Neets Module MODULE 16- INTRODUCTION TO TEST EQUIPMENTS CHAPTER 1 ‘Test Equipment Administration and Use + _Jointy used by all branches of th tility to identity equipments by a system of standardized nomenclatures JETOS SYSTEM (Joint Electronics Type Designation System) ‘= Test equipment that has the ‘capability, without modifications, to generate, modify, or measure a range of parameters of electronic functions required to test two or more ‘equipments or systems of basically different design, ‘GPETE (General Purpose Electronic Test | Equipment) ‘+ Test equipment that is specifically designed to generate, modity, oF measure a range of parameters of ‘electronic functions of a specific or Peculiar nature required to test a ‘single equipment or system. ‘SPETE (Special Purpose Electronic Test Equipment) ‘© Designed to keep track of equipment ‘configuration changes in the fleet ‘SCLSIS (Ship Configuration and Logistic Information System) To establish a baseline data inventory. Validation ‘© To correct errors or omissions and to document configuration ‘changes. Inventory Updating ‘+ _ISitle more than checking, adjusting, ‘or systematically aligning a test instrument to a known standard, Calibration = Th ‘of any items of test ‘equipment can be determined by theinformation recorded on the calibration label or tag located on the ‘equipment, Calibration Status ‘© With black lettering on a white background, indicates the instrument to which itis attached is within tolerance on all scales. Calibrated label ‘With red lettering on a white background, is used when actual measurement values must be known to use the instrument, |__+ With black lettering on a yellow: Calibrated-Refer to Report label Page 16-1Neets Module ‘background, is used when some unusual or special condition in the calibration should be drawn to your attention ‘Special Calibration level ‘> _ Indicates that you should calibrate the test and measuring instrument instead of sending the instrument to a calibration facility. User Calibration label ‘© Used when a piece of test equipment due for recalibration will not be used for some time in the future. Inactive-Calibrate Before Use label ‘© Used on test instruments listed in the | Calibration Not Required Metrology : Requirements List (METRL) as not requiring calibration + Attached to a test instrument that fails | Rejected label to meet the acceptance criteria during calibration and cannot be repaired. * Placed over readily accessible adjustments to prevent tampering by the user when such tampering could affect the calibration. Calibration Void if Seal Is Broken label ‘= Designed to standardize the recall, and scheduling of test, measurement, and diagnostic equipment into calibration facilities and for the documentation of actions performed by the calibration facility Measure system > Work done to correct, reduce, or counteract wear and damage to equipment, Maintenance + Consists of checks to determine weather equipment is functioning properly. also consists of visual inspections of cabling and equipment for damage and to determine if lubrication is needed. Preventive Maintenance ‘Isolates equipment failure by means of test techniques and practices; it also replaces Corrective Maintenance detective parts and realigns or readjusts equipment to bring it back to proper performance ‘+ Sometimes thought to be the ; | Simple repair of piece of Troubleshooting | equipment when i fails to function properly ee EET Page 16-2Neets Module ann Instruments contain permanent magnets, meters, and other components that are sensitive to shock. Heavy vibrations or severe shock can cause these instruments to lose their calibration accuracy. Mechanical Shock ‘Sirong magnetic fields may permanently impair the accuracy of a test instrument. These fields may impress permanent magnetic ‘effects on permanent magnets, ‘moving-coll instruments, iron parts of moving-iron instruments, or in the magnetic materials used to shield instruments. Exposure to Strong Magnetic Field This includes various precautions, depending on the type-of instrument. When in doubt, use the maximum range scale on the first measurement and shift to lower range scales only after you verify that the reading can be made on a lower range Excessive Current Flow ‘Always given on the voltage charts for a particular piece of equipment. You should always use a voltmeter of similar sensitivity to the equipment to di the effects of circuit loading. ‘Sensitivity of the Voltmeter ‘Are not often taken in the course of testing because the ammeter (or other current measuring device) must become an actual part of the equipment being tested Current Measurement May be made as part of either preventive or corrective maintenance. Voltage Measurement ‘Are a valuable aid in locating defective circuits and ‘components during corrective maintenance Resistance Measurement ‘Are usually taken with @ capacitance meter. Capacitance Measurement © Used for precise measurement Wheatstone Bridge of resistance Used for measuring an unknown Capacitance Bridge capacitance SS Page 16-3,Neets Module Used to find the value of an unknown | Inductance Bridge inductance. CHAPTER 2 Miscellaneous Measurements is the produc of the potentialin volts] Watt and the current in amperes (P Oo. ‘A unit that expresses the logarithmic _| Bel ratio between the input and the output of any given component, circuit, or system. on ‘Any figure expressed in bels can be | Decibels converted to by mutipiying the figure by 10 i The abbreviation is used to dBm represent power levels above or below a 1 milliwatt reference level. ‘Can be used in this manner for Thermocouple Ammeter measuring rf power | ‘Aloading device that undergoes Bolometer changes of resistance as changes in dissipated power occur. ‘The two types of bolometers most often used are the __and the Barretter and Thermistor ‘An essential part of preventive and corrective maintenance for electric, and electronic equipment Frequency Measurement ‘The rotating frequency (speed in revolutions per minute) of armatures in electric motors and engine- driven generators, as well as the blade ‘speed in turbines, is measured with devices called TACHOMETERS, STROBOSCOPES, and STROBOTACS Mechanical Rotation Frequency ‘An instrument that measures the rate lat which a shaft is tuning Tachometer ‘An instrument that allows you to view rotating or reciprocating objects intermittently and produces the optical ‘effect of a slowing down or stopping motion ‘Stroboscope Electronic flash device in which the flash duration is very short (a few millionths of a second). Page 16-4Neets Module Vibrating-Reed devices or Tuned Circuits unknown signal with a locally generated signal of the same frequency obtained from a calibrated, precision oscillator ‘+ Measures the electricatoutput frequencies of ac generators. + Measures the Audio frequencies Zero Beating Zi * Measure the frequency of the Heterodyne Frequency Meters ‘unknown signal by matching the * Calibrated resonant circuits used to | Wavemeters measure frequency ‘= Isof the type commonly used forthe | Cavity Wavemeters measurement of microwave frequencies ‘A high-speed electronic counter with an accurate, crystal- controlled time base. Electronic Frequency Counters ‘Commonly used for the analysis of waveforms generated by electronic equipment. Cathode-Ray Oscilloscope (CRO or O- Scope) Device that sweeps over a band of frequencies to determine (1) what frequencies are being produced by a specific circuit under test and (2) the ‘Spectrum Analyzer Basic amplitude of each frequency ‘component 7 Atypical Talio fora diode is 10 | Back-to-Forward Resistance to1 CHAPTER 3 Meters. Used fo measure very low currents, such as those in bridge circuits Gaivanometer Uses the interaction of magnetic fields to produce movement. Used to smooth out the vibration and to help prevent overshooting of the meter pointer. D’Arsonval Movement (permaneni-magnel, | moving-coil meter movement) | Damping | They operate much like the DArsonval meter movement, except field coils are used instead of a permanent ‘magnet. Electrodynamometer —_—— Page 16-5Neets Module el ‘+A physically large, low-resistance ‘Shunt ‘conductor connected in parallel with the meter terminals. f carries the majorty of he load current so that only a small portion of the total current willow through the meter coil * Measures current and is always ‘Ammeter connected in series withthe circuit being measured Used to measure voltage and are ‘Voltmeter always connected in parallel with the circuit being measured. '* Used to measure resistance and to ‘Ohmmeter check continuity. + Used to measure very high Megohmmeter (Megger) resistance, such as the insulation of wiring. Usually an electrodynamometer and ‘Wattmeter is used to measure power. > Accomplished with an ohmmeter. | Continuity Test This test is used to check for opens (orto see if the circuit is complete or continuous). © Are caused by some conducting part | Grounded Circuits ‘of the circuit making contact either directly oF indirectly with the metallic structure of the ship or chassis Is where two conductors touch each | Short Circuits other directly of through another conducting element _ Page 16-6Neets Module a CHAPTER 4 ‘Common Test Equipment + Assingle meter that combines the Multimeter (Volt-Ohm-Milliammeter) functions of a de ammeter, a dc voltmeter, an ac ammeter, an ac voltmeter, and an ohmmetér. ‘Used in sensitive electronic circuits | Electronic Digital Multimeter where only extremely small amounts of energy can be extracted without disturbing the circuits under test, or ‘causing them to be inoperative. A precision piece oftest equipment | Differential Voltmeter Used to compare an unknown voltage with an intemal reference voltage and to indicate the difference in their values. '* Used to measure the beta of a ‘Semiconductor Test Set transistor, the resistance appearing at the electrodes, and the reverse current of a transistor or ‘semiconductor diode. tt also measures a shorted or open condition of a diode, the forward transconductance of a field-effect transistor, and the condition of its ‘own batteries. * Resistance, capacitance, and RCL Bridges inductance are measured for precise accuracy by _ They are ‘composed of capacitors, inductors, and resistors and operate on the principle of the Wheatstone bridge Page 16-7Neets Module SS CHAPTER 5 ‘Special Application Test Equipment ~The type of meterused to measure | Power Meter power. ‘= _ One type of wattmeter ‘AN/URM-120 + Standard sources of ac energy, both | Signal Generators audio frequency (af) and radio frequency (f @ Produce stable af signals used for | Audio Signal Generators testing audio equipment. aa ~ Produce signals that include the audio | Video Signal Generators range and extend into the rf range. ‘These signal generators are used to test video amplifiers and other wideband circuits a @ Used to measure frequencies already | Frequency Counters in existence > Avery versatile electronic Huntron Tracker 2000 ‘troubleshooting too! that is used to evaluate suspect components and/or locate defective components on de-energized circuit cards quickly and safely without requiring the removal of component leads ‘« Provides dynamic testing for certain | Pulse Generator types of devices by driving the control Input of the device under test. Boost the low-level outputs from the | CRT Deflection Drivers signal section to the higher voltage levels needed by the deflection plates CHAPTER 6 ‘The Oscilloscope and Spectrum Analyzer + Used in an oscilloscope to display the | Cathode-Ray Tube (CRT) waveforms. = Consists of a HEATER and a Electron Gun CATHODE to generate electrons, a CONTROL GRID to control brightness —_——[$]$——— Page 16-8Neets Module by controlling electron flow, and two ANODES (FIRST and SECOND) Developed, focused, and accelerated by the electron gun Electron-Beam Deflection System Coated with a phosphorous material that glows when struck by the electrons. Fluorescent Screen ‘Allows the electron beam in an ‘oscilloscope to be controlled in any direction Horizontal and Vertical-Deflection Plates > Are used to show amplitude of a Vertical-Deflection Plates signal ‘Used to show time and/or frequency _ | Horizontal-Deflection Plates 2 relationship. : K calibrated scale of amplitude versus time that is placed on the face of the CRT. Graticule Designed to accept two vertical inputs at the same time. It uses a single beam of electrons shared by two channels. ‘Accepts an electrical input signal and displays the signalS frequency ‘and amplitude on a CRT display ‘Spectrum Analyzer Page 16-9