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A graduation project
Submitted to the department of civil engineering at
The University of Baghdad
Baghdad - Iraq
In partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Bachelor
of Science in civil engineering
By
Thourra Muhsin Khaleel Raghed Adnan Hameed
Supervised by
Assistant lecturer, Adnan Najem (M.Sc., in Structural Engineering)
July /2007
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Analysis of In-plane Structure Resting on Elastic Half-Space Foundation
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Analysis of In-plane Structure Resting on Elastic Half-Space Foundation
I certify that study entitled “BEAM ON ELASTIC FOUNDATION”, was prepared by under
my supervision at the civil engineering department in the University of Baghdad, in
partial fulfillment of requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Science in civil
engineering.
Supervisor:
Signature:
Date:
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Analysis of In-plane Structure Resting on Elastic Half-Space Foundation
We certify that we have read this study “BEAM ON ELASTIC FOUNDATION” and as
examining committee examined the students in its content and in what is connected to
with it, and that in our opinion it meets the standard of a study for the degree of
Bachelor of Science in civil engineering.
Signature: Signature:
Name: Name:
Date: Date:
Committee Chairman:
Signature:
Name:
Date:
Signature:
Name:
Date:
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Analysis of In-plane Structure Resting on Elastic Half-Space Foundation
Thanks:
We would like to present our great thanks to the head of civil engineering department
and their teaching stuff for all their great help and assistance along our study journey.
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Analysis of In-plane Structure Resting on Elastic Half-Space Foundation
ABSTRACT
The objective of this study is to develop a better understanding for the basic principles
of structural analysis of beams resting on elastic half space foundation so they can be
efficiently implemented on modern computers.
Develop a foundation’s stiffness matrices that take into the interaction between
adjacent points of the elastic foundation into consideration.
Analysis of the Beams on elastic foundation process is divided into parts. Firstly for
superstructure; the structural members (beams) were analyzed using linearly elastic
methods such as stiffness method. Secondly for substructure; elastic foundation
continuum is modeled according to the elastic continuum theory (elastic half space
model).Then both parts were assembled in matrix forms and analyzed by stiffness
method.
PROJECT LAYOUT
The project is divided into five chapters as follows:
Chapter one: presents a general introduction to the subject of stiffness method and
elastic foundation models.
Chapter two: presents the previous literatures published about this subject.
Chapter three: presents the theoretical bases for the analysis method and the elastic
foundation models derivations.
Chapter five: discuses the results of this analysis method. And recommend future steps.
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Analysis of In-plane Structure Resting on Elastic Half-Space Foundation
CONTENTS
Title……………………………………………………………………………………2
Supervisor words……………………………………………………………….3
Committee words………………………………………………………………4
Thanks……………………………………………………………………………….5
Abstract…………………………………………………………………………….6
Project Layout………………………….……………………………………….6
Contents…….……..………………………………………………………………7
Notation…………….……………………………………………………………….8
References………………………………………………………………………40
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Analysis of In-plane Structure Resting on Elastic Half-Space Foundation
NOTATION
E: Young's modulus of in-plane structure members (beam).
µ: Poisson's ratio of in-plane structure members (beam).
E0: Young's modulus of the elastic foundation.
µ0: Poisson's ratio of elastic foundation.
wmn: vertical displacement of foundation due to vertical force.
umn: horizontal displacement of foundation due to vertical force.
wMN: vertical displacement of foundation due to horizontal force.
uMN: horizontal displacement of foundation due to horizontal force.
Vn: vertical force at point n.
Hn: horizontal force at point n.
DOF: degree of freedom.
In: logarithm to the base e
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Analysis of In-plane Structure Resting on Elastic Half-Space Foundation
Chapter one
Introduction
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Analysis of In-plane Structure Resting on Elastic Half-Space Foundation
This model is based on the elastic continuum theory. Its basic assumptions are
homogenous, isotropic, elastic and infinite depth. This model treat the foundation mass
as one unit consist of number of finite elements that connected by nodes. Through
these nodes the contact pressure will be transmitted to the foundation mass.
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Analysis of In-plane Structure Resting on Elastic Half-Space Foundation
It was observed that for flexible beams the linear elastic analysis will yield tensile as well
as compressive contact pressures, as can be seen from Fig.(1.3). Tensile contact
pressures can also result from local uplifting forces due to wind load. However, for most
materials the contact surfaces cannot transmit tensile forces and will tend to separate,
thus causing non-linear behavior. An iterative approach has been adopted in this study
to deal with such a situation and convergence is usually reached after several cycles,
depending on the relative stiffness of the foundation.
It was also observed that the vertical contact pressures on the elastic foundation
produce horizontal displacements, which are resisted by the beam through friction and
shear bonding with foundation beneath it, resulting in developing horizontal contact
pressures even when only vertical loadings are present. These horizontal contact
pressures can affect the stresses in the beams to a significant extent for relatively stiff
foundations, and should be included in the analysis under such conditions.
An approximate approach was adopted in this analysis; which presume that a constant
pressure will be developed under each nodal points to spread over on the rectangle (a x
b) around each nodal point, such that the pressure around node i will be of the
magnitude Pi/ab. This approximation can be enhanced by reducing the dimension of
these rectangles (i.e. more finite elements).
The flexibility matrix of the foundation due to the step loads (vertical and horizontal
uniform loads) is first developed out for the appropriate nodal points, for two degree of
freedom for each node (i.e. 2DOF X 2DOF) which will be denoted by [2x2].Then the
discrepancy effect incorporated in the analysis, resulting in new Moment’s coefficients.
Therefore the total number of degree of freedom becomes [3x3].
Then flexibility matrix will be inverted (inverse process of matrices) to obtain the
stiffness matrix [3X3]. This Stiffness Matrix of the elastic foundation is then
appropriately added to the opposite assembly of overall stiffness matrix of in-plane
structure.
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Analysis of In-plane Structure Resting on Elastic Half-Space Foundation
This Total stiffness matrix will be solved to for the unknowns nodal displacements
(translations in X, Y axes and rotations in Z axis), subsequently the contact pressures
(vertical in Y direction and horizontal in X direction), and element internal forces (Axial,
Shear, and Bending Moments) for each element of the in-plane structure.
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Analysis of In-plane Structure Resting on Elastic Half-Space Foundation
Chapter two
Literature
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Analysis of In-plane Structure Resting on Elastic Half-Space Foundation
Generally credit to Biot [1937] with elaborating by Ohde [see appendix of Vesic and
Johnson ], treats the foundation as Elastic Half-Space medium. A few amount of
literature work on the elastic half space foundation are available. Analysis of in-plane
structures resting on elastic half space foundation also are quit few.
BIOT, M. A., [1937] considered the problem of bending, under a concentrated load, of
infinite flexible beams on a homogenous Elastic-Isotopic subgrade. He derived the
expressions for shear, bending moment at any point x of the beam. It is shown that the
Winkler's hypothesis is practically satisfied for infinite beams (AL > 5.0).
VESIC, A. B., [1961] extended Biot's solution of an infinite beam on semi-infinite elastic
solid and presented approximate analytical expressions for the integrals appearing in
the solution evaluated (47). These integrals were found to be presented by curves of
damped-wave type, very similar to the corresponding curves obtained by the
CHEUNG, Y. K., and ZIENKIEWICZ, 0. C., [1964-1965] solved the problem of slabs and
tanks resting either on a semi-infinite elastic continuum or on individual springs
(Winkler) using the finite element method. In the first model, they have depended the
Boussinesq equation in deriving the soil stiffness matrix that have been combined with
plate bending finite element to form the overall stiffness matrix of the whole system.
Also, they have made comparisons between the contact pressure distributions beneath
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Analysis of In-plane Structure Resting on Elastic Half-Space Foundation
foundation using the two models. Re-entrant corners, rigid walls on the slab edges,
concentrated moments due to bending of column, etc., involve little computational
difficulty in the method presented.
CHEUNG, Y. K., and NAG, D. K. [1968] extended the work of Cheung and Zienkiewicz
(1965) by allowing for horizontal contact pressures beneath the foundation. The effects
due to separation of contact surfaces due to uplift forces have also been investigated. In
addition, they have enabled the prediction of the bending and torsion moments in the
plate sections by adopting three degrees of freedom per node that the previous workers
did not.
DAVIS, R. 0., and Selvadurai, A. S., [1996] present a complete survey of fundamental
elasticity solutions of Geomechanics problems, most of these problems were solved in
the latter part of the nineteenth century, and they were usually solved for both
geotechnical application and to answer the basic questions about elasticity and behavior
of elastic bodies.
A considerable amount of literature work on the Stiffness Matrix method has been
published. Historically, the Matrix (stiffness) method of structural analysis was laid and
developed by:
These classical methods are considered to be the precursors of the matrix (Flexibility
and Stiffness) method, respectively. In the precomputer era, the main disadvantage of
these earlier methods was that they required direct solution of Simultaneous Equations
(formidable task by hand calculations in cases more than a few unknowns).
Levy, S., [1947] is generally considered to have been the first to introduce the flexibility
method, by generalizing the classical method of consistent deformations.
Falkenheimer, H., Langefors, B., and Denke, P. H., [1950], many subsequent researches
extended the flexibility method and expressed in matrix form were:.
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Analysis of In-plane Structure Resting on Elastic Half-Space Foundation
Livesley, R. K., [1954], is generally considered to have been the first to introduce the
stiffness matrix in 1954, by generalizing the classical method of slop-deflections.
Argyris, J. H., and S. Kelsey, S., [1954], the two subsequent researches presented a
formulation for stiffness matrices based on Energy Principles.
Turner, M. T., Clough, R. W., and Martin, H. C., [1956], derived stiffness matrices for
truss members and frame members using the finite element approach, and introduced
the now popular Direct Stiffness Method for generating the structure stiffness matrix.
Livesley, R. K., [1956], presented the Nonlinear Formulation of the stiffness method for
stability analysis of frames.
Since the mid -1950s, the development of Stiffness Method has been continued at a
tremendous pace, with research efforts in the recent years directed mainly toward
formulating procedures for Dynamic and Nonlinear analysis of structures, and
developing efficient Computational Techniques (load incremental procedures and
Modified Newton-Raphson for solving nonlinear Equations) for analyzing large
structures and large displacements. Among those researchers are: S. S. Archer, C.
Birnstiel, R. H. Gallagher, J. Padlog, J. S. przemieniecki, C. K. Wang, and E. L. Wilson and
many others.
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Analysis of In-plane Structure Resting on Elastic Half-Space Foundation
Chapter three
Theory
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Analysis of In-plane Structure Resting on Elastic Half-Space Foundation
3.1 INTRODUCTION
The influences of axial force on bending moment are neglected in stiffness matrix
assemblage. Also changes in member chord length due to axial deformation and bowing
effect, shear deformations are all neglected.
Structural analysis, of beams resting on elastic half space foundation, is the prediction of
the performance of a given structure prescribed loads and/or other external effects.
Both matrix methods (stiffness and flexibility) of structural analysis are based on the
same fundamental principles. However, flexibility method (Δ=F.P) is developed to
analyze particular case such as soil flexibility matrix, where the elastic continuum theory
solutions in terms of stiffness matrix form (P=K.Δ) is more difficult to incorporate in this
position.
In-plane structures are composed of straight members whose lengths are significantly
larger than their cross-sectional dimensions.
An analytical model is a simplified (idealized) representation of a real structure for the
purpose of analysis. In-plane structures are modeled as assemblages of straight
members connected at their ends to joints, and these analytical models are represented
by line diagrams.
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Analysis of In-plane Structure Resting on Elastic Half-Space Foundation
With reference to In-plane framed structure, element tangent stiffness matrix is entirely
consistent with the conventional Simple Beam theory. The local behavior of individual
element is first analyzed with respect to local reference system (L.C.S.) attached to
member itself. A transformation is then applied to pass from local to an arbitrary global
reference system (G.C.S.) as follow:
Stiffness matrix elastic foundation will be developed for two kinds of representations according
to the used approximations elastic foundation:
1−𝜇0
𝑢𝑚𝑛 = ∓ ………………………….…Eq.(3.7)
2𝐸0
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Analysis of In-plane Structure Resting on Elastic Half-Space Foundation
(1−2𝜇0 )(1−𝜇02 )
𝑢𝑚𝑛 = ∓ ……………………..Eq.(3.9)
(1−𝜇0 )𝐸0
For a strip under uniform load of magnitude (Vn/a), Fig.(3.2), with node (n) at its centre,
the deflections at any point m can be obtained by integrating equation (3.6) over the
loaded strip length (-a, +a):
Where the coefficient (Fmn) varies only with (r/a), and is given in Table (3.1).
For a strip under uniform load of magnitude (Hn /a), with node (n) at its centre, a similar
set of formulae with identical coefficients can also be derived:
𝐻
𝑢𝑀𝑁 = 𝜋𝐸𝑛 𝐹𝑀𝑁 ………………………….……Eq.(3.12)
0
Table (3.1)
r/a Fmn r/a Fmn
0 0.000 5 -8.802
1 -3.296 6 -8.931
2 -4.751 7 -9.052
3 -5.574 8 -9.167
4 -6.154 9 -9.275
Fig.(3.2) vertical and horizontal relative displacements due to uniformly loaded strip on
isotropic half-plane.
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Analysis of In-plane Structure Resting on Elastic Half-Space Foundation
1−𝜇02
𝑤𝑚𝑛 = 𝜋𝐸 …………………………………………..…Eq.(3.13a)
0 𝑟𝑛
(1−𝜇0 −2𝜇02 ) 𝑥𝑛
𝑢𝑚𝑛 = − ………………………………Eq.(3.13b)
2𝜋𝐸0 𝑟𝑛2
(1−𝜇0 −2𝜇02 ) 𝑥𝑛
𝑤𝑀𝑁 = ……………………………….Eq.(3.13c)
2𝜋𝐸0 𝑟𝑛2
(1−𝜇02 ) 1 2
𝜇0 (1−𝜇0 ) 𝑥𝑛
𝑢𝑀𝑁 = + ………………….Eq.(3.13d)
𝜋𝐸0 𝑟𝑛 𝜋𝐸0 𝑟𝑛3
The above equations are integrated for a uniformly loaded rectangular area (axb),
obtaining:
𝑉𝑛 (1−𝜇02 ) 1 1
𝑤𝑚𝑛 = [𝐵 sinh−1 𝐵 + sinh−1 𝐵 − 𝐶 sinh−1 𝐶 − sinh−1 𝐶] 𝑚 ≠ 𝑛…Eq.(3.14a)
𝑎𝜋𝐸0
2𝑉𝑛 (1−𝜇02 ) 1
𝑤𝑛𝑛 = [𝐵 sinh−1 𝐵 + sinh−1 𝐵] 𝑚 = 𝑛……………………………………..……Eq.(3.14b)
𝑎𝜋𝐸0
𝑉𝑛 (1−2𝜇0 )(1−𝜇0 ) 1 1 1 1
𝑢𝑚𝑛 = − [𝐵 tan−1 𝐵 + ln − 𝐶 tan−1 𝐶 − ln ] 𝑚 ≠ 𝑛……..Eq.(3.14c)
2𝑎𝜋𝐸0 √(1+B2 ) √(1+C2 )
𝐻𝑛 (1−𝜇02 ) 1 1
𝑢𝑀𝑁 = [𝐵 sinh−1 𝐵 + sinh−1 𝐵 − 𝐶 sinh−1 𝐶 − sinh−1 𝐶] +
𝑎𝜋𝐸0
𝐻𝑛 𝜇0 (1+𝜇0 ) 1
[𝐵 sinh−1 𝐵 + sinh−1 𝐶] 𝑚 ≠
𝑎𝜋𝐸0
𝑛 .…Eq.(3.14g)
Where:
𝐵 = {2(𝑚 − 𝑛) + 1} 𝑎⁄𝑏
𝐶 = {2(𝑚 − 𝑛) − 1} 𝑎⁄𝑏
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Analysis of In-plane Structure Resting on Elastic Half-Space Foundation
Therefore, for any set of grid points, the deflections of both cases can be written as:
Where
𝑑1
𝑑2
{𝑑} = :
:
𝑑
{ 𝑛}
𝑃1
𝑃2
{𝑃} = :
:
𝑃
{ 𝑛}
𝐻
{𝑃𝑖 } = { 𝑖 }
𝑉𝑖
If the horizontal contact pressure is ignored, then
{𝑑𝑖 } = {𝑤𝑖 }
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Analysis of In-plane Structure Resting on Elastic Half-Space Foundation
{𝑃𝑖 } = {𝑉1 }
The foundation matrix has now to be combined with that of a beam or plate which is
divided into finite elements. Such matrices are given in standard texts (e.g. Livesley,
1964) in the form of equation (3.12) connecting the nodal forces {F} and displacements
{v}.
{𝐹} = [𝐾]{𝑣}………………………..Eq.(3.17)
The components of each nodal force {F} and displacements {v} will depend on the
nature of the problem. It should be noticed that equations (3.17) and (3.18) are not
compatible since the Moment rotation terms are present only in the latter. Therefore,
the foundation matrix should be augmented by appropriate rows and columns of zeros
or alternatively as described in the section on beams on elastic foundations with
horizontal contact pressure. However, the Moment-rotation terms can be incorporated
by adopting a more refined approach in which the effects due to a point couple on the
boundary are considered. Equation (3.16) can be rewritten as:
{𝑃} = [𝐾𝑠′ ]{𝑣}………………………..Eq.(3.18)
Now if Qi represents an external applied load to a node, then the effective external
force acting on that node is:
{𝐹𝑖 } = {𝑄𝑖 } − {𝑃𝑖 }
Substituted in Eq.(3.12), lead to:
{𝑄𝑖 } = [𝐾𝐵 ]{𝑣𝑖 } + [𝐾𝑆′ ]{𝑣𝑖 }………………………..Eq.(3.19)
{𝑄𝑖 } = [𝐾𝐵 + 𝐾𝑆′ ]{𝑣𝑖 }……………………….………..Eq.(3.20)
Or:
{𝑣𝑖 } = [𝐾𝐵 + 𝐾𝑆′ ]−1 {𝑄𝑖 }…………….………………..Eq.(3.21)
The contact forces can be obtained from equation (3.18).
In the, following analysis, only the vertical contact pressures have been considered,
although the horizontal contact pressures can also be taken into account without
difficulty. An iterative approach is adopted and convergence is usually reached after
three to four cycles.
The procedure can be outlined as follows:
(i) Perform the analysis as given in previous section. A linear elastic solution is
obtained.
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Analysis of In-plane Structure Resting on Elastic Half-Space Foundation
(ii) If all the contact pressures are compressive the problem is terminated. If
otherwise, proceed to next step.
(iii) Find out the^ nodes which are associated with tensile or zero contact
pressures and make the corresponding rows and columns in the original
flexibility matrix zero.
(iv) Invert the new flexibility matrix and repeat step (i).
After each iteration process the nodes components, which have been eliminated, will
always yield zero contact pressures.
From Figure (3.2), it can be seen that the Beam stiffness matrix is given for forces and
displacements with respect to its neutral axes (x, u) and that the foundation matrices
are given with respect to the interface (x’, u’). Therefore modifications must be
introduced to overcome this discrepancy.
Even though, if only vertical contact pressure is considered, this modification still
workable; since vertical contact pressures on the elastic foundation will produce
horizontal displacements, which are resisted by the beam through friction and shear
bonding (at the interface level) with foundation beneath it, resulting in developing
couple forces (at the neutral axis level) that will effect the internal Bending Moment of
Beam and changes it.
Fig.(3.2) discrepancy between In-plane structure (Beam) and elastic foundation displacements.
At node (i) (using primed symbols for the foundation system) the following relationships
can be established.
𝑤𝑖′ = 𝑤𝑖 …………………………………….……..Eq.(3.22a)
𝑢𝑖′ = 𝑢𝑖 − 𝜃𝑖 (ℎ⁄2)……………………………Eq.(3.22b)
𝑉𝑖′ = 𝑉𝑖 ……………………………………….…....Eq.(3.22c)
𝐻𝑖′ = 𝐻𝑖 …………………………………………....Eq.(3.22d)
𝑀𝑖′ = −𝐻𝑖′ (ℎ⁄2)………………………….……Eq.(3.22e)
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Analysis of In-plane Structure Resting on Elastic Half-Space Foundation
Expanding equation (3.17) and taking into account equations (3.22a) to (3.22d),
obtaining:
𝐻1 𝑙11 𝑙12
ℎ
− 2 . 𝑙11 𝑢1
…
𝑉1 ℎ … 𝑤1
𝑓11 𝑓12 − 2 . 𝑓11
…
ℎ ℎ ℎ2
𝑀1 − 2 . 𝑙11 − 2 . 𝑙12 + . 𝑙11 𝜃1
2
⋮ = ⋮ ⋮ ⋱ ⋮ ………………………….……Eq.(3.24)
ℎ
𝐻𝑛 𝑙𝑛1 𝑙𝑛2 − 2 . 𝑙𝑛1 𝑢𝑛
…
…
ℎ
𝑉𝑛 𝑓𝑛1 𝑓𝑛2 − 2 . 𝑓𝑛1 … 𝑤𝑛
ℎ ℎ ℎ2
[ −2. 𝑙𝑛1 − 2 . 𝑙𝑛2 + . 𝑙𝑛1
{𝑀𝑛 } 2 ] { 𝜃𝑛 }
The investigation of the effect of neighboring loads is of great importance when new
buildings are being constructed by the side of existing structures. The presences of the
neighboring loads will cause-displacements {vn} at the nodal points of the existing beam
or plate. It is evident that the same displacements can be caused by a set of fictitious
forces acting directly at the nodal points by using equation (3.17).
Thus
{𝑃𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑡. } = [𝐾𝑠𝑛 ]{𝑣 𝑛 }………………………….……Eq.(3.25)
Where:
[𝐾𝑠𝑛 ]: the foundation stiffness corresponding to {𝑣 𝑛 }.
The set of fictitious forces can now be treated as external forces applied to the, beam
and solved as outlined in the section on the complete stiffness formulation.
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Analysis of In-plane Structure Resting on Elastic Half-Space Foundation
Chapter four
Computer program
Page 26
Analysis of In-plane Structure Resting on Elastic Half-Space Foundation
4.1 INTRODUCTION
A computer program (software) is developed in this study to analyze in-plane structures
(beams) resting on elastic foundation (modeled as elastic half space medium) using
Stiffness Matrix.
The computer program is coded with FORTRAN 90 programming language. Most of the
new features, characteristic tools, and functions of this language, such as dynamic
arrays, have been employed in this program. A description of the program procedure
and flow charts are presented below. In addition, a complete program text, input data,
and outputs are presented in appendix A.
In the present study the computer program was modified to carryout the linear elastic
analysis of in-plane structures resting on elastic half-space foundation. The flow chart of
the program is listed below. In addition the Winkler-type foundation subroutine is also
included in the program for the purpose of comparison.
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Analysis of In-plane Structure Resting on Elastic Half-Space Foundation
8. Inverse the flexibility matrices to produce the soil stiffness matrices and modify
it by applying Eqs.(3.22) to overcome the discrepancy between the substructure
and the foundation as shown in Fig.(3.2).
9. Apply Eq.(3.25) to foundation stiffness matrices to calculate the neighboring
loading effects.
10. Assemble the system structure matrix [τ] using Eq.(3.5).
11. Apply the restrictions of the boundary conditions and calculate the reduced
system matrix.
12. Solve the set of equations using Gauss-Jordan elimination method to evaluate
the global displacements vector [V].
13. Check if there are negative displacements at any node (i).
14. If it is exist, then modify foundation flexibility matrices using by eliminate the
corresponding rows and columns of that node (i). Then inverse the flexibility
matrices to produce the modified soil stiffness matrices.
15. Repeat this process until there will no negative displacements at any node (i).
16. Modify the total stiffness matrix.
17. Solve the System of linear equations using Gauss-Jordan elimination method to
evaluate the global displacements vector [V].
18. Transform the displacements vector form global coordinate to local coordinate
system using transformation matrix [B].
19. Evaluate the contact pressure (vertical and horizontal) between the in-plane
structure and the elastic foundation.
20. Calculate the member forces (axial forces, shear forces, and bending moments)
for each element.
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Analysis of In-plane Structure Resting on Elastic Half-Space Foundation
Yes
Is there are negative
displacements exist?
No
Page 29
Analysis of In-plane Structure Resting on Elastic Half-Space Foundation
OUTPUT UNIT
Print in-plane structural displacement, in G.C.S.,
(Vertical, horizontal and rotations) (1→NN)
OUTPUT UNIT
Print Internal Forces, in L.C.S., (Axial Force, Sear Force,
and Bending Moment) for left and right side of each
element: (1→NE)
END
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Analysis of In-plane Structure Resting on Elastic Half-Space Foundation
100 T
40 T
20 T
E = 2,100,000 T/m2
E0 = 300,000 T/m2, ν = 0.3
120
100
100
applied load (TON)
80
60
40
40
20
20
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
node number
Node Number
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
0
0.05
Vertical Dispalcement (mm)
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
Fig.(4.3) displacement diagram
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Analysis of In-plane Structure Resting on Elastic Half-Space Foundation
Node Number
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
0
Vertical Contact Pressure (TON/M2)
10
20
30
40
50
60
Fig.(4.4) contact pressure diagram
60
40
20
Shear Force (TON)
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
-20
-40
-60
Node Number
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Analysis of In-plane Structure Resting on Elastic Half-Space Foundation
30
25
20
Bending Moment (TON.M)
15
10
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
-5 NodeNumber
Second example:
Beam on elastic half space with vertical contact pressures only (Fig. 4.7).
The results are compared with those obtained by Zienkiewicz, 0. C, & Cheung, Y. K. 1964)(4)
using finite element method. The agreement is good.
5.0 ft 5.0 ft
1.0 ft
4000.0 lb
2.0 ft
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Analysis of In-plane Structure Resting on Elastic Half-Space Foundation
Node Nomber
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
0
0.002
0.004
Deflection (in*1000)
0.006
0.008
0.01
0.012
0.014
0.016
0.018
Node Number
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
0
0.2
Vetical Contact Pressure (lb/sq.ft*1000)
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
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Analysis of In-plane Structure Resting on Elastic Half-Space Foundation
1.5
0.5
Shear Force (lb)
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
-0.5
-1
-1.5
-2 Node Number
1.5
Bending Moment (lb.ft)
0.5
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
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Analysis of In-plane Structure Resting on Elastic Half-Space Foundation
Third example
Beam with both vertical and horizontal contact pressure on elastic half-space foundation.
The results are compared with those obtained by Vesic, A. S., and Johnson, W. H., (1963)(11)
using a mixed force and displacement method. The agreement is good.
8250.0 lb
1.0 Inch
E = 30.0E6 Psi
E0 = 1173.0 Psi, ν = 0.15
Node Nomber
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
Deflection (in)
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.45
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Analysis of In-plane Structure Resting on Elastic Half-Space Foundation
Node Number
-15
-10
-5
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
Vetical Contact Pressure (lb/sq.in)
10
15
20
25
30
35
1.5
0.5
Shear Force (Kip)
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
-0.5
-1
-1.5
-2 Node Number
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Analysis of In-plane Structure Resting on Elastic Half-Space Foundation
40
35
30
25
Bending Moment (Kip.in)
20
15
10
-5
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
Node Number
Chapter five
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Analysis of In-plane Structure Resting on Elastic Half-Space Foundation
5.1 CONCLUSIONS
Depending on the results obtained from the present study, several conclusions may be
established. These may be summarized as follows:
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Analysis of In-plane Structure Resting on Elastic Half-Space Foundation
5. The results show that the increasing foundation rigidity (stiffness) will increase
vertical contact pressure.
6. The results show that the variation of soil elastic properties (Poisson’s Ratio and
Hook’s Modulus) for different soil types can significantly change the structure
internal forces and contact pressure distribution.
5.2 RECOMMENDATIONS
Many important recommendations could be suggested:
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Analysis of In-plane Structure Resting on Elastic Half-Space Foundation
5. The developed soil stiffness matrix is quit important and easy going if one might
want to study the influence of neighboring loads on existing structure behavior.
REFERENCES
1. Love, A. E. IT. (1966). A treatise on the mathematical theory of elasticity.- London
Cambridge University Press.
2. Timoshenko, S. & Goodier, J. N. (1951). Theory of elasticity. 2nd ed. London:
McGraw-Hill.
3. Zemochkin, B. N., & Sinitzyp, A. P. (1962). Practical method of calculating beams and
plates on elastic foundations (in Russian). 2nd ed. Gosstroiizdat.
4. Zienkiewicz, 0. C, & Cheung, Y. K. 1964). The finite element method for the analysis
of elastic isotropic and orthotropic slabs. Proc. Instit. Civ. Engrs. 28, August, 471—
488.
1. Livesley, R. K., and Chandler D. B., "Stability Functions for Structural Frameworks."
Manchester University Press, Manchester, 1956.
2. Livesley, R.K., "The Application of an Electronic Digital Computer to Some Problem
of Structural Analysis." The Structural Engineer, Vol. 34, no.1, London, 1956, PP. 1-
12.
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Analysis of In-plane Structure Resting on Elastic Half-Space Foundation
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Analysis of In-plane Structure Resting on Elastic Half-Space Foundation
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