ELEMENTS, COMPOUNDS,

CHEMICAL EQUATIONS
AND CALCULATIONS

ROZAINA BINTI SALEH

UiTM Perak
Kampus Tapah

CHM 131 CHAPTER 2

OBJECTIVES

 Define element, compound, atom, molecule, and ion,

 State the names or formulas of elements, molecules, and
compound
 Define proton number, nucleon number, and isotope
 Determine mole, relative atomic mass and relative
molecular/formula mass, % composition, empirical formula,
formula of compounds, limiting reactant
 Perform balancing the chemical equations & chemical
stoichiometry
DEFINITION
ATOM
 Smallest particle of an element that retain the
characteristic properties of that element
♦ Atoms are made up of 3 subatomic
particles namely
♦ Protons
♦ Electrons
♦ Neutrons
♦ Protons and neutrons : Centre of an
atom (nucleus)
- Electrons move around the
nucleus in circular
- Orbits called the energy levels

- Nucleus (centre of an atom)

- Contains protons and
neutrons
ATOMIC NUMBERS, MASS
NUMBERS AND ISOTOPES
•Atomic Number: Number of protons in the nucleus
of an atom of any particular element
• No of protons = no. of electrons
• Mass number: Total number of protons + neutrons
in the atom

X = Atomic symbol of the element

A = mass number; Proton + Neutron
Z = atomic number
(the number of protons or electrons)
THE SYMBOL OF THE ATOM OR ISOTOPE
Periodic Table
ELEMENT

 Substance that cannot be broken down into two

or more different substances.
 Same elements: Same no of proton
ELEMENT
 It is formed from the combination of atoms
only.
 Also occur in a molecular form in which the
same type of elements (atoms) are chemically
combined. They are called diatomic molecules
or, sometimes, molecular elements.

hydrogen, H2; nitrogen, N2; oxygen, O2;

fluorine, F2;
chlorine, Cl2; bromine, Br2; iodine, I2
ISOTOPES
• Atoms with identical atomic numbers but different
mass numbers
• Most elements have 2 or more isotopes.
• Isotopes have different numbers of neutrons.
• Have similar chemistries, forming same type of
compound and displaying similar reactivities.

11 12 13 14
6 C 6 C 6 C 6 C
MOLECULE

An aggregate of at least two

atoms in a definite
arrangement held together
by chemical forces
MOLECULES
 Molecules are formed from chemical
combinations of atoms-atoms
 combined in specific ratios to one another.
COMPOUNDS
 A compound is a substance composed of
atoms of two or more elements chemically
united in fixed proportions
 Compounds can only be separated into their
pure components (elements) by chemical
means.

lithium fluoride quartz dry ice – carbon dioxide

IONS

 An ion is an atom, or group of atoms, that has

a net positive or negative charge.
 In any given atom, the number of protons is
always equal to the number of electrons.
 Neutral atoms can lose or gain electrons and
become charged
 The charged atoms are known as ions
 TYPE OF IONS

• ion with a positive charge

• If a neutral atom loses one 11 protons
Cation Na 11 protons Na+ 10 electrons
or more electrons it 11 electrons
becomes a cation.
• ion with a negative charge
• If a neutral atom gains one or
Anion more electrons 17 protons
Cl 17 protons Cl- 18 electrons
• it becomes an anion 17 electrons
TYPE OF IONS

Monoatomic Polyatomic
Ions Ions

A polyatomic
A monatomic
ion contains
ion contains
more than one
only one atom
atom

H+, Li+, Mg2+, CN-, CO32-,

Al3+, N3-, Cl-1 SO42-, MnO4-
COMMON IONS SHOWN ON
THE PERIODIC TABLE
 CHEMICAL
NOMENCLATURE
 NAMING IONS
 Naming metal ions: Maintain the name of the
metal, add ‘ion’ at the end.
 Na+ : sodium ion
 Mg2+ : magnesium ion

 Naming monoatomic anion: Anion (nonmetal), add

“ide” to element name
 Cl  Cl- : Chlorine  chloride
 C  C4- : Carbon  carbide
 Naming polyatomic ions: Refer list
 NAMING IONIC COMPOUNDS
 Often a metal + nonmetal

BaCl2 barium chloride

K2O potassium oxide
magnesium
Mg(Cl)2
chloride
Mg(Cl)2 potassium nitrate
NAMING IONIC COMPOUNDS:
Metal-Polyatomic anion
 +ve charge species on left (using Stock
method/common name)
 -ve charge species on right (using name of
polyatomic ion)
 Use parentheses as needed.
Formula Ions Name
BaSO4 Ba 2+ and SO4 2- Barium sulphate
Ca(NO3)2 Ca 2+ and NO3- Calcium nitrate
Ca(NO2)2 Ba 2+ and NO2- Calcium nitrite
Fe(NO3)2 Fe 2+ and NO3- Iron (II) nitrate or
ferrous nitrate
QUESTION
Complete the names of the following binary
compounds:

Na3N sodium ________________

Mg(NO3)2 sodium ________________
KBr potassium________________
Al2O3 aluminum ________________
MgS _________________________
CaSO4 _________________________
NaHCO3 _________________________
 NAMING TRANSITION METAL
IONIC COMPOUNDS
 Indicate charge on metal with Roman numerals

FeCl2 Cl- : -2 so Fe : +2 iron(II) chloride

FeCl3 Cl- : -3 so Fe : +3 iron(III) chloride

Cr2S3 S-2 -6 so Cr : +3 chromium(III) sulfide

 QUESTION
Name the following compounds:

A. CaO
1) calcium oxide 2) calcium(I) oxide
3) calcium (II) oxide
B. SnCl4
1) tin tetrachloride 2) tin(II) chloride
3) tin(IV) chloride
C. Co2O3
1) cobalt oxide 2) cobalt (III) oxide
3) cobalt trioxide
QUESTION
Complete the names of the following binary
compounds with variable metal ions:

FeBr2 iron (_____) bromide

Cu2O copper (_____) oxide

SnCl4 ___(_____ ) ______________

Fe2O3 ________________________

CuS ________________________
 NAMING MOLECULAR
COMPOUNDS
 Nonmetals or nonmetals + metalloids
 Common names
 H2O, NH3, CH4,
 Element furthest to the left in a period
and closest to the bottom of a group on
periodic table is placed first in formula
 If more than one compound can be
formed from the same elements, use
prefixes to indicate number of each kind
of atom
 Last element name ends in ide
 Common examples:

HI Hydrogen iodide
NF3 Nitrogen trifluoride
SO2 Sulfur dioxide
N2Cl4 Dinitrogen tetrachloride
NO2 Nitrogen dioxide
N2O Dinitrogen monoxide
QUESTION

CO carbon ______oxide

CO2 carbon _______________

PCl3 phosphorus _______chloride

CCl4 carbon ________chloride

N 2O _____nitrogen _____oxide
QUESTION
A. P2O5 1) phosphorus oxide
2) phosphorus pentoxide
3) diphosphorus pentoxide

B. Cl2O7 1) dichlorine heptoxide

2) dichlorine oxide
3) chlorine heptoxide

C. Cl2 1) chlorine
2) dichlorine
3) dichloride
 QUESTION
Match each set with the correct name:

A. Na2CO3 1) magnesium sulfite

MgSO3 2) magnesium sulfate
MgSO4 3) sodium carbonate

B. Ca(HCO3)2 1) calcium carbonate

CaCO3 2) calcium phosphate
Ca3(PO4)2 3) calcium bicarbonate
 QUESTION

A. aluminum nitrate
1) AlNO3 2) Al(NO)3 3) Al(NO3)3
B. copper(II) nitrate
1) CuNO3 2) Cu(NO3)2 3) Cu2(NO3)
C. Iron (III) hydroxide
1) FeOH 2) Fe3OH 3) Fe(OH)3
D. Tin(IV) hydroxide
1) Sn(OH)4 2) Sn(OH)2 3) Sn4(OH)
NAMING HYDRO ACIDS
 hydro + halogen name + ic
 Acids which do not contain oxygen (e.g.,
HCl, H2S, HF) are named by adding the hydro-
prefix to the root name of the element,
followed by the -ic suffix.
Formula Molecular Name Acid name
HF Hydrogen fluoride Hydrofluoric acid
HCl Hydrogen chloride Hydrochloric acid
H2S Hydrogen sulfide Hydrosulfuric acid
HCN Hydrogen cyanide Hydrocyanic acid
NAMING OXO ACIDS
 Oxoacid is an acid that contains hydrogen,
oxygen, and another element

HNO3 Nitric Acid

H2CO3 Carbonic Acid

Phosphoric
H3PO4
Acid
NAMING OXOACIDS AND OXOANIONS

Anion Acid
ClO4- (perchlorate) HClO4 (perchloric acid)
ClO3- (chlorate) HClO3 (chloric acid)
ClO2- (chlorite) HClO2 (chlorous acid)
ClO- (hypochlorite) HClO (hypochlorite acid)
 The rules for naming oxoanions, anions of
oxoacids, are as follows:
1. When all the H ions are removed from the “-
ic” acid, the anion’s name ends with “-ate.”
2. When all the H ions are removed from the “-
ous” acid, the anion’s name ends with “-ite.”
3. The names of anions in which one or more but
not all the hydrogen ions have been removed
must indicate the number of H ions present.
For example:
 H2PO4- dihydrogen phosphate
 HPO4 2- hydrogen phosphate
 PO43- phosphate
The mole concept
and Avogadro’s
number
Atomic Mass
 The mass of an atom of an element compared
with that of one atom of 12C. For example, an
atom of magnesium has twice the mass of an
atom of 12C. Its relative atomic mass is
therefore 24
By definition:
1 atom 12C “weighs” 12 amu
On this scale
1H = 1.008 amu
16O = 16.00 amu
Relative Atomic Mass (RAM)
 The weighted average of all of the naturally
occurring isotopes of the element.
Relative atomic mass (6.941)
 Naturally occurring lithium is:
7.42% 6Li (6.015 amu)
92.58% 7Li (7.016 amu)

Relative atomic mass of lithium:

7.42 x 6.015 + 92.58 x 7.016

= 6.941 amu
100
EXERCISE
 The table shows the mass numbers and
abundances of naturally occurring copper
isotopes.
Mass number Abundance
60 69 %
65 31 %

Find the relative atomic mass of copper.

EXERCISE
Hydrogen has 3 common isotopes that are
naturally formed. 1H, 2H and 3H. The percentage
of each of these found in a sample is found to be:
1H 99.986%, 2H 0.014% and 3H 0.0001%.
Determine the relative atomic mass for hydrogen.

1.0081
 MOLE
 In real, we deal with macroscopic samples.
 Atomic mass is too small.
 Idea :

Have a special unit.

To denote a particular no
of object.
MOLE
 The Mole (mol): A unit to count numbers of
particles Dozen = 12

Pair = 2

The mole (mol) is the amount of a substance that

contains as many elementary entities as there
are atoms in exactly 12.00 grams of 12C
1 mol = NA = 6.0221367 x 1023

Avogadro’s number (NA)

1 mol H atoms = 6.02 x 1023 H atoms
1 mol H2 molecules = 6.02 x 1023 H2 molecules
1 mol H2O molecules = 6.02 x 1023 H2O molecules
1 mol NO3- ions = 6.02 x 1023 NO3- ions

1 mol O2 molecules contain = 6.02 x 1023 O2 molecules

1 mol O2 molecules contain = 2 mol O
1 mol O2 molecules contain = 2 x 6.02 x 1023 O atoms
MOLAR MASS
eggs
 Molar mass is the mass of 1 mole of shoes
in grams marbles
atoms
1 12C atom = 12.00 amu
1 mole 12C atoms = 12.00 g 12C
1 mole lithium atoms = 6.941 g of Li

For any element

atomic mass (amu) = molar mass (grams)
 One Mole of:

C S

Hg

Cu Fe
INTERCONVERTING MASSES, MOLES
AND NUMBERS OF PARTICLES

Moles provide a bridge from the molecular scale to the

real-world scale.
MOLE CONCEPTS

Number of
atom/
Mass molecule/
ion

Moles x RMM or Moles x NA

RAM
How many atoms are in 0.551 g of
potassium (K) ?

1 mol K = 39.10 g K
1 mol K = 6.022 x 1023 atoms K

1 mol K 6.022 x 1023 atoms K

0.551 g K x x =
39.10 g K 1 mol K

8.49 x 1021 atoms K

EXAMPLE

Helium (He) is a valuable gas used in industry.

How many moles of He atoms are in 6.46 g of
He?
EXAMPLE
How many grams of CH2Cl2 are obtained in 2.88
moles of CH2Cl2? ( Ar of H = 1.0, C = 12.0, Cl =
35.5)
Solution.
Firstly we have to calculate the molar mass of CH2Cl2 = C + 2H
+ 2Cl
= 12 + 2(1) + 2(35.5) = 85.0 g
1 mol CH2Cl2 ≡ 85.0 g CH2Cl2
Thus, 2.88 mol CH2Cl2 = 2.88 mol x 85.0 g
1 mol
= 244.8 g
EXAMPLE
(a) Determine the number of atoms in 12.3 g Li
(b) Calculate the number of Br atoms in 32 g Br2
(Ar Li = 7, H = 1, S = 32, O = 16)
FORMULA MASS
 The sum of the atomic masses (in amu) in a
formula unit of an ionic compound.

1Na 22.99 amu

NaCl 1Cl + 35.45 amu
NaCl 58.44 amu

For any ionic compound

formula mass (amu) = molar mass (grams)
1 formula unit NaCl = 58.44 amu
1 mole NaCl = 58.44 g NaCl
EXAMPLE
What is the formula mass of Ca3(PO4)2 ?

3 Ca : 3 x 40.08
2 P : 2 x 30.97
8 O : 8 x 16.00 +
310.18 amu
EXERCISE
 Find the formula mass of:
a) (NH4)2S
b) (NH4)2SO4

 Determine the grams present in:

a) 0.200 moles of H2S
b) 3.40 x 10-5 moles of Na2CO3

 Find the moles present in:

a) 75.57 grams of KBr
b) 0.750 grams of Na2CO3
 EMPIRICAL
FORMULA &
MOLECULAR
FORMULA
EMPIRICAL FORMULA

A formula that gives the simplest whole-number

ratio of atoms in a compound.

Different compounds may have the same

empirical formula, example :
• Ethyne (C2H2) and benzene (C6H6) have the
same empirical formula CH
STEPS FOR DETERMINING AN
EMPIRICAL FORMULA
1. Start with the number of grams of each element
2. Convert the mass of each element to moles
3. Divide each mole value by the smallest number of moles
calculated.
4. Round to the nearest whole number.
• If the number is too far to round (x.1 ~ x.9), then
multiply each solution by the same factor to get the
lowest whole number multiple.
• e.g. If one solution is 1.5, then multiply each
solution in the problem by 2 to get 3.
• e.g. If one solution is 1.25, then multiply each
solution in the problem by 4 to get 5.
EXAMPLE
 What is the empirical formula of a compound
that contains 40.00% carbon, 6.67% hydrogen
and 53.33% oxygen by mass?

CH2O
EXAMPLE
Mercury forms a compound with chlorine that is
73.9% mercury and 26.1% chlorine by mass.
What is the empirical formula?

HgCl2
MOLECULAR FORMULA

• Formula that shows how many atoms/ions of

each element combine to make that
compound
• Once the empirical formula is found, the
molecular formula for a compound can be
determined if the molar mass of the compound
is known.
 STEPS IN DETERMINING
MOLECULAR FORMULA
Simply calculate the mass of the
. empirical formula

Divide the molar mass of the

compound by the mass of the
empirical formula to find the ratio

Multiply all the atoms (subscripts)

by this ratio to find the molecular
formula
EXAMPLE
 For a compound whose empirical formula is
CH2O, the molecular mass was found to be
180. What is its molecular formula?

C6H12O6
EXAMPLE
A compound is 75.46% carbon, 4.44% hydrogen, and
20.10% oxygen by mass. It has a molecular weight of
318.31 g/mol. What is the molecular formula for this
compound?
 PERCENT
COMPOSITION
PERCENT COMPOSITION
 The percent by mass of each element the
compound contains.
n x molar mass of element
x 100%
molar mass of compound

n is the number of moles of the element in 1

mole of the compound
PERCENT COMPOSITION
Aspirin is a compound with the molecular formula
C9H8O4. What is its percent composition?
PERCENT COMPOSITION
Analysis of a 12.04-g sample of a liquid compound
composed of carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen showed it to
contain 7.34 g C, 1.85 g H, and 2.85 g N. What is the
percent composition of this compound?
CALCULATING EMPIRICAL FORMULA
FOR COMBUSTION REACTION

When 5 g of acetic acid are burned in air, 7.33 g of

CO2 and 3.00 g of water are obtained. What is the
simplest formula of acetic acid?
∗ From CO2  determine the mass of C
C x 7.33 g x 12 g = 1.99 g C
CO2 44
∗ From H2O  determine the mass of H
2H x 3.00 g x 1 g = 0.33 g H
H 2O 18
∗ mass of O
= mass of sample – mass of C – mass of H
= 5 g – 1.99 g – 0.33 g = 2.68 g O
 Proceed with empirical formula calculation
EXAMPLE
 What is the empirical formulate for isopropyl alcohol
(which contains only C, H and O) if the combustion of a
0.255 grams isopropyl alcohol sample produces 0.561
grams of CO2 and 0.306 grams of H2O?

C3H8O
BALANCING
CHEMICAL
EQUATIONS
BALANCING CHEMICAL
EQUATION
1. Write the correct formula(s) for the reactants on the
left side and the correct formula(s) for the product(s)
on the right side of the equation
2. Change the numbers in front of the formulas
(coefficients) to make the number of atoms of each
element the same on both sides of the equation. Do
not change the subscripts
3. Start by balancing those elements that appear in only
one reactant and one product.
4. Check to make sure that you have the same number of
each type of atom on both sides of the equation.
 EXERCISE
Balance the following equations:

1. CH3OH + O2 → CO2 + H2O

2. Be2C + H2O → Be(OH)2 + CH4
3. VO + Fe2O3 → FeO + V2O5
4. MnO2 + HCl → Cl2 + MnCl2 + H2O
5. KO2 + H2O + CO2 → KHCO3 + O2
6. CH3NH2 + O2 → CO2 + N2 + H2O
 EXERCISE

Balance the following equations:

1. 2CH3OH + 3O2 → 2CO2 + 4H2O

2. Be2C + 4H2O → 2Be(OH)2 + CH4
3. 2VO + 3Fe2O3 → 6FeO + V2O5
4. MnO2 + 4HCl → Cl2 + MnCl2 + 2H2O
5. 4KO2 + 2H2O + 4CO2 → 4KHCO3 + 3O2
6. 4CH3NH2 + 9O2 → 4CO2 + 2N2 + 10H2O
STOICHIOMETRY
CALCULATION
STOICHIOMETRY CALCULATION

 The quantitative relationship between

reactants and/or products.
 In chemical equation, the formulae reactant
are written on the leftside on the equation and
the formulae of the products on the right.
2H2S(g) + SO2(g)  3S(s) + 2H2O(l)
 Coefficient = number of moles
 “2 mol of H2S is consumed to produce 3 mol of S”
 2 mol of H2S is consumed together with 1 mol of SO2
 The coefficients in a balanced chemical equation indicate
both relative numbers of molecules (or formula units) in the
reaction and the relative numbers of moles.
1. Write balanced chemical equation
2. Convert quantities of known substances into moles
3. Use coefficients in balanced equation to calculate the
number of moles of the sought quantity
4. Convert moles of sought quantity into desired units
 Methanol burns in air according to the equation
2CH3OH + 3O2 2CO2 + 4H2O
If 209 g of methanol are used up in the combustion, what
mass of water is produced?
grams CH3OH moles CH3OH moles H2O grams H2O

molar mass coefficients molar mass

CH3OH chemical equation H 2O

1 mol CH3OH 4 mol H2O 18.0 g H2O

209 g CH3OH x x x =
32.0 g CH3OH 2 mol CH3OH 1 mol H2O

235 g H2O
Methanol burns in air according to the equation
2CH3OH + 3O2 2CO2 + 4H2O
If 209 g of methanol are used up in the combustion, what
mass of water is produced?

1) Find mole of CH3OH

2) Use mole ratio

3) Convert moles to
13.0625 mol x 18 g/mol = 235.125 of H2O produced
mass (g)
 EXAMPLE
How many moles of CO2 are produced in the combustion
of 2.72 mol of C6H14O4, in excess of O2?
2C6H14O4 + 15O2  12CO2 + 14H2O

1) Find mole of of
2.72 mol
C6H14O4

2.72 moles excess ? moles

2) Use mole ratio

3) Moles of CO2 16.32 moles

 EXAMPLE
How many moles of CO2 are produced in the combustion
of 2.72 mol of C6H14O4, in excess of O2?
2C6H14O4 + 15O2  12CO2 + 14H2O

1) Find mole of of
2.72 mol
C6H14O4

2.72 moles excess ? moles

2) Use mole ratio

3) Moles of CO2 16.32 moles

 EXERCISE
 All alkali metals react with water to produce hydrogen gas and the
corresponding alkali metal hydroxide. Reaction given:
2 Li + 2H2O  2LiOH + H2 (MM Li = 6.9 g/mol)
How many grams of H2 will be formed by the complete reaction of 80.57 g
of Li with water?

1) Find mole of Li

2) Use mole ratio

3) Convert moles to mass

5.8384 moles x 2 g/mol = 11.6768 g of H2 gas
(g)
 EXERCISE
 All alkali metals react with water to produce hydrogen gas and the
corresponding alkali metal hydroxide. Reaction given:
2 Li + 2H2O  2LiOH + H2 (MM Li = 6.9 g/mol)
How many grams of H2 will be formed by the complete reaction of 80.57 g
of Li with water?

1) Find mole of Li

2) Use mole ratio

3) Convert moles to mass

5.8384 moles x 2 g/mol = 11.6768 g of H2 gas
(g)
 EXERCISE
Copper is obtained from copper(I) sulfide by roasting it in the
presence of oxygen gas) to form powdered copper(I) oxide
and gaseous sulfur dioxide.
(a) How many moles of oxygen are required to roast 10.0 mol
of copper(I) sulfide?
(b) How many grams of sulfur dioxide are formed when 10.0
mol of copper(I) sulfide is roasted?
(c) How many kilograms of oxygen are required to form 2.86
kg of copper(I) oxide?
2Cu2S(s) + 3O2(g) 2Cu2O(s) + 2SO2(g)

= 15.0 mol O2
= 641 g SO2
= 0.959 kg O2
LIMITING
REACTANT
 Limiting reactant: The reactant in a chemical
reaction that limits the amount of product
that can be formed. Entirely consumed during
a chemical reaction.

 Excess Reagent: The reactant in a chemical

reaction that remains when a reaction stops
when the limiting reactant is completely
consumed. The excess reactant remains
because there is nothing with which it can react.
 LIMITING REACTANT
• You can make cookies
until you run out of one of
the ingredients.
• Once this family runs out
of sugar, they will stop
making cookies (at least
any cookies you would
want to eat).

• In this example the sugar would be the limiting

reactant, because it will limit the amount of cookies
you can make.
 EXAMPLE
A 2.00 g sample of ammonia is mixed with 4.00 g
of oxygen.
1. Determine is the limiting reactant
2. Find the mass of NO produced
3. Find the mass of excess reactant remains after
the reaction has stopped?

4 NH3(g) + 5 O2(g) 4 NO(g) + 6 H2O(g)

 4 NH3(g) + 5 O2(g) 4 NO(g) + 6 H2O(g)

1 Determine the limiting reactant

NH3 O2

mole
Divide with
coefficient
Excess reagent Limiting reagent
 2 Find the mass of NO produced
Ratio from the
5 mol O2 4 mol NO
equation:

Find the mol of NO

produced

Mass of NO Mol of NO produced x molar mass of NO

produced 0.1000 mol x 30 g/mol = 3.00 g of NO produced
 Find the mass of excess reactant remains after the
3 reaction has stopped

Ratio from equation 5 mol O2 4 mol NH3

Find the mole of excess

reagent reacted (NH3)

(Mol of excess reagent available – mol of excess reagent

Find the mole of excess reacted) x molar mass of excess reagent
reagent remained (NH3)
0.1176 mol – 0.1000 mol = 0.0176 mol
Mol of excess reagent remained x molar mass of the
Find the mass of excess excess reagent
reagent remained (NH3)
0.0176 mol x 17 g/mol = 0.2992 g NH3 remained
 EXAMPLE

Zinc metal reacts with hydrochloric acid by the following

reaction:
Zn(s) + 2HCl(aq)  ZnCl2(aq) + H2(g)
If 0.30 mol Zn is added to HCl containing 0.52 mol HCl, how
many moles of H2 are produced?

0.26 mol
 Zn(s) + 2HCl(aq)  ZnCl2(aq) + H2(g)

1 Determine the limiting reactant

Zn HCl
mole
Divide with
coefficient
Excess reagent Limiting reagent

2 Moles of H2 are produced

Ratio from equation 2 mol of HCl 1 mol H2

Find the mole of H2

produced
 EXERCISE
In a process for producing acetic acid, oxygen gas is bubbled
into acetaldehyde, CH3CHO, containing manganese (II)
acetate (catalyst) under pressure at 60°C.
2CH3CHO(l) + O2(g)  2HC2H3O2(l)
In a laboratory test of this reaction, 20.0 g CH3CHO and 10.0
g O2 were put into a reaction vessel.
a) How many grams of acetic acid can be produced by this
reaction from these amounts of reactants?
b) How many grams of the excess reactant remain after the
reaction is complete?
Acetyldehyde, 27.3g ;
2.72 g O2 remaining
REACTION
YIELD
 REACTION YIELD

• Theoretical Yield is the amount of product that

would result if all the limiting reagent reacted.
• Actual Yield is the amount of product actually
obtained from a reaction.

Actual Yield
% Yield = x 100%
Theoretical Yield

The actual yield is never excess than the

theoretical yield.
EXAMPLE

In a lab experiment, 0.80 g of copper metal should be

produced. If a student actually made 0.77 g of
copper, what is the percent yield?

% yield = actual yield x 100

theoretical yield
= 0.77 g x 100
0.80 g
= 96.25%
 Example
The reaction of 11.9 g of CHCl3 with excess chlorine
produced 13.3 g of CCl4, carbon tetrachloride:
2CHCl3 + 2Cl2  2CCl4 + 2HCl
Find the percent yield.
The reaction of 11.9 g of CHCl3 with excess chlorine produced 13.3 g of CCl4,
carbon tetrachloride:
2CHCl3 + 2Cl2  2CCl4 + 2HCl
Find the percent yield

A) FIND THE THEORETICAL YIELD

1) Find mole of CHCl3

2) Use mole ratio

3) Convert moles to mass (g) mol x 154 g/mol = g of CCl4 produced

B) DETERMINE THE PERCENT YIELD

% yield
EXERCISE
Calculate the theoretical yield of ZnS, in grams,
from the reaction of 0.488 g Zn and 0.503 g S8

8Zn + S8  8ZnS

If the actual yield is 0.606 g ZnS, what is the

percentage yield?