Single - Phase AC Circuits 2.1 Equation for generation of alternating induce EMF An AC generator uses the principle of Faraday’s electromagnetic induction law. It states that when current carrying conductor cut the magnetic field then emf induced in the conductor. Inside this magnetic field a single rectangular loop of wire rotes around a fixed axis allowing it to cut the magnetic flux at various angles as shown below figure 2.1. Magnetic Pole ‘Magnetic Flux Where, N=No. of turns of coil A= Area of coil (m3 =Angular velocity (radians/second) hn= Maximum flux (wb) Wire ‘Axis of Rotation Loop(Conductor) Figure 2.21 Generation of EME © When coil is along XX’ (perpendicular to the lines of flux), flux linking with coil= gu. When coil is along YY’ (parallel to the lines of flux), flux linking with the coil is zero. When coil is making an angle @ with respect to XX’ flux linking with coil, = dm coset [6 = cat]. Figure 22 Alternating Induced EMF * According to Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction, d a were, BM — yg (dncosot) N= no. of turns of the coil dt Om = BA =-N$,,(-sinat)xo B,, = Maximum flux density (wh/m? ) No,,@sinot A= Area of the coil (m’ ) e=E, sinot @=20f= NB,A2af sinot © Similarly, an alternating current can be express as i=I,, sinot Where, Im=Maximum values of current Thus, both the induced emf and the induced current vary as the sine function of the phase angle or = ©. Shown in figure 2.3. Phase | Induced angle | emf e=E, sinot ot=0 | e=0 pada 318 60° i or =90° | oF or = 180°) e=0 s t= 270° or =360°| e=0 Figure 2.3 Waveform of Alternating Induced EMF 2.2 Definitions > Waveform Itis defined as the graph between magnitude of alternating quantity (on Y axis) against time (on X axis). g} Sine Wave o%_Square Wave 3 Z = a e %o > Time Time Complex Wave Time Figure 24 AC. Waveforms > Cycle It is defined as one complete set of positive, negative and zero values of an alternating quantity.v v v Instantaneous value It is defined as the value of an alternating quantity at a particular instant of given time. Generally denoted by small letters. eg. i= Instantaneous value of current v= Instantaneous value of voltage p= Instantaneous values of power Amplitude/ Peak value/ Crest value/ Maximum value Itis defined as the maximum value (either positive or negative) attained by an alternating quantity in one cycle. Generally denoted by capital letters. = Maximum value of voltage Pa= Maximum values of power Average value Itis defined as the average of all instantaneous value of alternating quantities over a half cycle. e.g, Vave= Average value of voltage Iave= Average value of current RMS value Itis the equivalent de current which when flowing through a given circuit for a given time produces same amount of heat as produced by an alternating current when flowing through the same circuit for the same time. e.g. Vins =Root Mean Square value of voltage Ins = Root Mean Square value of current Frequency Itis defined as number of cycles completed by an alternating quantity per second. Symbol is £ Unit is Hertz (Hz). Time period It is defined as time taken to complete one cycle. Symbol is T. Unit is seconds. Power factor Itis defined as the cosine of angle between voltage and current. Power Factor = pf = cos, where @ is the angle between voltage and current. Active power Itis the actual power consumed in any circuit. It is given by product of rms voltage and rms current and cosine angle between voltage and current. (VI cos). Active Power= P= PR = VI cos. Unit is Watt (W) or kW.> Reactive power ‘The power drawn by the circuit due to reactive component of current is called as reactive power. Itis given by product of rms voltage and rms current and sine angle between voltage and current (VI sind). Reactive Power = Q= FX = Visind. Unitis VAR or kVAR. Apparent power Itis the product of rms value of voltage and rms value of current. It is total power supplied to the circuit. v Apparent Power = Unit is VA or kVA. Peak factor/ Crest factor Itis defined as the ratio of peak value (crest value or maximum value) to rms value of an alternating quantity. Peak factor = Kp = 1.414 for sine wave, > Form factor v Itis defined as the ratio of rms value to average value of an alternating quantity. Denoted by Ki, Form factor Kr= 1.11 for sine wave. Phase difference v Itis defined as angular displacement between two zero values or two maximum values of the two-alternating quantity having same frequency. 4VP in Phase ( = 0") Positive Phase (+s) VA Negative Phase (-) 4 Vir=Vnsinwt WY [VueVasin(sttd)| YY [Vo-Vnsin(wtd) Figure 25 A.C. Phase Diference > Leading phase difference A quantity which attains its zero or positive maximum value before the compared to the other quantity. > Lagging phase difference A quantity which attains its zero or positive maximum value after the other quantity.2.3 Derivation of average value and RMS value of sinusoidal AC signal > Average Value Figure 2.6 Graphical Method for Average Value -Sum of All Instantaneous Values ae Total No. of Values tv, +0, +0, +, 10 V. Analytical Method Voltage Area nder the Curve Figure 2.7 Analytical Method for Average Value _ Area Under the Curve Base of the Curve V. Vv. — tn ~cos0 (cos m—cos 0) Me V,. = 0.631 V,> RMS Value Graphical Method Figure 2.8 Graphical Method for RMS Value Anal Method Figure 2.9 Analytical Method for RMS Value Sum of all sq. oftnstantaneous values, __ [Area under the sq. curve ™ Total No. of Values ™ Base of the curve v= vo- | [Pal pope _| (in20t) Pome = to [orzo | Vg = f(2n-0 a fagl oR OD Vins = 9.707 V,,2.4 Phasor Representation of Alternating Quantities * Sinusoidal expression given as: vc = Vm sin (wt + ©) representing the sinusoid in the time- domain form. ¢ Phasor is a quantity that has both “Magnitude” and “Direction”. Vector Ratotaion vorVmsinut Rotating Sinusoidal Waveform in Phasor Time Domain Figure 2.10 Phasor Representation of Alternating Quantities Phase Difference ofa Sinusoidal Waveform * The generalized mathematical expression to define these two sinusoidal quantities will be written as: v=F, Sin ot i=1,sin (ot—@) > 0 v, = $ LEAD ) ° , Tas Figure 214 Wave Forms of Voltage & Current Figure 212 Phasor Diagram of Voltage & Current * As show in the above voltage and current equations, the current, iis lagging the voltage, v by angle &. © So, the difference between the two sinusoidal quantities representing in waveform shown in Fig. 2.11 & phasors representing the two sinusoidal quantities is angle ¢ and the resulting phasor diagram shown in Fig. 2.12.2.5 Purely Resistive Circuit * The Fig. 2.13 an AC circuit consisting of a pure resistor to which an alternating voltage n=Vasinoot is applied. Circuit Diagram wevsinat () RS ve Ssonorn | 1,=Wokage ares Rastance Figure 2.13 Pure Resistor Connected to AC Supply Equations for Voltage and Current + Asshow in the Fig. 2.13 voltage source =, Sin ot * According to ohm's law =I, sino © From above equations it is clear that current is in phase with voltage for purely resistive circuit. Waveforms and Phasor ram «The sinewave and vector representation of v, =V,, Sin oot & i, = 1, Fig. 2.14 & 2.15. sin oot are given in weVmsinwt Figure 2.14 Waveform of Voltage & Current for Pure Resistor Figure 2.15 Phasor Diagram of Voltage & Current for Pure ResistorPower + The instantaneous value of power drawn by this circuit is given by the product of the instantaneous values of voltage and current. Instantaneous power By =¥%t Pay =¥q Sin ObXL,, sin ot Pas =Vnly si? or V,,,1—cos 2ot ) Po 7 Average Power Qn Vida ppx_| (sin20r) | “on | 2 | 2,,="a%=[[2n-0]-[0-0]] * The average power consumed by purely resistive circuit is multiplication of Vrms & Iims 2.6 Purely Inductive Circuit © The Fig. 2.16 an AC circuit consisting of a pure Inductor to which an alternating voltage ve=Vnsinoot is applied. veVmsinut ~ Lau ‘| Circuit Diagram Figure 2.16 Pure Inductor Connected to AC SupplyEquations for Voltage and Current + Asshow in the Fig, 2.16 voltage source ¥,=¥,, Sin ot Due to self-inductance of the coil, there will be emf indued in it. This back emf will oppose the instantaneous rise or fall of current through the coil, itis given by g=L dt As, circuit does not contain any resistance, there is no ohmic drop and hence applied voltage is equal and opposite to back emf. Waveform and Phasor Diagram yi [MeVnsinwt h=Imsin(wt- 90) \N V,,sinet dt L * Integrate on both the sides, far-2 Joiner a f( =e) Lo Figure 2.17 Waveform of Voltage & Current for Pure Inductor w = ‘or 1 cos 1, sin(@t—90") © From the above equations itis clear that | ! the current lags the voltage by 90%in a Figure 2.18 Phasor Diagram of Voltage & Current for Pure purely inductive circuit. Inductor Power * The instantaneous value of power drawn by this circuit is given by the product of the instantaneous values of voltage and current. Instantaneous Power B.=vxi ,=V,, sinarx1, sin (or—90°) B,=V,sinotx(- I, coset) =2¥, I, sinot coset 2=--2 sinQot Be Average Power * The average power consumed by purely inductive circuit is zero. 2.7 Purely Capacitive Circuit * The Fig. 2.19 shows a capacitor of capacitance C farads connected to an ac. voltage supply veeVnsineot. Circuit Diagram veVmsinwt c Ve Figure 2.19 Pure Capacitor Connected AC Supply Equations for Voltage & Current * Asshow in the Fig. 2.19 voltage source y, =V,, Sin ot * Apure capacitor having zero resistance. Thus, the alternating supply applied to the plates of the capacitor, the capacitor is charged. * Ifthe charge on the capacitor plates at any instant is ‘q’ and the potential difference between the plates at any instant is ‘vr’ then we know that, q=Cy, 9=CT, sino © The current is given by rate of change of charge. aq dt _ aC, sinot dti, =@CV, sinot Vy i, =—" cos ot 1/oc coset 1, sin(ot +90" ) (: S¥=1,) * From the above equations it is clear that the current leads the voltage by 90° in a purely capacitive circuit. Waveform and Phasor Diagram vieVmsinut 1 6-490 Figure 220 Waveform of Voltage & Current for Pure Capacitor Figure 2.21 Phasor Diagram of Voltage & Current ‘for Pure Capacitor Power © The instantaneous value of power drawn by this circuit is given by the product of the instantaneous values of voltage and current. Instantaneous Power Dy) =vi Py =Vysinatxl, sin (ot +90) Bu =V, snot, cos ot Bay = Va by sinot coset 2V,, I, sin@t cos ot Puy 2 Vl, 8 sin20t y Average Power J Yale sin 2 cot 2 P,, = 2 dot anp,, = Yala | =e0s0t ax | 2 a Fad cos 4n+cos 0] 8x =0 * The average power consumed by purely capacitive circuit is zero. 2.8 Series Resistance-Inductance (R-L) Circuit © Consider a circuit consisting of a resistor of resistance R ohms and a purely inductive coil of inductance L henry in series as shown in the Figure 2.22. VieVinsinust Figure 2.22 Circuit Diagram of Series R-L Circuit ‘* Inthe series circuit, the current ir flowing through R and L will be the same. But the voltage across them will be different. The vector sum of voltage across resistor Vx and voltage across inductor Vi will be equal to supply voltage vs. Waveforms and Phasor Diagram © The voltage and current waves in R-L series circuit is shown in Fig. 2.23. vieVmsinut Imsin(wt- 6) o Figure 2.23 Waveform of Voltage and Current of Series R- Circuit * We know that in purely resistive the voltage and current both are in phase and therefore vector Ve is drawn superimposed to scale onto the current vector and in purely inductive circuit the current I lag the voltage Vi. by 90°. * So, to draw the vector diagram, first I taken as the reference. This is shown in the Fig. 2.24. Next Vadrawn in phase with I. Next Vi is drawn 90° leading the I. © The supply voltage Vis then phasor Addition of Vaand Vi.Figure 2.24 Phasor Diagram of Series RL Cireult + Thus, from the above, it can be said that the current in series R-L circuit lags the applied voltage V by an angle 4. If supply voltage vel, Sin ot i=1, sin (ot—$) Where I, = Voltage Triangle Impedance Triangle Power Triangle 2 2 & 8 wv @ 3 & » Ry 23 VisrXL Xe s Ey cS ~§ L\ — 3 waste. mi Real Power,P | (Watt) Powe 225 Tale Sees | Fre 226ingndnce Toate 277 per Tingle Ses LL Grew va (yen YOR) +X, F =1 (Rex, =z where, Z=[R+X? Power Factor Power factor = cos = bly Ne Real Power P=VI cosd =PR Reactive Power Q=V I sing =PX, Apparent Power $=V I =PZPower * The instantaneous value of power drawn by this circuit is given by the product of the instantaneous values of voltage and current. Instantaneous power b,=vxi p, =V, sinot x, sin(ot—) D.= V1, sinotxsin(ot 9) I, sin@txsin(ot—>) 2 DP =the foos 6- cos(2at-h )] * Thus, the instantaneous values of the power consist of two components. * First components constant w.rt. time and second component vary with time. Average Power VL, Bigs [soles 6 cos2arp )] door VLE B= ab J Hoos 6 cos(2a1-)] door a P,,, = loot- (2o1-) det fate Jot] "aa non {enaesoy | 2 = adn trmcos]-"ln[ sin(4n-6)—sin(-4)] P, ~ Hale feos] “ata [sind sind] 1-0 J cost 2, = "le cos2.9 Series Resistance-Capacitance Circuit * Consider a circuit consisting of a resistor of resistance R ohms and a purely capacitive of capacitance farad in series as in the Fig. 2.28. tomato veVsinut Figure 2.28 Circuit Diagram of Series R-C Circuit * Inthe series circuit, the current ic flowing through R and C will be the same, But the voltage across them will be different. The vector sum of voltage across resistor Vr and voltage across capacitor Ve will be equal to supply voltage ve. Waveforms and Phasor Figure 2.29 Waveform of Voltage and Current of Series RC Creu ‘* We know that in purely resistive the voltage and current in a resistive circuit both are in phase and therefore vector Vais drawn superimposed to scale onto the current vector and in purely capacitive circuit the current I lead the voltage Ve by 90°. ‘+ So, to draw the vector diagram, first I taken as the reference. This is shown in the Fig. 2.30. Next Vr drawn in phase with I. Next Vcis drawn 90° lagging the I. The supply voltage V is then phasor Addition of Vaand Ve. Figure 2.20 Phasor Diagram of Series R-C Circuit* Thus, from the above equation itis clear that the current voltage V by an angle 9. If supply voltage series R-C circuit leads the applied vel,, Sin wt L,, sin(@t+o) Where, 1, = Voltage Triangle Impedance Triangle Power Triangle Real Power,P R (Watt) o %& Bs Q Ve=l(-Xe) a Xe ~ 8 2 aN 7 aN] 2 D Figue 231 volageMianglefseris te | Fgue 232 mpatance rangle | gyre 238 Power Tangle Series RL Cireuit jae Real Power, P=V1 cosh > 7 iB = YOR) +X) Reactive Power, 0=VI sin TR +X3 =PX, IZ where, Z= 2 Apparent Power,S=V I =PZ Power Factor Power © The instantaneous value of power drawn by this circuit is given by the product of the instantaneous values of voltage and current. Instantaneous power B.=vxE 2, =¥,sinotxl,, sin(ot+o) B= Vo I, Sinotxsin(@t+9) 20, 1,sinot x sin (ot+6) P B= fal feos - cos(20t+)] * Thus, the instantaneous values of the power consist of two components. First component remains constant w.r.t. time and second component vary with time.Average Power va [cos 6+ cos(2ar+o)] dar ty Poos $- cos(2arth)| dor 0 | Ve (2) Vi< Vc Case-1 When, Vi > Ve, the phasor diagram would be asin the figure 2.36 Phasor Diagram Figure 2.36 Phasor Diagram of Series R-I-C Circuit for Case > vc vara e(Ye-Ve) = URS +1(X,-Xe) = 1 \R+(x,-x,) ‘© Thus, when Vi > Ve the series current I lags V by angle 9. itv, =V,, Sin ot i,=1,,Sin (ot) * Power consumed in this case is equal to series RL circuit 2,, =Vcos $, Case-2 When, Vi < Ve, the phasor diagram would be as in the figure 2.37 Phasor Diagram y Figure 2.37 Phasor Diagram of Series R-L-C Circuit for Case Weve (IR) +1(X_—XL) 1 YR +(X.-¥,) IR? +(X, Ve-ViN IZ where, Z :) ‘© The angle » by which V lags I is given by ‘© Thus, when Vi < Vc the series current I leads V by angle 4. ify, =V,, Sin wt i,=1,,Sin (ot +0) * Power consumed in this case is equal to series RC circuit P,, =VIcos o,2.11 Series resonance RLC circuit © Such a circuit shown in the Fig. 2.38 is connected to an A.C. source of constant supply voltage V but having variable frequency. R L c VR —t— vu Ve ie { veVmsinut Figure 2.38 Circuit Diagram of Series Resonance RLC Circuit ‘* The frequency can be varied from zero, increasing and approaching infinity. Since X.and Xc are function of frequency, ata particular frequency of applied voltage, Xand Xc will become equal in magnitude and power factor become unity. Since Xi =Xe, -. Xi-Xe=0 Z=VR+0= R The circuit, when X.= Xc and hence Z = R, is said to be in resonance. In a series circuit since current I remain the same throughout we can write, IXi= Ike ie, Vi=Ve Phasor Diagram ‘+ Shown in the Fig, 2.39 is the phasor diagram of series resonance RLC circuit, we * So, at resonance Vand Ve will cancel out of each other. VeVR 1 ” The supply voltage v-Jv * ve ra + ie, the supply voltage will drop across the V=VR ——— resistor R. Figure 2.39 Phasor Diagram of Series Resonance RLC Cirewie Resonance Frequency + Atresonance frequency X.= Xe npi=— iG (fis the resonance frequency ) TS,— (2ny ic Q- Factor + The Q-factor is nothing but the voltage magnification during resonance. © Itindicates as to how many times the potential difference across L or € is greater than the applied voltage during resonance. © Q factor = Voltage magnification Q-Factor =" But f, 1 2nVLC L[z 4. Q- Factor =~ Q-Facior=— Graphical Representation of Resonance * Resistance (R) is independent of frequency. Thus, itis represented by straight line. * Inductive reactance (X1) is directly proportional to frequency. Thus, itis increases linearly with the frequency. “2X, =2afl Xf * Capacitive reactance(Xc) is inversely proportional to frequency. Thus, it is show as hyperbolic curve in fourth quadrant. _ 1 “san 1 keer © Impedance (2) is minimum at resonance frequency. z=fR +(X,—X,) For, f= f,Z=R © Current (1) is maximum at resonance frequency. is maximum yyae© Power factor is unity at resonance frequency. Power factor=cosge For f = f.,p.f.=1 (unity) cos}=1 Figure 2:40 Graphical Representation of Series Resonance RLC Gieuit 2.11 Parallel Resonance RLC Circuit «Fig. 2.41 Shows a parallel circuit consisting of an inductive coil with internal resistance R ohm and inductance L. henry in parallel with capacitor C farads. R L h OY singv veVinsinut Figure 241 Circuit Diagram of Parallel Resonance RLC Circuit Figure 2.42 Cireuit Diagram of Parallel Resonance RLC Circuit © The current Ic can be resolved into its active and reactive components. Its active component cos) and reactive component I:sin}.A parallel circuit is said to be in resonance when the power factor of the circuit becomes unity. This will happen when the resultant current I is in phase with the resultant voltage V and hence the phase angle between them is zero. Inthe phasor diagram shown, this will happen when Ic= Iusin} and I = I.cos¢ . Resonance Frequency To find the resonance frequency, we make use of the equation Ie= Ising. I, =I, sing * Ifthe resistance of the coil is negligible, f-—t Impedance * To find the resonance frequency, we make use of the equation I = h, cos because, at resonance, the supply current I will be in phase with the supply voltage V. I=1, cos EOL & ZZ, Z, * The impedance during parallel resonance is very large because of Land C has a very large value at that time. Thus, impedance at the resonance is maximum. vill be minimum.Q-Factor © Q-factor = Current magnification _ Ising _ sind I, cos ~ cos 1 2. Q-Factor = O-Factor = 5 Graphical representation of Parallel Resonance * Conductance (G) is independent of frequency. Hence it is represented by straight line parallel to frequency. * Inductive Susceptance (B1) is inversely proportional to the frequency. Also, it is negative. Byte, Bek IX, jaxfl f * Capacitive Susceptance (Bc) is directly proportional to the frequency. j A= janft, 2B, « aX, perc, Box f : Figure 2.43 Graphical Representation of Parallel Resonance RLC Circuit* Admittance (¥) is minimum at resonance frequency. © Current (1) is minimum at resonance frequency. T=VY © Power factor is unity at resonance frequency. Power factor-cosg=E 2.12 Comparison of Series and Parallel Resonance Sr.No, Description Series Circuit Parallel Circuit 7 Maximum Minimum 1 | Impedance at resonance LR iL ~ RC Maximum Minimum 2 | Current i Vv R L/RC 3 | R Fi hes fesonance Frequency i= amen 2ayLC 4__| Power Factor Unity Unity 1[e L{z 5 | Q Factor ef = fs 8 RVC SRV 6 _| Itmagnifies at resonance Voltage CurrentThree - Phase AC Circuits 2.13 Comparison between single phase and three phase Basis for Single Phase ‘Three Phase Comparison Definition The power supply through one | The power supply through three conductor. conductors. Wave Shape Number of | Require two wires for completing | Requires four wires for completing wire the circuit the circuit Voltage Carry 230V Carry 415V Phase Name _| Split phase No other name Network Simple Complicated Loss Maximum Minimum, Power Supply |." —-»——— R——7- Connection * ¥ 8 ® N N Efficiency Less High Economical _| Less More Uses For home appliances. In large industries and for running heavy loads. 2.14 Generation of three phase EMF — R 8 ¥ Figure 2.44 Generation of three phase emf ‘© According to Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction, we know that whenever a coil is rotated in a magnetic field, there is a sinusoidal emf induced in that coil.* Now, we consider 3 coil C:(R-phase), Co(¥-phase) and Ca(B-phase), which are displaced 120° from each other on the same axis. This is shown in fig. 2.44, ‘© The coils are rotating in a uniform magnetic field produced by the N and S pols in the counter clockwise direction with constant angular velocity. * According to Faraday’s law, emf induced in three coils. The emf induced in these three coils will have phase difference of 120°. ie. ifthe induced emf of the coil C1 has phase of 0°, then induced emf in the coil Cz lags that of C: by 1200 and Cs lags that of C2 120°. ef excEnginwt ev=Ensin(wt-120) + Figure 245 Waveform of Tiree Phase EME © Thus, we can write, , = E, snot ¢; = Ey, sin(or-120°) sin (cot ~ 240° ) ‘* The above equation can be represented by their phasor diagram as in the Fig. 2.46. ee Re ey ey Figure 246 Phasor Diagram of Three Phase EMP 2.15 Important definitions > Phase Voltage It is defined as the voltage across either phase winding or load terminal. It is denoted by Vp Phase voltage Van, Vwn and Van are measured between R-N, Y-N, B-N for star connection and between R-Y, Y-B, B-R in delta connection.y v y v y v Line voltage Itis defined as the voltage across any two-line terminal, It is denoted by Vi. Line voltage Vay, Vva, Var measure between R-Y, Y-B, B-R terminal for star and delta connection both. R Fi: me Ine) z * Vavitine) | t Y Vyeqtine) i ‘ine Figure 247 Three Phase Star Connection Systera Figure 2.48 Three Phase Delto Connection System Phase current Itis defined as the current flowing through each phase winding or load. Itis denoted by Ips. Phase current Ingiy, Iygn) and Inn) measured in each phase of star and delta connection. respectively. Line current Itis defined as the current flowing through each line conductor. It denoted by I. Line current Ingine, Iygie), and Ia(quns) are measured in each line of star and delta connection. Phase sequence ‘The order in which three coil emf or currents attain their peak values is called the phase sequence. It is customary to denoted the 3 phases by the three colours. ie. red (R), yellow (¥), blue (B). Balance System Asystem is said to be balance if the voltages and currents in all phase are equal in magnitude and displaced from each other by equal angles. Unbalance System A system is said to be unbalance if the voltages and currents in all phase are unequal in magnitude and displaced from each other by unequal angles. Balance load In this type the load in all phase are equal in magnitude. It means that the load will have the same power factor equal currents in them. Unbalance load In this type the load in all phase have unequal power factor and currents.2.16 Relation between line and phase values for voltage and current in case of balanced delta connection. > Delta (A) or Mesh connection, starting end of one coil is connected to the finishing end of other phase coil and so on which giving a closed circuit. Circuit Diagram IRGine) 4 a [B(line) Figure 249 Tiree Phase Delta Conmection Let, Line voltage, Vay =Viy =Vae =Vi Phase voltage, Vigy,) =Vyipn =V, (on) = y(n) = Va(pn) = Yon Line current, I tine) Ay (line) “Bline) = Tine Phase current, Iny,) =Sripn =Laipn = An Relation between line and phase voltage © For delta connection line voltage Viand phase voltage Vp both are same. Vay =Vq ‘api Vin =Voeony Var =Vacon Vv, =Vpy Line voltage = Phase Voltage Relation between line and phase current * For delta connection, =Tacony — Fay I '¥(pi) —R(Ph) Tattney Tycine Taine) = F(pny Trion) * i.e, current in each line is vector difference of two of the phase currents.Ivti08) s Raine) Figure 2.50 Phosor Diagram of Three Phase Delta Connection * So, considering the parallelogram formed by Ix and In. tm) Faion) *Iayay + 2ta(nhinn COS 2 lige + +211, 60560 2attem,?n( 2 41,2421? % Ly tly +2 G) “Bly, © Similarly, Lyne) =Hojiney = V3 Ion © Thus, in delta connection Line current = V3 Phase current Power P=Vyl,,cosH+ Vel, cosH+ Vis, cOsH P=3V pl, cosd =3v,{ peau, + Jeose = BV,I,cosd2.17 Relation between line and phase values for voltage and current in case of balanced star connection. > Inthe Star Connection, the similar ends (either start or finish) of the three windings are connected to. a common point called star or neutral point. Circuit Diagram R IRGine) IB(line) Figure 251 Circuit Diagran of Three Phase Star Connection = Let, line voltage, Vay =Vsy =Vex =. phase voltage, Voy.) =Vyiou) =Vayon) = Hine current, Fan) = yan) = tne) = Fae phase current, Tye) =Tyign) =Laipa) = Aon Relation between line and phase voltage © For star connection, line current [Land phase current Iga both are same. I, Troy 1, L ie) = 1, rime = Ayo ct’ 1 acon bn Line Current = Phase Current Relation between line and phase voltage © For delta connection,Ver=Vaceny — Vvize Vaa=Vvien)— Youn) Van =Vaipn)— Varn * ie. line voltage is vector difference of two of the phase voltages. Hence, we Figure 2.52 Phasor Diagram of Three Phase Star Connection From parallelogram, Var=af acess’ + Veins), +2 Veron) Yainnj COSO = V2 V, = N34 + Similarly, vy, fn = NB Von © Thus, in star connection Line voltage = V3 Phase voltage Power P=Viyly, COSO-+V ly, COSP+ Vly, COSH P=3V 1, C086 (4 Juco =N3V,I, cose P=2.18 Measurement of power in balanced 3-phase circuit by two-watt meter method * This is the method for 3-phase power measurement in which sum of reading of two wattmeter gives total power of system. Circuit M Faun Figure 253 Clreute Diagram of Power Measurement by Two-Watt Meter in Three Phase Star Connection * The load is considered as an inductive load and thus, the phasor diagram of the inductive load is drawn below in Fig. 2.54. Figure 2.54 Phasor Diagram of Power Measurement by Two-Watt Meter in Three Phase Star Connection* The three voltages Vaw, Vin and Ven, are displaced by an angle of 120° degree electrical as shown in the phasor diagram. The phase current lag behind their respective phase voltages by an angle ¢. The power measured by the Wattmeter, Wi and Wa, Reading of wattmeter, W, =V,y1,cos¢, =V,1,cos(30 +9) Reading of wattmeter, W, =V,,1,.c0s¢, =V;1,cos(30~) Total power, P= Wi+We *.P=V,1, cos(30+9)+V,1, cos(30-¢) =V,1,[cos(30 +4) +cos(30-¢)] =V,1, [cos30cos¢ +sin30sing +cos30cos¢—sin30sin¢] =V,1,[2cos30cos¢] =a joss =\BV,I, cos ‘Thus, the sum of the readings of the two wattmeter is equal to the power absorbed in a 3- phase balanced system. Determination of Power Factor from Wattmeter Readings © Aswe know that W, +W, = V3V,1, cosé Now, W, -W, =V,1, cos(30+¢)—V,I, cos(30-¢) =V,1,[cos30 cos +sin30sing—cos30cos¢+sin30sing] =V,1,[2sin30sing] =Vil, [a5 ine =V,1,sing BWW) av. Ising “(WorW,) — sav,1, cose tang 8-4) (W.+m,) o * Power factor of load given as, Bw, -W, | spoonEffect of power factor on wattmeter reading: © From the Fig. 2.54, itis clear that for lagging power factor cos¢,, the wattmeter readings are W, =V,1, cos(30 +0) W, = V1, cos(30-4) ‘© Thus, readings W: and W? will very depending upon the power factor angle¢. pf é /1,c05(30+) | W, =V,1, cos(30—) Remark cos@=1 0° Both equal and +ve Byy, Bus, " 2 2 cos#=0.5 | 60° 0 WB One zero and second total Su, | power =a Too - cose=0 | 90 ly, ly, Both equal but opposite 2 2