Journal of Constructional Steel Research 197 (2022) 107509

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Journal of Constructional Steel Research

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jcsr

Seismic behavior of steel-sheathed cold-formed steel shear walls with

reinforced end columns
Yu Shi a, b, Yong Gu a, b, Yunpeng Xu a, b, *, Honglong Li a, b, Xiuhong Yang c
a
School of Civil Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
b
Key Laboratory of New Technology for Construction of Cities in Mountain Area (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400045, China
c
Guocai (Beijing) Academy of Building Science Co.,Ltd, Beijing 100037, China

A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T

Keywords: In this study, we investigated six full-scale, steel-sheathed, cold-formed steel shear walls (CFS-SWs), three of
Cold-formed steel which were CFS-SWs with reinforced end columns (CFS-SW-Rs), under reversed-cyclic loading and analyzed
Steel plate shear wall their damage modes and mechanical properties. Tests were conducted to compare the seismic performance
Seismic
between the CFS-SWs and CFS-SW-Rs and investigate the effects of the horizontal steel bands and aspect ratio on
High strength
Reinforced end columns
the seismic behavior of the CFS-SWs, and the effects of the thickness of the steel plates, and the aspect ratio on
the seismic behavior of CFS-SW-R. According to the results, CFS-SW-Rs exhibited better seismic performance
than CFS-SWs. Specifically, the CFS-SW-R benefited from the high strength and stiffness of the square steel tube
end columns that could effectively restrain the thin steel plate, such that the tension band formed by the thin
steel plate could be fully expanded. In addition, the shear capacity of CFS-SWs was improved by increasing the
number of horizontal steel bands and the aspect ratio, the shear capacity of CFS-SW-Rs was also improved by
increasing the aspect ratio and thickness of the sheathing plate.

1. Introduction
Cold-formed steel (CFS) structure systems, mainly used for wood-
framed, low-rise housing, and generally suitable for three-story and
below-villa-type houses, have been extensively used in Australia,
Northern America, Japan, and other regions [1]. In recent years, such
structures have been gradually applied to the field of multi-story
buildings, and there are examples of multilayer CFS buildings in Can­
ada and the United States, with the tallest reaching nine stories [2].
Owing to the new tendency toward integrated solutions encompassing
ecological benefits, structural capabilities, and economics, multilayer,
CFS houses have become an important research and development di­
rection in the international field of CFS sections. As the height of
multistory CFS houses increases, the corresponding earthquake and
wind loads increase, the horizontal lateral force of such houses requires
further improvement, and shear walls with better lateral resistance are
needed.
A series of experimental and theoretical analyses of CFS shear walls
has been conducted by researchers. Initially, Serrette et al. [3,4] per­
formed experiments on CFS walls with monotonic and cyclic loading,
and discovered that decreasing the screw distance connecting the wall
plates to the skeleton considerably improved the shear resistance of CFS
shear walls. Furthermore, the relationship between the screw spacing
and shear resistance of the CFS shear walls was quantified.
Zhang et al. [5,6] reported that CFS shear walls using corrugated
steel sheathing have better shear resistance than those using plain steel
sheathing. In addition to common sheathing materials, some newer
types have been introduced, including calcium silicate board, light­
weight mortar, and fiber cement board [7,8].
Selvaraj et al. [9] experimentally investigated the effects of screw
spacing, granular cement board (PCB) thickness, and slenderness of the
CFS studs on the structural performance of CFS walls with PCB
sheathing. Nithyadharan [10,11] investigated the shear properties of
CFS composite walls with thin-walled calcium silicate panels. The
highlights of their study were as follows: increasing the thickness of the
calcium silicate board can improve the resistance of shear bearing ca­
pacity and the ability of energy dissipation of the wall; elasticity, yield,
and damage points of the walls were defined according to the three
damage stages of tilting, bearing, and detachment experienced by the
screws in the tests, and a hysteresis model applicable to CSF composite
walls clad with calcium silicate plates was proposed.
Bri'ere et al. [12] proposed a new shear walls called CFS center

* Corresponding author at: School of Civil Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China.
E-mail address: xuyunpeng94@163.com (Y. Xu).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2022.107509
Received 19 May 2022; Received in revised form 16 August 2022; Accepted 18 August 2022
0143-974X/© 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Y. Shi et al.
Table 1
The specimen numbers and parameters.
Specimen number Height/mm Width/mm Side column cross-section
Section shape
CFS-SW-1 2400 1200 C-section
CFS-SW-2 2400 1200 C-section
CFS-SW-3 2400 2400 C-section
CFS-SW-R-1 2400 1200 Square steel tubes
CFS-SW-R-2 2400 1200 Square steel tubes
CFS-SW-R-3 2400 2400 Square steel tubes
sheathing shear walls (intermediate layer), and demonstrated that this
configuration can effectively reduce the load eccentricity caused by
asymmetric sheathing installation and significantly improve the shear
resistance of CFS walls. Derveni et al. [13] focused on the horizontal
lateral resistance of CFS shear walls covered with fiber cement panels
and composite steel gypsum boards, which provided CFS structures with
stronger lateral resistance elements and contributed to the development
of CFS structures for higher building levels.
Xu et al. [14] confirmed that the shear capacity of CFS walls under
monotonic loading is higher than that of CFS walls under reverse cyclic
loading. The stiffness and shear resistance of the CFS walls subjected to
vertical loads were improved, but the ductility was reduced. Shi et al.
[15] confirmed that diagonal bracing could significantly improve the
loadbearing capacity, stiffness, and energy-dissipation capacity of walls.
However, the lateral resistance increased slightly because of premature
buckling of the transverse braces at the connection between the diagonal
and transverse braces.
Fülöp et al. [16] experimentally studied the mechanical properties of
CFS walls with different wall panel sheathing configurations and re­
ported that the shear capacity of such walls depends on the shear ca­
pacity of the screws, and that the presence of holes reduces the
loadbearing capacity. Thorburn et al. [17] suggested the theory of a
“tension band.” Because thin steel plate walls mainly rely on the tension
field formed after buckling to resist the horizontal force, the tension field
attached to the frame will produce a large additional moment on the side
column, increasing the stability burden of the column; thus, the edge
column must have sufficient stiffness to ensure the full contribution of
the steel plate tension field. In order to improve the strength of CFS
components, some scholars have also studied the properties of steel
components using new materials, such as aluminium alloy, high per­
formance steel and composite metal [18–23].
Although previous studies considered the effects of wall panel type,
wall panel thickness, screw spacing, aspect ratio of wall (width to
height), and axial load on the shear capacity of CFS walls, they did not
consider the effects of side column stiffness and number of horizontal
steel bands on the lateral force resistance of CFS wall panels. Because the
lateral force resistance of CFS wall panels is mainly provided by the
strength of the self-tapping screws, and the tension field formed by the
wall panels attached to the frame produces large additional bending
moments on the side columns, the self-tapping screw connections must
be sufficiently strong, and the side columns must have sufficient stiffness
to ensure adequate action of the tension field of the steel plates.
Therefore, CFS walls with reinforced side columns have been proposed
to avoid the limitations of the above wall panels, and the effect of side
columns on the shear resistance of CFS walls should be studied.
Therefore, in this experiment, three full-sized steel-sheathed CFS
shear walls (CFS-SWs) and three steel-sheathed CFS-SWs with reinforced
end columns (CFS-SW-Rs) were designed in accordance with previous
studies [14,15] and JGJ 227–2011 [24], and tested under cyclic loading.
The details of the specimen parameters, material properties, test setup,
and loading modes are presented herein. After processing the test data,
the bearing capacity, stiffness, ductility, and energy-dissipation capacity
of each wall were obtained. The effects of wall width, reinforced end
columns, number of horizontal steel bands, and sheathing thickness on
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Journal of Constructional Steel Research 197 (2022) 107509
Horizontal steel band Thickness of steel plate/mm
Thickness/mm
1.2 1 0.8
1.2 3 0.8
1.2 1 0.8
6.0 1 0.8
6.0 1 0.7
6.0 1 0.8
the lateral resistance of the steel-sheathed CFS walls were also obtained
via cross-sectional and longitudinal comparisons.
2. Testing design
2.1. Specimen design
To study the load capacity, rigidity degradation, capacity dissipation
performance, and ductility of steel plate SWs, six specimens were
devised and classified into two groups according to the cross-sectional
shape of the side columns.
The first group of specimens, CFS-SW-1, − 2, and − 3, were steel-
sheathed CFS shear walls, whereas CFS-SW-R-1, − 2, and − 3 were
steel-sheathed CFS shear walls with reinforced end columns. The cor­
responding specimen parameters are listed in Table 1.
CFS-SW-1 had dimensions of 2.4 m × 1.2 m. The studs constituted
CFS members of the C-section (140 mm × 40 mm × 11 mm × 1.2 mm),
steel grade Q355, spaced 400-mm apart. The upper and lower sections
were CFS members of the U-section (U 140 mm × 35 mm × 1.2 mm),
steel grade Q355. The end studs comprised two CFS members with a
cross-section. One side of CFS-SW-1 was covered with 0.8-mm-thick
steel sheathing, steel grade Q355. The tracks, steel plate, and studs
were attached to the ST4819 screws. The distance between the screws
around the specimen is 50 mm, and the spacing of the screws in the
interior of the sheathing panels is 300 mm. The dimensions of the hor­
izontal steel band were 1200 mm × 50 mm × 1.2 mm. The top and
bottom ends of the side columns were restrained with grade 10.9 M24
bolts, whereas the upper and lower beams were restrained to the loading
mechanism using grade 8.8 M12 bolts. The configuration of specimen
CFS-SW-1 is detailed in Fig. 1(a). Based on CFS-SW-1, the number of
horizontal steel bands of CFS-SW-2 was increased from one to three, and
the other specifications were the same as those of CFS-SW-1. The
detailed configuration of specimen CFS-SW-2 is presented in Fig. 1(b).
For CFS-SW-3, the wall width was expanded to 2400 mm. In this case, a
2400-mm-wide steel plate was obtained by overlapping the edges of the
two plates, and the middle screws of the wall were used to connect the
two plates and the column. Other specifications were the same as those
of CFS-SW-1. The configuration details of CFS-SW-3 are provided in
Fig. 1(c).
For CFS-SW-R-1, compared with CFS-SW-1, the end columns were
replaced with a CFS square tube of 140 mm × 140 mm × 6 mm (height ×
width × thickness), steel grade Q235. Therefore, the steel plate was not
only connected to the tube by screws with a pitch of 50 mm, but also
connected to the stud beside the tube by screws with the same pitch of
50 mm. And the other specifications were the same as those of specimen
CFS-SW-1. The configuration of specimen CFS-SW-R-1 is detailed in
Fig. 1(d). Based on specimen CFS-SW-R-1, CFS-SW-R-2 had reduced
steel plate thickness, from 0.8 to 0.7 mm, and the wall width of CFS-SW-
R-3 was expanded to 2400 mm; a 2400-mm-wide steel plate was ob­
tained by overlapping the edges of two plates, and the middle screws of
the wall were used to connect the two plates and the column. The other
specifications were not changed. Detailed configurations of CFS-SW-R-2
and CFS-SW-R-3 are provided in Fig. 1(d) and (e), respectively.
Y. Shi et al. Journal of Constructional Steel Research 197 (2022) 107509

Fig. 1. Wall construction details.

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Y. Shi et al. Journal of Constructional Steel Research 197 (2022) 107509

Table 2 commenced by applying the cyclic horizontal load. At the beginning of

Material test results. the test, the increment was 4 mm, and each level was cycled once. When
Sampling Thickness Yield Tensile Elastic Post-break the displacement reached 20 mm, the increment was changed to 10 mm,
Location (mm) strength strength modulus E elongation and each level was cycled three times until the end of the test. The test
fy/(MPa) fu/(MPa) × (%) results were acquired using an IMP data collection system. The loading
105(MPa)

Thin Steel 0.82 335.63 443.97 1.98 25.00

plate
Thin Steel 0.73 333.62 436.22 1.97 26.15
plate
(CFS-
SW-R-2)
Square 5.56 309.87 430.50 2.22 29.70
steel
tube
C-shaped 1.21 342.83 462.37 2.04 28.80
column

2.2. Material properties

Material property tests of steel were performed according to the re­

quirements of GB/T 228.1–2010 “Tensile testing of metallic materials”
[25] and GB/T 2975–2018 [26].
Three plate specimens were fabricated for each plate thickness ac­
cording to the specification requirements. The tensile test of the speci­
mens was performed using a CMT-5205 microcomputer-controlled Fig. 3. Loading protocol.
electronic universal testing machine. The specimen numbers and
average material test results are listed in Table 2.

2.3. Test setup and loading procedure

The tests were conducted in Elephant House's special test room for
light steel integrated housing technology. The top and bottom tracks of
the specimen were joined to the loading beam and base using grade 8.8
M12 bolts with spacing of 400 mm, and the four hold-downs of the
specimen were joined to the loading beam and base using grade 10.9
M24 bolts.
The horizontal pushing and pulling forces were loaded using a hy­
draulic servo pusher, one end of which was connected to the end of the
loading beam, and the other end was supported on the counterforce
frame. The entire test process was controlled via a servo loading
controller and microcomputer, and the test data were collected using a
360-channel 7D-602 data acquisition instrument. The combined wall
test device and its structure are illustrated in Fig. 2.
Based on JGJ/T 101–2015 [27], the horizontal load was governed by
Fig. 4. Arrangement of the displacement sensors.
a displacement-based loading scheme. The tests of the specimens were

Fig. 2. The combined wall test device.

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Y. Shi et al. Journal of Constructional Steel Research 197 (2022) 107509

Fig. 5. Net lateral displacement.

Fig. 6. Test phenomenon of specimen CFS-SW-1.

protocol is shown in Fig. 3.
2.4. Arrangement of displacement sensors
To obtain the net shear deformation value of the combined wall in
shear test, it is necessary to test the deformation value of each part such
as test piece and loading device in shear test. And the net shear defor­
mation value of the combined wall is calculated by the relationship
between these deformation values. According to the requirements of JGJ
227–2011 [24], eight displacement sensors were arranged on the wall
specimen, as shown in Fig. 4. Sensor D1 tested the level movement of the
wall loading beam;Sensor D2 tested the difference in level displacement
between the top of the wall and loading beam; Sensors D3 and D4 tested
the vertical displacement values of the two ends of the specimen relative
to the base;Sensors D5 and D6 test the vertical displacement value of the
base relative to the ground;Sensors D7 and D8 tested the level slip values
between the specimen and the loading base, respectively.
According to JGJ 227–2011 [24], The actual lateral displacement
δ0 (difference between D1 and D2) of the top of the wall during the test
period is the result of the top displacement δφ generated by its rotation,
the displacement δl generated by the relative sliding of the wall and the
test apparatus pedestal, and its true shear deformation δ (as in Fig. 5(a)).
Thus, its real lateral displacement is.

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Y. Shi et al. Journal of Constructional Steel Research 197 (2022) 107509

Fig. 7. Test phenomenon of specimen CFS-SW-2.

Δ = δ = δ0 − δl − δφ (1) direction of the loading force; however, the bulge could be recovered
after unloading. With increasing displacement, the deformation of the
where: steel plate became more pronounced and gradually elongated along the
( ) diagonal, thereby forming a tension band. When the loading displace­
H⋅D2
δ0 = 0.5 + D1 (2) ment reached 40 mm, a plastic residual deformation appeared at the
H− A
corners of the steel plate. When the displacement reached 50 mm, plastic
δl = D 7 − D 8 (3) deformation developed in the middle of the steel plate. Then, at the
displacement of 60 mm, more plastic deformation occurred in the steel
H plate, and the force value reached its maximum. When the loading
δφ = δα (4) movement reached 70 mm, the flange of the right column was bent and
L+B+C
deformed, the web at the junction of the upper guide beam and the right
δα = (D4 − D6 ) − (D3 − D5 ) (5) column bulged and bent, and parts of the screws at the connection be­
tween the middle column and the steel plate were pulled out. When the
H is the height of the wall, L is the length of the wall, A is the distance
displacement reached 90 mm, the top webs of both columns were bent.
between D1 and D2 vertically, A = 260 mm; B and C are the distance
At 100-mm displacement, the force decreased below 85% of the
between D3 and D4 and the end of the wall，B=C = 50 mm(as in Fig. 4).
maximum value, the specimen was damaged, and the test ended. The
The net lateral displacement value of the top of each specimen wall can
test results are displayed in Fig. 6.
be obtained according to the above formula.
3.1.2. CFS-SW-2
3. Test observations
In the early stage of loading, specimen CFS-SW-2 was in the elasto­
meric working stage and an oblique stretching band was observed on the
3.1. Test observations for steel-sheathed CFS-SWs
steel plate. With the loading displacement of 40 mm, plastic deformation
occurred at the corners of the steel plate, and gradually developed as the
3.1.1. CFS-SW-1
loading displacement increased. When the charging displacement was
Specimen CFS-SW-1 is shown in Fig. 6(a). During the initial stage of
50 mm, a plastic deformation developed in the middle of the sheet. At
loading, the specimen was basically in the elastic working stage, and the
the loading displacement of 60 mm, the web at the junction of the lower
panel immediately appeared as a diagonal tensile band with the

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Y. Shi et al.
Fig. 8. Test phenomenon of specimen CFS-SW-3.
rail and the left column bulged and bent. When the loading displacement
reached 70 mm, the load peaked. At the loading displacement of 100
mm, the force decreased to below 85% of the peak value of the load, and
the experiment ended. The corresponding test results are presented in
Fig. 7.
3.1.3. CFS-SW-3
At the beginning of loading, a diagonal tension band appeared on the
steel plate. As the loading was increased to 20 mm, plastic deformation
was observed at the corner of the steel plate. At the loading displacement
of 30 mm, the screws at the junction of the center column and the steel
plate were pulled out. When the displacement was 40 mm, the lower
guide beam bulged near the web at the junction with the left column. As
displacement increased, the screws were pulled out continuously. The
load reached its peak when the displacement reached 60 mm. At the
load displacement of 80 mm, the load decreased to less than 85% of the
maximum value; the prototype was damaged, and the test ended. The
test results are shown in Fig. 8.
3.2. Test observations for steel-sheathed CFS-SW-Rs
3.2.1. CFS-SW-R-1
Specimen CFS-SW-R-1 is presented in Fig. 9(a). At the initial loading
stage, the steel plate first underwent elastic deformation, and then a
diagonal tensile band was formed along the diagonal direction, as shown
in Fig. 9(b). When the loading displacement was 40 mm and returned to
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Journal of Constructional Steel Research 197 (2022) 107509
zero, residual deformation occurred, as shown in Fig. 9(c). As the hor­
izontal displacement of the SW increased, the steel plate tensioning zone
gradually increased, and the steel plate screw holes around the wall
bulged slightly.
At a loading displacement of 60 mm, the flange and web of the lower
rail end of the SW buckled. When the loading displacement reached 80
mm, the self-tapping screws connecting the steel plate and the C-col­
umn, which was in the middle of the wall, were pulled out. When the
displacement was 90 mm, the SW achieved the maximum load, the out-
of-plane distortion at the corner of the steel plate was severe, and the
screws at the corner of the wall were tilted. At the displacement of 110
mm, some of the screws were stretched and the flange at the end of the
rail was severely bulged. When the loading displacement was 130 mm,
the screw connection of the corner wall failed, the screw connecting the
plate and the C-post of the end column was withdrawn, the load was
reduced to below 85% of the peak load, the specimen was damaged, and
the test was completed. The test results are presented in Fig. 9.
3.2.2. CFS-SW-R-2
At the beginning of loading, the steel plate exhibited an oblique
tension band. When the displacement was 40 mm, plastic deformation
occurred at the corner of the steel plate.
When the displacement was 60 mm, a plastic deformation developed
in the middle of the steel plate. At the displacement of 80 mm, the web at
the junction of the lower guide beam and the side column bulged and
bent, and the load reached its peak. At 100-mm displacement, some
Y. Shi et al.
Fig. 9. Test phenomenon of specimen CFS-SW-R-1.
screws in the middle column were removed. At the displacement of 120
mm, the pull-out resistant parts were removed and the test was termi­
nated. The test results are provided in Fig. 10.
3.2.3. CFS-SW-R-3
At the beginning of loading, the steel plate exhibited an oblique
tension band. When the displacement was 30 mm, the steel plate
exhibited plastic deformation.
When the displacement was 50 mm, the web of the bottom guide
beam bulged and bent, some screws fell off at the junction of the steel
plate and center column, and the load reached its peak. At the
displacement of 60 mm, the load decreased to less than 85% of the
maximum value, the specimen was damaged, and the experiment ended.
The test results are shown in Fig. 11.
3.3. Damage characteristics
The damage characteristics of the steel-sheathed CFS-SW specimens
for the thin steel plates that experienced horizontal repeated load under
the formation of tension bands are as follows: self-tapping screws in the
column and U-shaped tracks produced extended tension in the direction
of the tension band, resulting in column flexure, U-shaped track web
bulge flexure, and column and steel plate connection screws being
pulled out. Thus, the SW was finally destroyed.
Compared with the CFS-SWs, the CFS-SW-Rs did not exhibit side
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Journal of Constructional Steel Research 197 (2022) 107509
column buckling, and only the web of the guide beam showed bulging,
whereas CFS-SW-3 and CFS-SW-R-3 showed a damage pattern with
partial loss of screws at the joint between the plate and center column.
4. Test result analysis
4.1. Hysteretic curve
The load-displacement curve for each cycle, that is, the hysteresis
curve, can be calculated using Eqs. (1)–(5) in Section 2.4. The hysteresis
curves for the six specimens are displayed in Fig. 12. The numerical
characteristics of the hysteresis curves reflect the strength and stiffness
of the specimens under cyclic loading, and the shapes of the hysteresis
curves reflect the energy dissipation capacity of the specimens, which
can visually reflect the inherent mechanical properties.
(1) The shapes of the force–displacement curves of CFS-SW-1, − 2,
and − 3 were approximately the same. Initially, the specimen was
in the flexibility stage, the steel plate and steel frame were in
synergy, the hysteresis curve was shuttle-shaped and full, and the
wall stiffness was at its maximum. As the displacement increased,
plastic distortion developed from the four corners to the middle,
gradually forming a tension band, indicating the specimen was
elasto-plastic, and the hysteresis curve was nearly bow-shaped.
With increasing displacement, the screws connecting the steel
Y. Shi et al. Journal of Constructional Steel Research 197 (2022) 107509

Fig. 10. Test phenomenon of specimen CFS-SW-R-2.

plate to the C-shaped column of the wall were repeatedly Accordingly, the corresponding hysteresis loop gradually
squeezed under cyclic loading, causing the steel plate to be increased, strength and stiffness degradation occurred, and the
damaged by compression, whereas the self-tapping screws were hysteresis curve developed into an inverse S-shape, indicating
tilted because of the enlarged screw holes, demonstrating that the pinching and sliding phenomena. At the late loading stage, as the
structure entered the plastic stage. As the displacement increased, SW steel plates and C-column screw connections failed, the steel
the hysteresis loop gradually increased, and strength and stiffness frame underwent increased force reduction; the guide rail flexed;
degradation occurred; the hysteresis curve exhibited a pinch the corresponding hysteresis curve was Z-shaped, demonstrating
shrinkage phenomenon and was anti-S-shaped; displacement apparent no-load slip characteristics; and the overall energy
continued to increase, and the structure started to rupture; with dissipation capacity of the structure gradually decreased.
the tilt of the screw and individual screw pull-out, the force on the
steel plate decreased, the steel frame force increased, right col­
4.2. Skeleton curves and eigenvalues
umn flange bending deformation occurred, the web at the junc­
tion of the upper guide tracks, and the right column rose and
A skeleton curve (also called the envelope) of each specimen
bent. At this time, the hysteresis curve was Z-shaped, showing a
(Fig. 13) was obtained by extracting all the peak points and corre­
clear no-load slip characteristic, and the overall energy dissipa­
sponding displacements from the load-displacement hysteresis curve.
tion ability of the structure started to decrease.
According to GJ/T 101–2015 [27], if there is no significant yield point in
(2) The shapes of the P–Δ curves of CFS-SW-R-1, − 2, and − 3 were
the load-displacement curve obtained from the test, the highest point of
basically the same. At the beginning of loading, the specimen was
the load-displacement curve can be identified as the peak load Pmax, and
in the elastic phase, the steel plate and steel frame were cooper­
the corresponding deformation is the peak displacement Δmax of the
atively stressed, and the corresponding hysteresis curve showed a
specimen; the corresponding load value at the point where the load
full shape. After the displacement increased, the steel plate
drops to 85% of the maximum load with the increase in lateral
formed a tension band, and the hysteresis curve displayed a bow-
displacement after the occurrence of the test is the damage load. The
like shape. As the displacement continued to increase, the screws
load value at one point is the ultimate load Pu, the corresponding
connecting the steel plate and the C-shaped column of the wall
displacement is the ultimate displacement Δu, the yield load Py is
were repeatedly squeezed under cyclic loading, causing the steel
determined by the method of reciprocity of the area covered by the
plate to be damaged under pressure, whereas the self-tapping
skeleton curve, and the corresponding lateral shift is the yield
screws appeared tilted because of the enlarged screw holes,
displacement Δy. The characteristic values of the load, displacement,
indicating that the structure entered the plastic stage.
and ductility factors are presented in Table 3.

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Y. Shi et al.
Fig. 11. Test phenomenon of specimen CFS-SW-R-3.
Area reciprocity method: As shown in Fig. 14, a horizontal line is
made across point Pmax to intersect the load axis at a point, and a cut line
is made from the origin O. This horizontal line intersects at point A, and
the distance to point A is adjusted to make areas ① and ② consistent; a
perpendicular line passes through the finalized point A and the load-
displacement skeleton curve crosses at point B. The load at point B is
the yield load Py, and the corresponding displacement is the yield
displacement Δy.
(1) Compared with CFS-SW-1, the yield, ultimate, and ductility
values of CFS-SW-2 increased by 13.4%, 13.8%, and 25.2%,
respectively. This indicates that the ability of CFS-SWs to shear
and deform can be increased by setting more horizontal steel
bands. Compared with CFS-SW-1, the yield load, ultimate load,
and ductility factor of CFS-SW-3 increased by 90.9%, 100.7%,
and 41.45%, respectively. This indicates that the aspect ratio
significantly affects the strength and ductility of CFS-SWs.
(2) Compared with CFS-SW-R-2, the yield load, ultimate load, and
ductility coefficient of CFS-SW-R-1 increased by 21.8%, 17.1%,
and 16.0%, respectively, owing to the thicker steel plate and
stronger tensile band, which improved the strength and ductility
of CFS-SW-R-1.
(3) From the test procedure, data analysis results, and cross-sectional
comparison with ordinary steel plate SWs for specimens CFS-SW-
R-1 and -3, and CFS-SW-1 and -3, the shear bearing capacity of
CFS-SW-Rs was considerably improved compared with that of
CFS-SWs. However, the shear bearing capacity of CFS-SW-R-3
was lower than that of CFS-SW-R-1 because the panel of CFS-
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Journal of Constructional Steel Research 197 (2022) 107509
SW-R-3 constituted two steel plates. Although one side of each
steel plate was connected to the C-shaped column and the other
side was connected to the square steel pipe, both ends of the steel
plate of CFS-SW-R-1 were connected to the square steel tube;
thus, the shear bearing capacity of CFS-SW-R-3 was weaker, and
its damage mode was the failure of the screw connection between
the overlapping part of the two steel plates and the wall keel.
(4) Py and Pu of specimen CFS-SW-R-1 were significant compared
with those of CFS-SW-1, indicating that CFS-SW-Rs were
considerably stronger than CFS-SWs because of the high strength
of the square steel tube edge column, which can better restrain
the steel plate, thus facilitating the development and discharge of
energy in the steel plate tension zone.
4.3. Energy dissipation capability
The energy dissipation capability of the samples can be evaluated
using the area bounded by the load-displacement hysteresis curve,
which is typically assessed via the energy dissipation factor E. If the
hysteresis is adequate, E is large, and its calculation formula is as
follows:
S(ABC+CDA)
E= (6)
S(OBE+ODF)
where S(ABC+CDA) is the area of the hysteresis curve envelope, and
S(OBE+SODF) is the area of the triangle enclosed by the peak of the hys­
teresis loop, origin, and horizontal coordinate axis, as depicted in
Y. Shi et al. Journal of Constructional Steel Research 197 (2022) 107509

Fig. 12. Hysteretic curve.

In addition, the cumulative energy dissipation of each specimen was

obtained by calculating the sum of the cumulative area of the first
hysteresis of each loading phase. The cumulative energy dissipation
values are provided in Table 4.

(1) In the cyclic loading process, the energy dissipation coef­

(2) The total energy consumption of CFS-SW-2 increased by
Fig. 13. Skeleton curve of the walls.
Fig. 15. The hysteresis loop area enveloped by the first cycle of each
loading level of the six SW specimens was calculated using Eq. (6), and
the corresponding energy dissipation coefficient E was derived. The
variation curves of E with increasing loading displacement for the six
specimens are presented in Fig. 16.
ficient–displacement curves of the six specimens were similar,
and the walls exhibited the best shear resistance at the beginning
of loading, the largest lateral stiffness, more adequate hysteresis
loops, and the largest value of E. As the loading process advanced,
the steel plates of the CFS-SWs underwent plastic deformation,
the U-rail tracks and screws were tilted and pulled out, the steel
plate screw connection hole wall was damaged and torn, and the
energy-dissipation performance of the steel plate SWs gradually
decreased.
approximately 24% compared with CFS-SW-1, indicating that
increasing the number of horizontal steel bands in a CFS-SW can
increase the energy consumption capability of the SW. The total
energy consumption of CFS-SW-3 was 1.59 times that of CFS-SW-
1, indicating that an increase in the aspect ratio effectively in­
creases the energy consumption ability of CFS-SWs. Compared
with CFS-SW-R-1, the total energy consumption of CFS-SW-R-2

11
Y. Shi et al. Journal of Constructional Steel Research 197 (2022) 107509

Table 3
Characteristic values and ductility coefficients of specimens.
Specimen Loading Direction Yield load Peak load Ultimate load μ
Δy(mm) Py (kN) Δmax(mm) Pmax (kN) Δu(mm) Pu(kN)

CFS-SW-1 Push 51.439 29.118 58.698 30.863 69.006 26.234 1.342

Pull 58.180 26.608 64.759 26.763 88.742 22.748 1.525
Average 54.809 27.863 61.728 28.813 78.874 24.491 1.433
CFS-SW-2 Push 42.908 31.306 48.889 32.181 80.102 27.354 1.867
Pull 39.346 31.924 51.640 33.444 67.736 28.428 1.722
Average 41.127 31.615 50.265 32.813 73.919 27.891 1.794
CFS-SW-3 Push 25.020 51.476 30.382 56.295 47.789 47.851 1.910
Pull 26.992 54.937 39.084 59.383 57.843 50.475 2.143
Average 26.006 53.207 34.733 57.839 52.816 49.163 2.027
CFS-SW-R-1 Push 41.961 62.416 72.712 67.515 98.166 57.388 2.339
Pull 48.433 59.511 68.507 63.442 94.937 53.926 1.960
Average 45.197 60.964 70.609 65.478 96.552 55.657 2.150
CFS-SW-R-2 Push 55.806 46.134 88.701 53.016 99.969 45.064 1.791
Pull 63.928 49.225 90.691 55.617 116.218 47.275 1.818
Average 59.867 47.679 89.696 54.317 108.093 46.169 1.805
CFS-SW-R-3 Push 27.377 84.937 32.366 87.937 36.156 74.746 1.321
Pull 23.081 82.312 33.333 90.476 35.452 76.905 1.536
Average 25.229 83.624 32.849 89.206 35.804 75.825 1.428

Fig. 16. Energy dissipation coefficient of the specimens.

Fig. 14. Principle of mutual equivalence of area.

Table 4
Cumulative energy dissipation.
Specimen Δu (mm) Cumulative energy dissipation (kN⋅mm)

CFS-SW-1 81.15 7135

CFS-SW-2 86.77 8892
CFS-SW-3 50.84 11,370
CFS-SW-R-1 80.44 18,898
CFS-SW-R-2 100.8 16,598
CFS-SW-R-3 38.39 6671

connection was weaker, and the connection screws between the

Fig. 15. Definition of energy dissipation factor.
was reduced by approximately 12%, indicating that reducing the
thickness of the inherent steel plate reduces the energy con­
sumption capability of CFS-SW-Rs. The cumulative energy dissi­
pation of CFS-SW-3 was less than that of CFS-SW-1 because the
wall plate of this wall constituted two thin steel plates of 1200
mm × 2400 mm; in CFS-SW-1, the square steel pipe and the steel
plates were connected via screws on both sides. The two steel
plates of CFS-SW-3 were connected to the square steel pipe and
steel plate with screws on one side, and the steel plate and C-
shaped keel with screws on the other side; therefore, the
steel plate and C-shaped keel of CFS-SW-3 in the middle of the
specimen were pulled out first during the loading process; thus,
the structure was destroyed in advance, the number of cycles was
lower, and the cumulative energy consumption was lower.
(3) The cumulative energy consumptions of CFS-SW-R-1 and -2 were
generally higher than those of CFS-SW-1, − 2, and − 3, indicating
that the cumulative energy consumption of CFS-SW-Rs is
considerably better than that of CSF SWs.
(4) The energy dissipation factors of CFS-SW-1, − 2, and − 3 at the
beginning of loading were 1.10, 1.21, and 1.28, respectively; the
energy dissipation factor of CFS-SW-2 increased by approxi­
mately 10% compared to that of CFS-SW-1, and with the increase
in motion, the energy dissipation factor of CFS-SW-2 was larger
than that of CFS-SW-1. The overall energy consumption of CFS-
SW-2 was 24% higher than that of CFS-SW-1, indicating that

12
Y. Shi et al. Journal of Constructional Steel Research 197 (2022) 107509

Table 5
Tangential stiffness of steel plate shear wall specimens for each load level.
CFS-SW-1 CFS-SW-2 CFS-SW-3 CFS-SW-R-1 CFS-SW-R-2 CFS-SW-R-3

Δ(mm) Ki(kN/mm) Δ(mm) Ki(kN/mm) Δ(mm) Ki(kN/mm) Δ(mm) Ki(kN/mm) Δ(mm) Ki(kN/mm) Δ(mm) Ki(kN/mm)

1 5.300 0.368 2.992 1.649 3.106 3.260 3.130 2.105 3.251 1.516 2.903 5.001
2 10.459 0.326 6.478 1.187 6.588 3.013 7.669 1.539 7.695 1.188 6.237 4.691
3 14.841 0.371 10.294 0.985 9.882 2.979 11.736 1.494 11.317 1.199 9.247 4.512
4 19.435 0.431 13.168 0.998 13.082 2.940 15.761 1.433 14.856 1.183 12.151 4.251
5 23.322 0.498 15.873 1.022 15.812 2.718 19.701 1.407 18.724 1.184 14.516 4.03
6 32.211 0.519 23.915 0.920 23.511 2.222 29.346 1.320 27.86 1.135 20.43 3.648
7 42.088 0.533 31.958 0.859 30.382 1.830 38.529 1.296 29.983 0.995 26.559 3.174
8 50.617 0.536 39.365 0.813 35.420 1.536 46.803 1.216 44.725 0.852 32.366 2.716
9 58.698 0.502 48.889 0.700 41.832 1.249 54.509 1.129 53.554 0.808 38.387 1.497
10 62.963 0.444 57.778 0.596 46.565 0.998 63.134 1.008 62.666 0.749
11 69.024 0.372 67.937 0.483 50.840 0.762 70.790 0.909 71.517 0.696
12 76.207 0.325 77.884 0.389 78.366 0.836 79.571 0.634
13 81.145 0.267 86.772 0.311 85.250 0.764 88.701 0.569
14 93.297 0.686 95.949 0.515
15 100.620 0.632 100.842 0.392
16 108.259 0.552

energy dissipation capability of the SW could be significantly

increased by increasing the width-to-height ratio.

4.4. Rigidity degradation

During circular loading, the rigidity of a steel plate SW gradually

decreases with the load displacement (i.e., rigidity degradation). The
stiffness degradation curve reflects the cumulative damage, material
nonlinearity, and other properties of the SW. Therefore, tangential ri­
gidity K indicates the rigidity of the specimen under each load level to
study the transverse rigidity change characteristics of the steel plate S
under a reciprocating load, and was calculated using:
|Fi | + | − Fi |
K= , (7)
|Xi | + | − Xi |

Fig. 17. Stiffness degradation curve.
the energy consumption capacity of a SW can be significantly
improved by increasing the horizontal steel band. Similarly,
compared with CFS-SW-1, the energy dissipation factor of CFS-
SW-3 increased by approximately 16.3%. With the increase in
displacement, the energy dissipation coefficient of CFS-SW-3 was
larger than that of CFS-SW-1, and the total energy dissipation of
CFS-SW-3 was 1.59 times that of CFS-SW-1, indicating that the
where Fi and -Fi are the maximum and minimum values of the horizontal
load of the specimen in the i-th cycle, respectively, and Xi and -Xi are the
horizontal displacements corresponding to Fi and -Fi, respectively.
The K values and corresponding horizontal displacements of the six
specimens are listed in Table 5, and the curves are displayed in Fig. 17,
from which the following conclusions can be drawn:
(1) The initial lateral rigidity of the CFS-SWs was weaker; specif­
ically, the values for CFS-SW-1 and -2 were 0.788 and 1.280 kN/
mm, respectively. The comparison indicated that the initial

Fig. 18. The strength degradation curve of each specimen.

13
Y. Shi et al.
lateral rigidity of the W increased by 62% after the addition of a
wide steel strip. The initial lateral rigidities of CFS-SW-2 and -3
were 0.788 and 3.260 kN/mm, respectively, demonstrating that
the initial lateral rigidity increased nearly three times when the
wall width was doubled. The initial stiffness of CFS-SW-2 was
greater than that of CFS-SW-1; however, after 40 mm, the lateral
stiffness tended to be the same, indicating that the wide steel strip
only enlarged the initial lateral stiffness of the SW and gradually
reduced with the increase in movement. This suggests that the
height-to-width ratio has a significant effect on the stiffness
degradation of a SW.
(2) The initial lateral stiffness of the CFS-SW-Rs was stronger, with
values of 2.105 and 1.516 kN/mm for CFS-SW-R-1 and -2,
respectively, indicating that the reduction in the wall thickness
reduced the initial lateral stiffness of the SWs by 28%. The values
of initial lateral rigidity for CFS-SW-R-1 and -3 were determined
as 2.105 and 5001 kN/mm, respectively, suggesting that the
initial lateral rigidity of the SWs increased by the factor of 2.3
when the wall width was nearly doubled. The stiffness degrada­
tion curves for CFS-SW-R-1 remained above those of CFS-SW-R-2,
indicating that reducing the steel plate thickness can significantly
decrease the lateral stiffness of the steel plate SWs.
(3) CFS-SW-Rs generally had higher stiffness than CFS-SWs.
4.5. Strength degradation
With the action of a horizontal low circumferential reciprocal load,
the bearing strength of the specimens decreased as the number of
reciprocating loads increased in the level cycle of the same load, that is,
the phenomenon of bearing strength degradation. Bearing capacity
degradation is an important manifestation of the cumulative destruction
of a specimen in the process of repeated stresses; the available bearing
capacity drop factor λ is expressed as:
Fji+1
λi = ，i = 1, 2. (8)
Fji
At the same loading displacement amplitude, λ1 is the ratio of the
peak load of the second cycle to that of the first cycle, and λ2 is the ratio
of the peak load of the third cycle to that of the second cycle. The bearing
capacity degradation curves for each specimen are provided in Fig. 18.
From Fig. 18, the overall tendency of the bearing strength decline
coefficient of the six steel plate SWs decreased with an increase in the
charging displacement, indicating that the degree of bearing capacity
drop increased with reciprocal loading. The bearing capacity reduction
coefficients of CFS-SW-1, − 2, and − 3 were found to be between 0.85
and 1.05, and were greater than 0.88 before the peak load, indicating
that the bearing performance was relatively stable and no sudden
strength damage would occur. For CFS-SW-R-1, − 2, and − 3, the bearing
capacity degradation before the displacement load was very small,
above 0.9, and even the bearing capacity reduction coefficient was
greater than 1. In CFS-SW-R-3, the screw part of the middle column fell
off when the displacement load reached 30 mm, the strength suddenly
decreased, and the degradation of CFS-SW-R-3 was significantly higher
than those of CFS-SW-R-1 and -2. This indicates that the larger the aspect
ratio, the more evident the degradation. Further, the degradation of CFS-
SW-R-1 was similar to that of CFS-SW-R-2, indicating that the thickness
of the wall plate had a slight effect on degradation.
5. Conclusions
The damage features and force dynamics of two types of full-sized
CFS-SWs were obtained by conducting horizontal low circumferential
repeated loading experiments on three CFS-SWs and three CFS-SW-Rs.
The load carrying capacity, stiffness degradation, ductility, energy
dissipation performance, and load carrying ability degradation of the
14
Journal of Constructional Steel Research 197 (2022) 107509
SW specimens were investigated. The following conclusions were
drawn.
(1) The damage characteristics of the CFS-SWs include the following:
under the horizontal repeated load, the thin steel plate and steel
frame were jointly stressed with a tension band. Then, with the
development of the tension band, the tension of the steel plate on
the frame increased, leading to bending of the column; bulging
and bending of the web of the guide beam, column, and steel
plate; connecting screws were pulled out; and finally, the SW was
destroyed;
(2) The final damage of CFS-SW-Rs was screw connection damage
between the steel plate and steel tube end column and U-shaped
tracks, including screw tilt, pull out, or shear, as well as a thin
steel plate tear at the screw connection joint, resulting in wall
panel skin-effect failure; however, the steel tube end column did
not display the phenomenon of pressure bending damage. The
CFS-SW-Rs exhibited an evident no-load slip phenomenon;
(3) The shear resistance, deformation capacity, energy dissipation
capacity, and ductility of an CFS-SW could be improved by
increasing the number of the steel strip. Increasing the skin
thickness of a CFS-SW-R could also effectively increase the shear
capacity, deformation ability, energy dissipation ability, and
ductility of CFS-SWs. Increasing the width-to-height ratio could
effectively increase the shear resistance and initial rigidity of
CFS-SWs and CFS-SW-Rs, as well as the energy dissipation
capability and ductility of the SWs. But in CFS-SW-Rs with a high
width-to-height ratio, for the use of reinforced end columns, the
connections between the middle columns and steel plate were
weaker than that of the end column, so that the connections at
steel plate splices on the middle column were more vulnerable
and leading to premature damage to the wall.
(4) Compared with CFS-SWs, the CFS-SW-Rs exhibited better shear
resistance and stability of dynamic behavior. Specifically, the
CFS-SW-R benefited from the high strength and stiffness of the
square steel tube end columns that could effectively restrain the
thin steel plate, such that the tension band formed by the thin
steel plate could be fully expanded. Thus, CFS-SW-Rs could
display better energy dissipation characteristics, ductility, and
load capacity, which is beneficial for promoting the growth and
usage of CFS structural systems in multistory structures.
CRediT authorship contribution statement
Yu Shi: Conceptualization, Supervision, Funding acquisition. Yong
Gu: Methodology, Validation, Writing – original draft. Yunpeng Xu:
Project administration, Supervision, Writing – review & editing.
Honglong Li: Investigation, Formal analysis. Xiuhong Yang:
Resources.
Declaration of Competing Interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial
interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence
the work reported in this paper.
Data availability
The data that has been used is confidential.
Acknowledgments
The authors wish to acknowledge the support of the Chongqing
Science and Technology Commission [cstc2021yszx-jcyj0003]. Any
opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in
this paper are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the
Y. Shi et al.
views of the sponsors.
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