. “inoten / Oso M@ESKULL Skeleton of the head is called skull. Itconsists ofthe cranium ‘and mandible. The upper part of cranium forming the brain box is termed the calvaria and the remainder of the skull forms the facial skeleton (Flowchart 138.4) Functions of Skutll_ sss + Protection of brain 4 Protection ofspecial sense organs such as eas, eyes, tongue and nose + Protection of beginnings of respiratory and digestive trac Bones of Skull Skull consists of 22 bones, which are named in Flowcharts 13B.5 and 13B.6. Flowchart 131 arts oF Sl CatvariNGbrain box Joints of Skull With the exception ofthe temporomandibula jo whieh) pets ee movements theslall bones ereuntedbyfig immovable joints called sutures. " Methods of Study of Skull Skull can be studied as a whole from different views: = Superior view or norma verticalis ~ Posterior view or norma occipitalis = Anterior view or norma frontalis ~ Lateral view or norma lateralis ~ Inferior view or norma basalts Interior of skull can be studied after removing the roof or skull cap. The details of interior of cranial vault and the Internal surface of base can be studied. The base is subdivided into anterior, middle and posterior cranial fossae. + Study of individual bones, Exterior of Skull Norma Verticalis (Fig. 138.32) When viewed from above, the skull is oval in shapes it this view, the upper part of frontal bone is seen anterios "uppermost part of occipital bone posteriorly and the parell bones on the sides. + The frontal bone is separated from the parietalbonesBe coronal suture; the two parietal bones are separated sagittal suture; the lambdoid sutures sivuatedb the parietal bones and occipital bone.Lamb SNS Eitaral cco potsranes Mastox process *'-338.33]Nomms oxigkaig ———— The am nbdais the site (Wo to thre of posterior ‘Months after bi A Norma Occipitats, Fig. 13 ‘This view shows the poste squamous “lOr parts of parietal bones, the Patt of occipit, temporal bones, fontanelle which closes rth, 8.33) al bone and mastoid parts of redian prominence. it Sap suture Lambdold Occipital Parietal foramen tee Vertex Sagi suture bone Fig. 136: Norma verticals, Norma Frontalis (Figs. 138.348 and) 4 Thebregma is the meeting point between the coronal and 'B). ssital sutures. The lambda s the meeting point of sagittal Recrui is Lapa and lambdoid sutures. ——_ the site ofa diamond-shaped membranous Frontal bone forms the forehead bane fontanctcin tne as ener 2 a lftmantoe xm heupperjaw ee ner * Right and lef nasal bones form the bridge ofthe nose fori — Z atic bones and mandible bones fo! ygoM. Si ning. the lower jaw and orbital opening. / Sipersiory arch S98! Frontal bone —Norma Lateralis: It shows the Frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal, greater wing of sphenoid, zygomatic, maxilla, and mandible. Norma Basalis After removing the mandible the following structures can be seen: >Hard palate: The anterior 70% is formed by the palatal processes of maxillae; the posterior 30% by the horizontal plates of palatine bones. >The greater palatine foramen is seen just behind the palatomaxillary suture. Posterior part shows shows the largest opening in the skull the foramen magnum.