EXAMPLE 6.6 Interpretation of Constant Head Test Data ‘A sample of sand, em in diameter and 1S em long, was prepared a perosity of 60% ina constant-head appara {us The tote hend was kept sonsant af 20m and the amount of water clleced in S seconds was 40 cm?-The tet temperature was 20°C. Calculate the hydraulic conductivity ad the seepage velocity. ‘Strategy From the data piven, you can realy spply Darcy’ law to fd ke Solution 6.6 Step Calculate the sample cross-sectional area, hydraulic gradient, an flow, D=Scm xD? _ ax : aot XS = 196 en AH =30en au _ 30 iT is = 40cm? o_o a 2-2 Beats step? Caeutate = o2emis Step Calculate the seepage veloc vo Ae 22 - o6remvs 06 EXAMPLE 6.7 Interpretation of Falling-Head Test Data “The dita fom a falling head test om a sity clay are Croseasctional area af sil = 90 en? Length of soil = 10 om Initia head = Oem Final head = 84 am Duration fest Diameter of ‘Strategy Since this sa faling head test, you should use Equation (622) Makesure you ar using consistent units, Solution 6.7 Step! Calculate the parameters requted ia Equation (6.22) =x (no? 4 Sem’ (given) = 028 em? 15 x €0 = 00 seconds Step2: Calculate k, au_,,(h) _028x10 ,, ho geitayt (8) Seo 8 2.42 ~ 0.475 In (T) = 242 ~ 0.475 in (22) = 0.95 ) = 27 10-oms From Equation (621), kare = ky =2.7 X 10" X 095 = 2.6 10-% cm/s What's next... . In the constant-head test and the faling-head test, we determined the hydraulic con ductivity of only a small volume of soil at a specific location in a soil mass. In some cases, we have to use remolded or disturbed soll samples. In addition, if field samples are used, they are invariably disturbed by sampling processes (see Chapter 3). The hydraulic conductivity is sensitive to alteration in the fabric of the soil and, consequently, there are doubts about the accuracy of representing the in situ soil conditions using laboratory parmeabilty tests. here are several field methods to determine the hydraulic conductiv- ity. Next, we will discuss one popular method,EXAMPLE 6.8 Interpretation of Pumping Test Data ‘A pumping test was carried out ina soil bed of thickness 15m and the following measurements were recorded. Rate ‘of pumping was 10.6 x 107s drawdowas in observation welt located at 15m and 30m from the center of the ppamping well were 16 m and 14 m, respectively, from the intial groundwater level. The initial groundwater level ‘was located at 1 ms below ground level: Determine & Strategy You are given all he measurements to directly apply Equation (6.24) to fad &. You should draw a sketch ofthe pump tes to identity the values tobe used in Equation (6.24). Solution 6.8 Slep I: Draw asketch of the pump test with the appropriate dimensions —see Figure ES. nseraton waits 1 pumping wet Drawdown ce” 15m BE FIGURE F6.8 Step 2: Substitute given values in Equation (6.24) to find k r= 30m, = 1Sm, y= 1S (19-414) = LIM fy = 19 ~ (19 + 16) = 1.5m In (rin) __ 10.6 107° In (30/15) (B=) (LL? = 11S )10" 0X 10"? emisPractical Example EXAMPLE 6.10 Application of Flow Data to a Canal A ditch is required fo a wilt tne ner ar ephemeral cana, which atthe time of excavation was filled with water, as shown in Figire F6.10.The average vertcnl and horizontal hydraulic conduciites are 1 % 10S emis and 2 10 emis respectively. Astuming a ban length of dtc, determine the ow ate of wate iat it ee eer lea ss : Stratogy You noed to detormino an equivalent hydraulic conductivity and thon cleulae the Now rato using Dares lav. However, to calculate the fow rate, you need to determine the hydiaulic gradient. To do so find the liffrence in total head between the canal andthe ditch and then divide by the length ef the dow: ‘Solution 6.10 ‘Steps Calculate an equivalent tydraiie conductivity. kg = Vik = Vi RETO 45x 10S enis ‘Step2: Determine the nydmulie gradient. “Take datum as the bottom of the ditch. Elevation head at tase of ditch ~ 0, pressure head at base of ditch ~ 0 total head att Elevation head at tase of canal = 1, pressure bead at base of eaaal ~ 8 m;total head atcanal = 9m Head diferenee, k= 9m ("ra™)° ‘Average lengh of fow path, t= 292 - 1002 Slope = tan ans a 009 oa Step Calculate theflow mite, Assume low parallel to the slope and considera vertical section of the ditch (993 - 991) x1 = 2m )= AKgi = 2X (AS x 10-7100) X 009 = 081 x 10-7 ms