CONTENTS

1 Mitral Valve Stenosis............................................................................................................................................2

2 Raynaud’s disease.................................................................................................................................................2
3 Gastritis.................................................................................................................................................................. 3
4 Hansen’s disease(leprosy)....................................................................................................................................3
5 Myocarditis............................................................................................................................................................4
6 Peripheral artery disease......................................................................................................................................4
7 Pharyngitis.............................................................................................................................................................5
8 Pneumonia..............................................................................................................................................................5
9 Uterine Fibroids.......................................................................................................................................................6
10 Hypercalcemia.....................................................................................................................................................6
11 Psoriasis...............................................................................................................................................................7
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1 MITRAL VALVE STENOSIS

(Blood travelling between the chambers on the left side of your heart can’t glow as easily.)

Mitral Stenosis is a disease that causes narrowing or blockage of the mitral valve inside your heart.
Over time, this condition can cause heart rhythm problems, a higher risk of stroke, and may lead to
heart failure and death.

Cause

Rheumatic fever. This complication of strep throat is the most common cause of mitral valve
stenosis. When rheumatic fever damages the mitral valve disease. The valve disease symptoms
may not be seen until years to decades after rheumatic fever.

Calcium deposits. As you age, calcium deposits can build up around the mitral valve. This can
cause narrowing of the structures that support the mitral valve flaps. The condition is called mitral
annular calcification or MAC for short. Severe MAC can cause mitral stenosis symptoms. It’s
difficult to treat even with surgery. People with calcium around the mitral valve often have similar
problems with the heart’s aortic valve.

Radiation therapy. This is a treatment for certain types of cancer. Radiation to the chest are can
sometimes cause the mitral valve to thicken and harden. The heart valve damage typically occurs
20 to 30 years after radiation therapy.

Heart problem present at birth, also called a congenital heart defect. Rarely, some babies are born
with a narrowed mitral valve the causes problems over time

Other health conditions. Lupus and other autoimmune conditions may rarely cause mitral valve
stenosis

2 RAYNAUD’S DISEASE
Raynaud’s disease causes some areas of the body – such as finger and toes – to feel numb and
cold in response to cold temperatures or stress. In Raynaud’s disease, smaller arteries that supply
blood to the skin narrow, this limit blood flow to affected areas, which is called vasospasm.

Treatment depends on its severity and whether you have other health conditions. For most people,
Raynaud’s disease isn’t disabling. But it can affect your quality of life.

Causes

Experts don’t fully understand the cause of Raynaud’s attacks. But blood vessels in the hands and
feet appear to react too strongly to cold temperatures or stress.

With Raynaud’s, arteries to the fingers and toes narrow when exposed to cold or stress. The
narrowed arteries limit blood flow. Ove time, these small can thicken slightly and limit blood flow
even more.
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Cold temperatures are the most likely cause of an attack. Examples are putting hands in cold water,
taking something from freezer or being in cold air. For some people, emotional stress can trigger
an episode.

There are two main types of the condition.

Primary Raynaud’s, Raynaud’s disease, this most common form isn’t the result of another medical
condition, it can be so mild that many people with this don’t seek treatment. And it can go away
on its own.

Secondary Raynaud’s, Raynaud’s phenomenon, this form develops because of another health
condition. Although secondary Raynaud’s is less common than primary form, it tends to be more
serious. Symptoms of 2* appear around age 40. That’s later than symptoms appear for primary
Raynaud’s == Cause: connective tissue diseases, diseases of the arteries, carpal tunnel syndrome,
repeated actions or vibration, smoking, injuries to hands or feet, certain medicines

3 GASTRITIS
Gastritis is a condition that inflames the stomach lining (the mucosa), causing belly pain, indigestion
(dyspepsia), bloating and nausea. It can lead to other problems. Gastritis can come on suddenly (acute) or
gradually (chronic). Medications and dietary changes can reduce stomach and ease gastritis symptoms.

Causes

Gastritis occurs when something damage or weakens the stomach lining (mucosa). Different things can
trigger the problem, including:

Alcohol abuse: Chronic alcohol use can irritate and erode the stomach lining.

Autoimmune disease: In some people, the body’s immune system attacks healthy cells in the stomach
lining.

Bacterial infection: H. pylori bacteria are the main cause of chronic gastritis and peptic ulcer disease
(stomach ulcers). The bacteria break down the stomach’s protective lining cause inflammation.

Bile reflux: The liver makes bile to help you digest fatty foods. Reflex means flow back. Bile reflux occurs
when bile flows back into the stomach instead of moving through the small intestine.

Medications: Steady use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs0 or corticosteroids to manage

chronic pain can irritate the stomach lining.

Physical stress: A sudden, severe illness or injury can bring on gastritis. Often, gastritis develops even after a
trauma that doesn’t involve the stomach. Severe burns and brain injuries are two common cause

4 HANSEN’S DISEASE(LEPROSY)
It is an infectious disease caused by the slowing growing type of bacteria Mycobacterium leprae. It can
affect your eyes, skin, mucous membranes and nerves, causing disfiguring sores and nerve damage. It has
been around since ancient times. For centuries. People isolated and shunned those with leprosy because
the disease wasn’t understood. Today, effective treatment is available, and there’s no need to quarantine
people with leprosy.
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It is unclearly the how leprosy is transmitted. When a person with leprosy sneezes, they may spread droplets
containing the M. leprae to another person. Closed physical contact, not by causal contact (shaking hands,
hugging, or sitting next to them. Pregnant mother with leprosy can’t pass it to their unborn babies. It can’t
be transmitted by sexual contact either.

It is treated with multidrug therapy (MDT), an approach that combines different types of antibiotics. In most
cases, your healthcare provider will prescribe two to three different kinds of antibiotics at the same time.
This helps prevent antibiotic resistance, which occurs when bacteria mutate (change) and fight off the
antibiotic drugs that usually kill them. Common antibiotics used in the treatment of Hansen’s disease
include dapsone, rifampin, and clofazimine. Antibiotics can’t treat the nerve damage that may occur as a
result of Hansen’s disease. Your healthcare provider may also prescribe anti-inflammatory drugs, such as
steroids, to manage any nerve pain.

5 MYOCARDITIS
It is inflammation for your heart muscle. This can weaken your myocardium, making it more difficult for
your heart to pump, this rare condition can affect people quickly or slowly over time.

Causes

Caused by Infections, some drugs and chemicals or a condition that causes body-wide inflammation.

The cause is not often found. Potential cause of myocarditis includes:

Viruses. Many viruses have been linked to myocarditis, including those that cause the common cold
(adenovirus), Covid 19, Hepatitis B & C, parvovirus, which cause a mild rash, usually in children (fifth
disease), and herpes simplex virus. Gastrointestinal infections (echoviruses), mononucleosis (Epstein- Barr
virus) and German measles (rubella) also can cause myocarditis. It can also be caused by HIV.

Bacteria. Bacteria that can cause Myocarditis include strep, staphylococcus, and bacteria that can cause
diphtheria and Lyme disease.

Parasites. Among these are Trypanosome cruzi and toxoplasma. Some parasites are transmitted by insects
and can cause a condition called Chagas disease. Chagas disease is much more common in Central and
South America than in US.

Fungi. A fungal infection may cause myocarditis, particularly in people with weakened immune systems.
Those linked to myocarditis include yeast infections, such candida, molds such as aspergillus, histoplsama,
often found in bird droppings.

Illegal drugs (drug-induced myocarditis), Chemicals or radiation

Other inflammatory diseases

Lupus, Wegener’s granulomatosis, giant cell arteritis and takayasu’s arteritis.

6 PERIPHERAL ARTERY DISEASE

PAD is an accumulation of plaque (fats and cholesterol) in the arteries in your legs or arms. This makes it
harder for your blood to carry oxygen and nutrients to the tissues in those areas. It is a long term disease,
but you can improve it by exercising, eating less fat and giving tobacco products up.
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Cause

Caused by buildup of fatty, cholesterol-containing deposits (plaques) on artery walls. This process is called
atherosclerosis. It reduces bold flow through the arteries. It affects arteries throughout the body. When it
occurs in the arteries supplying blood to the limbs, it cause peripheral artery disease include: Blood vessel
inflammation, injury to the arms or legs, changes in the muscles or ligaments, radiation expose

Without treatment, people with PAD may need amputation – the removal of part of all of your foot and leg
(rarely your arms), esp. in people who also have DM.

Cuz your body’s circulatory system is interconnected; the effects of PAD can extend beyond the affected
limb. People with atherosclerosis of their legs often have it in other part of their bodies

7 PHARYNGITIS
Sore throat is pain, scratchiness or irritation of the throat that often worsens when you swallow. The most
common cause of a sore throat is a viral infection, such as cold or flu. A sore throat caused by a virus
resolves on its own. Strep throat (Streptococcal infection), a less common type of sore throat caused by
bacteria, requires treatment with antibiotics to prevent complications. Other less common causes of sore
throat might require more complex treatment.

Caused by

Bacterial infection

Allergies: to pollen, dust mites, pets or mold can make your throat dry and scratchy. Sore throat from
allergies results from postnasal drip. The mucus irritates your throat and cause pain.

Tonsillitis: Tonsils are the two small lumps of soft tissue at the back of your throat. They trap the germs that
make you sick. Tonsillitis occurs when your tonsils become infected and inflamed. Bacteria and viruses can
cause tonsillitis.

Acid reflux: people with a condition called Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) feel burning and pain in
their throat. This pain called heartburn happen when aid from your stomach backs up into your esophagus.

Overuse or irritants: You can strain your throat by yelling or screaming. You may also develop a sore throat
if you eat spicy food. Smoke or drink very hot liquids.

Mouth breathing: You may have a sore throat if you breathe through your mouth instead of your nose
when you’re sleeping.

8 PNEUMONIA
It is an infection in your lungs caused by bacteria, viruses or fungi. It causes your lung tissue to swell
(inflammation) and can cause fluid or pus in your lungs. Bacterial pneumonia is usually more severe than
viral pneumonia, which often resolves on its own.

It can develop when your immune system attacks an infection in the small sacs of your lung. This causes
your lungs to swell and leak fluids. Many bacteria, viruses and fungi can cause the infections that lead to
pneumonia. Bacteria are the most common cause in adults and viruses are the most common cause in
school-aged children. Common illness that can lead to pneumonia include:
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Common cold (Rhinovirus), COVID 19 (SARS-COV-2), The flu, Human metapneumovirus, Human
parainfluenza virus(HPIV), Legionnaires’ disease, Mycoplasma pneumonia bacteria, Pneumococcal disease,
Pneumocystis pneumonia, Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)

9 UTERINE FIBROIDS
It is a common type of noncancerous tumor that can grow in and on your uterus. Not all fibroids cause
symptoms, but when they do, symptoms can include heavy menstrual bleeding, back pain, frequent
urination and pain during sex. Small fibroids can be treated with medications or surgery.

Unknown causes.

Genetic changes: Many fibroids contain changes in genes that differ from those in typical uterine muscle
cells.

Hormones. Estrogens and progesterone two hormones that stimulate development of the uterine lining
during each menstrual cycle in preparation for pregnancy, appear to promote the growth of fibroids.

Fibroids contain more estrogen and progesterone receptors than typical uterine muscle cell do. Fibroids
tend to shrink after menopause due to a decrease in hormone production.

Other growth factors. Substances that help the body maintain tissues such as insulin-like growth factor
many affect fibroid growth.

Extracellular matrix (ECM) ECM is the material that make cells stick together like mortar between bricks.
ECM is increased in fibroids and makes them fibrous. ECM also store growth factors and causes biologic
change in the cells themselves

Most fibroids happen in people of reproductive age. They typically aren’t seen in young people who haven’t
had their first period yet.

10HYPERCALCEMIA
It happens when you have higher than normal levels of calcium in your blood. It’s is usually caused by
primary hyperparathyroidism or certain cancers and is treated with surgery and or medication.

Hyperparathyroidism is the common cause of hypercalcemia, can stem from a small, noncancerous benign
tumor or enlargement of one or more of four parathyroid glands.

Cancer: Lungs cancer and breast cancer as well as blood cancer can increase the risk of hypercalcemia.
Spread of cancer (metastasis) to your bones also increases your risk.

Other diseases. Certain diseases, such as TB and sarcoidosis. Can raise blood levels of Vitamin D which
stimulate digestive tract to absorb more calcium.

Hereditary factors. A rare genetic disorder known as familial hypocalcemia causes an increase of calcium in
your bold Caz of faulty calcium receptors in your body this condition doesn’t cause symptoms or
complications of hypercalcemia.

Immobility. People who have a condition that cause them to spend a lot of time sitting or lying down can
develop hypercalcemia. Over time, bones that don’t bear weight release calcium into the blood.
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Severe dehydration. A common cause of mild or transient hypercalcemia is dehydration. Having less fluid in
your blood causes a rise in Ca concentration

Medications: Certain drugs such as lithium used to treat bipolar disorder might increase the release of
parathyroid hormone.

Supplements. Taking exercise amounts of calcium or vitamin D supplements over time can raise Ca levels in
your blood above normal.

11PSORIASIS
It is an autoimmune condition that cause inflammation in your skin