 for the following system of linear equations ?
2𝑥 − 𝑦 = 2 and 𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 15
(a) 4 and 5 (b) 3 and 4 (c) 5 and 4 (d) 4 and 4
2. What are the values of 𝑥 and 𝑦 for the following system of equation ?
8𝑥 + 5𝑦 = 9 and 3𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 4
(a) 2 and −5 (b) −5 and 2 (c) −2 and 5 (d) 5 and −2
3. What are the values of 𝑥 and 𝑦 for the following pair of linear equations ?
3𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 7 = 0 and 4𝑥 + 𝑦 − 6 = 0
(a) 1 and 2 (b) 2 and 2 (c) 1 and 1 (d) −1 and −1
𝑥 2𝑦 𝑦
4. Solve : 2 + = 11 and 𝑥 − 4 = 3
3
(a) 𝑥 = 12, 𝑦 = 6 (b) 𝑥 = 6, 𝑦 = 12 (c) 𝑥 = 𝑦 = 6 (d) 𝑥 = 𝑦 = 12
5. Solve : 3𝑥 − 5𝑦 − 4 = 0 and 9𝑥 = 2𝑦 + 7
9 5 5 9
(a) 𝑥 = − 13 & 𝑦 = 13 (b) 𝑥 = − 13 & 𝑦 = 13
5 9 9 5
(c) 𝑥 = 13 & 𝑦 = − 13 (d) 𝑥 = 13 & 𝑦 = − 13
2 1
6. If 𝑥 − 𝑦 = 2 and = then
𝑥+𝑦 5
(a) 𝑥 = 4, 𝑦 = 2 (b) 𝑥 = 5, 𝑦 = 3 (c) 𝑥 = 6, 𝑦 = 4 (d) 𝑥 = 7, 𝑦 = 5
2𝑥 𝑦 1 𝑥 2𝑦
7. If − 2 + 6 = 0 and 2 + = 3 then
3 3
(a) 𝑥 = 2, 𝑦 = 3 (b) 𝑥 = −2, 𝑦 = 3
(c) 𝑥 = 2, 𝑦 = −3 (d) 𝑥 = −2, 𝑦 = −3
8. If 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 = 𝑎 − 𝑏 and 𝑏𝑥 − 𝑎𝑦 = 𝑎 + 𝑏 then
(a) 𝑥 = 𝑎, 𝑦 = −𝑏 (b) 𝑥 = −1, 𝑦 = 1
(c) 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = −1 (d) 𝑥 = −𝑎, 𝑦 = 𝑏
𝑎𝑥 𝑏𝑦
9. If − = 𝑎 + 𝑏 and 𝑎𝑥 − 𝑏𝑦 = 2𝑎𝑏 then
𝑏 𝑎
(a) 𝑥 = 𝑏, 𝑦 = −𝑎 (b) 𝑥 = −1, 𝑦 = 1
(c) 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = −1 (d) 𝑥 = −𝑏, 𝑦 = 𝑎
2𝑥 𝑦 𝑥 𝑦
10. If + 𝑏 = 2 and 𝑎 − 𝑏 = 4 then
𝑎
𝑎 2
(a) 𝑥 = 2𝑎, 𝑦 = −2𝑏 (b) 𝑥 = ,𝑦 = −𝑏
2
(c) 𝑥 = −2𝑎, 𝑦 = 2𝑏 (d) 𝑥 = 𝑎, 𝑦 = −𝑏
𝑥 𝑦 𝑥 𝑦
11. If 𝑎 + 𝑏 = 𝑎 + 𝑏 and 𝑎2 + 𝑏2 = 2 then
(a) 𝑥 = 𝑎, 𝑦 = 𝑏 (b) 𝑥 = −𝑎2 , 𝑦 = −𝑏 2
(c) 𝑥 = 𝑎2 , 𝑦 = 𝑏 2 (d) 𝑥 = −1, 𝑦 = 1
12. What are the values of 𝑥 and 𝑦 for the following system of linear equations?
𝑎+𝑏
𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 = and 3𝑥 + 5𝑦 = 4
2
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
(a) 𝑥 = 2 , 𝑦 = 2 (b) 𝑥 = 2 , 𝑦 = 3 (c) 𝑥 = 4 , 𝑦 = 2 (d) 𝑥 = 2 , 𝑦 = 4
13. What are the values of 𝑥 and 𝑦 for the following pair of linear equations ?
99𝑥 + 101𝑦 = 499 and 101𝑥 + 99𝑦 = 501
14. What is the solution of the pair of linear equations 37𝑥 + 43𝑦 = 123,43𝑥 + 37𝑦 =
117?
(a) 𝑥 = 2, 𝑦 = 1 (b) 𝑥 = −1, 𝑦 = 2 (c) 𝑥 = −2, 𝑦 = 1 (d) 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 2
15. If 152𝑥 − 378𝑦 = −74 and −378𝑥 + 152𝑦 = −604 then 𝑥 + 𝑦 =
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) −3 (d) 3
16. If 23𝑥 − 29𝑦 = 98 and 29𝑥 − 23𝑦 = 110 then 𝑥 − 𝑦 =
(a) 6 (b) −4 (c)−6 (d) 4
2 2
17. If 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 = 𝑎 − 𝑏 and 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑎𝑦 = 0, then the value of (𝑥 + 𝑦) is
(a) 𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 (b) 𝑏 − 𝑎 (c) 𝑎 − 𝑏 (d) 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2
2 3 9 4 9 21
18. Solve for 𝑥 and 𝑦 : 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝑥𝑦 ; 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝑥𝑦 (𝑥 ≠ 0, 𝑦 ≠ 0).
(a) 𝑥 = 3 & 𝑦 = 1 (b) 𝑥 = 𝑦 = 3 (c) 𝑥 = 1 & 𝑦 = 3 (d) 𝑥 = 𝑦 = 1
19. If 3𝑥 + 4𝑦 ∶ 𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 9 ∶ 4, then 3𝑥 + 5𝑦 ∶ 3𝑥 − 𝑦 is equal to
(a) 4 ∶ 1 (b) 1 ∶ 4 (c) 7 ∶ 1 (d) 1 ∶ 7
𝑥 𝑦 𝑥 𝑦
20. If 𝑥 = 𝑎 and 𝑦 = 𝑏 is the solution of the pair of equations 10 + 5 − 1 = 0 and 8 + 6 =
15 then the value of 𝜆 for which 𝑏 = 𝜆𝑎 + 5 is
1 1
(a) 𝜆 = (b) 𝜆 = 2 (c) 𝜆 = −2 (d) 𝜆 = −
2 2
Word Problems
Exercise 𝟒
1. In a cyclic quadrilateral 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷, it is being given that ∠𝐴 = (𝑥 + 𝑦 + 10)∘ , ∠𝐵 =

(𝑦 + 20)∘ , ∠𝐶 = (𝑥 + 𝑦 − 30)∘ and ∠𝐷 = (𝑥 + 𝑦)∘ . Then, ∠𝐵 =?
(a) 70∘ (b) 80∘ (c) 100∘ (d) 110∘
2. 𝐴 and 𝐵 each have a certain number of mangoes. 𝐴 says to 𝐵, "if you give 30 of your
mangoes, I will have twice as many as left with you." B replies, "if you give me 10,I will
have thrice as many as left with you." How many mangoes does 𝐵 have?
(a) 62 (b) 34 (c) 66 (d) 32
3. Shipra gave a note of Rs 2,000 for a pair of jeans worth Rs 500. She was returned 11
notes in denominations of Rs 200 and Rs 100. Which pair of equations can be used to
find the number of Rs 200 notes, 𝑥, and the number of Rs 100 notes 𝑦? How many
notes of Rs 200 did she get?
(a) 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 11 and 200𝑥 + 100𝑦 = 1500; 4
(b) 𝑥 = 𝑦 + 11 and 200𝑥 + 100𝑦 = 2000; 4
(c) 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 15 and 200𝑥 + 100𝑦 = 1800; 10
(d) 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 15 and 100𝑥 + 200𝑦 = 1800; 12
4. Aruna has only ₹1 and ₹2 coins with her. If the total number of coins that she has is 50
and the amount of money with her is ₹75, then the number of ₹1 and ₹2 coins are,
respectively
(a) 35 & 15 (b) 35 & 20 (c) 15 & 35 (d) 25 & 25
5. The sum of two numbers is 1000 and the difference between their squares is 338000,
then the numbers are
(a) 699 & 301 (b) 669 & 331 (c) 564 & 436 (d) None of them
6. In the figure given below, 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷 is a rectangle. The values of 𝑥 and 𝑦 will be

7. There are 16 boxes- triangular and square in shape. If there are 55 sides together, how
many square boxes are there.
(a) 9 (b) 7 (c)11 (d) 10
8. If a bag containing red and white balls, half the number of white balls is equal to one-
third the number of red balls. Thrice the total number of balls exceeds seven times the
number of white balls by 6. How many red and white balls are there in the bag?
(a) 15, 18 (b) 12, 15 (c) 18, 12 (d) 12, 16
9. The sum of the digits of a two digit number is 9. If 27 is added to it, the digits of the
number get reversed. The number is
(a) 25 (b) 72 (c) 63 (d) 36
10. The sum of the digits of a two-digit number is 15. The number obtained by interchanging
the digits exceeds the given number by 9. The number is
(a) 96 (b) 69 (c) 87 (d) 78
11. In a given fraction, if 1 is subtracted from the numerator and 2 is added to the
1
denominator, it becomes 2. If 7 is subtracted from the numerator and 2 is subtracted
1
from the denominator, it becomes 3. The fraction is
13 15 16 16
(a) 24 (b) 26 (c) 27 (d) 21
12. The sum of a numerator and denominator of a fraction is 18. If the denominator
1
increased by 2, the fraction reduces to 3. Find the fraction.
13 13 5 8
(a) (b) (c) 13 (d) 13
5 8
13. The father's age is six times his son's age. Four years hence, the age of the father will be
four times his son's age. The present ages, in years, of the son and the father are,
respectively
(a) 4 & 24 (b) 5 & 30 (c) 6 & 36 (d) 3 & 24
14. 5 years hence, the age of a man shall be 3 times the age of his son while 5 years earlier
the age of the man was 7 times the age of his son. The present age of the man is
(a) 45 years (b) 50 years (c) 47 years (d) 40 years
15. 𝐴 and 𝐵 are friends and their ages differ by 2 years. A's father 𝐷 is twice as old as 𝐴 and
𝐵 is twice as old as his sister 𝐶. The age of 𝐷 and 𝐶 differ by 40 years. Find the ages of 𝐴
and 𝐵.
(a) 26, 24 (b) 25, 25 (c) 23, 27 (d) 28, 22
16. On selling a T.V. at 5% gain and a fridge at 10% gain, a shopkeeper gains Rs 2000. But if
he sells the T.V. at 10% gain and the fridge at 5% loss. He gains Rs 1500 on the
transaction. The actual prices of T.V. and fridge are
(a) 20,000 & 5,000 (b) 10,000 & 5,000
(c) 12,000 & 10,0000 (d) 20,000 & 10,000
17. Half the perimeter of a rectangular garden, whose length is 4 m more then its width, is
36 m. The dimensions of garden will be
(a) 20 m by 16 m (b) 36 m by 10 m (c) 16 m by 30 m (d) 20 m by 16 m
18. The area of a rectangle gets reduced by 67 square metres, when its length is increased
by 3 m and breadth is decreased by 4 m. If the length is reduced by 1 m and breadth is
increased by 4 m, the area is increased by 89 square metres. The perimeter of the
rectangle is
(a) 57 m (b) 114 m (c) 104 m (d) 52 m
19. If in a rectangle, the length is increased and breadth reduced each by 2 units, the area is
reduced by 28 square units. If, however the length is reduced by 1 unit and the breadth
increased by 2 units, the area increases by 33 square units. Find the area of the
rectangle.
20. Students of a class are made to stand in rows. If one student is extra in a row, there
would be 2 rows less. If one student is less in row, there would be 3 rows more. Find the
total number of students in the class.
(a) 55 (b) 30 (c) 115 (d) 60
Equations Reducible to a Pair of Linear Equations in Two Variables
Exercise 𝟓

6 8
1. If 4𝑥 + 𝑦 = 15 and 6𝑥 − 𝑦 = 14 then
(a) 𝑥 = 2, 𝑦 = 3 (b) 𝑥 = −2, 𝑦 = −3
(c) 𝑥 = 3, 𝑦 = 2 (d) 𝑥 = −3, 𝑦 = −2
2 3 1 1
2. If 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 6 and 𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 2 then
2 2 3 3
(a) 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 3 (b) 𝑥 = 3 , 𝑦 = 1 (c) 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 2 (d) 𝑥 = 2 , 𝑦 = 1
3𝑎 2𝑏 𝑎 3𝑏
3. Solve for 𝑥 and 𝑦 : − + 5 = 0, 𝑥 + − 2 = 0(𝑥 ≠ 0, 𝑦 ≠ 0)
𝑥 𝑦 𝑦
(a) 𝑥 = 𝑎, 𝑦 = −𝑏 (b) 𝑥 = −𝑎, 𝑦 = −𝑏
(c) 𝑥 = 𝑎, 𝑦 = 𝑏 (d) 𝑥 = −𝑎, 𝑦 = 𝑏
4. What are the values of 𝑥 and 𝑦 for the following system of equations.
21 47 47 21
+ = 110, + = 162, 𝑥, 𝑦 ≠ 0
𝑥 𝑦 𝑥 𝑦
1 1 1 1 1 1
(a) and (b) and 1 (c) and (d) and 1
3 2 3 2 3 2
5. If 4𝑥 + 6𝑦 = 3𝑥𝑦 and 8𝑥 + 9𝑦 = 5𝑥𝑦 then
(a) 𝑥 = 2, 𝑦 = 3 (b) 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 2 (c) 𝑥 = 3, 𝑦 = 4 (d) 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = −1
2 3 4 9
6. If + = 2 and − = −1 then
√𝑥 √𝑦 √𝑥 √𝑦
(a) 𝑥 = 4, 𝑦 = 9 (b) 𝑥 = −4, 𝑦 = 9 (c) 𝑥 = 9, 𝑦 = 4 (d) None of these
3 2 9 4
7. If 𝑥+𝑦 + 𝑥−𝑦 = 2 and 𝑥+𝑦 − 𝑥−𝑦 = 1 then
1 3 5 1 3 1 1 5
(a) 𝑥 = , 𝑦 = (b) 𝑥 = , 𝑦 = (c) 𝑥 = , 𝑦 = (d) 𝑥 = , 𝑦 =
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2 3 17 5 1
8. If 3𝑥+2𝑦 + 3𝑥−2𝑦 = and 3𝑥+2𝑦 + 3𝑥−2𝑦 = 2 then
5
(a) 𝑥 = −1, 𝑦 = 1 (b) 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 1
(c) 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = −1 (d) 𝑥 = −1, 𝑦 = −1
9. If 2𝑥+𝑦 = 2𝑥−𝑦 = √8 then the value of 𝑦 is
1 3
(a) 2 (b) 2 (c) 0 (d) none of these
10. A man travels 600 km partly by train and partly by car. If he covers 400 km by train and
the rest by car, it takes him 6 hours and 30 minutes. But, if he travels 200 km by train
and the rest by car, he takes half an hour longer. The speed of the car is
(a) 80 𝑘𝑚/ℎ (b) 100 𝑘𝑚/ℎ (c) 120 𝑘𝑚/ℎ (d) None of these
11. Abdul travelled 300 km by train and 200 km by taxi taking 5 hours and 30 minutes. But,
if he travels 260 km by train and 240 km by taxi, he takes 6 minutes longer. The speed
of the train is
(a) 80 𝑘𝑚/ℎ (b) 100 𝑘𝑚/ℎ (c) 120 𝑘𝑚/ℎ (d) None of these
12. A sailor goes 8 km downstream in 40 minutes and returns in 1 hour. The speed of the
sailor in still water is
(a) 8 𝑘𝑚/ℎ (b) 10 𝑘𝑚/ℎ (c) 12 𝑘𝑚/ℎ (d) 2 𝑘𝑚/ℎ
13. A boat goes 24 km upstream and 28 km downstream in 6 hours. It goes 30 km
upstream and 21 km downstream in 6 hours and 30 minutes. The speed of the boat on
still water is
(a) 8 km/hr (b) 9 km/hr (c) 12 km/hr (d) 10 km/hr
14. 𝑋 takes 3 hours more than 𝑌 to walk 30 km. But, if 𝑋 doubles his pace, he is ahead of 𝑌
1
by 1 2 hours. Find their speed of walking.
10 5
(a) 𝑘𝑚/ℎ𝑟, 5 𝑘𝑚/ℎ𝑟 (b) 10𝑘𝑚/ℎ𝑟, 3 𝑘𝑚/ℎ𝑟
3
3 3
(c) 10 𝑘𝑚/ℎ𝑟, 5 𝑘𝑚/ℎ𝑟 (d) 10 𝑘𝑚/ℎ𝑟, 5 𝑘𝑚/ℎ𝑟
15. 2 man and 7 boys can do a piece of work in 4 days. It is done by 4 men and 4 boys in 3
days. How long would it take for one man or one boy to do it?
(a) 15, 60 (b) 20, 80 (c) 20, 60 (d) 15, 80
 Answer Key
Exercise 1
1. (c) 2. (b) 3. (a) 4. (c) 5. (b) 6. (c) 7. (d)
Exercise 2
1. (d) 2. (b) 3. (a) 4. (a) 5. (b) 6. (c)

7. (a) 8. (d) 9. (d) 10. (a) 11. (d) 12. (c)
13. (a) 14. (d) 15. (d) 16. (d) 17. (b) 18. (b)
19. (c) 20. (c) 21. (b) 22. (b) 23. (b) 24. (a)
25. (d) 26. (b)
Exercise 3
1. (b) 2. (c) 3. (a) 4. (b) 5. (d) 6. (c)

7. (a) 8. (c) 9. (a) 10. (a) 11. (c) 12. (a)
13. (b) 14. (d) 15. (d) 16. (d) 17. (c) 18. (c)
19. (c) 20. (d)
Exercise 4
1. (b) 2. (a) 3. (a) 4. (d) 5. (b) 6. (b)

7. (b) 8. (c) 9. (d) 10. (d) 11. (b) 12. (c)
13. (c) 14. (d) 15. (a) 16. (d) 17. (d) 18. (b)
19. (c) 20. (d)
Exercise 5
1. (c) 2. (b) 3. (d) 4. (b) 5. (c) 6. (a)

7. (b) 8. (b) 9. (c) 10. (a) 11. (b) 12. (d)
13. (d) 14. (a) 15. (a)
Introduction
Similar figures → If two figures are given, having the same shape but not necessarily the
same size then, they are called the similar figures.
▪ All the congruent figures are similar but the converse is not necessarily true.
➢ Two polygons of the same number of sides are similar, if

a) their corresponding angles are equal and
b) their corresponding sides are in the same ratio.
Similar triangles → Two triangles are said to be similar, if their corresponding angles are
equal and their corresponding sides are proportional i.e., the corresponding sides are in the
same ratio.
Basic Proportionality Theorem
Basic Proportionality Theorem (B.P.T. or Thales Theorem) → If a line is drawn parallel to

one side of a triangle to intersect the other two sides in distinct points, the other two sides
𝐴𝐷 𝐴𝐸
are divided in the same ratio, i.e., 𝐷𝐵 = 𝐸𝐶
𝐴
Remarks :
𝐴𝐷 𝐴𝐸 𝐴𝐷 𝐴𝐸 𝐴𝐵 𝐴𝐶 𝐷 𝐸
= ⇒ 𝐷𝐵 + 1 = 𝐸𝐶 + 1 ⇒ 𝐷𝐵 = 𝐸𝐶
𝐷𝐵 𝐸𝐶
𝐴𝐷 𝐴𝐸 𝐷𝐵 𝐸𝐶 𝐷𝐵 𝐸𝐶 𝐴𝐵 𝐴𝐶 𝐵 𝐶
= ⇒ 𝐴𝐷 = 𝐴𝐸 ⇒ 𝐴𝐷 + 1 = 𝐴𝐸 + 1 ⇒ 𝐴𝐷 = 𝐴𝐸
𝐷𝐵 𝐸𝐶
Converse of Thales Theorem → If a line divides any two sides of a triangle in the same ratio,
then the line is parallel to the third side.
𝐴𝐷 𝐴𝐸
i.e., if 𝐵𝐷 = then 𝐷𝐸 ∥ 𝐵𝐶
𝐸𝐶
Exercise 𝟏
1. In the figure below, 𝑃𝑄 ∥ 𝐶𝐵
To the nearest tenth, what is the length of 𝐵𝑄 ?

(a) 1.4 cm (b) 2.1 cm (c) 1.8 cm (d) 2.2 cm
𝐴𝐷 3
2. In figure, 𝐷𝐸 ∥ 𝐵𝐶. If 𝐷𝐵 = 2 and 𝐴𝐸 = 2.7 cm, then 𝐴𝐶 is equal to
(a) 4.0 cm (b) 1.8 cm (c) 4.5 cm (d) 2.7 cm

3. In △ 𝐴𝐵𝐶, 𝐷𝐸 ∥ 𝐵𝐶 so that 𝐴𝐷 = 2.4 cm, 𝐴𝐸 = 3.2 cm and 𝐸𝐶 = 4.8 cm. Then, 𝐴𝐵 =?
(a) 3.6 cm (b) 6 cm (c) 6.4 cm (d) 7.2 cm

4. In a △ 𝐴𝐵𝐶, if 𝐷𝐸 is drawn parallel to 𝐵𝐶, cutting 𝐴𝐵 and 𝐴𝐶 at 𝐷 and 𝐸 respectively
such that 𝐴𝐵 = 7.2 cm, 𝐴𝐶 = 6.4 cm and 𝐴𝐷 = 4.5 cm. Then, 𝐴𝐸 =?
(a) 5.4 cm (b) 4 cm (c) 3.6 cm (d) 3.2 cm
5. In the given figure, D and E are points on AB and AC respectively such that DE ∥ BC. If
1
AD = 3 BD and AE = 4.5 cm, then AC is equal to
(a) 12 cm (b) 14 cm (c) 16 cm (d) 18 cm

6. 𝑋𝑌 is drawn parallel to the base 𝐵𝐶 of a Δ𝐴𝐵𝐶 cutting 𝐴𝐵 at 𝑋 and 𝐴𝐶 at 𝑌. If 𝐴𝐵 =
4𝐵𝑋 and 𝑌𝐶 = 2 cm, then 𝐴𝑌 =
(a) 2 cm (b) 4 cm (c) 6 cm (d) 8 cm
𝑃𝑆 3
7. In △ 𝑃𝑄𝑅, 𝑆𝑇 ∥ 𝑄𝑅, 𝑆𝑄 = 5 and 𝑃𝑅 = 28 cm, then the value of 𝑃𝑇 is
(a) 9.5 cm (b) 9 cm (c) 10 cm (d) 10.5 cm

8. In △ 𝐴𝐵𝐶, 𝐷𝐸 ∥ 𝐵𝐶 so that 𝐴𝐷 = (7𝑥 − 4)cm, 𝐴𝐸 = (5𝑥 − 2)cm, 𝐷𝐵 = (3𝑥 + 4)cm
and 𝐸𝐶 = 3𝑥 cm Then, we have
(a) 𝑥 = 3 (b) 𝑥 = 5 (c) 𝑥 = 4 (d) 𝑥 = 2.5
9. In the given figure, 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷 is a trapezium whose diagonals 𝐴𝐶 and 𝐵𝐷 intersect at 𝑂 such
that 𝑂𝐴 = (3𝑥 − 1)cm, 𝑂𝐵 = (2𝑥 + 1)cm, 𝑂𝐶 = (5𝑥 − 3)cm and 𝑂𝐷 = (6𝑥 − 5)cm.
Then, 𝑥 =?
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 2.5 (d) 4

10. In the given figure, if 𝐴𝐵 ∥ 𝐶𝐷, then the value of 𝑥 is
(a) 6 (b) 8 (c) 3 (d) 9

𝐴𝐷
11. In given fig, if 𝑃𝐵 ∥ 𝐶𝐹 and 𝐷𝑃 ∥ 𝐸𝐹, then 𝐷𝐸 =
3 1 1 2
(a) 4 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) 3
12. In the given figure, 𝑄𝑅 ∥ 𝐴𝐵, 𝑅𝑃 ∥ 𝐵𝐷, 𝐶𝑄 = 𝑥 + 2, 𝑄𝐴 = 𝑥, 𝐶𝑃 = 5𝑥 + 4, 𝑃𝐷 = 3𝑥.
The value of 𝑥 is
(a) 1 (b) 6 (c) 3 (d) 9
13. 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷 is a parallelogram with diagonal 𝐴𝐶. If a line 𝑋𝑍 is drawn such that 𝑋𝑍 ∥ 𝐴𝐵 then
𝐵𝑋
is equal to
𝑋𝐶
𝐴𝑌 𝐷𝑍 𝐴𝑍 𝐴𝐶
(a) 𝐴𝐶 (b) 𝐴𝑍 (c) 𝑍𝐷 (d) 𝐴𝑌
14. In the given figure 𝐴𝐷 = 3 cm, 𝐴𝐸 = 5 cm, 𝐵𝐷 = 4 cm. 𝐶𝐸 = 4 cm, 𝐶𝐹 = 2 cm, 𝐵𝐹 =
2.5 cm then which of the following is true?
(a) 𝐷𝐸 ∥ 𝐵𝐶 (b) 𝐷𝐹 ∥ 𝐴𝐶 (c) 𝐸𝐹 ∥ 𝐴𝐵 (d) none of them

15. In the given figure of △ 𝐴𝐵𝐶, 𝐷𝐸 ∥ 𝐴𝐶. If 𝐷𝐶 ∥ 𝐴𝑃, where point 𝑃 lies on 𝐵𝐶 produced,
𝐵𝐸
then 𝐸𝐶 =
𝐵𝐷 𝐵𝐶 𝐵𝐶
(a) 𝐶𝑃 (b) 𝐶𝑃 (c) 𝐷𝐴 (d) None of these
16. In the given figure, AP = 3 cm, AR = 4.5 cm, AQ = 6 cm, AB = 5 cm, AC = 10 cm. The
length of 𝐴𝐷 is
(a) 4.5 cm (b) 6.5 cm (c) 7 cm (d) 7.5 cm

2
17. If in the given figure, AB ∥ DE and BD ∥ EF, then DC =
(a) CF + AC (b) CF × AC (c) CF + 2AC (d) None of these
Criteria for Similarity of Triangles
(i) AAA Similarity Criterion

In two triangles, if corresponding angles are equal, then their corresponding sides are
proportional and hence the two triangles are similar.
Here, ∠𝐴 = ∠𝑃, ∠𝐵 = ∠𝑄
And ∠𝐶 = ∠𝑅
∴ Δ𝐴𝐵𝐶 ∼ Δ𝑃𝑄𝑅
Note : If two angles of one triangle are respectively equal to two angles of another triangle,
then the two triangles are similar. AAA similarity criterion can be consider as AA similarity
criterion.
(ii) SSS Similarity Criterion

If in two triangles, three sides of one triangle are proportional (i.e., in the same ratio) to the
three sides of the other triangle, then their corresponding angles are equal and hence the
two triangles are similar.
𝐴𝐵 𝐵𝐶 𝐴𝐶
Here, 𝐷𝐸 = 𝐸𝐹 = 𝐷𝐹
∴△ 𝐴𝐵𝐶 ∼ Δ𝐷𝐸𝐹
(iii) SAS Similarity Criterion

If one angle of a triangle is equal to one angle of the other triangle and the sides including
these angles are proportional, then the two triangles are similar.
𝐴𝐵 𝐴𝐶
Here, 𝐷𝐸 = 𝐷𝐹 and ∠𝐴 = ∠𝐷
∴ △ 𝐴𝐵𝐶 ∼ Δ𝐷𝐸𝐹
Theorem : If a perpendicular is drawn from the vertex of the right angle of a right triangle to
the hypotenuse then triangles on both sides of the perpendicular are similar to the whole
triangle and to each other.
Here, ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶, ∠𝐵 = 90° and 𝐵𝐷 ⊥ 𝐴𝐶

𝐵
𝐴 𝐷 𝐶
We have, ∆𝐴𝐷𝐵~∆𝐴𝐵𝐶; ∆𝐵𝐷𝐶~∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 and ∆𝐴𝐷𝐵~∆𝐵𝐷𝐶
Exercise 𝟐

𝐴𝐵 𝐵𝐶 𝐶𝐴
1. If in △ 𝐴𝐵𝐶 and △ 𝑃𝑄𝑅, we have 𝑄𝑅 = 𝑃𝑅 = 𝑃𝑄 then
(a) △ 𝑃𝑄𝑅 ∼△ 𝐶𝐴𝐵 (b) △ 𝑃𝑄𝑅 ∼△ 𝐴𝐵𝐶
(c) △ 𝐶𝐵𝐴 ∼△ 𝑃𝑄𝑅 (d) △ 𝐵𝐶𝐴 ∼△ 𝑃𝑄𝑅
AB BC
2. If in triangles ABC and DEF, DE = FD, then they will be similar, when
(a) ∠𝐵 = ∠𝐸 (b) ∠A = ∠D (c) ∠B = ∠D (d) ∠A = ∠F
3. If in two triangles 𝐴𝐵𝐶 and 𝐷𝐸𝐹, ∠𝐴 = ∠𝐸, ∠𝐵 = ∠𝐹, then which of the following is not
true?
𝐵𝐶 𝐴𝐶 𝐴𝐵 𝐵𝐶 𝐴𝐵 𝐴𝐶 𝐵𝐶 𝐴𝐵
(a) 𝐷𝐹 = 𝐷𝐸 (b) 𝐷𝐸 = 𝐷𝐹 (c) 𝐸𝐹 = 𝐷𝐸 (d) 𝐷𝐹 = 𝐸𝐹
4. If △ 𝐴𝐵𝐶 ∼ △ 𝐸𝐷𝐹 and △ 𝐴𝐵𝐶 is not similar to △ 𝐷𝐸𝐹, then which of the following is
not true?
(a) 𝐵𝐶. 𝐸𝐹 = 𝐴𝐶. 𝐹𝐷 (b) 𝐴𝐵. 𝐸𝐹 = 𝐴𝐶. 𝐷𝐸
(c) 𝐵𝐶. 𝐷𝐸 = 𝐴𝐵. 𝐸𝐹 (d) 𝐵𝐶. 𝐷𝐸 = 𝐴𝐵. 𝐹𝐷
∘ ∘
5. If △ PQR ∼ △ XYZ, ∠Q = 50 and ∠R = 70 , then ∠X + ∠Y is equal to
(a) 70∘ (b) 110∘ (c) 120∘ (d) 50∘
6. In the given figure, △ ABC and △ XYZ are shown. If AB = 3 cm, BC = 8 cm, AC =
2√3 cm, ∠A = 80∘ , ∠B = 60∘ , XY = 4√3 cm, YZ = 12 cm and XZ = 6 cm, then the
value of ∠Y is
(a) 10∘ (b) 40∘ (c) 35∘ (d) 75∘

7. In the figure, if DE ∥ BC, AD = 3 cm, BD = 4 cm and BC = 14 cm, then DE equals
(a) 7 cm (b) 6 cm (c) 4 cm (d) 3 cm
8. In the given figure, two line segments 𝐴𝐶 and 𝐵𝐷 intersect each other at the point 𝑃
such that 𝑃𝐴 = 6 cm, 𝑃𝐵 = 3 cm, 𝑃𝐶 = 2.5 cm, 𝑃𝐷 = 5 cm, ∠𝐴𝑃𝐵 = 50∘ and
∠𝐶𝐷𝑃 = 30∘ then ∠𝑃𝐵𝐴 = ?
(a) 50∘ (b) 30∘ (c) 60∘ (d) 100∘

9. In the given figure, Δ𝑂𝐷𝐶 ∼ Δ𝑂𝐵𝐴, ∠𝐵𝑂𝐶 = 125∘ and ∠𝐶𝐷𝑂 = 70∘ , then the value of
∠𝑂𝐴𝐵 is
(a) 70∘ (b) 125∘ (c) 55∘ (d) 45∘

10. In the given figure, 𝐷𝐸 ∥ 𝐵𝐶. Which of the following is true?
𝑎+𝑏 𝑎𝑥 𝑎𝑦 𝑥 𝑎
(a) 𝑥 = (b) 𝑦 = 𝑎+𝑏 (c) 𝑥 = 𝑎+𝑏 (d) 𝑦 = 𝑏
𝑎𝑦
11. 𝑄𝐴 and 𝑃𝐵 are perpendicular on 𝐴𝐵, if 𝐴𝑂 = 10 cm, 𝐵𝑂 = 6 cm and 𝑃𝐵 = 9 cm, then
measure of 𝐴𝑄 (see figure) is
(a) 15 cm (b) 25 cm (c) 10 cm (d) none of these
12. In the figure given below, if 𝐴𝐵 ∥ 𝐷𝐶 and 𝐴𝐶 and 𝑃𝑄 intersect each other at point 𝑂,
then the value of 𝑂𝐴 ⋅ 𝐶𝑄 is
(a) 𝑂𝐶.𝑂𝑄 (b) 𝑂𝑃. 𝑂𝐶 (c) 𝑂𝐶. 𝐴𝑃 (d) OQ. O𝑃

13. In triangles 𝐴𝐵𝐶 and 𝐷𝐸𝐹, ∠𝐵 = ∠𝐸, ∠𝐹 = ∠𝐶 and 𝐴𝐵 = 3𝐷𝐸. Then, the two triangles
are
(a) congruent but not similar (b) similar but not congruent
(c) neither congruent nor similar (d) congruent as well as similar
𝑃𝑆 𝑃𝑇
14. In the adjoining figure, 𝑆𝑄 = 𝑇𝑅 and ∠𝑃𝑆𝑇 = ∠𝑃𝑅𝑄. Then, △ 𝑃𝑄𝑅 is an
(a) equilateral triangle (b) right angle triangle

(c) isosceles triangle (d) Cannot say
15. In the given figure, ∠ACB = ∠CDA, AC = 8 cm, AD = 3 cm, then BD is
22 26 55 64
(a) cm (b) cm (c) cm (d) cm
3 3 3 3
16. Sides 𝐴𝐵 and 𝐵𝐸 of a right triangle, right angled at B are of lengths 16 cm and 8 cm
respectively. The length of the side of largest square 𝐹𝐷𝐺𝐵 that can be inscribed in the
triangle ABE is
32 16 8 4
(a) cm (b) cm (c) 3 cm (d) 3 cm
3 3
17. In the given figure, if ∠𝐴𝐷𝐸 = ∠𝐵, and 𝐴𝐷 = 6.8 cm, 𝐴𝐸 = 8.6 cm, 𝐵𝐸 = 2.4 cm and
𝐵𝐶 = 5.5 cm, then the value of 𝐷𝐸 is
(a) 6.8 cm (b) 2.4 cm (c) 3.4 cm (d) 4.8 cm

18. In the given figure, ∠CAB = 90° and AD ⊥ BC. If AC = 75 cm, AB = 1 m and BD =
1.25 m then AD =
(a) 93.75 cm (b) 9.375 cm (c) 937.5 cm (d) None of these

19. ABC is such that AB = 3 cm, BC = 2 cm, CA = 2.5 cm. If ΔABC ∼ ΔDEF and 𝐸𝐹 =
4 cm, then perimeter of △ DEF is
(a) 7.5 cm (b) 15 cm (c) 22.5 cm (d) 30 cm
20. The perimeters of two similar triangles are 25 cm and 15 cm respectively. If one side of
the first triangle is 9 cm, then the corresponding side of second triangle is
(a) 5.4 cm (b) 8 cm (c) 9.5 cm (d) 10 cm
21. The perimeter of two similar triangles 𝐴𝐵𝐶 and 𝑃𝑄𝑅 are respectively 36 𝑐𝑚 and 24 𝑐𝑚.
If 𝑃𝑄 = 10 𝑐𝑚 then 𝐴𝐵 =
15
(a) 12 𝑐𝑚 (b) 15 𝑐𝑚 (c) 18 𝑐𝑚 (d) 𝑐𝑚
2
22. If △ 𝐴𝐵𝐶 ∼ Δ𝑃𝑄𝑅, 𝐴𝐵 = 6.5 cm, 𝑃𝑄 = 10.4 cm and perimeter of Δ𝐴𝐵𝐶 = 60 cm, the
perimeter of △ 𝑃𝑄𝑅 is
(a) 65 cm (b) 96 cm (c) 60 cm (d) 104 cm
23. In the given figure, 𝑥 in terms of 𝑎, 𝑏 and 𝑐 is given by
𝑎𝑐 𝑏+𝑐 𝑎𝑏 𝑏+𝑐
(a) 𝑏+𝑐 (b) (c) 𝑏+𝑐 (d)
𝑎𝑐 𝑎𝑏
24. In the given figure 𝑃𝐴, 𝑄𝐵 and 𝑅𝐶 each is perpendicular to 𝐴𝐶 such that 𝑃𝐴 = 𝑥, 𝑅𝐶 =
𝑦, 𝑄𝐵 = 𝑧, 𝐴𝐵 = 𝑎 and 𝐵𝐶 = 𝑏. Then
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
(a) 𝑥 + 𝑧 = 𝑦 (b) 𝑧 + 𝑦 = 𝑥 (c) 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝑧 (d) 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝑧
25. In the given figure, ∠𝐵𝐴𝐶 = 90∘ and 𝐴𝐷 ⊥ 𝐵𝐶. Then
(a) 𝐵𝐶 ⋅ 𝐶𝐷 = 𝐵𝐶 2 (b) 𝐴𝐵 ⋅ 𝐴𝐶 = 𝐵𝐶 2
(c) 𝐵𝐷 ⋅ 𝐶𝐷 = 𝐴𝐷2 (d) 𝐴𝐵 ⋅ 𝐴𝐶 = 𝐴𝐷2
26. Observe the right triangle 𝐴𝐵𝐶, right angled at 𝐵 as shown below.
What is the length of 𝑃𝐶 ?
(a) 2.5 cm (b) 4.5 cm (c) 6 cm (d) 7.5 cm
27. A vertical stick 20 m long casts a shadow 10 m long on the ground. At the same time a
tower casts a shadow 50 m long. What is the height of the tower?
(a) 30 m (b) 50 m (c) 80 m (d) 100 m
28. Ankit is 5 feet tall. He places a mirror on the ground and moves until he can see the top
of a building. At the instant when Ankit is 2 feet from the mirror, the building is 48 feet
from the mirror. How tall is the building?
(a) 96 feet (b) 120 feet (c) 180 feet (d) 240 feet
29. The value of the height ' ℎ ' in the adjoining figure is, at which the tennis ball must be hit,
so that it will just pass over the net and land 6 m away from the base of the net.
(a) 3.6 m (b) 3 m (c) 2.7 m (d) 0.27 m

30. A girl of height 90 cm is walking away from the base of a lamp-post at a speed of
1.2 m/s. If the lamp is 3.6 m above the ground, the length of her shadow after 4
seconds is
(a) 1.1 cm (b) 1.6 cm (c) 2.3 cm (d) 3.5 cm
Areas of Similar Triangles
The ratio of the areas of two similar triangles is equal to the square of the ratio of their
corresponding sides, i.e.,
𝑎𝑟(∆𝐴𝐵𝐶) 𝐴𝐵 2 𝐵𝐶 2 𝐴𝐶 2
= (𝑃𝑄) = (𝑄𝑅) = (𝑃𝑅)
𝑎𝑟(∆𝑃𝑄𝑅)
➢ The ratio of the areas of two similar triangles is equal to the square of the ratio of their
corresponding altitudes.
corresponding medians.
corresponding angle bisector segments.
corresponding perimeters.
Exercise 𝟑
1. Which of the following is a false statement?

(a) If the areas of two similar triangles are equal then the triangles are congruent.
(b) The ratio of the areas of two similar triangles is equal to the ratio of their
corresponding sides.
(c) The ratio of the areas of two similar triangles is equal to the ratio of squares of their
corresponding medians.
(d) The ratio of the areas of two similar triangles is equal to the ratio of squares of their
corresponding altitudes.
𝐴𝐵 𝐵𝐶 𝐴𝐶 5
2. In △ 𝐴𝐵𝐶 and △ 𝐷𝐸𝐹, we have 𝐷𝐸 = 𝐸𝐹 = 𝐷𝐹 = 7, then ar(△ 𝐴𝐵𝐶) : ar (△ 𝐷𝐸𝐹) =?
(a) 5 ∶ 7 (b) 25 ∶ 49 (c) 49 ∶ 25 (d) 125 ∶ 343
3. If △ 𝐴𝐵𝐶 ∼△ 𝐷𝐸𝐹 such that 𝐴𝐵 = 1.2 cm and 𝐷𝐸 = 1.4 cm, the ratio of the areas of △
𝐴𝐵𝐶 and Δ𝐷𝐸𝐹 is
(a) 49 ∶ 36 (b) 6 ∶ 7 (c) 7 ∶ 6 (d) 36 ∶ 49
4. △ 𝐴𝐵𝐶 ∼△ 𝐷𝐸𝐹 such that ar (△ 𝐴𝐵𝐶) = 36 cm and ar (△ 𝐷𝐸𝐹) = 49 cm2
2
Then, the ratio of their corresponding sides is

(a) 36 ∶ 49 (b) 6 ∶ 7 (c) 7 ∶ 6 (d) √6 ∶ √7
2
5. The area of two similar triangles are 𝑎 and 𝑘 𝑎. What is the ratio of the corresponding
side lengths of the triangles?
(a) 1 ∶ 𝑘 (b) 1 ∶ 𝑘 2 (c) 1 ∶ 𝑎 (d) 1 ∶ 𝑎2
6. Corresponding sides of two similar triangles are in the ratio 4 ∶ 9. Areas of these
triangles are in the ratio
(a) 2 ∶ 3 (b) 4 ∶ 9 (c) 9 ∶ 4 (d) 16 ∶ 81
𝐵𝐶 2 ar (Δ𝑃𝑄𝑅)
7. It is given that △ 𝐴𝐵𝐶 ∼△ 𝑃𝑄𝑅 and 𝑄𝑅 = 3 then ar (△𝐴𝐵𝐶) = ?
2 3 4 9
(a) 3 (b) 2 (c) 9 (d) 4
8. It is given that ar(△ 𝐴𝐵𝐶) = 81 square units and ar(Δ𝐷𝐸𝐹) = 64 square units. If △
𝐴𝐵𝐶 ∼△ 𝐷𝐸𝐹, then
𝐴𝐵 81 𝐴𝐵2 9
(a) 𝐷𝐸 = 64 (b) 𝐷𝐸2 = 8
𝐴𝐵 9
(c) = (d) 𝐴𝐵 = 81 units, 𝐷𝐸 = 64 units
𝐷𝐸 8
𝑎𝑟 (Δ𝐴𝐵𝐶) 9
9. If △ 𝐴𝐵𝐶 ∼ Δ𝐷𝐸𝐹, 𝑎𝑟(Δ𝐷𝐸𝐹) = 25 , 𝐵𝐶 = 21 cm, then 𝐸𝐹 is equal to
(a) 9 cm (b) 6 cm (c) 35 cm (d) 25 cm
ar (A𝐵𝐶) 9
10. If △ ABC ∼ △ QRP, ar (PQR) = 4 , AB = 18 cm and BC = 15 cm, then PR is equal to
20
(a) 10 cm (b) 12 cm (c) cm (d) 8 cm
3
11. The areas of two similar triangles △ 𝐴𝐵𝐶 and Δ𝐷𝐸𝐹 are 144 cm2 and 81 cm2
respectively. If the longest side of larger △ 𝐴𝐵𝐶 be 36 cm, then the longest side of the
smaller triangle △ 𝐷𝐸𝐹 is
(a) 20 cm (b) 26 cm (c) 27 cm (d) 30 cm
12. In the given figure, 𝐷𝐸 ∥ 𝐵𝐶, 𝐴𝐷 = 1 cm and 𝐵𝐷 = 2 cm . What is the ratio of the
ar(𝛥𝐴𝐵𝐶) to the ar(Δ𝐴𝐷𝐸) ?
(a) 4 ∶ 1 (b) 9 ∶ 1 (c) 3 ∶ 1 (d) 8 ∶ 1

13. △ 𝑃𝑄𝑅 is similar to another triangle 𝐴𝐵𝐶 such that 𝑎𝑟(Δ𝑃𝑄𝑅) = 4 𝑎𝑟(Δ𝐴𝐵𝐶). The ratio
of their perimeter is given as
(a) 2 ∶ 1 (b) 1 ∶ 2 (c) 4 ∶ 1 (d) 4 ∶ 1
14. The ratio of the areas of two similar triangles, 𝐴𝐵𝐶 and 𝑃𝑄𝑅 is 25 ∶ 144. What is the
ratio of their medians 𝐴𝑀 and 𝑃𝑁 ?
(a) 5 ∶ 12 (b) 5 ∶ 16 (c) 12 ∶ 5 (d) 25 ∶ 144
15. △ ABC ∼△ PQR. If AM and PN are altitudes of △ ABC and △ PQR respectively and
𝐴𝐵 = 1.2 cm, 𝑃𝑄 = 1.4 cm then AM ∶ PN =
(a) 49 ∶ 36 (b) 36 ∶ 49 (c) 7 ∶ 6 (d) 6 ∶ 7
16. In an equilateral △ 𝐴𝐵𝐶, 𝐷 is the midpoint of 𝐴𝐵 and 𝐸 is the midpoint of 𝐴𝐶. Then,
ar(△ 𝐴𝐵𝐶) : ar(△ 𝐴𝐷𝐸) = ?
(a) 2 ∶ 1 (b) 4 ∶ 1 (c) 1 ∶ 2 (d) 1 ∶ 4
17. In the adjoining figure, 𝐷, 𝐸 and 𝐹 are the mid-points of the side 𝐵𝐶, 𝐴𝐶 and 𝐴𝐵
respectively of △ 𝐴𝐵𝐶 then ar(Δ𝐷𝐸𝐹) ∶ ar(Δ𝐴𝐵𝐶) is
1 1 1
18. 𝐴𝐷 is an altitude of an equilateral triangle 𝐴𝐵𝐶. On 𝐴𝐷 as base, another equilateral
triangle 𝐴𝐷𝐸 is constructed. Then 𝑎𝑟(△ ADE) ∶ 𝑎𝑟(△ ABC) =
(a) 1 ∶ 2 (b) 2 ∶ 5 (c) 3 ∶ 4 (d) 3 ∶ 7
Pythagoras Theorem
In a right triangle, the square of the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the square of the
other two sides. 𝐴
If ∠𝐵 = 90°
Then 𝐴𝐶 2 = 𝐴𝐵 2 + 𝐵𝐶 2
𝐵 𝐶
Converse of Pythagoras Theorem → In a triangle, if square of one side is equal to the sum of
the squares of the other two sides, then the angle opposite to the first side is a right angle.
If 𝐴𝐶 2 = 𝐴𝐵 2 + 𝐵𝐶 2 then ∠𝐵 = 90°
Exercise 𝟒
1. In an isosceles △ 𝐴𝐵𝐶, if 𝐴𝐶 = 𝐵𝐶 and 𝐴𝐵 2 = 2𝐴𝐶 2 then ∠𝐶 =?

(a) 30∘ (b) 45∘ (c) 60∘ (d) 90∘
2. A man goes 24 m due west and then 10 m due north. How far is he from the starting
point?
(a) 34 m (b) 17 m (c) 26 m (d) 28 m
3. The lengths of the diagonals of a rhombus are 24 cm and 10 cm. The length of each side
of the rhombus is
(a) 12 cm (b) 13 cm (c) 14 cm (d) 17 cm
4. In a rhombus of side 10 cm, one of the diagonals is 12 cm long. The length of the second
diagonal is
(a) 20 cm (b) 18 cm (c) 16 cm (d) 22 cm
5. Find the length of a diagonal of a rectangle whose adjacent sides are 30 cm and 16 cm.
(a) 32 cm (b) 34 cm (c) 36 cm (d) None of these
6. A flag pole 18 m high casts a shadow 9.6 m long. Then, the distance of the top of the
pole from the far end of the shadow is
(a) 18 m (b) 26 m (c) 21 m (d) 20.4 m
7. A ladder 25 m long just reaches the top of a building 24 m high from the ground. What
is the distance of the foot of the ladder from the building?
(a) 7 m (b) 14 m (c) 21 m (d) 24.5 m
8. A guy wire attached to a vertical pole of height 18 m is 24 m long and has a stake
attached to the other end. How far from the base of the pole should the stake be driven
so that the wife will be taut?
(a) 6√7 cm (b) 5√7 cm (c) 4√7 cm (d) 3√7 cm
9. Two poles of height 13 m and 7 m respectively stand vertically on a plane ground at a
distance of 8 m from each other. The distance between their tops is
(a) 9 m (b) 10 m (c) 11 m (d) 12 m
10. The straight line distance between 𝐴 and 𝐵 is
(a) 5√3 units (b) 5 units (c) 3√5 units (d) 5√2 units
11. In the given figure, 𝑂 is a point inside a △ 𝑀𝑁𝑃 such that ∠𝑀𝑂𝑃 = 90∘ , 𝑂𝑀 = 16 cm
and 𝑂𝑃 = 12 cm. If 𝑀𝑁 = 21 cm and ∠𝑁𝑀𝑃 = 90∘ then 𝑁𝑃 =?
(a) 25 cm (b) 29 cm (c) 33 cm (d) 35 cm
12. The hypotenuse of a right triangle is 25 cm. The other two sides are such that one is
5 cm longer than the other. The lengths of these sides are
(a) 10 cm, 15 cm (b) 15 cm, 20 cm
(c) 12 cm, 17 cm (d) 13 cm, 18 cm
13. In an equilateral triangle 𝐴𝐵𝐶, if 𝐴𝐷 ⊥ 𝐵𝐶 then which of the following is true?
(a) 2𝐴𝐵 2 = 3𝐴𝐷2 (b) 4𝐴𝐵 2 = 3𝐴𝐷2 (c) 3𝐴𝐵 2 = 4𝐴𝐷2 (d) 3𝐴𝐵 2 = 2𝐴𝐷2
14. In the given figure, if 𝐴𝐷 ⊥ 𝐵𝐶, then 𝐴𝐵 2 + 𝐶𝐷2 equals
(a) 𝐴𝐷2 + 𝐵𝐶 2 (b) 𝐴𝐷2 + 𝐶𝐷2 (c) 𝐵𝐷2 + 𝐴𝐶 2 (d) none of them
∘
15. In the given figure, 𝐴𝐵𝐶 is a right angled triangle, ∠𝐵 = 90 . If 𝐷 is the mid-point of 𝐵𝐶,
then 𝐴𝐶 2 equal to
(a) 3𝐴𝐷2 + 𝐶𝐷2 (b) 𝐴𝐷2 + 3𝐶𝐷2
1 1
(c) 3𝐴𝐷2 + 3 𝐶𝐷2 (d) 3 𝐴𝐷2 + 3𝐶𝐷2
16. In the given figure, 𝐵𝐿 and 𝐶𝑀 are medians of Δ𝐴𝐵𝐶, right angled at 𝐴. The term
4(𝐵𝐿2 + 𝐶𝑀2 ) is equal to
(a) 5𝐵𝐶 2 (b) 4𝐵𝐶 2 (c) 3𝐵𝐶 2 (d) 2𝐵𝐶 2

17. If 𝑃 and 𝑄 are the points on side 𝐶𝐴 and 𝐶𝐵 respectively of Δ𝐴𝐵𝐶, right angled at 𝐶,
then that (𝐴𝑄 2 + 𝐵𝑃2 ) =
(a) 2(𝐴𝐵 2 + 𝑃𝑄 2 ) (b) (2𝐴𝐵 2 + 𝑃𝑄 2 ) (c) (𝐴𝐵 2 + 2𝑃𝑄 2 ) (d) (𝐴𝐵 2 + 𝑃𝑄 2 )

18. A right angle triangle has hypotenuse of length 𝑝 cm and one side of length 𝑞 cm. If 𝑝 −
𝑞 = 1, then the length of the third side of the triangle (in cm) is
(a) √𝑞 + 1 (b) √2𝑞 + 1 (c) √𝑝 + 1 (d) √2𝑝 + 1
19. The area of a right angled triangle is 40sqcm and its perimeter is 40 cm. The length of
its hypotenuse is
(a) 16 cm (b) 18 cm (c) 17 cm (d) data insufficient
20. Δ𝐴𝐵𝐶 is an equilateral triangle of side 2𝑎, then length of one of its altitude is
(a) √3𝑎 (b) √3𝑎2 (c) √2𝑎3 (d) √2𝑎
 Answer Key
Exercise 1
1. (c) 2. (c) 3. (b) 4. (b) 5. (d) 6. (c)

7. (d) 8. (c) 9. (a) 10. (c) 11. (b) 12. (a)
13. (c) 14. (c) 15. (b) 16. (d) 17. (b)
Exercise 2
1. (a) 2. (c) 3. (b) 4. (c) 5. (b) 6. (b)

7. (b) 8. (d) 9. (c) 10. (c) 11. (a) 12. (c)
13. (b) 14. (c) 15. (c) 16. (b) 17. (c) 18. (a)
19. (b) 20. (a) 21. (b) 22. (b) 23. (a) 24. (d)
25. (c) 26. (d) 27. (d) 28. (b) 29. (c) 30. (b)
Exercise 3
1. (b) 2. (b) 3. (d) 4. (b) 5. (a) 6. (d)

7. (c) 8. (c) 9. (c) 10. (a) 11. (c) 12. (b)
13. (a) 14. (a) 15. (d) 16. (b) 17. (b) 18. (c)
Exercise 4
1. (d) 2. (c) 3. (b) 4. (c) 5. (b) 6. (d)

7. (a) 8. (a) 9. (b) 10. (c) 11. (b) 12. (b)
13. (c) 14. (c) 15. (b) 16. (a) 17. (d) 18. (b)
19. (b) 20. (a)
Introduction
Rectangular Coordinate Axes → Let X′OX and Y′OY be two mutually perpendicular lines
through any point O in the plane of the paper.
We shall call this point O as origin in short otherwise it is called the origin of coordinates.
Also on horizontal line X′OX, we assume that it is positive on the right side of O and negative
on the left side of O.
Similarly on the vertical line Y′OY, we assume that it is positive above the origin and
negative below the origin.
The line X′OX and Y′OY are called the X-axis and Y-axis respectively.
The two lines taken together are called the coordinate axes or the axes of coordinates and
the plane are known as the Cartesian plane or the XY-plane.
Consider a point P in the Cartesian plane. Draw the perpendiculars PM and PN on the X- and
Y-axis respectively.
The length of OM and ON is respectively called x- coordinate i.e. abscissa and y- coordinate
i.e. ordinates of the given point P.
The point P is represented as an ordered pair (𝑥, 𝑦) taking abscissa first and then the
ordinate both separated by a comma.
This system of representing a point in the plane in the form of the ordered pair of abscissa
and the ordinate is called the Rectangular Cartesian Coordinate System.
The lines X′OX and Y′OY have divided the plane in 4 parts, these are known as quadrants.
Note : X coordinate of any point on Y −axis is 0

∴ coordinate of any point on Y −axis is of the form (0, 𝑦)
Y coordinate of any point on X −axis is 0

∴ coordinate of any point on X −axis is of the form (𝑥, 0)
Distance Formula
Distance between two points → Consider two points 𝐴(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) and 𝐵(𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) in the XY
plane. Then the distance between them can be obtained by using following relation—
𝐴𝐵 = √(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )2 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )2 units
Distance of any point Q(𝑎, 𝑏) from origin 'O' is given by OQ = √𝑎2 + 𝑏 2
A few geometrical facts :
(i) A quadrilateral is a parallelogram iff a) opposite sides are equal.

b) diagonals bisect each other.
(ii) A quadrilateral is a rectangle iff a) opposite sides are equal and one angle is
right angle.
b) opposite sides are equal and diagonals are
equal
(iii) A quadrilateral is a rhombus iff a) all the four sides are equal.
b) diagonals bisect each other at right angles.
c) diagonals bisect each other and two
adjacent sides are equal.
(iv) A quadrilateral is a square iff a) all the four sides are equal and diagonals are
equal.
b) all the four sides are equal and one angle is a
right angle.
▪ A rectangle is a parallelogram whose diagonals are equal.

▪ A square is a rhombus whose diagonals are equal.
▪ A rhombus is a parallelogram whose adjacent sides are equal.
▪ A triangle is equilateral iff all of its sides are equal.
▪ A triangle is isosceles iff its two sides are equal.
Some useful facts :
To prove given four points A, B, C, D form a

(i) parallelogram, prove that the opposite sides are equal, i.e., AD = BC and AB = DC
(ii) rhombus, prove that the four sides are equal, i.e., AB = BC = CD = DA
(iii) square, prove that the four sides are equal and the diagonals are also equal, i.e., AB =
BC = CD = DA and AC = DB.
(iv) rectangle, prove that the opposite sides are equal and the diagonals are also equal, i.e.,
AB = CD, BC = DA and AC = DB.
(v) parallelogram but not a rectangle, prove that its opposite sides are equal but diagonals
are not equal, i.e., AD = BC and AB = DC but AC ≠ DB.
(vi) rhombus but not a square, prove that its all sides are equal but the diagonals are not
equal, i.e., AB = BC = CD = DA but AC ≠ DB.
Collinear points → The points which lie on the same line are known as collinear points.
To show collinearity of three points say, A(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ), B(𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ), C(𝑥3 , 𝑦3 ) :
Prove that the sum of the distances between two pairs of points is equal to the third pair of
points. That is 𝐴𝐵 + 𝐵𝐶 = 𝐴𝐶 or 𝐴𝐶 + 𝐵𝐶 = 𝐴𝐵 or 𝐴𝐶 + 𝐴𝐵 = 𝐵𝐶
Exercise 𝟏
1. The distance between the points A(0,6) and B(0, −2) is

(a) 6 units (b) 8 units (c) 4 units (d) 2 units
8 2
2. The distance between the points (− 5 , 2) and (5 , 2) is
(a) 0 units (b) 1 unit (c) 2 units (d) 5 units
3. The distance between (√2 + 1,2) and (1,2 − √2) is
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 11 (d) 17
4. The distance between the points 𝑃(𝑎, 0) and 𝑄(𝑏, 0) is
(a) √𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 units (b) 𝑎 + 𝑏 units (c) 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 units (d) |𝑏 − 𝑎| units
5. The distance between the points (0,5) and (−5,0) is
(a) 5 units (b) 5√2 units (c) 2√5 units (d) 10 units
6. The distance between the points (𝑚, −𝑛) and (−𝑚, 𝑛) is
(a) √𝑚2 + 𝑛2 units (b) (𝑚 + 𝑛) units
(c) 2√𝑚2 + 𝑛2 units (d) √2(𝑚2 + 𝑛2 ) units
7. The distance between the points 𝐴(𝑎, 𝑏) and 𝐵(𝑏, 𝑎) is
(a) 2√𝑎 − 𝑏 units (b) √2(𝑎 − 𝑏) units
(c) √2|𝑎 − 𝑏| units (d) None of these
8. The distance of a point 𝑃(−6,8) from the origin is
(a) 8 units (b) 2√7 units (c) 10 units (d) 6 units
9. The distance of a point (𝛼, 𝛽) from the origin is
(a) 2√𝛼𝛽 units (b) |𝛼| + |𝛽| units
(c) √2(𝛼 2 + 𝛽 2 ) units (d) √(𝛼 2 + 𝛽 2 ) units
10. The distance of 𝑃(3,4) from the 𝑥 -axis is
(a) 3 units (b) 4 units (c) 5 units (d) 1 unit
11. The distance of the point 𝑃(𝛼, 𝛽), 𝛼 < 0, 𝛽 < 0 from 𝑦 −axis is
(a) √𝛼 2 + 𝛽 2 units (b) |𝛼| units (c) |𝛽| units (d) |𝛼 + 𝛽| units
12. If the distance between the points (2, −2) and (−1, 𝑥) is 5, one of the values of 𝑥 is
(a) −2 (b) 2 (c) −1 (d) 1
13. If the distance between the points 𝐴(4, 𝑝) and 𝐵(1,0) is 5 units then
(a) 𝑝 = 4 only (b) 𝑝 = −4 only (c) 𝑝 = ±4 (d) 𝑝 = 0
14. If 𝐴 and 𝐵 are the points (−6,7) and (−1, −5) respectively, then the distance 2𝐴𝐵 is
equal to
(a) 13 units (b) 26 units (c) 169 units (d) 238 units
15. The perimeter of the triangle with vertices (0,4), (0,0) and (3,0) is
(a) (7 + √5) (b) 5 (c) 10 (d) 12
16. The perimeter of the triangle formed by the points (0,0), (1,0) and (0,1) is
(a) 1 ± √2 (b) √2 + 1 (c) 3 (d) 2 + √2
17. If the centre of a circle lies on a point 𝑂(−2, −4) and a point 𝑃(−10, −19) lies on the
circle then the diameter of the circle is
(a) 17 units (b) 13 units (c) 34 units (d) 2√17 units
18. If (−3,4) and (9, −8) are the end points of diameter of a circle then the length of its
radius is
(a) 12√2 units (b) 6√2 units (c) 2√12 units (d) √12 units
19. A circle whose centre lies on the origin has a point 𝑃(0,5) which lies on it. Which of the
following points lies outside the circle ?
(a) (2,2) (b) (3,4) (c) (5,0) (d) (5,5)
20. If the points 𝐴(4,3) and 𝐵(𝑥, 5) lie on a circle with the centre 𝑂(2,3), then the value of
𝑥 is
1 1
(a) −2 (b) 2 (c) 2 (d) − 2
21. 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷 is a rectangle whose three vertices are 𝐵(4,0), 𝐶(4,3) and 𝐷(0,3). The length of
one of its diagonals is
(a) 5 (b) 4 (c) 3 (d) 25
22. The points 𝐴(−4,0), 𝐵(4,0) and 𝐶(0,3) are the vertices of a triangle, which is
(a) isosceles (b) equilateral (c) scalene (d) right angled
23. The points (3,0), (6,4) and (−1,3) are the vertices of a
(a) equilateral triangle (b) scalene triangle
(c) right angled triangle (d) right angled isosceles triangle
24. The points (𝑎, 𝑎), (−𝑎, −𝑎) and (−√3𝑎, √3𝑎) are the vertices of a/an
(a) equilateral triangle (b) scalene triangle
(c) right angled triangle (d) isosceles triangle
25. The points 𝐴(5,1), 𝐵(6,2) and 𝐶(8,5) are the vertices of a/an
(a) equilateral triangle (b) isosceles triangle
(c) right angled triangle (d) scalene triangle
26. If three points (0,0), (3, √3) and (3, 𝜆) form an equilateral triangle, then 𝜆 =
(a) 2 (b) −3 (c) −4 (d) None of these
27. If 𝐴(5,3), 𝐵(11, −5) and 𝑃(12, 𝑦) are the vertices of a right triangle right angled at 𝑃,
then 𝑦 =
(a) −2, −4 (b) −2,4 (c) 2, −4 (d) 2,4
28. A line segment is of length 10 units. If the coordinates of its one end are (2, −3) and the
abscissa of the other end is 10, then its ordinate is
(a) 9,6 (b) 3, −9 (c) −3,9 (d) 9, −6
29. Which point on 𝑥 -axis is equidistant from the points 𝐴(7,6) and 𝐵(−3,4)?
(a) (0,4) (b) (−4,0) (c) (3,0) (d) (0,3)
30. Find the point on 𝑦-axis which is equidistant from the points 𝐴(5, −2) and 𝐵(−3,2).
(a) (−2,0) (b) (0, −2) (c) (2,0) (d) (0,2)
31. If the point 𝑃(2,2) is equidistant from the points 𝐴(−2, 𝑘) and 𝐵(−2𝑘, −3), then
(a) 𝑘 = −1, 3 (b) 𝑘 = 1, 3 (c) 𝑘 = 1, −3 (d) 𝑘 = −1, −3
32. If the point 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦) is equidistant from 𝐴(5,1) and 𝐵(−1,5), then
(a) 5𝑥 = 𝑦 (b) 𝑥 = 5𝑦 (c) 3𝑥 = 2𝑦 (d) 2𝑥 = 3𝑦.
33. If the point (𝑥, 𝑦) is equidistant from the points (𝑎 + 𝑏, 𝑏 − 𝑎) and (𝑎 − 𝑏, 𝑎 + 𝑏), then
(a) 𝑎𝑥 = 𝑏𝑦 (b) 𝑏𝑥 = 𝑎𝑦 (c) 𝑥𝑦 = 𝑎𝑏 (d) None of these
34. The equation of the perpendicular bisector of 𝐴𝐵, where 𝐴 and 𝐵 are the points (3,6)
and (−3,4) respectively, is
(a) 𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 5 (b) 𝑥 − 3𝑦 = 5 (c) 3𝑥 − 𝑦 = 5 (d) 3𝑥 + 𝑦 = 5
35. The 𝑥-coordinate of a point P is twice its 𝑦-coordinate. If P is equidistant from Q(2, −5)
and R(−3,6), then 𝑥 −coordinate of 𝑃 is
Section Formula
If a point P(𝑥, 𝑦) divides the line segment XY in the ratio 𝑚: 𝑛 internally, then the
𝑚𝑥2 +𝑛𝑥1 𝑚𝑦2 +𝑛𝑦1
coordinate of point P is given by ( , ), where coordinates of points X and Y
𝑚+𝑛 𝑚+𝑛
are X(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) and Y(𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ). This is known as section formula.
Mid-point formula : If P(𝑥, 𝑦) is the mid-point of the line joining the points A(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) and
𝑥1 +𝑥2 𝑦1 +𝑦2
B(𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ), then P divides AB in 1 ∶ 1 that implies coordinates of P(𝑥, 𝑦) is ( , ).
2 2
Some important definitions
➢ Orthocenter → The point where the three altitudes of a triangle meet (given that the
triangle is acute).
➢ Circumcenter → The point where three perpendicular bisectors of a triangle meet. It is
equidistant from the vertices of the triangle. In a ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶, if 𝑃 is the circumcentre then,
𝑃𝐴 = 𝑃𝐵 = 𝑃𝐶.
➢ Centroid → The point where three medians of a triangle meet. Centroid divides the
median in the ratio 2 ∶ 1
➢ Incenter → The point where the angle bisectors of a triangle meet.
Note : Centroid, orthocentre and circum-centre of a triangle are collinear.

Coordinate of centroid of a triangle ABC whose vertices are A(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ), B(𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ), C(𝑥3 , 𝑦3 ) is
𝑥1 +𝑥2 +𝑥3 𝑦1 +𝑦2 +𝑦3
( , )
3 3
To show the collinearity of three points say A, B, C by using section formula, we first assume
that any one point say B divides AC in the ratio 𝑘 ∶ 1. Then, we find coordinates of B using
Section Formula and then equate them with 𝑥 and 𝑦-coordinates of B. If value of 𝑘 from
both equations are same, then given points 𝑖. 𝑒. , A, B and C are collinear otherwise not.
Exercise 𝟐
1. The coordinates of the point 𝑃 dividing the line segment joining the points 𝐴(1,3) and
𝐵(4,6) in the ratio 2 ∶ 1 is
(a) (2,4) (b) (3,5) (c) (4,2) (d) (5,3)
2. The point which divides the line segment joining the points (7, −6) and (3,4) in ratio 1 ∶
2 internally lies in the
(a) I quadrant (b) II quadrant (c) III quadrant (d) IV quadrant
3 5 1 3
3. The ratio in which the point 𝑃 (4 , 12) divides the line segment joining the points 𝐴 (2 , 2)
and 𝐵(2, −5) is
(a) 3 ∶ 1 (b) 1 ∶ 3 (c) 1 ∶ 5 (d) 5 ∶ 1
4. In what ratio does the 𝑥 -axis divide the join of 𝐴(2, −3) and 𝐵(5,6) ?
(a) 2 ∶ 3 (b) 3 ∶ 5 (c) 1 ∶ 2 (d) 2 ∶ 1
5. In what ratio does the 𝑦 -axis divide the join of 𝑃(−4,2) and 𝑄(8,3) ?
(a) 3 ∶ 1 (b) 1 ∶ 3 (c) 2 ∶ 1 (d) 1 ∶ 2
6. If the point 𝐶(𝑘, 4) divides the join of the points 𝐴(2,6) and 𝐵(5,1) in the ratio 2 ∶ 3
then the value of 𝑘 is
28 16 8
(a) 16 (b) (c) (d) 5
5 5
7. If 𝑃(9𝑎 − 2, −𝑏) divides line segment joining 𝐴(3𝑎 + 1, −3) and 𝐵(8𝑎, 5) in the ratio
3 ∶ 1, then the values of 𝑎 and 𝑏 is
(a) 𝑎 = −1, 𝑏 = 3 (b) 𝑎 = −1, 𝑏 = −3
(c) 𝑎 = 0, 𝑏 = 0 (d) 𝑎 = 1, 𝑏 = −3
8. The midpoint of segment 𝐴𝐵 is 𝑃(0,4). If the coordinates of 𝐵 are (−2,3), then the
coordinates of 𝐴 are
(a) (2,5) (b) (−2, −5) (c) (2,9) (d) (−2,11)
9. If 𝑃(−1,1) is the midpoint of line segment joining 𝐴(−3, 𝑏) and 𝐵(1, 𝑏 + 4) then 𝑏 =
(a) 1 (b) −1 (c) 2 (d) 0
𝑎
10. If 𝑃 (2 , 4) is the midpoint of the line segment joining the points 𝐴(−6,5) and 𝐵(−2,3)
then the value of 𝑎 is
(a) −8 (b) 3 (c) −4 (d) 4
11. The point on 𝑥 -axis which is equidistant from points 𝐴(−1,0) and 𝐵(5,0) is
(a) (0,2) (b) (2,0) (c) (3,0) (d) (0,3)
12. The centre of a circle whose end points of a diameter are (−6,3) and (6,4) is
7 7
(a) (8, −8) (b) (4,7) (c) (0, 2) (d) (4, 2)
13. If the coordinates of one end of a diameter of a circle are (2,3) and the coordinates of
its centre are (−2,5) then the coordinates of the other end of the diameter are
(a) (−6,7) (b) (6, −7) (c) (4,2) (d) (5,3)
14. If 𝐴(4,2), 𝐵(6,5) and 𝐶(1,4) be the vertices of △ 𝐴𝐵𝐶 and 𝐴𝐷 is a median, then the
coordinates of 𝐷 are
5 7 7 9
(a) (2 , 3) (b) (5, 2) (c) (2 , 2) (d) none of these
15. The lengths of the median 𝐴𝐷 of a △ 𝐴𝐵𝐶 whose vertices, are 𝐴(7, −3), 𝐵(5,3) and
𝐶(3, −1) is
(a) √34 units (b) 10 units (c) 5 units (d) None of these
16. A line intersects the 𝑦 -axis and 𝑥 -axis at the points P and Q, respectively. If (2, −5) is
the mid-point of PQ, then the coordinates of P and Q are, respectively
(a) (0, −5) and (2,0) (b) (0,10) and (−4,0)
(c) (0,4) and (−10,0) (d) (0, −10) and (4,0)
17. If 𝐴(−1,0), 𝐵(5, −2) and 𝐶(8,2) are the vertices of a △ 𝐴𝐵𝐶 then its centroid is
(a) (12,0) (b) (6,0) (c) (0,6) (d) (4,0)
18. Two vertices of △ 𝐴𝐵𝐶 are 𝐴(−1,4) and 𝐵(5,2) and its centroid is 𝐺(0, −3). Then, the
coordinates of 𝐶 are
(a) (4,3) (b) (4,15) (c) (−4, −15) (d) (−15, −4)
19. If the centroid of the triangle formed by the points (𝑎, 𝑏), (𝑏, 𝑐) and (𝑐, 𝑎) is at the
origin, then 𝑎3 + 𝑏 3 + 𝑐 3 =
(a) 𝑎𝑏𝑐 (b) 0 (c) 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 (d) 3𝑎𝑏𝑐
20. In the given figure 𝑃(5, −3) and 𝑄(3, 𝑦) are the points of trisection of the line segment
joining 𝐴(7, −2) and 𝐵(1, −5). Then, 𝑦 equals
−5
(a) 2 (b) 4 (c) −4 (d) 2
21. If the line segment joining the points (3, −4), and (1,2) is trisected at points 𝑃(𝑎, −2)
5
and 𝑄 (3 , 𝑏). Then,
8 2 7 1 2 1
(a) 𝑎 = 3 , 𝑏 = 3 (b) 𝑎 = 3 , 𝑏 = 0 (c) 𝑎 = 3 , 𝑏 = 1 (d) 𝑎 = 3 , 𝑏 = 3
22. If 𝐴(1,3), 𝐵(−1,2), 𝐶(2,3) and 𝐷(𝑥, 4) are the vertices of a ||gm 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷 then the value
of 𝑥 is
3
(a) 3 (b) 4 (c) 0 (d) 2
23. If 𝐴(3,3), 𝐵(6, 𝑦), 𝐶(𝑥, 7) and 𝐷(5,6) are the vertices of a parallelogram taken in order,
then the values of 𝑥 and 𝑦 are
(a) 𝑥 = 4 and 𝑦 = 8 (b) 𝑥 = 8 and 𝑦 = 4
(c) 𝑥 = 8 and 𝑦 = 8 (d) 𝑥 = 4 and 𝑦 = 4
24. The coordinates of the point which is equidistant from the three vertices of the ΔAOB as
shown in the given figure is
𝑥 𝑦 𝑦 𝑥
(a) (𝑥, 𝑦) (b) (𝑦, 𝑥) (c) (2 , 2) (d) ( 2 , 2)
25. If the point P(4,2) lies on the line segment joining points A(2,1) and B(8,4), then
1 1 1
(a) AP = 3 AB (b) AP = PB (c) PB = 3 AB (d) AP = 2 AB
26. The coordinates of a point 𝑃 on the line segment joining 𝐴(1,2) and 𝐵(6,7) such that
2
𝐴𝑃 = 5 𝐴𝐵 are
17 24 24 17
(a) ( 7 , 7 ) (b) (4,3) (c) (3,4) (d) ( 7 , 7 )
27. If the coordinates of points 𝐴 and 𝐵 are (−2, −2) and (2, −4) respectively, then the
4
coordinates of 𝑃 such that 𝑃𝐵 = 7 𝐴𝐵 where 𝑃 lies on the line segment 𝐴𝐵 are
2 20 2 20 2 20 2 20
(a) (− 7 , − 7 ) (b) (7 , − 7 ) (c) (− 7 , 7 ) (d) (7 , 7 )
28. Point P divides the line segment joining R(−1,3) and S(9,8) in ratio k ∶ 1. If P lies on the
line 𝑥 − 𝑦 + 2 = 0, then value of k is
2 1 1 1
(a) 3 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4
𝐴𝑃
29. Point 𝑃 divides the line segment joining the points 𝐴(2,1) and 𝐵(5, −8) such that 𝐴𝐵 =
1
⋅ If 𝑃 lies on the line 2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑘 = 0, then the value of 𝑘 is
3
1 1
(a) 8 (b) −8 (c) 8 (d) − 8
30. Point 𝐴 lies on the line segment 𝑃𝑄 joining 𝑃(6, −6) and 𝑄(−4, −1) in such a way that
𝑃𝐴 2
= 5. If point 𝐴 lies on the line 3𝑥 + 𝑘(𝑦 + 1) = 0 then the value of 𝑘 is
𝑃𝑄
1 1
(a) 2 (b) 2 (c) − 2 (d) −2
Area of a Triangle
If the coordinates of vertices say 𝐴(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ), 𝐵(𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) and 𝐶(𝑥3 , 𝑦3 ) of the ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 are given,
its area can be evaluated by using following relation—
1
𝑎𝑟(∆𝐴𝐵𝐶) = [𝑥1 (𝑦2 − 𝑦3 ) + 𝑥2 (𝑦3 − 𝑦1 ) + 𝑥3 (𝑦1 − 𝑦2 )] sq. units
2
If 𝑎𝑟(∆𝐴𝐵𝐶) = 0, i.e., if [𝑥1 (𝑦2 − 𝑦3 ) + 𝑥2 (𝑦3 − 𝑦1 ) + 𝑥3 (𝑦1 − 𝑦2 )] = 0 then the points

𝐴, 𝐵 and 𝐶 are said to be collinear points.
Exercise 𝟑
1. The area of a triangle with vertices 𝐴(3,0), 𝐵(7,0) and 𝐶(8,4) is

(a) 14 (b) 28 (c) 8 (d) 6
2. The area (in square units) of a triangle with vertices A(𝑎, 0), O(0,0) and B(0, b) is
1 1 1
(a) 𝑎𝑏 (b) 2 𝑎𝑏 (c) 2 𝑎2 𝑏 2 (d) 2 𝑏 2
3. The area (in square units) of a triangle with vertices (𝑎, 𝑏 + 𝑐), (𝑏, 𝑐 + 𝑎) and (𝑐, 𝑎 + 𝑏)
is
(a) (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐)2 (b) 0 (c) 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 (d) 𝑎𝑏𝑐
4. If the centroid of a triangle is (1,4) and two of its vertices are (4, −3) and (−9,7), then
the area of the triangle is
183 183
(a) 183 sq. units (b) sq. units (c) 366 sq. units (d) sq. units
2 4
5. The area of the triangle formed by joining the mid-points of the sides of the triangle
whose vertices are (0, −1), (2,1) and (0,3) is
1 1
(a) 2 sq. units (b) 4 sq. units (c) 1 sq. units (d) None of these
6. The area of triangle with vertices (𝑡, 𝑡 − 2), (𝑡 + 2, 𝑡 + 2) and (𝑡 + 3, 𝑡) is
(a) dependent of 𝑡 (b) independent of 𝑡
(c) 0 sq. units (d) None of these
7. Find the area of quadrilateral ABCD whose vertices are A(3, −1), B(9, −5), C(14,0) and
D(9,19)
8. Find the area of quadrilateral ABCD whose vertices are A(−3,2), B(5,4), C(7, −6) and
D(−5, −4)
9. If the points 𝐴(𝑥, 2), 𝐵(−3, −4) and 𝐶(7, −5) are collinear then the value of 𝑥 is
(a) −63 (b) 63 (c) 60 (d) −60
10. If the points 𝐴(2,3), 𝐵(5, 𝑘) and 𝐶(6,7) are collinear then
−3 11
(a) 𝑘 = 4 (b) 𝑘 = 6 (c) 𝑘 = (d) 𝑘 =
2 4
11. If the points (𝑘, 2𝑘), (3𝑘, 3𝑘) and (3,1) are collinear, then 𝑘 =
1 1 2 2
(a) 3 (b) − 3 (c) 3 (d) − 3
12. The value of 𝑝 for which the points (𝑝 + 1,2𝑝 − 2), (𝑝 − 1, 𝑝) and (𝑝 − 3,2𝑝 − 6) are
collinear is
1 1
(a) 4 (b) −4 (c) (d) −
4 4
13. The value of 𝑝 for which the points (3𝑝 + 1, 𝑝), (𝑝 + 2, 𝑝 − 5) and (𝑝 + 1, −𝑝) are
collinear is
(a) 0,4 (b) 0,3 (c) 0, −3 (d) 0, −4
1 1
14. If points (𝑎, 0), (0, 𝑏) and (1,1) are collinear, then 𝑎 + 𝑏 =
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 0 (d) −1
15. If the points A(1,2), O(0,0) and C(𝑎, 𝑏) are collinear, then
(a) 𝑎 = 𝑏 (b) 𝑎 = 2𝑏 (c) 2𝑎 = 𝑏 (d) 𝑎 = −𝑏
16. If the points 𝐴(𝑥, 𝑦), 𝐵(3,6) and 𝐶(−3,4) are collinear then
(a) 𝑥 − 3𝑦 = −15 (b) 3𝑥 − 𝑦 = −15
(c) 3𝑥 + 𝑦 = −15 (d) 𝑥 + 3𝑦 = −15
2 2
17. If 𝑎 ≠ 0, 𝑏 ≠ 0 then the points (𝑎, 𝑎 ), (𝑏, 𝑏 ), (0,0) will
(a) be collinear (b) not be collinear
(c) can be both collinear and non-collinear (d) insufficient data
18. If the area of the triangle formed by the points (𝑥, 2𝑥), (−2,6) and (3,1) is 5 square
units, then 𝑥 =
2 3
(a) 3 (b) 5 (c) 3 (d) 5
19. If the area of the triangle formed by the points (1, −3), (4, 𝑝) and (−9,7) is 15 square
units, then 𝑝 =
(a) 3, 9 (b) −3, 9 (c) −9, 3 (d) −9, −3
20. For what value of 𝑘 (𝑘 > 0), the area of the triangle formed by the points (−2,5),
(𝑘, −4) and (2𝑘 + 1,10) is 53 square units?
1 2
(a) 3 (b) 3 (c) 3 (d) 4
 Answer Key
Exercise 1
1. (b) 2. (c) 3. (a) 4. (d) 5. (b) 6. (c)

7. (c) 8. (d) 9. (d) 10. (b) 11. (b) 12. (b)
13. (c) 14. (b) 15. (d) 16. (d) 17. (c) 18. (b)
19. (d) 20. (c) 21. (a) 22. (a) 23. (d) 24. (a)
25. (d) 26. (d) 27. (c) 28. (b) 29. (c) 30. (b)
31. (d) 32. (c) 33. (b) 34. (d) 35. (c)
Exercise 2
1. (b) 2. (d) 3. (c) 4. (b) 5. (c) 6. (c)

7. (d) 8. (d) 9. (a) 10. (a) 11. (a) 12. (c)
13. (a) 14. (c) 15. (c) 16. (d) 17. (d) 18. (c)
19. (d) 20. (c) 21. (b) 22. (b) 23. (b) 24. (a)
25. (a) 26. (c) 27. (a) 28. (a) 29. (b) 30. (b)
Exercise 3
1. (c) 2. (b) 3. (b) 4. (b) 5. (c) 6. (b)

7. (c) 8. (c) 9. (a) 10. (b) 11. (b) 12. (a)
13. (b) 14. (a) 15. (c) 16. (a) 17. (a) 18. (b)
19. (d) 20. (b)
Introduction
Trigonometry is a branch of mathematics that studies relationships between the sides and
angles of triangles.
Tri gon metry
3 sides measurement
Trigonometric Ratios
Let ABC be a right triangle in which ∠A = 90∘ , side adjacent to ∠B = AB, side opposite to
∠B = AC and hypotenuse = BC. With reference to ∠B, we define the following ratios
known as trigonometric ratios.
Side opposite to ∠B AC
(i) sine of ∠B = sin⁡ B = = BC
Hypotenuse
Side adjacent to ∠B AB
(ii) cosine of ∠B = cos⁡ B = = BC
Hypotenuse
(iii) tangent of ∠B = tan⁡ B = = AB
Side adjacent to ∠B
1 Hypotenuse BC
(iv) cosecant of ∠B = cosec ⁡ B = sin⁡ B = = AC
Side opposite to ∠B
1 Hypotenuse BC
(v) secant of ∠B = sec⁡ B = cos⁡ B = = AB
Side adjacent to ∠B
1 Side adjacent to ∠B AB
(vi) cotangent of ∠B = cot⁡ B = tan⁡ B = =
Relationship between trigonometric ratios
Reciprocal Relations Quotient Relations
1 1 sin⁡ 𝜃
sin 𝜃 = cosec 𝜃 ⇒ cosec 𝜃 = sin 𝜃 tan⁡ 𝜃 = cos⁡ 𝜃
1 1 cos⁡ 𝜃
cos 𝜃 = sec 𝜃 ⇒ sec⁡ 𝜃 = cos⁡ 𝜃 cot⁡ 𝜃 = sin⁡ 𝜃
1 1
tan⁡ 𝜃 = cot⁡ 𝜃 ⇒ ⁡cot⁡ 𝜃 = tan⁡ 𝜃
Exercise 𝟏
1. If cosec⁡ 𝜃 = √10 then sec⁡ 𝜃 =

3 √10 1 2
(a) (b) (c) (d)
√10 3 √10 √10
𝑎
2. Given that sin⁡ 𝜃 = 𝑏, then cos⁡ 𝜃 is equal to
𝑏 𝑏 √𝑏2 −𝑎2 √𝑏 2 −𝑎2
(a) √𝑏2 (b) 𝑎 (c) (d)
−𝑎2 𝑏 𝑎
3. If sin⁡ 77∘ = 𝑥, than the value of tan⁡ 77∘ is
1 𝑥 𝑥
(a) 1+𝑥 2 (b) √1+𝑥 2 (c) √1−𝑥2 . (d) None of these
4 1−sin⁡ 𝐴
4. If sin 𝐴 = 5, then the value of 1+cos⁡ 𝐴 is
1 1 3
(a) 8 (b) 2 (c) 2 (d) 5
3 sin 𝜃 tan 𝜃−1
5. If 𝜃 is an acute angle such that cos 𝜃 ⁡ = 5, then 2tan2 ⁡ 𝜃
16 1 3 160
(a) 625 (b) 36 (c) 160 (d) 3
6. If tan 𝐴 = √2 − 1 then the value of sin 𝐴 cos 𝐴 =
1 1 1
(a) 2√2 (b) (c) 2 (d) 2√2
√2
1 (cosec2 ⁡ 𝜃−sec2 ⁡ 𝜃)
7. If tan⁡ 𝜃 = then (cosec2⁡ 𝜃+sec2⁡ 𝜃) =?
√7
−2 −3 2 3
(a) (b) (c) (d)
3 4 3 4
(7sin⁡ 𝜃−3cos⁡ 𝜃)
8. If 7 tan 𝜃 = 4 then (7sin⁡ 𝜃+3cos⁡ 𝜃) =?
1 5 3 5
(a) 7 (b) 7 (c) 7 (d) 14
𝑎 (cos⁡ 𝜃+sin⁡ 𝜃)
9. If tan 𝜃 = 𝑏 then (cos⁡ 𝜃−sin⁡ 𝜃) =?
𝑎+𝑏 𝑎−𝑏 𝑏+𝑎 𝑏−𝑎
(a) 𝑎−𝑏 (b) 𝑎+𝑏 (c) 𝑏−𝑎 (d) 𝑏+𝑎
𝑎 (𝑎sin⁡ 𝜃−𝑏cos⁡ 𝜃)
10. If tan⁡ 𝜃 = 𝑏 then (𝑎sin⁡ 𝜃+𝑏cos⁡ 𝜃) = ?
(𝑎2 +𝑏2 ) (𝑎2 −𝑏 2 ) 𝑎2 𝑏2
(a) (𝑎2−𝑏2) (b) (𝑎2+𝑏2) (c) (𝑎2+𝑏2) (d) (𝑎2+𝑏2)
𝑎
11. If sin 𝜃 = 𝑏 then the value of sec 𝜃 + tan 𝜃 is
𝑏−𝑎 𝑏+𝑎 𝑎−𝑏 𝑏+𝑎
(a)⁡√𝑏+𝑎 (b) √𝑎−𝑏 (c) √𝑏+𝑎 (d) √𝑏−𝑎
8 (1+sin⁡ 𝜃)(1−sin⁡ 𝜃)
12. If 𝜃 is an acute angle such that tan2 𝜃 = 7, then the value of (1+cos⁡ 𝜃)(1−cos⁡ 𝜃) is
7 8 7 64
(a) 8 (b) 7 (c) 4 (d) 49
13. If 𝜃 is an acute angle and 4sin⁡ 𝜃 = 3, then the value of 4sin2 ⁡ 𝜃 − 3cos 2 ⁡ 𝜃 + 2 is
45 35 32 47
(a) 16 (b) 18 (c) 16 (d) 16
2
14. If cos 𝜃 = , then the value of 2sec 2 ⁡ 𝜃 + 2tan2 ⁡ 𝜃 − 9 is
3
(a) 2 (b) −2 (c) 1 (d) 3
5sin⁡ 𝜃−2sec3 ⁡ 𝜃+2cos⁡ 𝜃
15. If 3cos⁡ 𝜃 = 5sin⁡ 𝜃, then the value of 5sin⁡ 𝜃+2sec3⁡ 𝜃−2cos⁡ 𝜃 is
271 316 542
16. If 𝑥cos⁡ 𝐴 = 8 and 15cosec⁡ 𝐴 = 8sec⁡ 𝐴, then the value of 𝑥 is
(a) 20 (b) 16 (c) 17 (d) 13
17. If 𝛼 sin 𝐴 = 5 and 7 cosec 𝐴 = 6 sec 𝐴, then the value of 𝛼 is
2125 5√85 85√5
(a) (b) (c) (d) None of these
49 7 7
18. If 6cot⁡ 𝜃 + 2cosec⁡ 𝜃 = cot⁡ 𝜃 + 5cosec⁡ 𝜃, then cos⁡ 𝜃 is
4 5 3 5
(a) 5 (b) 3 (c) 5 (d) 4
19. If sin⁡ 𝜃 = 𝑥 and sec⁡ 𝜃 = 𝑦, then the value of cot 𝜃 is
1
(a) 𝑥𝑦 (b) 2𝑥𝑦 (c) 𝑥𝑦 (d) 𝑥 + 𝑦
5
20. If tan⁡ A = , then (sin A + cos A). sec 𝐴 is equal to
12
11 13 12 17
(a) 12 (b) 12 (c) 19 (d) 12
21. In △ 𝐴𝐵𝐶, if 𝐴𝐵 = 2𝐵𝐶, ∠𝐵 = 90∘ , then the value of sec⁡ 𝐴 is
1 √3 √5 1
(a) (b) (c) (d) 2
√2 2 2
22. In the given figure, if 𝐴𝐷 = 4 cm, 𝐵𝐷 = 3 cm and 𝐶𝐵 = 12 cm, then cot⁡ 𝜃 =
12 5 13 12
(a) (b) 12 (c) 12 (d) 13
5
23. In a Δ𝑃𝑄𝑅, ∠𝑄 = 90∘ . If 𝑃𝑄 = 10 cm and = 15 cm. Then, the value of tan2 ⁡ 𝑃 +
sec 2 ⁡ 𝑃 + 1 is
5 3 9 4
(a) 2 (b) 17 (c) 2 (d) 5
2tan⁡ 𝐴
24. In a △ 𝐴𝐵𝐶 it is given that ∠𝐵 = 90∘ and 𝐴𝐵 ∶ 𝐴𝐶 = 1 ∶ √2. The value of ( ) is
1+tan2 ⁡ 𝐴
1 3
25. The two legs 𝐴𝐵 and 𝐵𝐶 of right triangle 𝐴𝐵𝐶 are in a ratio 1 ∶ 3. What will be the value
of sin⁡ 𝐶?
1 3 1
(a) √10 (b) (c) (d) 2
√10 √10
cot 𝑦 ∘
26. In the given figure, D is the mid-point of BC, then the value of cot 𝑥 ∘ is
1 1 1
(a) 2 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4
27. 𝐴𝐵𝐶 is right-angled triangle, right-angled at 𝐵. If 𝐵𝐶 = 7 cm and 𝐴𝐶 − 𝐴𝐵 = 1 cm, then
cos 𝐴 + sin 𝐴 equals
31 51 17 51
(a) 25 (b) 61 (c) 39 (d) 53
Trigonometric ratios of some standard angles
𝐀𝐧𝐠𝐥𝐞⁡ → 0° 30° 45° 60° 90°

𝐓 − 𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨 ↓
sin 𝜃 0 1 1 √3 1
2 √2 2
cos 𝜃 1 √3 1 1 0
2 √2 2
tan 𝜃 0 1 1 √3 ∞
√3
cot 𝜃 ∞ √3 1 1 0
√3
sec 𝜃 1 2 √2 2 ∞
√3
cosec 𝜃 ∞ 2 √2 2 1
√3
The value of sin 𝜃 and cos 𝜃 never exceeds 1, whereas the value of sec 𝜃 and cosec 𝜃⁡is
always greater than or equal to 1.
Exercise 𝟐
1. The value of (sin⁡ 30∘ + cos⁡ 30∘ ) − (sin 60∘ + cos 60∘ ) is
(a) −1 (b) 0 (c) 1 (d) 2
2. If 2sin⁡ 2𝜃 = √3 then 𝜃 =
(a) 30∘ (b) 45∘ (c) 60∘ (d) 90∘
3. If 2cos⁡ 3𝜃 = 1 then 𝜃 =
(a) 10∘ (b) 15∘ (c) 20∘ (d) 30∘
4. If √3tan⁡ 2𝜃 − 3 = 0 then 𝜃 =
(a) 15∘ (b) 30∘ (c) 45∘ (d) 60∘
𝑥
5. If 2 sin 2 = 1 then the value of 𝑥 is
(a) 30° (b) 45° (c) 60° (d) 90°
1 1
6. Given that sin⁡ 𝛼 = 2 and cos⁡ 𝛽 = 2, then the value of (𝛼 + 𝛽) is
(a) 0∘ (b) ⁡30∘ (c) 60∘ (d) 90∘
1
7. If tan 𝐴 = and tan 𝐵 = √3, then tan(𝐴 + 𝐵) is
√3
1
(a) 0 (b) (c) 1 (d) ∞
√3
2
8. If tan 𝛼 = √3 and sec 𝛽 = then sin(𝛼 − 𝛽) =
√3
1 1 √3
(a) (b) 1 (c) 2 (d)
√2 2
9. If 𝛼 + 𝛽 = 90∘ and 𝛼 = 2𝛽, then cos2 ⁡ 𝛼 + sin2 ⁡ 𝛽 is equal to
1 1 2
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 4 (d) 3
10. In an acute angled triangle 𝐴𝐵𝐶, if tan(𝐴 + 𝐵 − 𝐶) = 1 and sec(𝐵 + 𝐶 − 𝐴) = 2 then
the value of ∠𝐵 is
1° 1° 1°
(a) 51 2 (b) 52 2 (c) 53 2 (d) insufficient data
1
11. If sin 𝐵 = 2 then the value of 3 cos 𝐵 − 4 cos3 𝐵 =
1 1 1
(a) 2 (b) 22 (c) 23 (d) 0
1 sin 𝐴
12. If cosec 𝐴 = 2 then the value of tan 𝐴 + 1+cos 𝐴 is
1
(a) 2 (b) 2 (c) √2 (d) None of these
13. If sin⁡ 𝜃 − cos⁡ 𝜃 = 0, then the value of (sin4 ⁡ 𝜃 + cos4 ⁡ 𝜃) is
3 1 1
(a) 1 (b) 4 (c) 2 (d) 4
14. (cos⁡ 0∘ + sin⁡ 30∘ + sin⁡ 45∘ )(sin⁡ 90∘ + cos⁡ 60∘ − cos⁡ 45∘ ) =
5 5 3 7
(a) 6 (b) 8 (c) 5 (d) 4
15. sin2 ⁡ 30∘ + 4cot 2 ⁡ 45∘ − sec 2 ⁡ 60∘ =?
1
(a) 0 (b) 4 (c) 4 (d) 1
16. 3cos2 ⁡ 60∘ + 2cot 2 ⁡ 30∘ − 5sin2 ⁡ 45∘ =
13 17
(a) (b) (c) 1 (d) 4
6 4
1
17. cos ⁡ 30∘ cos2 ⁡ 45∘ + 4sec 2 ⁡ 60∘ + 2 cos 2 ⁡ 90∘ − 2tan2 ⁡ 60∘ =
2
73 75 81 83
(a) (b) (c) (d)
8 8 8 8
3sin⁡ 30∘ +4cos2 ⁡ 45∘ −cot2 ⁡ 30∘
18. The value of is
cos2 ⁡ 30∘ +sin2 ⁡ 30∘
1 1 2 3
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 5 (d) 8
5cos2 ⁡ 60∘ +4sec2 ⁡ 30∘ −tan2 ⁡ 45∘
19. The value of is
sin2 ⁡ 30∘ +cos2 ⁡ 30∘
32 14 67 19
(a) 35 (b) 55 (c) 12 (d) 33
sin⁡ 30∘ +tan⁡ 45∘ −cosec⁡ 60∘
20. =
sec⁡ 30∘ +cos⁡ 60∘ +cot⁡ 45∘
3√3+2 3√3−4 3√3+8
(a) 3√3−2 (b) 3√3+4 (c) 3√3−9 (d) None of these
21. The value of 4(sin4 60° + cos4 60°) − 3(cos2 45° − sin2 90°) − sin2 60° is
4 13 19 4
(a) 13 (b) (c) (d) 19
4 4
22. If 𝑥⁡tan⁡ 45∘ cos⁡ 60∘ = sin⁡ 60 cot⁡ 60∘ , then 𝑥 is equal to
∘
1 1
(a) 1 (b) √3 (c) 2 (d)
√2
𝑥cosec2 ⁡ 30∘ sec2 ⁡ 45∘
23. If = tan2 ⁡ 60∘ − tan2 ⁡ 30∘ , then 𝑥 =
8cos2 ⁡ 45∘ sin2 ⁡ 60∘
(a) 1 (b) −1 (c) 2 (d) 0
4−sin2 ⁡ 45∘
24. If the value of cot⁡ 𝑘tan⁡ 60∘ is 3.5, then the value of 𝑘 is
(a) 30∘ (b) 45∘ (c) 60∘ (d) 90∘
25. If √3 tan 2𝑥 = cos 60° + sin 45° cos 45° then the value of 𝑥 is
(a) 15° (b) 30° (c) 45° (d) 60°
26. If triangle ABC is right angled at C, then the value of sec(𝐴 + 𝐵) is
2
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) (d) not defined
√3
27. In △ 𝐴𝐵𝐶, if 𝐴𝐵 = 𝐵𝐶, ∠𝐵 = 90∘ , then the value sin⁡ 𝐴 is
1 √3 1
(a) (b) (c) 0 (d) 2
√2 2
28. ABC is a triangle right angled at C and AC = √3BC. Then ∠ABC =
(a) 30∘ (b) 60∘ (c) 90∘ (d) 0∘
29. In △ ABC right angled at B, if tan A = √3, then cos⁡ Acos⁡ C − sin⁡ Asin⁡ C =
√3
(a) −1 (b) 0 (c) 1 (d) 2
30. The value of cos 1° cos 2° cos 3° … cos 180° is
1
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) cannot be determined
Trigonometric ratios of complementary angles
➢ sin(90° − 𝜃) = cos 𝜃 ➢ cos(90° − 𝜃) = sin 𝜃
➢ tan(90° − 𝜃) = cot 𝜃 ➢ cot(90° − 𝜃) = tan 𝜃
➢ sec(90° − 𝜃) = cosec 𝜃 ➢ cosec(90° − 𝜃) = sec 𝜃
Exercise 𝟑

tan⁡ 35∘ cot⁡ 78∘
1. + tan⁡ 12∘ =
cot⁡ 55∘
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) −2
3 cos 55° 4 cos 70° cosec 20°
2. The value of 7 sin 35° − 7 tan 5° tan 25° tan 45° tan 65° tan 85° is
1 1
(a) 7 (b) 1 (c) − 7 (d) 0
cos 35° tan 27° tan 63°
3. The value of sin 55° + − tan2 60° is
sin 30°
1 1
(a) 7 (b) 1 (c) − 7 (d) 0
4. The value of tan 10° tan 15° tan 75° tan 80° is
1
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) −1
5. tan⁡ 5∘ tan⁡ 25∘ tan⁡ 30∘ tan⁡ 65∘ tan⁡ 85∘ =?
1
(a) (b) √3 (c) 1 (d) none of these
√3
2sin2 ⁡ 63∘ +1+2sin2 ⁡ 27∘
6. =
3cos2 ⁡ 17∘ −2+3cos2 ⁡ 73∘
3 2
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 2 (d) 3
cos(90°−𝐴) sin(90°−𝐴)
7. The value of is
tan(90°−𝐴)
(a) cos2 𝐴 (b) 0 (c) sin2 𝐴 (d) 1
cot⁡(90∘ −𝜃)⋅sin⁡(90∘ −𝜃) cot⁡ 40∘
8. + tan⁡ 50∘ − (cos2 ⁡ 20∘ + cos2 ⁡ 70∘ ) =?
sin⁡ 𝜃
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) −1 (d) none of these
cos(90°−𝜃) sec(90°−𝜃) tan 𝜃 tan(90°−𝜃)
9. The value of cosec(90°−𝜃) sin(90°−𝜃) cot(90°−𝜃) + is
cot 𝜃
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) −1 (d) 2
∘ ∘
10. sin⁡(45 + 𝜃) − cos⁡(45 − 𝜃) is equal to
(a) 2cos⁡ 𝜃 (b) 0 (c) 2sin⁡ 𝜃 (d) 1
cos2 40°+cos2 50°
11. The value of cos(40° − 𝜃) − sin(50° + 𝜃) + is
sin2 40°+sin2 50°
1
(a) 0 (b) −1 (c) (d) 1
2
12. The value of the expression [cosec⁡(75∘ + 𝜃) − sec⁡(15∘ − 𝜃) − tan⁡(55∘ + 𝜃) +
cot⁡(35∘ − 𝜃)] is
3
(a) −1 (b) 0 (c) 1 (d) 2
13. If sin(𝜃 + 36°) = cos 𝜃, where 𝜃 + 36° is an acute angle then 𝜃 =
(a) 36° (b) 54° (c) 18° (d) 27°
∘
14. If cos⁡ 9𝛼 = sin⁡ 𝛼 and 9𝛼 < 90 , then the value of tan⁡ 5𝛼 is
1
(a) (b) √3 (c) 1 (d) 0
√3
15. If 𝜃 and 2𝜃 − 45∘ are acute angles such that sin⁡ 𝜃 = cos⁡(2𝜃 − 45∘ ), then tan⁡ 𝜃 is
equal to
1
(a) 1 (b) −1 (c) √3 (d)
√3
16. If 5𝜃 and 4𝜃 are acute angles satisfying sin⁡ 5𝜃 = cos⁡ 4𝜃, then 2sin⁡ 3𝜃 − √3tan⁡ 3𝜃 is
equal to
(a) 1 (b) 0 (c) −1 (d) 1 + √3
𝐵+𝐶
17. If 𝐴, 𝐵, 𝐶 are the interior angles of a ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 then cos =
2
𝐴 𝐴
(a) cos 2 (b) cos 𝐴 (c) sin 2 (d) sin 𝐴
tan⁡ 𝐴tan⁡ 𝐵+tan⁡ 𝐴cot⁡ 𝐵 sin2 ⁡ 𝐵
18. If 𝐴 + 𝐵 = 90∘ , then − cos2⁡ 𝐴 is equal to
sin⁡ 𝐴sec⁡ 𝐵
(a) cot 2 ⁡ 𝐴 (b) cot 2 ⁡ 𝐵 (c) −tan2 ⁡ 𝐴 (d) −cot 2 ⁡ 𝐴
19. If cos(𝛼 + 𝛽) = 0 then sin(𝛼 − 𝛽) = ?
(a) sin⁡ 𝛼 (b) cos⁡ 𝛽 (c) sin⁡ 2𝛼 (d) cos⁡ 2𝛽
20. The value of tan 1° tan 2° tan 3° … … tan 89° is
1
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) cannot be determined
Trigonometric Identities
1. sin2 𝜃 + cos2 𝜃 = 1
2. sec 2 𝜃 = 1 + tan2 𝜃
3. cosec 2 𝜃 = 1 + cot 2 𝜃
Exercise 𝟒
1. If 𝑥 = 2 sin2 𝜃 and 𝑦 = 2 cos 2 𝜃 + 1 then 𝑥 + 𝑦 is

1
(a) 3 (b) 2 (c) 1 (d) 2
3 cosec2 ⁡ 𝜃−cot2 ⁡ 𝜃
2. If sin⁡ 𝜃 = 4, then √ =
sec2 ⁡ 𝜃−1
3 √3 7 √7
(a) (b) (c) (d)
√7 7 √3 3
3. (sec 𝐴 + tan 𝐴)(1 − sin 𝐴) =
(a) sin⁡ 𝐴 (b) cos⁡ 𝐴 (c) sec⁡ 𝐴 (d) cosec⁡ 𝐴
1−sin⁡ 𝐴
4. √1+sin⁡ 𝐴 =
(a) sec⁡ 𝐴 + tan⁡ 𝐴 (b) sec⁡ 𝐴 − tan⁡ 𝐴
(c) sec⁡ 𝐴tan⁡ 𝐴 (d) none of these
1+cos⁡ 𝐴
5. √1−cos⁡ 𝐴 =
(a) cosec⁡ 𝐴 − cot⁡ 𝐴 (b) cosec⁡ 𝐴 + cot⁡ 𝐴
(c) cosec⁡ 𝐴cot⁡ 𝐴 (d) none of these
sin⁡ 𝜃
6. is equal to
1+cos⁡ 𝜃
1+cos⁡ 𝜃 1−cos⁡ 𝜃 1−cos⁡ 𝜃 1−sin⁡ 𝜃
(a) (b) (c) (d)
sin⁡ 𝜃 cos⁡ 𝜃 sin⁡ 𝜃 cos⁡ 𝜃
7. (cosec 𝜃 − cot 𝜃)2 =
1+cos⁡ 𝜃 1−cos⁡ 𝜃 1+sin⁡ 𝜃
(a) 1−cos⁡ 𝜃 (b) 1+cos⁡ 𝜃 (c) 1−sin⁡ 𝜃 (d) none of these
sin⁡ 𝜃 cos⁡ 𝜃
8. + 1−tan⁡ 𝜃 is equal to
1−cot⁡ 𝜃
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) sin⁡ 𝜃 + cos⁡ 𝜃 (d) sin⁡ 𝜃 − cos⁡ 𝜃
tan⁡ 𝜃 tan⁡ 𝜃
9. + sec⁡ 𝜃+1 is equal to
sec⁡ 𝜃−1
(a) 2tan⁡ 𝜃 (b) 2sec⁡ 𝜃 (c) 2cosec⁡ 𝜃 (d) 2tan⁡ 𝜃sec⁡ 𝜃
1
+sec⁡ 𝑥
sec⁡ 𝑥
10. =
cos ⁡ 𝑥−1−tan2 ⁡ 𝑥
2
(a) −cosec⁡ 𝑥tan⁡ 𝑥 (b) −sec⁡ 𝑥tan⁡ 𝑥

(c) −cosec⁡ 𝑥cot⁡ 𝑥 (d) −sec⁡ 𝑥cot⁡ 𝑥
11. (cosec 𝜃 − sin 𝜃)(sec 𝜃 − cos 𝜃)(tan 𝜃 + cot 𝜃) is equal
4 2
12. sec ⁡ 𝐴 − sec ⁡ 𝐴 is equal to
(a) tan2 ⁡ 𝐴 − tan4 ⁡ 𝐴 (b) tan4 ⁡ 𝐴 − tan2 ⁡ 𝐴
(c) tan4 ⁡ 𝐴 + tan2 ⁡ 𝐴 (d) None of these
4 4
13. cos ⁡ 𝐴 − sin ⁡ 𝐴 is equal to
(a) 2cos2 ⁡ 𝐴 + 1 (b) 2cos2 ⁡ 𝐴 − 1 (c) 2sin2 ⁡ 𝐴 − 1 (d) 2sin2 ⁡ 𝐴 + 1
14. 2(sin6 ⁡ 𝜃 + cos6 ⁡ 𝜃) − 3(sin4 ⁡ 𝜃 + cos 4 ⁡ 𝜃) is equal to
cos3 ⁡ 𝜃+sin3 ⁡ 𝜃 cos3 ⁡ 𝜃−sin3 ⁡ 𝜃
15. + =
cos⁡ 𝜃+sin⁡ 𝜃 cos⁡ 𝜃−sin⁡ 𝜃
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) −2
16. The value of (1 + tan 𝜃 + sec 𝜃)(1 + cot 𝜃 − cosec 𝜃) is
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) −1
2 2
17. (sin⁡ 𝜃 + cosec⁡ 𝜃) + (cos⁡ 𝜃 + sec⁡ 𝜃) =
(a) (5 + tan2 ⁡ 𝜃 + cot 2 ⁡ 𝜃) (b) (3 + tan2 ⁡ 𝜃 +
cot 2 ⁡ 𝜃)
(c) (7 + tan2 ⁡ 𝜃 + cot 2 ⁡ 𝜃) (d) (9 + tan2 ⁡ 𝜃 +
cot 2 ⁡ 𝜃)
18. If cos⁡ 𝐴 + cos2 ⁡ 𝐴 = 1, then the value of sin2 ⁡ 𝐴 + sin4 ⁡ 𝐴 is
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) −1 (d) 2
6 1
19. If 6𝑥 = sec⁡ 𝜃 and 𝑥 = tan⁡ 𝜃, then 9 (𝑥 2 − 𝑥 2 ) =
1 1 1 1
(a) 2 (b) 36 (c) 6 (d) 4
20. If sec⁡ 𝜃 + tan⁡ 𝜃 = 𝑥, the value of sec⁡ 𝜃 is
1 1 𝑥 2 −1 1 1
(a) 2 (𝑥 − 𝑥) (b) 𝑥 2 +1 (c) 2 (𝑥 + 𝑥) (d) none of them
21. If 𝑥 = 𝑎cos⁡ 𝜃 and 𝑦 = 𝑏sin⁡ 𝜃, then 𝑏 2 𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 𝑦 2 =
(a) 𝑎2 𝑏 2 (b) 𝑎𝑏 (c) 𝑎4 𝑏 4 (d) 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2
22. If 𝑥 = 𝑎sec⁡ 𝜃 and 𝑦 = 𝑏tan⁡ 𝜃, then 𝑏 2 𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 𝑦 2 =
(a) 𝑎𝑏 (b) 𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 (c) 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 (d) 𝑎2 𝑏 2
𝑏2 𝑎2
23. If 𝑥 = 𝑎 sin 𝜃 and 𝑦 = 𝑏 tan 𝜃 then the value of 𝑦 2 − 𝑥 2 is
1
(a) 1 (b) −1 (c) 0 (d) 2
24. If 𝑎cos⁡ 𝜃 + 𝑏sin⁡ 𝜃 = 𝑚 and 𝑎sin⁡ 𝜃 − 𝑏cos⁡ 𝜃 = 𝑛, then 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 =
(a) 𝑚2 − 𝑛2 (b) 𝑚2 𝑛2 (c) 𝑛2 − 𝑚2 (d) 𝑚2 + 𝑛2
25. If 𝑥 = 𝑟sin⁡ 𝜃cos⁡ 𝜙, 𝑦 = 𝑟sin⁡ 𝜃sin⁡ 𝜙 and 𝑧 = 𝑟cos⁡ 𝜃, then
(a) 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = 𝑟 2 (b) 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 𝑧 2 = 𝑟 2
(c) 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = 𝑟 2 (d) 𝑧 2 + 𝑦 2 − 𝑥 2 = 𝑟 2
26. If sin⁡ 𝜃 + cos⁡ 𝜃 = 𝑚 and sec⁡ 𝜃 + cosec⁡ 𝜃 = 𝑛, then 𝑛(𝑚2 − 1) =
2 𝑚
(a) −2𝑚 (b) 2𝑚 (c) 𝑚 (d) 2
27. If tan⁡ 𝑥 + sin⁡ 𝑥 = 𝑚 and tan⁡ 𝑥 − sin⁡ 𝑥 = 𝑛 then 𝑚2 − 𝑛2 is equal to
(a) 4√𝑚𝑛 (b) √𝑚𝑛 (c) 2√𝑚𝑛 (d) none of them
28. If sin⁡ 𝜃 + cos⁡ 𝜃 = √2cos⁡ 𝜃, (𝜃 ≠ 90) then the value of tan⁡ 𝜃 is
(a) √2 − 1 (b) √2 + 1 (c) √2 (d) −√2
29. If sin⁡ 𝜃 + cos⁡ 𝜃 = √2cos⁡ 𝜃, then the value of cos 𝜃 − sin 𝜃 is
(a) √2 cos 𝜃 (b) √2 sin 𝜃 (c) −√2 cos 𝜃 (d) −√2 sin 𝜃
2 2
30. If (tan 𝜃 + cot 𝜃) = 5 then (tan ⁡ 𝜃 + cot ⁡ 𝜃) =?
(a) 27 (b) 25 (c) 24 (d) 23
5
31. If (cos 𝜃 − sec 𝜃) = 2 then (cos2 ⁡ 𝜃 + sec 2 ⁡ 𝜃) =?
21 17 29 33
(a) (b) (c) (d)
4 4 4 4
2 2
32. If 7sin ⁡ A + 3cos ⁡ A = 4, then tan⁡ A =
1 1 1 1
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) (d)
√2 √3
1
33. If tan⁡ 𝜃 + tan⁡ 𝜃 = 2, then the value of cosec⁡ 𝜃 is
1 √3
(a) 1 (b) (c) √2 (d)
√2 2
34. If tan⁡ 𝛼 + cot⁡ 𝛼 = 2, then tan ⁡ 𝛼 + cot 20 ⁡ 𝛼 =
20
(a) 0 (b) 2 (c) 20 (d) 220

35. If √3cot 2 ⁡ 𝜃 − 4cot⁡ 𝜃 + √3 = 0, then the value of tan2 ⁡ 𝜃 + cot 2 ⁡ 𝜃 is
3 −10 10 −20
(a) 10 (b) (c) (d)
3 3 3
2
36. If 1 + sin ⁡ 𝛼 = 3sin⁡ 𝛼cos⁡ 𝛼, then values of cot⁡ 𝛼 are
1
(a) −1,1 (b) 2 , 1 (c) 1,2 (d) −1, −1
 Answer Key
Exercise 1
1. (b) 2. (c) 3. (c) 4. (a) 5. (c) 6. (a)

7. (d) 8. (a) 9. (c) 10. (b) 11. (d) 12. (a)
13. (d) 14. (b) 15. (a) 16. (c) 17. (b) 18. (c)
19. (c) 20. (d) 21. (c) 22. (a) 23. (c) 24. (b)
25. (b) 26. (a) 27. (a)
Exercise 2
1. (b) 2. (a) 3. (c) 4. (b) 5. (c) 6. (d)

7. (d) 8. (c) 9. (b) 10. (b) 11. (d) 12. (b)
13. (c) 14. (d) 15. (b) 16. (b) 17. (d) 18. (a)
19. (c) 20. (b) 21. (b) 22. (a) 23. (a) 24. (c)
25. (a) 26. (d) 27. (a) 28. (b) 29. (b) 30. (a)
Exercise 3
1. (c) 2. (c) 3. (d) 4. (b) 5. (a) 6. (d)

7. (c) 8. (b) 9. (d) 10. (b) 11. (d) 12. (b)
13. (d) 14. (c) 15. (a) 16. (b) 17. (c) 18. (b)
19. (d) 20. (b)
Exercise 4
1. (a) 2. (d) 3. (b) 4. (b) 5. (b) 6. (c)

7. (b) 8. (c) 9. (c) 10. (c) 11. (b) 12. (c)
13. (b) 14. (c) 15. (c) 16. (c) 17. (c) 18. (b)
19. (d) 20. (c) 21. (a) 22. (d) 23. (b) 24. (d)
25. (a) 26. (b) 27. (a) 28. (a) 29. (b) 30. (d)
31. (d) 32. (d) 33. (c) 34. (b) 35. (c) 36. (c)
Perimeter and Area of a circle
If 𝑟 is the radius of a circle, then
Circumference = 2𝜋𝑟 or 𝜋𝑑, where 𝑑 = 2𝑟 is the diameter of circle.

𝜋𝑑2
Area = 𝜋𝑟 2 or square units
4
𝜋𝑟 2
Area of semi-circle = square units
2
𝜋𝑟 2
Area of quadrant of a circle = square units
4
Area of the circular path formed by two concentric circles of radii 𝑟1 and 𝑟2 (𝑟1 > 𝑟2 ) =
𝜋𝑟1 2 − 𝜋𝑟22 = 𝜋(𝑟12 − 𝑟22 ) square units
The distance travelled (covered) by a wheel in 1 round = its circumference = 2𝜋𝑟 units
Total distance covered by a wheel = its circumference × number of rounds taken by it.
Total distance covered
Number of rounds made by a wheel = Its circumference
Exercise 𝟏
1. The difference between the circumference and radius of a circle is 111 cm. The area of
the circle is
(a) 1366 cm2 (b) 1386 cm2 (c) 1376 cm2 (d) 1396 cm2
2. If the difference between the circumference and radius of a circle is 37 cm, then using
22
𝜋= , the circumference (in cm) of the circle is
7
(a) 154 (b) 44 (c) 14 (d) 7
3. The circumference of a circle exceeds the diameter by 25.8 cm, then the radius of the
circle is
(a) 6.02 cm (b) 5.02 cm (c) 4.02 cm (d) 5.58 cm
4. If the sum of the circumferences of two circles with radii 𝑅1 and 𝑅2 is equal to the
circumference of a circle of radius 𝑅 then
(a) 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 = 𝑅 (b) 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 > 𝑅 (c) 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 < 𝑅 (d) none of these
5. If the sum of the areas of two circles with radii 𝑅1 and 𝑅2 is equal to the area of a circle
of radius 𝑅 then
(a) 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 = 𝑅 (b) 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 < 𝑅 (c) 𝑅12 + 𝑅22 < 𝑅 2 (d) 𝑅12 + 𝑅22 = 𝑅 2
6. If the area of a circle is equal to sum of the areas of two circles of diameters 10 cm and
24 cm, then the diameter of the larger circle (in cm ) is
(a) 34 (b) 26 (c) 17 (d) 14
7. If the area of a circle is numerically equal to twice its circumference, then the diameter
of the circle is
(a) 4 units (b) 𝜋 units (c) 8 units (d) 2 units
8. A circular park has a path of uniform width around it. The difference between the outer
and inner circumferences of the circular path is 132 m. Its width is
(a) 20 m (b) 21 m (c) 22 m (d) 24 m
9. The areas of two concentric circles are 1386 cm2 and 962.5 cm2 . The width of the ring
is
(a) 2.8 cm (b) 3.5 cm (c) 4.2 cm (d) 3.8 cm
10. The ratio of the outer and inner perimeters of a circular path is 23 ∶ 22. If the path is 5
metres wide, the diameter of the inner circle is
(a) 55 m (b) 110 m (c) 220 m (d) 230 m
11. The perimeter of a semicircular protractor whose radius is '𝑟' is
(a) 𝜋 + 2𝑟 (b) 𝜋 + 𝑟 (c) 𝜋𝑟 (d) 𝜋𝑟 + 2𝑟
12. If the perimeter of a semi-circular protractor is 36 cm, then its diameter is
(a) 10 cm (b) 12 cm (c) 14 cm (d) 16 cm
13. The distance travelled by a circular wheel of diameter 𝑑 cm in one revolution is equal to
𝜋𝑑 𝜋𝑑
(a) cm (b) 2𝜋𝑑 cm (c) cm (d) 𝜋𝑑 cm
2 4
14. In covering a distance of 𝑠 metres, a circular wheel of radius 𝑟 metres makes _______
revolution.
2𝑠 𝑠 𝑠
(a) 𝜋𝑟 (b) 2𝜋𝑟 (c) 𝜋𝑟 (d) None of these
15. The number of revolutions made by a circular wheel of radius 0.7 m in rolling a distancs
of 176 m is
(a) 22 (b) 24 (c) 75 (d) 40
16. In making 1000 revolutions, a wheel covers 88 km. The diameter of the wheel is
(a) 14 m (b) 24 m (c) 28 m (d) 40 m
17. If the radius of a circle is diminished by 10%, then its area is diminished by
(a) 10% (b) 19% (c) 20% (d) 36%
18. On increasing the diameter of a circle by 40%, its area will be increased by
(a) 40% (b) 80% (c) 96% (d) 82%
19. If the circumference of a circle increases from 4𝜋 to 8𝜋, then its area is
(a) halved (b) doubled (c) tripled (d) quadrupled
20. The perimeter (in cm) of a square circumscribing a circle of radius 𝑎 cm, is
(a) 8𝑎 (b) 4𝑎 (c) 2𝑎 (d) 16𝑎
21. The area of the circle that can be inscribed in a square of side 6 cm is
(a) 36𝜋cm2 (b) 18𝜋cm2 (c) 12𝜋cm2 (d) 9𝜋cm2
22. The area of the square that can be inscribed in a circle of radius 8 cm is
(a) 256 cm2 (b) 128 cm2 (c) 64√2 cm2 (d) 64 cm2
23. The circumference of a circle is 100 cm. The side of a square inscribed in the circle is
100 50√2 100√2
(a) 50√2 cm (b) cm (c) cm (d) 𝑐𝑚
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
24. Area of the largest triangle that can be inscribed in a semi-circle of radius 𝑟 units is
1
(a) 𝑟 2 sq. units (b) 2 𝑟 2 sq. units (c) 2𝑟 2 sq. units (d) √2𝑟 2 sq. units
25. The ratio of the areas of a circle and an equilateral triangle whose diameter and a side
are respectively equal is
(a) 𝜋 ∶ √2 (b) 𝜋 ∶ √3 (c) √3 ∶ 𝜋 (d) √2 ∶ 𝜋
26. The perimeter of a circle is equal to that of a square, then the ratio of their areas is
(a) 22 ∶ 7 (b) 14 ∶ 11 (c) 7 ∶ 22 (d) 11 ∶ 14
27. A wire can be bent in the form of a circle of radius 35 cm. If it is bent in the form of a
square, then its area will be
3025
(a) cm2 (b) 3025 cm2 (c) 1225 cm2 (d) 2450 cm2
2
28. In the given figure, a square is inscribed in a circle of diameter 𝑑 and another square is
circumscribing the circle. Then, the ratio between area of inner square to outer square.
(a) 2 ∶ 1 (b) 1 ∶ 4 (c) 1 ∶ 3 (d) 1 ∶ 2
Areas of Sector and Segment of a circle
Sector of a circle Segment of a circle

The portion (or part) of the circular region The portion (or part) of a circular region
enclosed by the two radii and the enclosed between a chord and the
corresponding arc is called a sector of the corresponding arc is called a segment of the
circle. circle.
Here, 𝐴𝑃𝐵 is called minor segment and

Here, 𝑂𝐴𝑃𝐵 is called minor sector and 𝐴𝑄𝐵 is called major segment.
𝑂𝐴𝑄𝐵 is called the major sector.
𝜃 1 1
➢ Area of the sector of angle 𝜃 = × 𝜋𝑟 2 or × length of arc × radius = 𝑙𝑟
360∘ 2 2
𝜃
➢ Length of an arc of a sector of angle 𝜃 = 360∘ × 2𝜋𝑟
Area of segment 𝐴𝑃𝐵 = Area of the sector 𝑂𝐴𝑃𝐵 − Area of Δ𝑂𝐴𝐵
𝜃 1 𝜃 𝜃 𝜃
= 360∘ × 𝜋𝑟 2 − 2 𝑟 2 sin 𝜃 or 360∘ × 𝜋𝑟 2 − 𝑟 2 sin 2 cos 2
(a) Angle described by minute hand in 60 minutes = 360∘

360 ∘
∴ Angle described by minute hand in one minute = ( 60 ) = 6∘
Thus, minute hand rotates through an angle of 6∘ in one minute.
(b) Angle described by hour hand in 12 hours = 360∘

360 ∘
∴ Angle described by hour hand in one hour = ( 12 ) = 30∘
30 ∘ 1∘
⇒Angle described by hour hand in one minute = (60) = 2
1 ∘
Thus, hour hand rotates through (2) in one minute.
Exercise 𝟐
1. The area of sector of central angle 𝑥 ∘ of a circle with radius 4𝑟 is

𝜋𝑥𝑟 2 2𝜋𝑥𝑟 2 2𝜋𝑥𝑟 2 2𝜋𝑥𝑟 2
(a) (b) (c) (d)
45∘ 360∘ 45∘ 90∘
2
2. The circumference of a circle is 22 𝑐𝑚. The area of its quadrant (in 𝑐𝑚 ) is
77 77 77 77
(a) (b) (c) (d) 16
2 4 8
3. The length of the minute hand of a clock is 21 cm. The area swept by the minute hand in
10 minutes is
(a) 231 cm2 (b) 210 cm2 (c) 126 cm2 (d) 252 cm2
4. The hour hand of a clock is 6 cm long. The area swept by it between 11.20am and
11.55am is
(a) 2.75 cm2 (b) 5.5 cm2 (c) 11 cm2 (d) 10 cm2
5. The long and short hands of a clock are 6 cm and 4 cm long respectively. The sum of
distances travelled by their tips in 24hrs is
(a) 288𝜋 (b) 340𝜋 (c) 300𝜋 (d) 304𝜋
6. A cow is tied with a rope of length 14 m at the corner of a rectangular field of
dimensions 20 m × 16 m. Then, the area of the field in which the cow can graze is
(a) 154 m2 (b) 196 m2 (c) 228 m2 (d) 144 m2
7. If the length of an arc of a circle of radius 𝑟 is equal to that of an arc of a circle of radius
2𝑟 then the relation between corresponding angles 𝜃1 and 𝜃2 is
1
(a) 𝜃1 = 2𝜃2 (b) 𝜃1 = 𝜃2 (c) 𝜃1 = 2 𝜃2 (d) 𝜃1 = 4𝜃2
8. In the given figure, the ratio of the areas of two sectors 𝑆1 and 𝑆2 is
(a) 5 ∶ 2 (b) 3 ∶ 5 (c) 5 ∶ 3 (d) 4 ∶ 5

9. In the given figure, three sectors of a circle of radius 7 cm, making angles of 60∘ , 80∘ , 40∘
22
at the centre are shaded. The area of the shaded region (in cm2 ) is [Using 𝜋 = ]
7
(a) 77 (b) 154 (c) 44 (d) 22

5
10. If the area of a sector of a circle is 18 of the area of the circle, then the sector angle is
equal to
(a) 60∘ (b) 90∘ (c) 100∘ (d) 120∘
11. In the given figure, sectors of two concentric circles of radii 7 cm and 3.5 cm are shown,
then the area of the shaded region is
(a) 96.25 cm2 (b) 88.2 cm2 (c) 9.625 cm2 (d) 8.42 cm2
12. Two concentric circles of radii 8 cm and 5 cm are shown below, and a sector forms an
angle of 60∘ at the centre 𝑂. What is the area of the shaded region?
38𝜋 77𝜋 195𝜋 295𝜋
(a) cm2 (b) cm2 (c) cm2 (d) cm2
2 2 6 6
𝑎𝜋
13. The angle subtended at the centre of a circle of radius 𝑎 by an arc of length cm is
4
(a) 30° (b) 45° (c) 60° (d) 90°
14. A piece of wire 22 cm long is bent into the form of an arc of a circle subtending an angle
of 60∘ at its centre. The radius of the circle is
(a) 7 𝑐𝑚 (b) 14 𝑐𝑚 (c) 21 𝑐𝑚 (d) 42 𝑐𝑚
15. The perimeter of the sector 𝑂𝐴𝐵 shown in the figure, is
64 64
(a) cm (b) 26 cm (c) cm (d) 19 cm
3 5
16. A circle with centre 𝑂 of diameter 28 cm and a chord 𝐵𝐶 of length 14 cm is shown below:
What is the length of the major arc of the circle, to the nearest tenth?
(a) 14.7 cm (b) 73.3 cm (c) 146.7 cm (d) 216.3 cm
∘
17. A pendulum swings through an angle 60 and describes an arc 8.8 cm in length.
22
Then, the length of pendulum is [ use 𝜋 = ]
7
(a) 8.40 cm (b) 16.8 cm (c) 4.20 cm (d) 8.90 cm
18. In the given figure, the shape of the top of a table is that of a sector of a circle with
centre 𝑂 and ∠𝐴𝑂𝐵 = 90∘ . If = 𝑂𝐵 = 42 cm, then find the perimeter of the top of the
table.
(a) 228 cm (b) 282 cm (c) 288 cm (d) 222 cm
19. The perimeter of a sector of a circle of radius 5.6 cm is 27.2 cm. The area of sector is
(a) 44 cm2 (b) 44.6 cm2 (c) 44.8 cm2 (d) none of them
20. If the area of a sector of a circle bounded by an arc of length 5𝜋cm is equal to 20𝜋 cm2 ,
then its radius is
(a) 12 cm (b) 16 cm (c) 8 cm (d) 10 cm
21. Observe the figure below:
22
What is the area of the segment 𝑃𝑄𝑅, if the radius of the circle is 7 cm ? (Use 𝜋 = )
7
(a) 14 cm2 (b) 17.3 cm2 (c) 28 cm2 (d) 91 cm2
22. In the given figure, the area of the segment 𝑃𝐴𝑄 is
𝑎2 𝑎2 𝑎2 𝑎2
(a) (𝜋 + 2) (b) (𝜋 − 2) (c) (𝜋 − 1) (d) (𝜋 + 1)
4 4 4 4
23. Find the area of the major segment 𝐴𝑃𝐵 of a circle of radius 35 cm and ∠𝐴𝑂𝐵 = 90∘ , as
shown in the given figure.
(a) 3050 cm2 (b) 3005 cm2 (c) 3505 cm2 (d) 3500 cm2
24. A chord 𝑃𝑄 of the circle of radius 10 cm subtends an angle of 60° at the centre of the
circle. The area of major segment of the circle is
(a) 305.08 cm2 (b) 350.08 cm2 (c) 300.08 cm2 (d) 355.08 cm2
25. A chord of a circle of radius 14 cm subtends an angle of 120° at the centre. The area of
corresponding minor segment is
(a) 121.56 cm2 (b) 119.56 cm2 (c) 120.56 cm2 (d) 122.56 cm2
Areas of Combinations of Plane Figures
Exercise 𝟑
1. A paper is in the form of a rectangle 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷 in which 𝐴𝐵 = 18 cm and 𝐵𝐶 = 14 cm. A

semicircular portion with 𝐵𝐶 as diameter is cut off. The area of the remaining paper is
(a) 175 cm2 (b) 165 cm2 (c) 145 cm2 (d) none of them
2. The area of the shaded region in the given figure is (Take 𝜋 = 3.14).
(a) 71.66 cm2 (b) 72.66 cm2 (c) 73.66 cm2 (d) none of them
3. In the given figure, 𝑂𝐴𝐵𝐶 is a square of side 7 cm. If 𝑂𝐴𝑃𝐶 is a quadrant of a circle with
centre O, then find the area of the shaded region.
(a) 10.5 cm2 (b) 9.5 cm2 (c) 11.5 cm2 (d) 12.5 cm2
4. Find the area of the shaded region in figure, if 𝐴𝐶 = 20 cm, 𝐴𝐵 = 15 cm and 𝑂 is the
22
centre of the circle. [Take 𝜋 = ]
7
(a) 95.54 cm2 (b) 95.45 cm2 (c) 59.54 cm2 (d) 55.49 cm2
5. In the given figure, △ 𝐴𝐵𝐶 is right angled at 𝐴. Semicircles are drawn on 𝐴𝐵, 𝐴𝐶 and 𝐵𝐶
as diameters. It is given that 𝐴𝐵 = 3 cm and 𝐴𝐶 = 4 cm. Find the area of the shaded
region.
(a) 4 𝑐𝑚2 (b) 6 𝑐𝑚2 (c) 8 𝑐𝑚2 (d) None of these

6. ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 is an equilateral triangle. The area of the shaded region if the radius of each of
the circle is 1 cm, is
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
(a) 2 − (b) √3 − 𝜋 (c) √3 − (d) √3 −
3 2 4
7. In the given figure, O is the centre of the circle with AC = 24 cm, AB = 7 cm and
∠BOD = 90∘ . Find the area of the shaded region.(Use 𝜋 = 3.14)
(a) 283.97 cm2 (b) 282.97 cm2 (c) 281.97 cm2 (d) 284.97 cm2
8. In the given figure, 𝑂 is the centre of the bigger circle, and 𝐴𝐶 is its diameter. Another
circle with 𝐴𝐵 as diameter is drawn. If 𝐴𝐶 = 54 cm and 𝐵𝐶 = 10 cm, then the area of
the shaded region is
(a) 77 𝑐𝑚2 (b) 660 𝑐𝑚2 (c) 770 𝑐𝑚2 (d) 880 𝑐𝑚2
9. Two circular pieces of equal radii and maximum area, touching each other are cut out
from a rectangular card board of dimensions 14 cm × 7 cm. Find the area of the
22
remaining card board. [Use 𝜋 = ]
7
(a) 59.5 cm2 (b) 21 cm2 (c) 11.5 cm2 (d) 32.5 cm2
10. The area of the shaded region in the given figure, where arcs drawn with centres 𝑃, 𝑄, 𝑅
and 𝑆 intersect in pairs at mid points 𝐴, 𝐵, 𝐶 and 𝐷 of the sides 𝑃𝑄, 𝑄𝑅, 𝑅𝑆 and 𝑆𝑃
respectively of a square 𝑃𝑄𝑅𝑆 of side 12 𝑐𝑚, is [Use 𝜋 = 3.14]
(a) 30.96 cm2 (b) 31.96 cm2 (c) 29.96 cm2 (d) 32.96 cm2
11. From a thin metallic piece, in the shape of a trapezium ABCD, in which AB ∥ CD and
∠BCD = 90∘ , a quarter circle BEFC is removed (see figure). Given AB = BC = 3.5 cm
and DE = 2 cm, calculate the area of the remaining (shaded) part of the metal sheet.
(a) 5.125 cm2 (b) 7.125 cm2 (c) 6.215 cm2 (d) 6.125 cm2
12. In the given figure, 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷 is a trapezium with 𝐴𝐵 ∥ 𝐷𝐶, 𝐴𝐵 = 18 cm, 𝐷𝐶 = 32 cm and
the distance between 𝐴𝐵 and 𝐴𝐶 is 14 cm. If arcs of equal radii 7 cm taking 𝐴, 𝐵, 𝐶 and
𝐷 as centres, have been drawn, then find the area of the shaded region.
(a) 186 cm2 (b) 168 cm2 (c) 196 cm2 (d) 169 cm2
13. The area of the shaded region given in the figure is
(a) (180 − 2𝜋)cm2 (b) (90 − 8𝜋)cm2 (c) (180 − 8𝜋)cm2 (d) (90 − 2𝜋)cm2
14. Find the area of the shaded region in the figure where arc APD, AQB, BRC and CSD are
semi-circles of diameter 14 cm, 3.5 cm, 7 cm and 3.5 cm respectively.
(a) 86.625 cm2 (b) 85.625 cm2 (c) 68.625 cm2 (d) 88.625 cm2
15. In the given figure, 𝐴𝑃𝐵 and 𝐶𝑄𝐷 are semi-circles of diameter 7 cm each, while 𝐴𝑅𝐶
and 𝐵𝑆𝐷 are semi-circles of diameter 14 cm each. Find the area of the shaded region.
22
Use 𝜋 = 7
(a) 115 cm2 (b) 105.5 cm2 (c) 125.5 cm2 (d) 115.5 cm2
16. In the given figure, 𝐴𝑃𝐵 and 𝐶𝑄𝐷 are semi-circles of diameter 7 cm each, while 𝐴𝑅𝐶
and 𝐵𝑆𝐷 are semi-circles of diameter 14 cm each. Find the perimeter of the shaded
22
region. Use 𝜋 = 7
(a) 44 cm (b) 55cm (c) 66 cm (d) 77 cm

17. In the given figure, a semi-circle is drawn with O as centre and AB as diameter. Semi
circle are drawn with AO and BO as diameter. If AB = 28 cm find the perimeter of
shaded region.
(a) 98 cm (b) 48 cm (c) 80 cm (d) 88 cm
18. In the given figure, 𝑃𝑆𝑅, 𝑅𝑇𝑄 and 𝑃𝐴𝑄 are three semicircles of diameters 10 cm, 3 cm
and 7 cm respectively. Find the perimeter of the shaded region. [Use 𝜋 = 3.14 ]
(a) 3.14 cm (b) 31.4 cm (c) 1.57 cm (d) 6.24 cm

19. In the given figure, 𝐴𝑃𝐵 and 𝐴𝑄𝑂 are semicircles and 𝐴𝑂 = 𝑂𝐵. If the perimeter of the
figure is 40 cm, then 𝐴𝐵 =
7
(a) 7 cm (b) 2 cm (c) 14 cm (d) 28 cm
20. The perimeter of the following shaded portion of the figure is :
(a) 40 m (b) 40.07 m (c) 40.28 m (d) 35 m

21. In the given figure, the side of square is 28 cm and radius of each circle is half of the
length of the side of the square, where 𝑂 and 𝑂′ are centres of the circles. Find the area
of shaded region.
(a) 1078 cm2 (b) 1708 cm2 (c) 1807 cm2 (d) 1780 cm2
22. Three semicircles each of diameter 3 cm, a circle of diameter 4.5 cm and a semicircle of
radius 4.5 cm are drawn in the given figure. The area of the shaded region is
(a) 12.375 cm2 (b) 24.75 cm2 (c) 6.1875 cm2 (d) None of these
23. In the given figure, 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷 is a parallelogram. A semicircle with centre 𝑂 and the
diameter 𝐴𝐵 has been drawn and it passes through 𝐷. If 𝐴𝐵 = 12 cm and 𝑂𝐷 ⊥ 𝐴𝐵,
then find the area of the shaded region. (Use 𝜋 = 3.14)
(a) 42.74 cm2 (b) 43.74 cm2 (c) 44.74 cm2 (d) 45.74 cm2
24. In the figure given below, ABCD is a square of side 14 cm with E, F, G and H as the mid
points of sides AB, BC, CD and DA respectively. The area of the shaded portion is
(a) 44 cm2 (b) 49 cm2 (c) 98 cm2 (d) 49𝜋/2 cm2
25. Given below is the picture of the Olympic rings made by taking five congruent circles of
radius 1 cm each, intersecting in such a way that the chord formed by joining the point
of intersection of two circles is also of length 1 cm. Total area of all the dotted regions
assuming the thickness of the rings to be negligible is
𝜋 √3 𝜋 √3 𝜋 √3 𝜋 √3
(a) 4 (12 − ) cm2 (b) (6 − ) cm2 (c) 4 ( 6 − ) cm2 (d) 8 ( 6 − ) cm2
4 4 4 4
26. The area of an equilateral triangle is 17320.5 cm2 . With each vertex as centre, a circle is
described with radius equal to half the length of the side of the triangle. The area of the
triangle not included in the circles is (Use 𝜋 = 3.14 and √3 = 1.73205)
(a) 1620.51 cm2 (b) 1810.25 cm2

(c) 2430.60 cm2 (d) None of these
 Answer Key
Exercise 1
1. (b) 2. (b) 3. (a) 4. (a) 5. (d) 6. (b)

7. (c) 8. (b) 9. (b) 10. (c) 11. (a) 12. (c)
13. (d) 14. (b) 15. (d) 16. (c) 17. (b) 18. (c)
19. (d) 20. (a) 21. (d) 22. (a) 23. (c) 24. (a)
25. (b) 26. (b) 27. (b) 28. (d)
Exercise 2
1. (c) 2. (c) 3. (a) 4. (b) 5. (d) 6. (a)

7. (a) 8. (d) 9. (a) 10. (c) 11. (c) 12. (c)
13. (b) 14. (c) 15. (a) 16. (b) 17. (a) 18. (b)
19. (c) 20. (c) 21. (a) 22. (b) 23. (d) 24. (a)
25. (c)
Exercise 3
1. (a) 2. (b) 3. (a) 4. (a) 5. (b) 6. (c)

7. (a) 8. (c) 9. (b) 10. (a) 11. (d) 12. (c)
13. (c) 14. (a) 15. (c) 16. (d) 17. (d) 18. (b)
19. (c) 20. (c) 21. (b) 22. (a) 23. (b) 24. (c)
25. (d) 26. (a)
Introduction
Probability → Measure of uncertainty of various phenomenon is known as probability.
Experiment → A procedure which produces some well-defined possible outcomes..
Random experiment → An experiment which when performed produces one of the several
possible outcomes called a random experiment.
Trial → When we perform an experiment it is called a trial of the experiment.
Event → The set of outcomes of an experiment to which probability is assigned. It is usually

denoted by capital letter of English alphabets like A, B, E etc.
A collection of two or more possible outcomes (elementary events) of an experiment called

a compound event.
An event is said to be happen in trial if any one of the elementary events (or outcomes)
satisfying its conditions is an outcome.
Occurrence of an Event → An event 𝐸 associated to a random experiment is said to occur if

any one of the elementary events associated to the event 𝐸 is an outcome. Consider the
random experiment of throwing an unbiased die. Let 𝐸 denotes the event of ‘getting an odd
number’. Elementary events associated to this event are 1, 3, 5. Now suppose that in a
random trial the outcome is 5, then we say that event E has occurred.
Non-occurrence of an Event → An event 𝐸 associated to a random experiment is said to be

non-occurring if there is no outcome associated to the event 𝐸.
Favourable Elementary Event → An elementary event 𝐸 is said to be favourable if it is as

per the definition of the event. e.g. Consider the throwing of a die. If 𝐸 denotes the event of
‘getting a prime number’ then, the occurrence of 2 or 3 or 5 on the face of die means the
favourable event has occurred. Otherwise it is called unfavourable event and we denote it
by 𝐸̅ or 𝐸′. In the present example, the occurrence of numbers 1 or 4 or 6 on the face of die
means the unfavourable event has occurred.
Impossible Event and Sure Event → An event is said to be impossible if it can never happen.
e.g. Obtaining a number 7 on the face of a die when thrown once is an impossible event.
The probability of an impossible event is of course, 0 i.e. zero. Also, if an event is bound to
happen, then it is a sure event. e.g. Obtaining a positive integer less than or equal to 6 on
throwing a die is a sure event. The probability of a sure event is 1
Sample Space → It is the collection (i.e. set) of all the possible outcomes in an experiment.
Usually it is symbolized by the upper case letter 𝑆. And the elements of the set is put into
the brackets {. . . }. e.g. Consider the throwing of a die. Then the all possible outcomes are
𝑆 = {1,2,3,4,5,6}.
Equally Likely Outcomes → The results of a random experiment are said to be equally likely
if the different outcomes have the same (equal) chance of occurrence, i.e. there is no
reason to expect one outcome in preference to the other. e.g. Consider the throwing of a
die. Then the chance of occurrence of all the numbers, i.e. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 is equal and not any
particular number is more likely to occur as compared to the other.
Complement or Negation of an Event → Corresponding to every event 𝑬 associated with a

random experiment, we define an event “𝒏𝒐𝒕 𝑬” which will occur only when the event 𝑬
does not occur. We denote it by 𝐸 ′ or 𝐸̅ .
The empirical (or experimental) probability P(E) of an event E is given by

Number of outcomes favourable to event E
P(E) = Number of all possible outcomes of the experiment
𝑛(𝐸)
⇒ 𝑃(𝐸) = 𝑛(𝑆)
Here 𝑛(𝐸) means “number of favourable outcomes of event 𝐸” and 𝑛(𝑆) means “number
of all possible outcome” associated with the experiment.
The probability of an event lies between 0 and 1 (0 and 1 are included)
The result 𝑃(𝐸) + 𝑃(𝐸 ′ ) = 1 always holds true for an event 𝐸 associated with an
experiment.
Coin Dice Cards

On tossing a coin A die is a well-balanced A pack of cards consists of four suits
there are two cube with its six faces i.e.., Spades, Hearts, Diamonds and
possibilities either marked with numbers Clubs. Each suit consists of 13 cards,
head may come up (dots) from 1 to 6, one nine cards numbered
or tail may come up. number on the one face. 2, 3, 4, . . . . . . , 10 and an Ace, a King, a
The plural of die is dice. Queen and a Jack or Knave. Colour of
Spades and Clubs is black and that of
Hearts and Diamonds is red. King,
Queen and Jack cards are called face
cards.
➢ The total number of outcomes in 𝑛 throws of a coin = 2𝑛
➢ The total number of outcomes in 𝑛 throws of a coin = 6𝑛
Exercise
1. If 𝑃(𝐸) denotes the probability of an event 𝐸 then

(a) 𝑃(𝐸) < 0 (b) 𝑃(𝐸) > 1 (c) 0 ≤ 𝑃(𝐸) ≤ 1 (d) −1 ≤ 𝑃(𝐸) ≤ 1
2. The probability expressed as a percentage of a particular occurrence can never be
(a) less than 100 (b) less than 0
(c) greater than 1 (d) anything but a whole number
3. Which of the following cannot be the probability of an event?
1 17
(a) 3 (b) 0.1 (c) 3% (d) 16
4. Which of the following can be the probability of an event?
18 8
(a) −0.04 (b) 1.004 (c) 23 (d) 7
5. The probability of an event that is sure to happen is
(a) 0 (b) less than 0 (c) 1 (d) more than 1
6. If an event cannot occur, then its probability is
OR
What is the probability of an impossible event?
3 1
(a) 1 (b) 4 (c) 2 (d) 0
7. If the probability of an event 𝐸 happening is 0.023 then 𝑃(𝐸̅ ) =
(a) 0.77 (b) 0.977 (c) 0.997 (d) 0.077
8. If the probability of winning a game is 0.07, the probability of losing it is
(a) 0.3 (b) 0.03 (c) 0.97 (d) 0.93
9. An event is very unlikely to happen. Its probability is closest to
(a) 0.0001 (b) 0.001 (c) 0.01 (d) 0.1
10. In a lottery, there are 6 prizes and 24 blanks. What is the probability of not getting a
prize?
3 3 4
11. If a letter of English alphabet is chosen at random, then the probability that the letter is
a consonant is:
5 21 10 11
(a) 26 (b) 26 (c) 13 (d) 13
12. Two different coins are tossed simultaneously. The probability of getting exactly one tail
is
1 1 3 7
(a) 4 (b) 2 (c) 4 (d) 8
13. Two different coins are tossed simultaneously. The probability of getting no tail is
1 1 3 7
(a) 4 (b) 8 (c) 4 (d) 8
14. Two different coins are tossed simultaneously. The probability of getting at least one
head is
1 1 3 7
(a) 4 (b) 8 (c) 4 (d) 8
15. Two different coins are tossed simultaneously. The probability of getting at most one tail
is
1 1 3 7
(a) 4 (b) 8 (c) 4 (d) 8
16. Three different coins are tossed simultaneously. The probability of getting exactly one
head is
1 1 3 3
(a) 8 (b) 4 (c) 4 (d) 8
17. Three different coins are tossed simultaneously. The probability of getting exactly two
tails is
1 1 3 3
(a) 8 (b) 4 (c) 4 (d) 8
18. Three different coins are tossed simultaneously. The probability of getting exactly three
heads is
1 1 3 3
(a) 8 (b) 4 (c) 4 (d) 8
19. Three different coins are tossed simultaneously. The probability of getting at least one
head is
1 3 7 3
(a) 2 (b) 4 (c) 8 (d) 8
20. Three different coins are tossed simultaneously. The probability of getting at least two
tails is
1 3 7 3
(a) 2 (b) 4 (c) 8 (d) 8
21. Three different coins are tossed simultaneously. The probability of getting at most one
head is
1 3 7 3
(a) 2 (b) 4 (c) 8 (d) 8
22. Three different coins are tossed simultaneously. The probability of getting at most two
tails is
1 3 7 3
(a) 2 (b) 4 (c) 8 (d) 8
23. In a family of 3 children, the probability of having at least 1 boy is
7 1 5 3
(a) 8 (b) 8 (c) 8 (d) 4
24. A die is thrown once. The probability of getting a number less than 3 is
1 1 2 1
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 3 (d) 4
25. The probability of throwing a number greater than 2 with a fair die is
2 5 1 2
(a) 3 (b) 6 (c) 3 (d) 5
26. A die is thrown once. The probability of getting a number lies between 1 and 6 is
1 1 2
(a) 1 (b) 3 (c) 2 (d) 3
27. The probability of getting an even number, when a die is thrown once, is
1 1 1 5
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 6 (d) 6
28. A fair die is thrown once. The probability of getting a prime number is
1 1 2 1
(a) 3 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4
29. Suppose we throw a die once. The probability of getting even prime number is
1 1 1
(a) 3 (b) 1 (c) 6 (d) 2
30. Suppose we throw a die once. The probability of getting even composite number is
1 1 1
(a) 0 (b) (c) (d)
6 3 2
31. A die is tossed once. The probability of getting a number which is neither prime nor
composite is
1 1 1
(a) 0 (b) 6 (c) 3 (d) 2
32. A die is tossed once. The probability of getting an even number or a multiple of 3 is
1 1 2 1
(a) 3 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4
33. Two dice are thrown together. The probability of getting a doublet is
1 1 1 1
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 6 (d) 12
34. Two different dice are thrown together. The probability that the numbers obtained is a
doublet of odd numbers is
1 1 1 1
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 6 (d) 12
35. If two different dices are rolled together, the probability of getting an even number on
both dice, is
1 1 1 1
(a) 36 (b) 2 (c) 6 (d) 4
36. Two different dice are rolled together. The probability of getting the sum of numbers on
two dice to be 5 is
1 1 1 1
(a) 4 (b) 6 (c) 9 (d) 12
37. Two different dice are rolled together. The probability of getting the sum of numbers
appearing on the two dice to be 10 is
1 1 1 1
(a) 4 (b) 6 (c) 9 (d) 12
38. Two different dice are tossed together. The probability that the numbers obtained have
a sum less than 7 is
5 5 5 5
(a) 36 (b) 18 (c) 12 (d) 9
39. Two different dice are thrown at the same time. The probability of getting a sum of at
least 11 is
1 1 1 1
(a) 12 (b) 18 (c) 36 (d) 9
40. Two different dice are thrown at the same time. The probability that the numbers
obtained have even sum is
1 1 1 1
(a) 2 (b) 4 (c) 6 (d) 9
41. Two different dice are tossed together. The probability that the product of the number
on the top of the dice is 6 is
1 1 1 1
(a) 4 (b) 6 (c) 9 (d) 12
42. Two different dice are tossed together. The probability that the numbers obtained have
a product less than 16 is
21 25 23 27
(a) 36 (b) 36 (c) 36 (d) 36
43. Two different dice are thrown at the same time. The probability that the numbers
obtained have even product is
1 1 3 7
(a) (b) (c) (d)
4 2 4 8
44. A die has its six faces marked 0,1,1,1,6,6. Two such dice are thrown together and the
total score is recorded. How many different scores are possible?
(a) 5 (b) 6 (c) 7 (d) finitely many
45. A card is drawn at random from a well-shuffled pack of 52 cards. The probability of
getting a black face card is
3 1 3 3
(a) 13 (b) 13 (c) 52 (d) 26
getting a red card is
1 1 1 1
(a) 13 (b) 2 (c) 4 (d) 8
getting a card of spade is
1 1 1 1
(a) 13 (b) 2 (c) 4 (d) 8
48. A card is drawn from a deck of 52 cards. The event E is that card is not an ace of hearts.
The number of outcomes favourable to E is
(a) 4 (b) 13 (c) 48 (d) 51
getting either a queen or a jack is
1 2 3 1
(a) 13 (b) 13 (c) 13 (d) 26
getting neither a jack nor a king is
11 11 11
getting neither a black card nor an ace is
4 6 7
52. A number is selected at random from the numbers 1 to 30. The probability that it is a
prime number is
2 1 1 11
(a) 3 (b) 6 (c) 3 (d) 30
53. Someone is asked to take a number from 1 to 100. The probability that it is a prime is
1 6 1 13
(a) 5 (b) 25 (c) 4 (d) 50
54. Cards marked with numbers 1,3,5, … ,101 are placed in a bag and mixed thoroughly. A
card is drawn at random from the bag. The probability that the number on the drawn
card is a prime number less than 20 is
7 3 8 6
(a) 51 (b) 17 (c) 51 (d) 51
55. Cards marked with numbers 5,6,7, … … ,74 are placed in a box and mixed thoroughly.
One card is drawn at random from the box. The probability that the number on the
drawn card is a perfect square is
3 3 4 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
37 35 35 10
56. Cards numbered 1 to 30 are put in a bag. A card is drawn at random from this bag. The
probability that the number on the drawn card is not a perfect square number is
5 2 1 1
(a) 6 (b) 3 (c) 3 (d) 6
57. A number is selected at random from the numbers 1 to 100. The probability that it is a
perfect cube is
1 1 3 1
(a) 20 (b) 4 (c) 100 (d) 25
58. One ticket is drawn at random from a bag containing tickets numbered 1 to 40. The
probability that the selected ticket has a number which is a multiple of 5 is
1 3 4 1
(a) 5 (b) 5 (c) 5 (d) 8
59. 20 tickets on which numbers 1 to 20 are written are mixed thoroughly and then a ticket
is drawn at random out of them. The probability that the number on the drawn ticket is
a multiple of 3 or 7 is
2 3 3 1
(a) 5 (b) 5 (c) 10 (d) 10
60. A number is selected at random from first 50 natural numbers. The probability that
selected number is a multiple of 3 or 4 is:
12 14 7 8
(a) 25 (b) 25 (c) 25 (d) 25
61. A number is selected at random from first 50 natural numbers. The probability that
selected number is a multiple of 3 and 4 is:
14 3 2 8
(a) 25 (b) 50 (c) 25 (d) 25
62. Cards numbered 1 to 30 are put in a bag. A card is drawn at random from this bag. The
probability that the number on the drawn card is not divisible by 3 is
2 1 3 2
(a) 5 (b) 3 (c) 5 (d) 3
63. An integer is chosen at random between 1 and 100. The probability that it is not
divisible by 8 is
22 43 45 41
(a) 25 (b) 49 (c) 49 (d) 49
64. There are 100 cards in a bag on which numbers from 1 to 100 are written. A card is
taken out from the bag at random. The probability that the number on the selected card
is divisible by 9 and is a perfect square is
1 1 3 1
(a) 25 (b) 10 (c) 100 (d) 20
65. From the letters of the word "MANGO", a letter is selected. The probability that the
letter is a vowel, is
1 3 2 4
(a) 5 (b) 5 (c) 5 (d) 5
66. A letter of English alphabets is chosen at random. The probability that it is a letter of the
word ′MATHEMATICS′ is
4 9 5 11
(a) 13 (b) 26 (c) 13 (d) 26
67. A school has five houses A, B, C, D and E. A class has 23 students, 4 from house A, 8 from
house B, 5 from house C, 2 from house D and rest from house E. A single student is
selected at random to be the class monitor. The probability that the selected student is
not from A, B and C is
4 6 8 17
(a) 23 (b) 23 (c) 23 (d) 23
68. A number is chosen at random from the numbers −3, −2, −1,0,1,2,3. The probability
that the square of this number is less than or equal to 1 is
1 2 3 4
(a) 7 (b) 7 (c) 7 (d) 7
69. The probability of a non-leap year having 53 Mondays is
2 1 5 6
(a) 7 (b) 7 (c) 7 (d) 7
70. The probability of a leap year having 53 Sundays is
2 1 5 6
(a) 7 (b) 7 (c) 7 (d) 7
71. The probability of a leap year having 53 Tuesdays and 53 Mondays is
2 1 5 6
(a) (b) (c) (d)
7 7 7 7
72. A game of chance consists of spinning an arrow which comes to rest pointing at one of
the numbers 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8 and these are equally likely outcomes. The probability that
it will point at any factor of 8 is
1 1 1 2
(a) 8 (b) 4 (c) 2 (d) 3
73. The probability of selecting a rotten apple randomly from a heap of 900 apples is 0.18.
The number of rotten apples in the heap are
(a) 152 (b) 162 (c) 172 (d) 18
74. The probability of getting a bad egg in a lot of 400 is 0.035. The number of bad eggs in
the lot is
(a) 7 (b) 14 (c) 21 (d) 28
75. A girl calculates that the probability of her winning the first prize in a lottery is 0.08. If
6000 tickets are sold, how many tickets has she bought?
(a) 40 (b) 240 (c) 480 (d) 750
76. A bag contains 80 red balls, 120 black balls and 60 white balls. If a ball is drawn at
random from the bag, then the probability that it will be either a red ball or a white ball
is
7 10 9 6
(a) 13 (b) 13 (c) 13 (d) 13
77. A box contains 100 red cards, 200 yellow cards and 50 blue cards. If a card is drawn at
random from the box, then the probability that it will be neither yellow nor a blue card is
5 4 1 2
(a) 7 (b) 7 (c) 7 (d) 7
78. A bag contains 24 balls of which 𝑥 are red, 2𝑥 are white and 3𝑥 are blue. A ball is
selected at random. The probability that it is not red is
1 3 5 1
(a) 6 (b) 4 (c) 6 (d) 4
79. A bag contains 15 white and some black balls. If the probability of drawing a black ball
from the bag is thrice that of drawing a white ball, the number of black balls in the bag
are
(a) 5 (b) 15 (c) 30 (d) 45
80. A bag contains 20 balls out of which 𝑥 balls are red. If one ball is drawn at random from
the bag then the probability that it is not red is
𝑥 20−𝑥 20−𝑥 𝑥−20
(a) 20 (b) (c) (d)
𝑥 20 20
81. A bag contains 20 balls out of which 𝑥 balls are red. If 4 more red balls are out into the
5
bag, the probability of drawing a red ball is 4 times of what was it before. The value of 𝑥
is
(a) 4 (b) 8 (c) 12 (d) 16
82. A bag contains 24 marbles out which 6 are red, some are black and some are white. The
1
probability of selecting a black marble at random from the bag is 2. The number of white
marbles in the bag are
(a) 6 (b) 9 (c) 12 (d) 18
83. The probability of selecting a red ball at random from a jar that contains only red, blue
1
and orange balls is 4. The probability of selecting a blue ball at random from the same jar
1
. If the jar contains 10 orange balls, find the total number of balls in the jar.
3
(a) 12 (b) 18 (c) 24 (d) 30
84. Peter throws two different dice together and finds the product of the two numbers
obtained. Rina throws a die and squares the number obtained. Who has the better
chance to get the number 25?
(a) Peter (b) Rina
(c) Both have equal chances (d) cannot be determined
85. A number 𝑥 is selected at random from the numbers 1,2,3 and 4. Another number 𝑦 is
selected at random from the numbers 1,4,9 and 16. The probability that product of 𝑥
and 𝑦 is less than 16 is
1 1 1 1
(a) 16 (b) 8 (c) 4 (d) 2
 Answer Key
1. (c) 2. (b) 3. (d) 4. (c) 5. (c) 6. (d)
7. (b) 8. (d) 9. (a) 10. (c) 11. (b) 12. (b)
13. (a) 14. (c) 15. (c) 16. (d) 17. (d) 18. (a)
19. (c) 20. (a) 21. (a) 22. (c) 23. (a) 24. (b)
25. (a) 26. (d) 27. (a) 28. (b) 29. (c) 30. (c)
31. (b) 32. (c) 33. (c) 34. (d) 35. (d) 36. (c)
37. (d) 38. (c) 39. (a) 40. (a) 41. (b) 42. (b)
43. (c) 44. (b) 45. (d) 46. (b) 47. (c) 48. (d)
49. (b) 50. (a) 51. (b) 52. (c) 53. (c) 54. (a)
55. (b) 56. (a) 57. (d) 58. (a) 59. (a) 60. (a)
61. (c) 62. (d) 63. (b) 64. (c) 65. (c) 66. (a)
67. (b) 68. (c) 69. (b) 70. (a) 71. (b) 72. (c)
73. (b) 74. (b) 75. (c) 76. (a) 77. (d) 78. (c)
79. (d) 80. (c) 81. (b) 82. (a) 83. (c) 84. (b)
85. (d)

Basics of Real Numbers

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Basics of Real Numbers

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Basics of Real Numbers

Even numbers → A number divisible by 2 is called an even number. For example →

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

Choose the correct answer from the given options:

Euclid’s Division Lemma

Lemma → A lemma is an already proven statement which helps in proving another

STEP𝟏 → By applying Euclid’s division algorithm, find q and r where a = bq + r, 0 ≤ r < b.

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

Choose the correct answer from the given options:

Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic

Theorem → If a prime number p divides a2 , then p also divides a where a is a positive

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

1. The total number of factors of a prime number are

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

Choose the correct answer from the given options:

Rational Numbers and their Decimal Expansions

Condition for a Rational number to have Terminating Decimal Expansion :

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

Choose the correct answer from the given options:

1. (c) 2. (b) 3. (c) 4. (d) 5. (d) 6. (c)

1. (c) 2. (c) 3. (b) 4. (c) 5. (a) 6. (d)

1. (c) 2. (b) 3. (b) 4. (d) 5. (c) 6. (c)

1. (d) 2. (a) 3. (a) 4. (c) 5. (b) 6. (c)

1. (b) 2. (c) 3. (d) 4. (a) 5. (d) 6. (d)

Algebraic expressions : A combination of constants and variables connected by some or all

Classification of polynomials on the basis of Classification of polynomials on the basis of

Geometrical Meaning of the Zeroes of a Polynomial

Graphically, number of zeroes of a polynomial is determined by the number of times the

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

Choose the correct answer from the given options:

1. Which of the following is a polynomial?

(a) (b) (c) (d)

(a) 1,0 (b) 2,3 (c) only 1 (d) None of these

(a) 4 (b) 1 (c) 5 (d) 3

To find a Quadratic polynomial if its zeroes are given

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

1. If one zero of 𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 4 is 3 + √5 then the other zero is

Relationship between Zeroes and Coefficients of a Polynomial

If 𝛼 and 𝛽 are the zeroes of quadratic polynomial 𝑝(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐, 𝑎 ≠ 0 then,

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

Choose the correct answer from the given options:

1. If sum of zeroes of a quadratic polynomial 𝑝(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 is zero then which of

Division Algorithm for Polynomials

If 𝑟(𝑥) = 0 then the polynomial 𝑔(𝑥) is a factor of polynomial 𝑝(𝑥) .

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

Choose the correct answer from the given options:

1. (d) 2. (d) 3. (d) 4. (d) 5. (a) 6. (b)

1. (d) 2. (c) 3. (a) 4. (d) 5. (c) 6. (d)

1. (d) 2. (c) 3. (d) 4. (c) 5. (a) 6. (b)

1. (c) 2. (c) 3. (c) 4. (b) 5. (a) 6. (b)

A pair of values of 𝑥 and 𝑦 which satisfy the equation 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0 is called a solution of

Graphical Method of Solution of a Pair of Linear Equations

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

Choose the correct answer from the given options:

Consistent and inconsistent system

Consistent and inconsistent systems → A system of simultaneous linear equations having at

Table depicting conditions of Consistency and inconsistency of the pair of lines

For the system of two linear equations

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

Choose the correct answer from the given options:

1. If a pair of linear equations is consistent then their graph lines will be

Solution of pairs of linear equations in two variables

Let the pair of equations be 𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑏1 𝑦 + 𝑐1 = 0 and 𝑎2 𝑥 + 𝑏2 𝑦 + 𝑐2 = 0