1.INTRODUCTIONS OF POLLUTION......................................................................................................

4
1.1 LITERATURE REVIEW..........................................................................................................................5
Chapter 2 2.TYPES OF POLLUTION..............................................................................................................6
2.1.1 CLASSIFICATION OF POLLUTANTS...............................................................................................6
2.1 Air pollution.......................................................................................................................................7
2.1.1 EFFECT OF AIR POLLUTION.........................................................................................................8
2.1.2 EFFECT ON NON-LIVINGS............................................................................................................8
2.1.3 CONTROLS OF AIR POLLUTION...................................................................................................9
2.1.5 Advantages of Air Pollution......................................................................................................11
2.1.6 Disadvantages of Air Pollution..................................................................................................11
2.2, WATER POLLUTION.........................................................................................................................13
2.2.1 CAUSES OF WATER POLLUTION................................................................................................14
2.2.3Sites selection of water pollution..............................................................................................17
2.3 SOIL POLLUTION..............................................................................................................................18
2.3.1CONTROLS OF SOIL POLLUTION.................................................................................................19
Chapter 3 2.5 NOISE POLLUTION..............................................................................................................21
2.6 Radioactive pollution.......................................................................................................................24
Chapter 4 3 CONCLUSIONS ON POLLUTION..............................................................................................26
5 Reference..............................................................................................................................................27
 WOLDIA UNIVERSITY
INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
SCHOOL OF MECHANICAL AND CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
MOTOR VEHICLE STREAM
POWER PLANT PROJECT ON POLLUTION AND ITS CONTROL
NAME ID No
1.Abdisa Habtamu……………………………………………………………...111424

2.Abeysew Teshome…………………………………………………………….111459

3.Adisu Kassawmar…………………………………………………………….111487

4.Abrha Amare…………….…………………………………………………..111469

5.Atlaw Shewangzaw…………………………………………………………..103871

Submitted to Mr.Yohanis
Submission Date,30/05/2015 E.C
Woldia,Ethiopia
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

Smoke detection has become a fundamental component of the active fire protection

strategy of most modern buildings, particularly residential occupancies. However, this

was not always the case. The smoke detection industry experienced explosive growth in

the use of smoke detectors in the 1970’s, driven by advances in technology and

manufacturing that greatly reduced prices [Bukowski & Mulholland, 1978]. This

explosive growth was accompanied, and likely furthered, by several significant research

projects that reinforced the life safety protection provided by smoke detectors [Heskestad,

1974; Bukowski, et al., 1975] and provided evidence that supported increased

requirements for smoke detectors in buildings. In addition, significant research efforts

were undertaken to understand the environments to which detectors are exposed and the

response of these detectors to such environments [Heskestad, 1974; Heskestad, 1975;

Bukowski, et al., 1975; Heskestad & Delichatsios, 1977]. Many of the means by which

to estimate the response of smoke detectors were formulated during this period of

important smoke detection research (1970’s) and have not advanced significantly since

then; they are still the only available means for engineers to even approximate the
response of smoke detectors. However, the practicality of these methods is severely

limited by the significant fact that the uncertainty in the methods is generally unknown.

The current research addresses this shortcoming and provides guidance on modeling the

response of smoke detectors. The goals and scope of this research are detailed in

subsequent sections of this chapter.

1.1 Research Goals

The overall goal of the present research is to assess and provide guidance on the currently

available methods of smoke detector response prediction.

Specific goals of this study are

as follows.

Evaluation of the recommended thresholds of various measurements used in smoke

detector response estimation techniques based on experimental data is the initial objective

of this research. Subsequently, the predictive capabilities of these methods at estimating

smoke detector response are examined and the uncertainty quantified. Finally, guidance

is provided to engineers on the use of smoke detector response estimation techniques.

1.2 Research Scope

The focus of this research will be on methods of smoke detector response estimation

provided in the SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering [Schifiliti, et al., 2002]

and the National Fire Alarm Code, NFPA 72 [2002]. These sources are considered to be

the most likely sources of guidance for engineers in the United States on the design and

analysis of smoke detection systems.

The current research is divided into two phases. Phase 1 of the project focuses on the

validation of thresholds used in smoke detector response estimation. Phase 2 of the

project examines the predictive capability of smoke detector response estimation

techniques and quantifies the associated uncertainty. Each of these phases is developed

further in the subsections to follow.