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    EM Theory (QMUL) - notes 2

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    EM Theory (QMUL) - notes 2

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    12 views8 pages

    EMT2 New

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    EM Theory (QMUL) - notes 2

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    ‘MSci 4261 ELECTROMAGNETISM LECTURE NOTES IL 2.1 Electricity, Magnetism and Matter Jn the previous notes, the equations eoveming electromagnetism in a vacuum, with source tems, were discussed, These equations are just four in number, describing, the div and au of the dectric and magnetic fidds. We will have more to say about these equations later in the course. At this point we tum to the consideration of electromagnetic fidds in matter. This is in general a very complex situation, with matter exhibiting a variety of dectric and magnetic behaviour, such as dickectricity, ferroclectricty, piezoelectricity, paramagnetism, diamagnetism, ferromagnetism, superconductivity, etc. However, under conditions whee the fields are not strong and with matter which is not in an unusual state, one can simplify the discussion considerably. 2.2 Polarisation and the Electric Displacement Field Matter which is not a perfect conductor is able to support an dectric fidd in its interior without flow of current. The fidd however acts on the charged nucki and dectrons, causing polarisation. simple mola of this involves atoms at fixed sites acquiring electric dipole moments. We can define the polarisation field P(r) of the insulator to be such that the dipole moment d in any finite volume V is given by a= [ pa = [ro-pyars [x @-as) Vv Vv Is (one can cheek the socond equality for each vector component using integration Ly pauts). Physically then dik the chettic dipole moment per unit volume. If we now choose the volume V’ to enclose all matter, with the boundary of V ouside all matter, then P vanishes on the bounding surface ~ Pls=0, and thes: a=- [ ry-Pya. However, by definition the dipole moment is given by the integral d = ['rpp(x)dV where pp is the bound charge, ie in the matter sample. Thus we conclude that, V-P=-p. ‘Tus the macroscopic density of bound charge ps giving the polarisation is given by po = may also be an additional ‘free’ charge density py. Maxwell's equation for E is then 1 1 V-E= Fm+ pp) = GOV P+) Defining the new electric displacement field D by D(r) = @E(r) + P(r) wwe have the equation V-D=py. F the external field FE & not too large to break down the structure of the insulator, then typically it is found that the polarisation field induced is proportional to the electric field, ie P(r) = coxeB(r) where the constant Xe & called the electric susceptibility. (We are assuming that the matter is uniform and ‘isotropic. Insulators of this type are called dielectrics. Thus, for didectrics, D=coGE where ¢, = 1+ Xe is called the relative permittivity or dielectric constant, 1 2.3 Magnetisation and the H Field ‘There is an analogous discussion to that above for magnetic fields. Matter placed in an external magnetic fidd will react, for instance via diamagnetism, where oppesing atomic magnetic moments are incluoed by the external magnetic field. Here we will again assume that there can be defined a smooth averaged macroscopic field, here called the magnetisation field M(x) such that the total magnetic manent m in a volume V & given by ma [ Me) avy so that m is the magnetic moment. per unit valume. First note the vector identity. x (VX M)=2M+V(eeM) = (VM = (VM (this is straightforwanily proved by considering each component separately). ‘Then [Mavs (}excexm0-Ve-my +9 e-VM)av f A ‘The second term an the right-hand side of the above equation gives zero - as each component gives a total derivative, which integrates to a boundary integral, which is zero since we choose V so that there is no matter at or outside the boundary and hence M = 0 there. A similar argument, applies when one combines the last. two terms on the right-hand side of the above equation; again this is most easily seen for each component, separately: ‘Thus m=3 [ (rx(vxm) ‘However, by definition the magnetic moment is given by m 3h (ex Jn) av where J is the current. Thus we can identify the axrent distribution comesponding to the magnetisation as Jp=VxM. If there are additional free currents J, then Maxwell's equation for J x B becomes Vx B= (Sy + Jo) = oy +V Tune, Jam fw ° where $ is the suface bounding the volume V, with unit outward normal vector n = (m,r2,n3). We will aclopt the Hinslein summation comention, whereby if an expression contairs an index repeated twice, it is ‘assumed that this index is summed over in the expression. An example # the index 0 in the above equation, ‘wher it is assumed that the expression is to be summed with } running from one to thiee. ‘Thus we finally come to the result d SP n+Pema= fh Tuned. 5 ‘The left-hand side is the a-component. of the rate of change of total mamentum, including that of the ectromagnetic field Pj. The right-hand side is the e-companent of the flow par unit area of momentum, across the surface S into the volume V, ie the force per unit area acress the surface, acting on the fields and matter. Finally, we ramark that angular momentum can also be treated in a similar way. The angular momentum dersity in the dectromagnetic fidd is given by Lem =x Pens where Py is the momentum in the fie discussed above, The flux of angular momentum is given by M=Txr, where T is the energy-momentum tenscr given above (se Jackson, Problem 6.10, for more discussion of this notation). Conservation of angular momentum is expressed by the equation Gillin +Len)+V-M=0, where Lm is the mechanical angular momentum, and this equation follows by use of Maxwell's equations, Just as for the equations expressing conservation of energy and momentum which we have discussed earlier. 2.7 The Clausius-Massotti Relation As an application of the ideas of polarisation etc to matter, and its lation with micrescopic quantities, wwe now derive the Clausius-Mossotti relation, expressing malecular polarisability in terms of the dielectric constant, We consiler the matter under consideration to be made from molecules, and under the influence of an applied external macroscopic dectric fidd , the matter will be polarised, The polarisation of neigh- bouring molecules will give rise to an internal fidd B; at each molecular site. This internal field will itself be made from the difference of the actual contribution Enear of the molecuiks close to the given site, and the averagp contribution from those molecules Bp due to the overall polarisation EB) =Enar—Ep (we will not use the near field here). ‘Now, it was noted earlier that the potential & for a charge distribution p is given by le) 90 = Be | eet where the volume V’ encloses the distribution, Taking V to be a sphere of radius R, it is possible to show that (see, for example, Jackson, Section 4.1) - od Eav=-2, a BoP where p is the dipdle mement of the duanze distribution with respect to the center of the sphere. Now, P= 4rF®P, if we take R small enough so that P is corstant inside the sphere. Thus the average electric field inside the sphere is given by 5; =e /B=-a?. ° = TB ly Be 1 = goP + Eran Bis gaP+ ‘We can define the molecular polarisability mot by the relation < pmot >= €0?/mot(E + E;), where < Pmoi > is the average dipale moment of the molecules. Notice that E+E; is the applied field at the Whence 6 molecule, We also have P = NPmat where NV is the average mmber of molecules per unit volume, Recall also that € = eo(1+e)« Assuming that the near field vanishes, we thus dertuce that Using P =y

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