po INTRODUCTION A matrix is an array of real numbers In general, matrices are defined by their order, which depends on the number of rows and number of columns of the matrix. A matrix is generally denoted and represented as: fel i.» Asm las, Aer F235. Aro Bm, Ame Aer -- Amol gy ‘Some important terminology involving matrices and special matrices are summarized in the table below: TERMINOLOGY DESCRIPTION — The entry 4% dinotes The element in the ith row and sth cSlumn « Element | RB watnx wilh Tha Penne aamber & put Square matrix | anol edlumne ft. a matrix Forder neni Ay aie A --. An ag. f[ fh ey dre Anas Aan | 7 ear Int Ane Any = +> Ann [a diagmal magix ir @ SG tape makix yo Leading diagonayMainor| fag *t¢ only non- joro elements afop the bad Principal diagonal ding 0. _ In « squane mohix ford nthe dia the [ea disp ol/agonot cofpainiry Phe elements 41) Mp7 Fan ir | Dr. Ganeshsree/AS101_Mathematics I/Topic 3 Matrices/Jan 2014 Page 2The rate of mahix A, _ Aha P= Oy Or bos Fan = ZA Trace fer ne. te Pum of th elemenfy of fee. Jeadinp oliagenod ~ Column matrix B mahix wit ily 1 column 7-e- | fe. oder nx/ - Parte p mahin Ath oly Tr) je. a mak of rele [xn ? Az [a bean], _ BR matix whye even elbemiant (5 eoinatmatix | ey atten at 0. we i oe ‘| The Crampord mahix #7 jr Fhe mapin db stlementr by = Qi anol aitten f ‘Transposed matrix the nxn makiix Ata[an Fer Fo) Ams Ayr Fra Axa -- Aare din Gan Aon ~ 7» Goan pera mates Y Por a row mak? BT [b, ba ce ban) ZL For a _eslunn mabin ? Dr. Ganeshsree/AS101 Mathematics I/Topic 3 Matrices/Jan 2014 th rows & columns unferchanged Page 3Symmetric matrix | and the elemenfs ae ~. tymmetite that Ufa square makin s€. Als A, ten Und tha ctiagonst , then the mate ts calfeol & Lymmetuc mofrx - e-g- Azft Stee At eee 3 OY F Anti-symmetrio! Skow-symmetric A natrx that rabspep Bl= A, a that aye -Y, rr called an aay moatnle [skew ~ fymmetnc wadr . — The diagonsl elements of 2 thew - syametyc matin sehify Ai ay Li mut be pro | 7 ot eg. Bef? —% 2 aefo 2 J Identity matrix pax uduch satisfy AD = tp ah fr any Square mob Al, — pix: De |}? Por a 2x2 mah'x i) fora 3x2 wax: Le IE 3) eet Dr. Ganeshsree/AS101_ Mathematics I/Topic 3 Matrices/Jan 2014 Fora nan makes Te [: 22-2) ° os °‘or any two matrices, A= ‘OPERATIONS/ PROPERTIES ‘| asi OPERATIONS AND PROPERTIES OF MATRICES On 82 and = by bux ; eae = [pt Fi) weave the folowing properties: DESCRIPTION Equality AB fad only of P77 fhe; ekmenfe ae exactly tHe game ce. ays bi Pr [gcém, 18j8n - Bdd Usabtiac?) Pee Carrth pooh fp Lore Goi adder BAC) B aft (by Ai tCD bm eld oer au pba Te #CP bar [Algebraic properties ot | 778 = anh ] Coomutag ve Jovi) eat Beate = (Ot UV Carssapre (aw) = wt (tC) kate) = LA tke JS biribpre lav) Multiplication by Scalar hae kfm 4 )- kay, ay xy Ara Kar, Rave ‘Transpose matrix and its properties i) Cth) T= BT 4 BT i) @7)"2 # ti) (9768) Te (BD BT = BT BT ptin a acymmety'e mafix, jv) BAT we skew sym mete makrx , So Hak any square maf may o& expressed ag the Sum of & symmetore & a Lhkew Lymmety'c maf Ae Leta Dy L(A) ata fe He Le ttate ta-Lat cp —$—$——————————— Dr. Ganeshsree/AS101_Mathemnatics I/Topic 3_Matrices/Jan 2014 Page 5 —4 aif Iris amen mafix oy elemet a HUE be}, Bina Of mote v shaun bye? | luck Pe 2c 10% mepmalax ok ee cg = B Giebaj for bel e™ bjebovrf be briotication e inuliiply te Memsnfr in Phe ee? EO | fae cbomenfs rn clamn 7 t — Grdttion 7 Only raters power [inca ® (nxp) can be mlb plied 6 - fhe n0-off slam of mex [2 10-frws of matrix 2+ Seale properties ot | i) 4B FOR fin pod plo ancnd de) ‘matrix multiplication posocahive iv) ABC > alec) = ABDC, xq and C= 2% a. | ie | here Ait mePe Becp pictcbebve Spr) KAR =e ADB = alk, | few over) Weil conasaate slapd wy Si) tac = Ace the tkralar , y Fac bafye fa | ye Mit Ate) = Abt AC | ane lfiglicaon ie sips FB, ae - by Anh t we Airs am mathe x aL . nabix the, hint ty mahix of order mur. gre fw) tpg)t= BFL | Magix uber Bir “Pp LB pKn > - ‘Dr. Ganeshsree/AS101, Mathematics 1/Topic 3.Matrices/Jan 2014 Page 6IANTS: ES AND ITS PROPERTIES ~Peterminants are concepts which are possessed only by square matrices. It plays an important pact in finding the inverses of matrices as well asin finding the solutions of Jinear equations. Consider the 2 x 2 and 3 x 3 square matrices given below: aia a 2 as et A=[2 qa] and B =| x1 22 a} and C = (a). if Qs. G32 Gs, ‘The determinant of matrix A, denoted by det A or |All, is given by: Jaf = An Fax An For og, The determinant of matrix B, denoted by det B or |BI, is given by: [Ble a [Gx 73 — 4 | a1 Fas [+ as} ae som | 4x 3 43, 433 43) Ase 2 an (dea -F2s0yr-) 4 (4433 -4254s)) tas (4.1Isr Far) | “This is known as the expansion of the determinant along the first row. 3. The determinant of a 1 x 1 matrix C, is simply its entry ie. [C| = a. 4. The Qf 7 f Rercree & delete row 6 alumn j, then Phe oat pemainirg (2 called the miro Mey - Take any mw Cer colanm) wad evaluate a tel ag Itl= Ss (-) Vay My : | =) h he vo priate Bipn IP called, | tal te ere Hy n nxn eet 5. The cofactor of a matrix: ~ PF minoy malsp the cofactor Bij of the , oat -r-)2 -aA G2 rls SayAy os phe agai By 2 tC) =F eS Dr. Ganeshsree/AS101| cet epic YS a cesta Page 8 - 2 -b-Ce) ae = Dleg(-a)+ 9M) 450) m2 -6-C8) Ere ge Aisne ta66. Some important properties ofthe determinant of a matrix: (@) Transpose: ig tle fol : we pending the fick rw or the pic€ climn pire oe 7. Inverse matrices: | square matrix is called a non-singular matrix or invertible matrix if [4] # 0 and non-invertible or ngular matrix if || = 0. Aol jg the saver. # mapix A of AR eo RTA eT, bee Lor te 1hnhty mabix § The adjoint or adjugate matrix is a matrix which is the transpose of the matrix of cofactors, i.e. Aly Ay ay wij a= [he As Aas As, Ase Ags ————— Pr. Ganeshsree/AS101_Mathematics [/Topic 3 Matrices/Jan 2014 Page 9Only square matrices i.e. matrices of order n x n have inverses, ‘The inverse of a square matrix A is a matrix A“? such that AAT SAARI, where / is the identity matrix of the same order as A. For adjoint matrices, we have A(adj A) = |AlE ATAladg Ade ATAIT I lo ade Ale = uae = hy A) Ais non-singular fa] é. [Hl fo and therfre th relahochip Ate 4G) fe] and therefore, NSde . 2: Aissingular lAl=o 7 abvch meaty that ar rr undifirne cl , 2. Air nek snvertble Pi Ganeshsree/AS101_Mathematics 1/Topic 3_Matrices/Jan 2014 Page 104 ING SYSTEMS ost important function of matrices is in finding the solutions of linear equations. der a system of linear equations given by: Oxy + gXy + ages tt ay, ay yxy + bay + bata tot ban = Oy | IX + 2X24 Osta $+ Gnty = My oo of linear equations can be written in matrix notation as: | | i 4 42 as ... a |i x, %, | by obs bs 2. by JP RP fe , >» x ” be O19, 9 4s... Xn an \ B, where A is the matrix of the coefficients, X is the matrix of the unknown variables and B is | trix of the constants. js a zero matrix, then the system of equations are called homogeneous while if B is a non-zero the system of equations are called non-homogeneous. io solve AX = B, we do the following: J AK = B cel aa attr cet sete ose ALT CRATE # i | | Page 30 |ere are several cases to be considered here: mn |A| #0 and B#0 ‘ al fo, 20 existe SAR eB has @ unique sof” . [Al #0 and B=0 Jal go. SAT ewiete. Also, AX =0 SA TAK= Avo y a IK #70 wl, K=O. yg iP ictie go: je AKER oly hag a tive! Gase3: [4|=0 and B #0 vs fhf=0 LAT coer aot exft- AK =B other has no saluhone or har Paitely many (ate | | «no sol. a ff CT eg. tay ed eT re antdy 22 ised: |4|=0 and B=0 i ce |pleo, «A dog nok enirt. but el (B20, aKeg cither hag ~~ MANY ("7 infnitely many 301"¢. The 05°¥ hvplved ae wally mu lhpk : prvally ia hpks of ane ansthey ‘ lusior cquation AX = B, where B #0 has a unique solution when [A] % 0 and has no solutions or has infinitely many solutions when [A] = 0. When B = 0, the equation AX = B has a trivial solution when |4| #0 and has non-trivial solutions infinitely many solutions) if and only if |A] = 0. o. Ganeshsree/AS101 Mathematics I/Topic 3 Matrices/Jan 2014 Page 31 pe zy aLUTION OF EQUATIONS, ere are 2 methods that are commonly used to find the solution of linear equations. The methods are: +), Blimination methods _ 9) Iterative methods 1: Elimination Method =}, Done using elementary row operations (ERO). ©) Generally, the ERO is performed continuously until the system of linear equations has been reduced to the uppertriangle form (or lower-triangle form) or row echelon form which is ‘basically a form in which the matrix of coefficients has zeros in every position below the diagonal, which are then very easy to solve, ‘The most commonly used operations in the ERO method which do not alter the solutions of the ‘equations are: — (a) Multiplying a row by a constant. —_(b) Interchange any two rows. (©) Add or subtract one row from another. “4, Consider a system of linear equations given by: — Ax, tbKut CK? 2 %, dx, toxx.t fi a ot gx, t hk. + X32 2 & In mati form , qb © If x, &, Cet eee lied enc em att eee nnCe) : g he x3 x3 “S. After the system given in (4) has been reduced using ERO, the solution to the system of linear equations can then be found. -Ganeshsree/AS101 Mathematics I/Topic 3. Matrices/Jan 2014 Page 32. There are 3 different cases that can be obtained and hence 3 types of solutions that can be obtained: 1: Unique solution . a bec % & : [ a eff) fala jo he 3 a3 dues 4 fa 6 eTPay re, 0 Fife 1b ° Clee xs bs - Using back - mbrtitufen : R2: Cx 2 fs uae fe cite pz: e%t f% = b= uo p x2 (fx - fb (Bx - Bs oo . € Rit an, thera tens = fr et a be it ela \ ene b (tbe #6 ath) a " yee’ ghi alg) pe cee neaeee HE ECE ECECHE : re 6 " Cotas + [: | [=)-[E]- bs fo 0 0 odlusy Les RP adds oxteptox, = Bs which iv absurd. ¥ __ Dr, Ganeshsree/AS101_Mathematics [/Topic 3 Matrices/Jan 2014 Page 33,3 2: Infinitely many solutions ree ey Alle ioc reducer to i ; - ° 6 Lat Bye ts | from PR ex t frase br ext fea he gz a a the pelt aye: ee, Q and x32. 4 wher + Ral. fatieshsree/AS101_Mathematics I/Topic 3 Matrices/Jan 2014 6 tne be oft ? x fiom Rr: at, ther t¢ cxz2 6 ax¢h bot Jy ete “ke Bnet -b/h-f a eee eee EEC LEE E . poof z #. Page 34