Labelling theory in criminology suggests that criminal behaviour is not solely

determined by the act itself but also by the societal reaction to it. According to this
theory, when an individual is labelled as a criminal or deviant, it can lead to a self-
fulfilling prophecy where the individual begins to adopt the label and act
accordingly.

The labelling process can occur in different ways. Primary deviance refers to the
initial act of deviance, which may or may not be detected by society. If the act is
detected and the individual is labelled as a deviant, this can lead to secondary
deviance, which is the continuation and amplification of deviant behaviour in
response to the label.

Labelling can also have negative consequences for individuals beyond their own
behaviour. The societal reaction to deviant behaviour can lead to social exclusion,
discrimination, and stigmatization, which can impact an individual's life opportunities
and well-being.

Critics of labelling theory argue that it does not fully explain why some individuals
engage in deviant behaviour in the first place and that it places too much emphasis
on societal reactions rather than individual agency. Additionally, some argue that
labelling theory may be used to excuse criminal behaviour and shift responsibility
away from the individual who committed the act.

Overall, labelling theory offers an important perspective on the social construction of

criminal behaviour and the impact of societal reactions on individuals.