NA 6 | Measunes of Central Tendency pe Centnal Tendency ¢ ee The tendency of the data to tend to the contra] Values of the data set is called cendnal -lendency, Measures of cewnal tendency : ac mm SLC YS A weasune of cennal tendency is a single value that attempts +0 desenibe a set of data by identifying the central position within that set of data, QD tmportance Application of vweasunes of centnal | | tendency ; |, Tt provides the ovenall picture of +he somes. 2. It allows +o compare one data sed ty another. 3. I+ allows +o compare one piece of data to the entne data set, Different Measunes of Central Tendency * j 4: Mean (Arithmetic vnean) | 2. Median (3. Mede { 4. Geomednic mean, (5. Harmonic meanale oe 7 Mean( Anithmerke Mean); \ For. ungrouped /naw data > lee =| JS Pee A ra dates ne . F For Fon grouped data data Fix =a) ea N==f % The monthly income Cin tk) of 5 persons wertking moa Finm is as follows — 19990, 20000, 24000, 25000, 30000 Find the average monthly inceme, { D> lek meeme = K ZX = 19990 + 20000 424000 + 25000 + 30000 = 8990 . XX = =X = 18990 = 23798 n 5 eo The average monthly income ts 23798 +k, * Calculate the mean form the FPollowin a Series — ] 7 Profits (+k lakhs) | 20-40 40-60] 60-80 80-100] 100-120(Profits) 20-40 500 [5000 40-60] 300 15 000 | 60-80) 28 0 139600 | 80-100 126 | 100-120 aS % Fon a set of is arithmetic observations x, , x peer ky width mean ¥, proof +hat = (ep-%) = 0 2 Here, No. of observation = 1 : ; _ Kt te et Mp So Arithmetic mean % = LHS = =Q,-%) = 06-8 )+0G-B +4 . 0... + O,-%) = Cyt te. thy) = WK = O4+% + teeta) on x ST ith = 4% +0 Th) Ones + ++ + J =0 = RS f LHS = RHS [Proved JJon s See Weighted Arithmetic Mean > attest Arithmetic Mean Arthmete +o all mean gives equal impontancé the : jmpon-hnce observations But fometmes the relative OF dit ferent observation is not the $ave q yn, Thats shy we use weighted anithmetc mes a Tr ath = - 3 Weighted Arithmetic Mean, Kw eS we K consider the Following informaton -for a small | Family in phaka duning July, 2000, & Find mean, Food Ttem Rice [Sugar | Pee] Or I Price Cth/rg) 8 [32 [3 Pop Quantity covsured( kg ) 3 q = a ? Lene ate F ood item] Wy | Rice 1g 3D | Sugax | 32 Z TE | Potato | 9 Fz a | 8) 42 ba [ a4 EW 245 EWX=85/ |Connecting Incennect Values > EX = Gnconneck value)+ TGonned-vale EX — = Erconneck valet E Konnetvaly Connect Avenage |X = Sean Lo —— a % The avenage weight fon 25 boys was estimated te be 78:4 OL, T+ was laten discovenca 69 0b instead of connect weights 75 Mb 290 fb, | Esxa Estate +e connect avenage. that the weight of -too beys were mignead as | = | | > Herne, SX =nX = 25 K48.4 = l9G0 2. Connect avenage, % = ee) = 79.48 @ * she mean of 200 obsenvatons was 50. Laten ee on, it was discovered that uw okeenvation weng wamongly read as 92 KR inctead of '92 2 8s, Find out +he connect mean, > Herne, =X =n X = B 200 y50 = [0000 “ 200 = 50-9= \b x8 | Here Le Median ! For ungnrouped data —s g x Arrange the data mm ascending [descending onder. Then — |) oF “98g) 7 [Me= Xue | oe) oe) | M X wt th Tf neeven —5 M (Xp tae 0 Xn = Value of 2 obsenva-tion | For Grouped. data —s ee ee = Loewen limit of median class, wh = Class wid, fe Oo = Frequency of median class, N= =F F = Cumulative Frequency below the lower limit of wedlian class, Cumulative Frequency > running total oF the Frequencie Ss,Graphically determined. by ogive cwnwe > Process ¢ Pacem ) At Finst draw a line diag nam ( give cue) of she given data eee } Y-axis = Cumulative Frequency |) Then set a point @) at oN. a Ww) AFf-ten pa that dnaw a panallel line Prom A to +he X-axis. Wy) Finally, draw a percpendiculan lime on the K-axis which gives Us +he median value,* From the Following data of wages of 6 workens Cin $k) caleulate the median wage, 1600 1650, 1690, Is@0 1606 1700, 7 Arranging the weges im ascending onden. Wwases Cin +k) 1580 Té0o0 Here, N= 6 Coven) Me = $$ (Kn + Xn yi) t 4(%, +Xq4) = $606 +1650) = 1623 % 940 workens ane working im an industial esctablis hymen: “Thein age is classified ag follows — Age | 8-22] 226] 230] 30.39 | ayae Workers] i20 | 125 | 28a] 266 | Is6 Calculate tredian by formula, also by drawing an ogive cunve, Ase | F Cumulative Frepuency, [3-22 (20 [20 22-26 125 245 __ 280 525 260 F385 34-38 | Iss 246 | IE 20 | Beth obsenvation = ae = 40 4th obcenvation, ve Median class is (26-30)2-245 Heners [eeu a tog F, = 280, N=940, Fe SMe = lot #( 4-2) = 4 26+ Se, ( 2-245) = 29.2) By ogive cunve Ganap ically) ee Le ro curve lo50— ‘00 + co * 50 Curoulahve 600 Frequengy 1507 : ave Q Wiute jy 4 ff yy sy o (B22 23d Age —> Fg-2 Grathically median determine by ogive curve The graph shows Ueanly that +the we diay value is 29-21| Related Positional Measures —> a, Beside median thene ane othen measures which divide a series into a equal yumber of parts. 4, Quantles 7+ divides total Frequency ito | N 4 equal parts CH) SE a, _ Ss 93 @el,+ & iN . Fe [5-54 EGR ns tee gees Pan Deciles > TH+ divides otal Frequency as lo | aa parts CH) a v S w yz # vy. w Vv v. Y y F og v i; Here, K= 1,2 --.. 9 13. Pencentles 3 T+ divides dodal frequency in-to pane ee loo equal pant ex | “1-H HHH EHH PPe 8 7 Pos fs = L ce oe (20) ro p lene’ ip 2eoThe profits eanmed by 100 companies duning 209-10 are given below — Profits(tk lath} 20-30] 30-40] 4o-s0 | 5e-60 | e070 No. of company | 5 | 21 19 28 (3% J | CAleulete SO, DP. with interpret the values, i” draw a box ‘poy by Sing these values, 6) Bah obs. = Boh obec, = 254h obs. 6 Gs Ties in (30-40) | & Lo= ae BF) 2304 2 BCR Hs) = 3426 “25% of the companies ean an annual profit of 34.26 lakhs tk on less. | | Cn AN obs. = er Oe pos D, lies fn class (40-50) | Hene, Lo = 40 he 10, f, 219 F-=36 :, b, clo +$ CBF) ago 2 Oe ~36) = 426) ss 40% oF the companies eatn an annual profit of 42a lakhs +k on lessSON ox | cm) SON 4th obs. = SONI obs. = Both obs, Peo lies im class Go -60) Hene, Loa 50, 2 10, fo=2e Fass ay BoN Jo /soxieo Peo = Lot = (SR) son 1S (M255). 58.93 Bo, of the companies earn an annual profit of 5.93 fakhs +k on less, Box Plot > oe el _ M Got Frequency west value Oxi mu wn value feel D, 30 i. zo L Fig 2 Box PlotMode ¢ Fon ungrouped data —> “he observation +hat occuned most is the value oF ynode Fon grouped data> © hae ae > = Lowen limit of ynodal class. 1 = Difference behveen Frequency of modal K pre-rnodal class, A, = Difference between freguenty of medaf & pogt- modal class, h = class width, Graphically determine —> ce reali ae eee Process + _—o ) Draw a histogram of the given date, ) Then draw +wo lines diagonally on the inside Coearett) oF +e ynedal class bac, stating from eact, Upper conner of the ban -to the upper conver of the adjacent ban, M) Finally, dnaw a perpendicular line from +e intensection OF the two diagonal lines to the X-axis which gives us the modal value,re *% Find the wmode of the senies » Eis? ]+[81s] ¢ > Here, 5 appeans maximum times. vw) Mede=s, % The following data relate to the sales oF 21 compan Sales Gk lakhs) 5-30 | 30-35 T= Calculate the Value of modal sales by formula also by gnaph, > Here, maxivurn frepuency is in the class (25-30) + Modal class is (25-30) Here, Lo = 25, 4,=9-423 4,54-5=2, f25 n My = be + ota xh =is+ Sous = 28 aa 10 y ¢ Nev oF ot ~ companies 15 20 25°30 35 40 Sales —» , . Figs ¢ Detenwminaken of wede by graph The graph sless cleanly that he wedal value is 28, Shows NDP wn® Relation behen Mean, Median K Mede ¢ Mede = 3 Median - 2 Mean CP dataset ap OW PENG) sacle * In a medenately asyrnmetnrical distri bao M vel the mode Q mean ane 32.1 25-4 respectver Caleulate the median, > we know | Medes 3 Median —2 Meany 7 321 = 3 Median -2x35-9 Median =34.3Sl ae omet ic Mean ° ————— vr ade Fort ungnreuped data > ae es GM. = [ Ky KQe rere xy |” For. Grouped data —> _ 1 = UF aie . Gi. = [shit we [rere N=e#;) at KG % The sales of Shijiazhuang CRangshan Textile Co. & Ud inereased from 20 million USD in 1990 +» 40 yillion USD im lool and Usp 60 million tn 1992, what was thein average nate of increase in sales dung that period ? > Year | Sales (Million usp) 1990 20 = 199] 40 2 1992 60 ns . y GM, = (2x15) % =ha3Z Treneasing nate (4) SH laRe2 Y Imenease fn sales =(93-2-100) y= 93-20%Harmonic Mean ° —————— For ungnreuped data > el a eee ee > % y 10 OT eM 4 20 05 | SM = oe E18G 5 BOs | Zo Ory | | EROS | * Caleulate fanvnonic wean from +he following data — % [elo | 16-%4 | 20-30 | 30-40 F [= | is [26 q > N ore [5 [8 Te fH ea = #1339 Te-20_| 18 Js +7 35! 20-30 25 io oF 30-40 | 35 4 Out N-ze ae SET 3-57 ee%K Suppose, you ane tnavelling do Nanayanganj from dP ke Je the sPortest distance is 1&8 Km. You drive your can fore the -finst 6 kro at a speed of 30km/bn, the next Gkm at 4otm/bn amd the rest at 20kw/kn, What was yout average speed ? a o 4 n 4 on i] cy > Here, N= Sf = % "Average speed was 2769 km/tn Properties of Pythagorean Means ° TS at, i, HM EE] tf a Qb ane constants such that x=(atby) whene x Ky ane two variables assuming values Xe Ky and Y, 54, sn Yn mespectively , thew K=(@ +55) [2] IF a set of m obsenvations %,%, 1-6) Ky and | 2 thot of no observations ¥,,y. 1 Sy mestestinet, | haveg means % & GF nespectively , then the combined mean, 2 of Gn+n) set of obsenvatiow will be — mK tng mtn Z= 3] AM > @mM > HM (SJ AM Xx HM = quOe Calculate ane arithmetic mean, geometric mean G* sok and Ranmonic mean from the Fellowing data — ae Class 4-6 | 6-8 Frequency Z Also show that am> am > HM 8-10 l [tp [Miavaigy FL ba 37 4 % _ Harmonic Geometric mean, GM = [> ae a = 4.87 We know AM x HM = @M> GM o AnithBetic mean, AM = aM = Gsay™ 4955 = 5.21 “AM > GM > HM [showed] oa2. Basic Vic ualization i Naniable/Data Type Most Suitable Measune Numenica! — > Mean (Anithmetic mea) Gortenval & Ratio) Data with extreme Values open ended class — Median Condinal,tmtenval f Ratio) Qualitative Data Mode. CNorimal Ordinal, Intenval, Ratio) Rate Percentages — Geometric Mean Geometnic progression ~ Speed , Density —— > Harmonic Mears Harmonic Datape Preopercties of Good weasune of Centad Tendency § 4. It should be easy +o understand, 2 Tt should be simple to compute , 3: T+ should be based on all the ab senvaction ¢ 4+ Tt should be rigidly defined , . B. I+ should be capable of Furthon a treatment, 1 I+ should fave savnpling Sta bilichy, FA. xt should met be unduly - affected by the presence .oF extreme val algebrate o He, #& Which is the best measures Why is it the best 2. D> Arithmetic wean oF cewtnal tende ney) is the best measures of central tendency. r+ ¥5 the besd fon Following Neasens — |, T+ uses alk values in the dak set Ay determine +e average , 2 I+ ts easy ty calculate , 3. T+ is suitable fon algebrate. treater 4, Tb can compane -wo on mene sets oF data eas; 5 lv (T+ is easy to understand,ade @ Merits Qi Limitation of different measwes ° f centnal tendency 2 ——— | 4. Mean ( Anithwetic Mean). ¢ Merits > 1) Easy +o calculate , ae I) Suttable for algebraic +tneatment, W) Based upon all +he obsenvatons. \Y) Easily compared wo on wore sets oF dada, Livnttacion > 1) Affected by extneme values, aS “ N) Cannot be used Son qualitehve data, WW) Camnot be Find sor open-end. class, 2. Medaan * Menits > I) Easy to calculate, Mews wW Net affected. by extneme values, W) can be calculated Sm open-end class, Iv) cam be located grap hica lly. D can be used fon qualitative data, Limitation D Not subtable Jen alsebnaic treatment » Not based won all +the observaong W) Afsected by sampling Fluctuation,3. Mede % Merits > 1) Easy +o calculate, | NW) Net affected by extreme values, | m) Can be find feo open-end class, Ww) Can be lecwtedl graphically. |Limitacon > Not suitable fan algebnaic treatment, | N) Not based upon all he obsenvations |) Cannot calculate combined mean, | 4, Geometric Mean 2 Menits >» D) Not affected by extreme values, | nN) Sudable For algebnaic treatment, Er iwidachon >) viFPicult do calculate, eo : te My Cannot be calculated wen any x; 25 zero. fu) Cannot be calculated when any x, vegative, > observation 5. Hammonic Mean * eke D Not affected by extreme values, | 4) Cam weeasute rate of ¢ Banges | Limitation >) DiFAcult +o calculate, W) Camnot be calculated when any observation, ss Zeno,Ce Comparison among mean, vnedian & ynode ¢ | Mean Median Mode 1. Easy to d.Easy +o |) Eagy te caleulate. calculate, calculate, 2. Based upen all observations. 2 Not based per all obsenvatens, 2. Net based upan all obsenvations, | 3. Suitable for | | extneme value } | | algebraic treatment 4. Affected by Bs Not suitable fort algebnarc treatment. 4. Not afSected by extreme value, 5S: Can be Fin, | treatment: BiNot surtable | en algebnate UiNot affected by extreme value — | 15. Cammot be find fon. open-end class, Sor open-end | tor open-end B. tan be find | 16 T+ is the | average of +e | | wumbens, class, 1 | | 6. T+ is the 6 widdle wumber) thet eccurs oF da sepucnce,, wost+ cften,Difference betweey, Arithwete mean & thtmonic mean ¢ LC Arithwete Mean | Hanmonie Meay | 1: Easy +o calculate, 1. DIF Acalt fo calevlate, 2 Used for numenteal data] 2: Used for fanmonic date, 3. Geneaterr than fanmonic|3. Less than arithmetic yneay 4. AP Fouted. by extrewe |4.Deeswt aFFected by values extreme values, B. Fon ungnouped date > 5. For ungroured date —s Aa) =x HM= am = EX =e Fore grouped data—> Fen grouped data SF we NO. Amn = HM = SE show at anithwetic mean deperdls on locadicn Conigin) KR scale oF measurement, > Change oF onigin weans some value Las been Mecation F added. or cubstracted in the observation And change OF scale weans sow valug multiplied or divide to the Observations is—— —T Se is 5, Suppose, mean of come cobservation TR weiadd 3 4p all ebsenvactions, then wow man alse imereases by 3, Similanly, MF we SU btg eof 3 fem all observations then rew mean alse decrease s by 3. TF we multiply each observartlons by x, Hen new yrean become shoes of imttad wean, Sivtlanly , iF we divide all obsenvattong Lip f_ 2, Hen vew mean = Initial mean “a Freom the above discussion We can say hak on locartion & Seale of wea sung wets , Csbo wed] ath, were nea depends HK Diseuss wise example," Arnith meHes ‘mean } aFFected by +06 extreme values ,'!, D Anithwete wean refers to tho = average amount ma given” group’ of data. r+ is oF Pectod . He extriawe values ‘because we tel u des 1 +e date: Inia senics, Example ; Suppose, A data set: X= £2 ee Here, extreme values me 2 &3, ; : I \ Anithwedle weay = EM 2H S Fe tS = 5-83New, we will lnemease the extnewes 2&3 by 1 each, fo The ww date sed, “=f 38% 449 Zee ww onithmelic mean = ZX = SEF th eity = 61% S. Arithmetic mean is affected by the extnene values % What is a median ? When do yeu prefer Pt sto the anithwetic mean? D> Median is +h wddle vnuwlen mow feentnal value Sorted (ascending on descending ) List oF mumbeng Ir the data contains cutlieng ten gece + Bk would use wedian rather arith te wean v Because “the value of +e anithwedl wean weuld te dominated by the oublioy trathen 4+han the typical values, ae Outliert 3A date point that diffenc Significantly fiom ‘otber obsenvatis . ”s,AMX Forveulae Ungrouped Data Gitouped Data Mean (x) = TF, MK /Arithmetc vw N mean, Cam) Corenect Mean) = %-=Gnconnect) 4 Gard} ss Cx) " Weighted Anisthrme-H a ream (Xa) Median, x hen nz odd h. QS) Xp bowel Lo BCS) in a tXn he 2 Og Mga) Coe Quartles _ Lo+& SNF) os 4 C45) Ci=1,2,3) Deciles _ wh / EN a) : bet $e Ge 8 Cke 22) Pencentiles _ Ly + bes AN ae) CP, x) Ck= 1999) Mode Observation +that <,) occured most lot waar Sa xh VGeometni i A rat | vnean Cam) [Ho Hn] [x ue x J Harwmonic n 1 Mean (HM Zee lean C| \) yy= & Obtain mean, median, mode, aM HM, @, Py and Pas frorn the allowing data. Then present the possible summany measures In one suitable diagnam , I 165-215 | 215-265] 26-5315 | 315ac5 | 365-415 Rorenkes | 2 | 22 | 14 io [2 |} a T Mid-poind] F, Age f e Ax; a Curnulative Frequency | ze 4 Vers-aig} 2 Io 38 rises} 22 | 24] 528 265-35] 14 29 | 406 3ns-365] 10 | 34) 340 | | f3es-4ns | 78 | | _ N | WeZPx -1390 ; ——+——_1_1 _ _ Mean, AM = Zi Xi 1390 23.8 . N Harmonic Mean, HM = So GM = AM x HM GM = [AM x HM = [BF xa & GM= 23-4)r Now, Sth obs, = 324 obs. = 25 4h obsenvateon, we Median class is (65-315 ) Herne, Li=265, oo50 ferlt, Fe24 be Median, Me = Lo + £¢ te) = 25+ H( 2-24) = 26:86 Now 2 Maximum -frequeny is an the class Giis-26-5) #8 Modal class is (21-5-26-5) Here, Lo= 21.5, 4,222-2-20 a,222-1428, A= 5 ° a 2o fe Mode = bo + St xt east Sooxs -25.03 Now, th obs. = 52 th obs = 12°5 th obs, fe @ lies dm @1.5-26.5) Here, Lo = 2bs hes F,=22, Feae2 HO = i+ bh( Mp) cag 4 5 (50 1 ot EG F) 25 +3 (52-2) Now, i th obs, = age = 23-89 “Te th obs. = 20 +h obs, fo Dy lies am ccs @l:5-26-5) Here, Lo= 215. 4% De hi / 4n 5 [4x50 _ 2 welt 2 (Ae). arse 2(% -2). =25.59 Lj See aeNow, 25N 4 obs, = tS X50 To 160 oo Pas lies an class (265-315) dh obs. = 37:5 ab th obs. Herne, |= 26:5 fos £ 214, Fe 24 ° era 35x50 os fs = bot pe 3M ek) 2 5 4 & ax -24) = 3132 4s. M M5 * ed Po Frequency 265 Ke 4 a “7 ' 165 —_ L Figs: + Bex plet fon distuibuton oF age.CEP Following ane the official meconds we menten | oe inoken sewing wackines tn Graybill ee Industny, obtain suitable measures of cer ak tendency, Nov of wendhs Since fustallation No. oF broken | eo | a9 5 1g | 2y | 35 machines [ > Ferm open-ended class median is used to measine central tendency, No. oF months Since installation 19-5 | 195-24 5] 245.295 css 3415-325] 395-445! D445 56 Cumulative Frepuency| 29-5-345 | Sherase ae 34:5-39.5 39-5-44.5 >445 56 [270 Neze =247] Aa obs, = eH th obs, = 121 th obs. is (Q9:5-34.5) Los2o5 ph=5, fi = 18 F109 " i h Ve Median, Mes Loa B (Mg) 29.5 + pe ( Se ~109) 32.83 jt) Median class Herne, WV "_ : * Calculate the mean, median & mode Fiem the VA dos . ° \ehe| Following distuibution ¢ : mg oy WeightCka)| 30-40 [40-50] 5 0] 80-90]. "| TRrerveney 18] a [s Hence comment on 40o natury of the dle-tributieg A skewress oF the distribution, > weight | a id-poi - ary “ee cy, ™ “lope, Cumulative frequency { 30-40 18 35 630 13 |Go-so | 34 a5 1665 5s soca | 45 | 55 | 2495 rx 60-FO UF 65 l455 Laz [0-80 | 12 0-80 is #5 S 80-90 E34 BS 680 | Noh 150 _ [reas #330 ' | _ ZAG _ 8330 mean = SUM. 2 255.53 Now, 24th obs, = 152 th obs = 75 +h obs, Se Median elass tg (50-60) Here L,=50, $210, 6 245 F=5S : ‘ = hk / No). a. ‘ B, Median,me = b+ (Sk)= 50+ A2-(45-55) 254.44 Now, Maximum freaweney isin the class (Go-go) = & Medal class is C060)" a oN Here. Ly = bo, A,. 45-34=8, 41=45-24=1F b= lo co ° . A, & vigte Mede=L,+ Bray Xh = 50+ Fre X10 = 5.08 Since Mean > Median Mode, it te pesitively skewed Listriby tion* From the Following wage distuibuton, calevlate BX? | median & vnede using graph : GO0-BOD | Bad- lowe | Jaw-i200| 200-14 00 Wage Cin Tk) | 200-4o0] 400-400 Nov OF employees 13 35 > Determining median geaphiealig by using graphy SS SEAS Wages Cin Tk) | Ne. oF employees # Cumulative Freeue ney 200-400 12 1 30 4o0-600 IZ 800-|o0D | lo00 -1 200 + oF 1200-1400 3 (a0 N= [oo—— by using graphs determining ho de