30 PROBLEMS Challenge 1 Find the area of a cyclic quadrilateral whose sides measure 9, 10, 10, and 21. Challenge 2 Find the area of a cyclic quadrilateral whose sides 6-3 6-4 6-5 6-6 6-7 measure 15, 24, 7, and 20. Sides BA and CA of AABC are extended through A to form rhombuses BATR and CAKN. (See Fig. 6-3.) BN and RC, intersecting at P, meet AB at S and AC at M. Draw MO parallel to AB. (a) Prove AMQS is a rhombus and (b) prove that the area of ABPC is equal to the area of quadrilateral ASPM. Two circles with centers A and B intersect at points M and N. Radii AP and BQ are parallel (on opposite sides of AB). If the common external tangents meet AB at D, and PO meets AB at C, prove that ZCND is a right angle. In a triangle whose sides measure 5”, 6”, and 7”, point P is 2” from the 5” side and 3” from the 6” side. How far is P from the 7" side? Prove that if the measures of the interior bisectors of two angles of a triangle are equal, then the triangle is isosceles. In circle O, draw any chord AB, with midpoint M. Through M two other chords, FE and CD, are drawn. CE and FD intersect AB at Q and P, respectively. Prove that MP = MQ. (See Fig. 6-7.) This problem is often referred to as the butterfly problem. AABC is isosceles with CA = CB. mZABD = 60, MZ BAE = 50, and mZC = 20. Find the measure of ZEDB (Fig. 6-8).A Geometric Potpourri 31 c 6-9 Find the area of an equilateral triangle containing in its interior a point P, whose distances from the vertices of the triangle are 3, 4, and 5. 6-10 Find the area of a square ABCD containing a point P such that PA = 3, PB = 7,and PD = 5. Challenge 1 Find the measure of PC. Challenge 2. Express PC in terms of PA, PB, and PD. 6-11 If, on each side of a given triangle, an equilateral triangle is constructed externally, prove that the line segments formed by joining a vertex of the given triangle with the remote vertex of the equilateral triangle drawn on the side opposite it are congruent. Challenge 1 Prove that these lines are concurrent. Challenge 2 Prove that the circumcenters of the three equilateral triangles determine another cquilateral triangle. 6-12 Prove that if the angles of a triangle are trisected, the intersections of the pairs of trisectors adjacent to the same side determine an equilateral triangle. (This theorem was first derived by F. Morley about 1900.) 6-13 Prove that in any triangle the centroid trisects the line segment joining the center of the circumcircle and the orthocenter (i.e. the point of intersection of the altitudes). This theorem was first published by Leonhard Euler in 1765.6-7 6-8 Hints 231 angles formed by joining P with the vertices. (Use Formula #5a). Do this for each of the four cases which must be considered. METHOD I: In AABC, with angle bisectors AE = BD, draw ZDBF = ZAEB, BF = BE, FG 1 AC, AH 1 FH, where G and H lie on AC and BF, respectively. Also draw DF. Use congruent triangles to prove the base angles equal. METHOD II: (indirect) In AABC, with angle bisectors CE = BF, draw GF || EB externally, and through E draw GE || BF. Then draw CG. Assume the base angles are not congruent. METHOD II: (indirect) In A ABC, with angle bisectors BE X DC, draw parallelogram BDCH; then draw EH. Assume the base angles are not congruent. Use Theorem #42. METHOD IV: (indirect) In AABC, with angle bisectors BE and DC of equal measure, draw ZFCD & ZABE where F is on AB. Then choose a point G so that BG = FC. Draw GH || FC, where H is on BE. Prove ABGH & ACFD and search for a con- tradiction. Assume mZC > mZB. METHOD I: Draw DH AB and MN ‘DHA, where H is on the circle; also draw MH, QH, and EH. Prove AMPD = AMQH. METHOD I: Through P draw a line parallel to CE, meeting EF, extended through F, at K, and CD at L. Find the ratio om : METHOD I: Draw a line through £ parallel to AB, meeting the circle at G. Then draw GP, GM, and GD. Prove APMG = AQME. METHOD Iv: Draw the diameter through M and O. Reflect DF through this diameter; let D’F’ be the image of DF. Draw CF’, MF’, and MD’. Also, let P’ be the image of P. Prove that P” coincides with Q. METHOD v: (Projective Geometry) Use harmonic pencil and range concepts. METHOD I: Draw DG || AB, where G is on CB. Also draw AG, meeting DB at F, and draw FE. Prove that quadrilateral DGEF is a kite (ie. GE = FE and DG = DF). METHOD 1: Draw BF so that mZABF = 20 and F is on AC. Then draw FE. Prove AFEB equilateral, and AF DE isosceles.232 6-9 6-10 6-11 HINTS. METHOD 1: Draw DF || AB, where F is on BC. Extend BA through A to G so that AG = AC. Then draw CG. Use similarity and theorem #47 to prove that DE bisects 2 FDB. METHOD Iv: With B as center and BD as radius, draw a circle meeting BA, extended, at F and BC at G. Then draw FD and ‘DG. Prove AFBD equilateral, and A DBG isosceles. Also prove ADCG = AFDA. METHOD V: Using C as center, AC and BC as radii, and AB as a side, construct an 18-sided regular polygon. METHOD VI: (Trigonometric Solution I) Use the law of sines in AAEC and AABD. Then prove AAEC ~ ADEB. METHOD Vil: (Trigonometric Solution II) Draw AF || BC. Choose a point G on AC so that AG = BE. Extend BG to meet AF at H. Apply the law of sines to AADB and AABH. Then prove ABDE = AAHG. METHOD I: Rotate the given equilateral A ABC in its plane about point A through a counterclockwise angle of 60°. Let P’ be the image of P. Find the area of quadrilateral APCP’ (when B is to the left of C), and the area of ABPC. METHOD II: Rotate each of the three triangles in the given equi- lateral triangle about a different vertex, so that there is now one new triangle on each side of the given equilateral triangle, thus forming a hexagon. Consider the area of the hexagon in parts, two different ways. Rotate ADAP in its plane about point A through a counter- clockwise angle of 90°. Express the area of APP’B (P’ is the image of P), in two different ways using Formula #5c, and Formula #5b. Investigate APAP’ and AAPB. Prove a pair of overlapping triangles congruent. Challenge 1 Draw two of the required lines. Draw the third line as two separate lines drawn from the point of intersection of the latter two lines, and going in opposite directions. Prove that these two smaller lines, in essence, combine to form the required third line.