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    Shivdas 10 Year Environmental Studies Bcom

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    08 Ajay Halder 11- C
    Very nice of you ???

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    ‘SYLLABUS com, (Hons) Semester = 1 (ONMENTAL STUDIES cme ion mb eee Pram) Sone Te re pe fra sl by pg ap awies0 Tp om ara pss ad Feoues tha Ca inp imi o stan i Se acre of nin ate on the We 0 nes a Taos a oe ESTEE ig seer (iene, cal, on ay as crepes Ce at en pope ee es es a re op Sema So area, econ (tary Ce eT ee Snopict eepins capo and Woophare, ria SS wae Te cylin diced Sparen Sees cae ras Pe ane et re «(Erman Tea. Fe, Grand, Det Aquatic (goa SSeS ES rte PI as ES te, Regutng, curt and sopping =— ‘teratoma Bae of Eowyn (6 Looms) vi (steer) ST oped cope, mat nl Sa Soo aha res Saws ees women + ara ite pe Apostate: Se Sreey ea ergy source ‘Sewer, Mion, Cty tar way, Sea ‘ori ree ar ‘bard: Boowansty AN Consavarion (s Lecrass) Denton ef fhndvery: Cw of olga vers: game, paces and + Ilsa ng erst ptn Bogen aphisorset in adversty asp [sc ergs pei of TUCK at cre a ag. + Value of Mediemayt Ecologia, economical eoal atric and ‘Nomoto aha of tae wih examples cred groves and tha Impance wh nam «Tien lode Habitat I, gration an fegmestton: Poaching ete le th Bgl men wt peo nah Fodneaty, Curent rs extinction ci «dvr oneereatan sega ae cite methods of conservation: ional Prk Wide Sacuare and Bmpr eerves Keystone, ag, Cnella a indkatrspeses Species rvowtcon ard alain «+ e'nutien Cofemporty tna ide and oder sts movements Sei rjc tens Boat Tape Poet Elephant, Valve tewding progam, je Gran aS Cnme aration poe. Sealey US: EtronenTAL POLIT (6 Lecrmts) * Secret pluton Ai water, i hema anne aes ec (ls Pinay andor flare: At ad wate us sands | SSR hed Sr Romani mach 1 So waste management Control ncenares or varusype of wba indus State Tnardoue tnt, Ewa ot Waste sepepton and dipor + Potato oe sadn Canga Action Flan (GA, Bl a polo and public ‘eth ee Pte waste nagonent res Bhopal gos ape. ‘User 6 Guonas Eeonnenral ISSUES 9 FOU (zens) * Cun Chiat hang, tl wsrming Onone ayer deplete ahd i a {nbional spect and roemonee treme UNECE Mowat tnd Rye protec Convention BologcalDeveraty (CBD), Rona {Cavett Cia espa Cention (CWO) UNEP, CITES + Sitinable Development Gans nua’ Natal Aevon Pan imate (Ghange and ae man + Stunt leis Indie Wide Potton Act, 2970 War (Creation ard Cont ef Polat) Al 174 Foret (Conservation) Act 180, ‘frown & rao Pte) AoE ran ct ‘Ste Schedules Tbr and oder Tena Foren Dwele acogiven rest His) Ac 20h ‘oar: Cennnea o Bme (eras) Manan popaltion “on ervionment umn ‘heat an writes Ccbon organ + Reetemen and subiiation of developmental poke afc eros and ‘Gennes meant cue sin + Tnvtonenal movements Chilo movement Apike movement Sent valley oven Bole ajied, Namad ch’ Adan Se + Environmental justi Nana! Gre Thana ane mporaee ‘Environmental plorophy: Enver eds Ref farous reigns and ‘tral pacer enaamer corto + Environment communist and public awarenes Case ude (4 CNC ils Tn alla Sach Bho Abhgan, Natal Enonment Avatenes Campaign (MEAG, Nona Gren Corps GC} “Heol progres | i) ves SS aa pre dee eon Sree ent ea a ee sate a = ripe reeable reounes. Hnberand water which ean be ‘Say bp mtaral process sch as regrowth oF ral, canbe ‘SES Sar umportant to oc even thene rsoucesWislY 60 tt we Soe poms etn Se germ TNS lll sustaiaie Gunauo or eveopnen Ths environmental studies einige the awareness SSPE AS US wis he probleme couse due to ther exploitation and ‘Sepudason rt alosenpwtant hat each individual realises the importance of ‘Stiment ani changes the ways in which We us energy sour. Unsutanae inion can tlt from overne of resources, acai of popabten plas and Reise many of us ae sing more resources than We Kez re Trvrcamest is mlicipinary in Oa unmet acnguar met Reoer 4! the dvesiiaton cf mate cule and the fact hat by bag wel acquainted with (be eovtonnent and i= demens one can lead a heal, pul and lng fe The Meciancrin waticed ty hesumof on enviermntal acors ee filo tment tes INTRODUCTION TO ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES 3 ‘The interrltion of thew five factor afets human Iie and these acon work {in conjneton and not nation, Thum the sty of environment is important for sumenane of fe "The norco comment cone ther epi nde the flowing diisons i) Productive value of nature. With the advancement new ek seh 1 botechnology and dewlopment of new medicines a indus Produc, it eer thatthe word’ species contin an incredible and Tincountale number of complex compounds. These for the am ‘material and thus, open upthe scope fr further advancement in product ‘evelopment, useful for iar (i Aenthete Recreational value of nature. The beauty of nature and the valves asocated wit {tare proses. One can appreciate the ragnicence of a mountan, the power of the sea but recreating the ame is not pos. The Nation! Pars and Wilde Sanctuaries in ‘eltvly undisturbed aren crete a true experience of wikerness. rings abot an undersancing ft oneness of nature al heft hat wwe ae entirely dependent onthe incate functioning of ccorystems. (i) Theoption values of nature The erasing dependence onthe tcosystem fornet only our heeds But ao fo our gree hes made s avalble tothe ‘option values of nature. We can gredity use the resources and deplete ‘hem eavng nothing for the generations to come. Allematvely we can sustainably use the Natures foun, its goods and services sn save fem for frre (0.2. isthe ‘study of he environment the need ofthe hour? ‘Or What ar the objectives and guiding principles of environmental stay? Ans. Human beings have neglected to adknovledge the temendos benefit Nature provides 1s impossible te truly estate the real value of what Nature ‘has given tows. Forex, frets prevent sil erosion landeldes and ong maintain the purity of air and water, affect local and global rainfall regulate imate foctuntions; and promote watersheds and biodlverey. Envicnmmental studies give a gpest importance to Ue parton environment ‘caused dito human activites. Ins, the major envionmenal sues are assessed snd the gravity of these problems is measure and thet solutions are found. (Bnaeocais wae irae Rabat ceson Senco gence, [8 Aca coche condone sae ee UNIERSTY SES fs of ernment ais nie eect onan eens a AY 1H rand aed peters. . ‘ ceria ey experince and ewe ic (0 Kooga he enronment and asec probes eS ses cao elu and fcngs of ence for the aie, ASE anata prpaton i nvironea Seren poet 6) RET ener ennng and sling enorme poems, (ans. ae ower ore hd on Erde Doms of slgaal om, soca, ssthei ae Tkzoca ae (o) Retpaien Poids an oporuniy o be actively volved at alt Eegrctine de ono event problems ‘Thesis seated th etonnentl sue are Pi Ca be eimment in fe oat (etra, aii, sch coon sera col «= Soorstirs coe i proc Ton naeccpiony mph $ To cephatm on tive peyton in previo anion ‘etiopaon in prevent «same eupr erent aes fom cal nena ein and international points of view. “ = «Tetons on are pot cirnmenal situations. {Tecan meena epects mn lr fr goth ane develop 4 To ste pen the emseny ofenronmeral problems and the need {2 deeop cael Siig and protien slings + owe th val and emo lca nolan interana | Soha 2 ptr and Sti of eon probleme fo tne dene ering abot the envicrmant and aferet |SPProaches to teaching and learning about environment. ve Be ep Lares to dlcover the symptom and the rea causes of ‘vctmeral proiene + Tela ervaemercl sens, know ‘erty, knowles, problem-solving an . ‘Pate asication at energy grade level Sr prtiewesitieene Tepe kamen wo hav len pang ic lenng exer ean operat for meking dts and esate at conangure (2-3 Baberate onthe mulnciplinary natu of environmental studies. or i Emicnmentl studies considered 8 mult ic Penh portance ofthis couse providing salutes ay sab? ‘hus considered mld soures of land, water, at INTRODUCTION TO ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES m5 ShesfleseeRmeeslt erermeranetinei ang wel este Sarit sees Sergi s earn eee ee eo ra ee a es rene aoe mrs asx cusped sew et yO eee SE ee aides annie Sa adic ae IY nT eminent Gs Aon eee eee Ss ce erie eat ee Se civeaci Nt da i al cigs Sm Seas aa ee ee ee Se a i dnl iis area eae ee ee ee Sore es a aes een ee haat aciligint Jaros Sr cesar or wie amp gam any xy i ane I can ny ng Von yee tt na wt a ag seep Ans. Since the advent of industrialisation, the natural resources are rapidly cere sire a soo mio es aa Sc ots fe ee ce ee Sore ee meter ere Sr ee eee avec cere y tates Se ua neuen ies ake eee es See eT eee ie ee een oo elie su ey toe a ae are a rece soa ee eis re en aloe masta east tar eee ee See See eee RRR ee er sano we ee ese a eee ny ot ET SES ae ip ant oe Mh TE Aig cose pedo gee , Sgt mh ae 8 Sg : ens cl See of da) sree ni tt nt CRETE TE Sanne craton at SUM seg foe of Noone mean mang Youth hg ae 2 8 eS cna uo ee ee cs eon IM PoreM EES SES SR hate aes ay ated ee ‘as Se ccs a Asin cose oa ae we sees cet twit Tenor cane beable tome eas a meme SESE SS cance of aviormentl Sens a compo OSES SEE Ernest nd: Dee the ee eee Laing te gale tis cuses 0B Sg ieee tet romper oom ances te pote mah frre tet enact with nature ad he Knowledge SSIS Saal pee meng ae Sherali ant el wh SSS ea Sang ih ervtroentl pees SEE pei Ig an Sealy me be nwo os omy andr batter eve toy ae eo Fem extent Thee sad come see a (© ES romps many othr sine domain. In avr SS es Sik tino omy ahr bus of “Soe Tl op nee wt uly fo pl so Sean een ag Bice abreast ee ee ste Sc en and aes ce eter SEE.Srrcuse ta ig hg domed bese. heer Tsp ene bon tea oo nance dais cra erste piensa pane T= ry mayb enh eet wean NY OF cay ole IN he cages ipl end ichieving the goal of this cours? (Lk fied teaches +g Hi concen, Often environmental ‘Serato Soca a cer wih os th bs ae backgroud WA INTRODUCTION TO ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES a7 (i Envioomental educators mast come up with new knowledge end Peytucs is quired that we examine te way we do research and tener profesional ar editors well athe way we ra inat rcrmentalnfrmtion to the tude sae teducton ms ech toutacence and abt ee reeTeSac method operate sd pond to erro qeete Eiveona mateo om the important le of scene thre eral rales of sli gir are damaging tthe eld of vironmental education Gc) Envnonmental cence considered s moral eduction subjectin schools saeetlege, I is considered as merely a qualifying examination. So, ‘oder teachers nor students give it mach consideration. {cj Tacketjobo" Athough environmental cence ietuded inal sphere of casita butt lnportance sil base on the lack of ob opportunities SEeioidos aca el of otk There i lack of employment the Bel AP obs ate there, they ave led By other elds lwving students ro) he very ay 1s envromealsn cae a ee gradually grew strong in Britain as response to the Indust Revolution trust Revolution geal afletes water and at resources with ‘eegeasead factories leading to people cling for wild spaces tote be protected et oneal movenent began to take shape in North America when Jon one af the sorlet environmentalist convinced the US. congress t0 vo tn Yoneate Notional Park to preserve the beautiful valley. Many other Sree Tio eters Dagan to fake place sro dhe continent with people tying, {Sibiu the dwinaling American bison population. And in 1946, president Srastrow Wilson founded the National Pak Service to support the growing “Tionmental movement inthe early 2h century, environmental laws, and [Govemument agencies began to emerge allover the world and especial in Nazi ‘Eimuny, Tae environmental movement continued t grow i 2950s, Oy and Siri many influential books such aA Sand Country Almanac (1989) and ‘Sent sping 0982) ‘Sent spring by Rachel Cason was largely inflvenial ast exposed the harm and dangerous effet ofthe pesticide DDT. "The bok lead to the cretion ofthe Envizormentl Protection Agency in 1970 and DDT was bane in 1972 The 1970s wove greatly important for the green ‘ovement with many groups ke Greenpeace, fring ithe 1970s The Set Earth Day andthe UN's fst environmental conference alo happened inthe 7s nse growing svarencoa on gobal warming brought the environmental ‘ovement even more into the mainstream, But unfortunately, the environmental ‘movement's strength had decline since the late 200 afer the great recesion. 7 Eslgy Te wn of +R Lo. ecaieg os that tte so te ot se ih rai Ne ees jm ce 1 Foye as tong fone li ooSysTENS m8 the envionment and ‘sytem’ implies an interacting, interdependent complex ‘Ecoaystt a structural and functional unt of ecology where vari geealy Insite loafon, climate and the components that make them. ey] = _— ie ee Ste cues eats conn 7 a qo fo FL oysrotimaiee Powter Structure of an Econyetem. The srvture of an ecosystem Is compost 0 imsjor components namely otic and abiotic which interact with each other. Abiotie components Abiotic component of an ecosystem include no ving sultance and pital factors These nce (@ Climatic factors tke ght humidity, atmospheric temperature, wind es; (4) edaphic factors Uke soll and ts types, orgie mater et (i) Inorganie substances ke water, carbon sulphur, ikogen {() Organi substances Uke proteins, carbhyrates ips te. IL Biotle components. Blo’ components of an ecosystem inchde living organisms (lan, arimals and mieroorganisas) “These are furor classified as 1. Producers (Autotrophs}- Thee include photosynthetic plants, bacteria and lgoe which convert solar energy nt chemical enersy wih tha help of nlorophyl present in them. As the green plants prepare ther own fod they are known as Sutotmphs. The process by which green plants prepare thee vem food i the ‘Preven of sunlight ater and ehorophyl is called photosynthesis "2 Consumers (Heterotrophs). These ae anima which cannot prpare thei crn food and hence are termed as heterotophs, They are rather dependent fon producers for ther survival deci or indirect. Consumers are further ‘atogonsed according to thei avalabiy in opie levels: "Primary Concwmers or Herbivores These inlude animals which are consumers > decampesers) with repeat eating and beng eaten, is now as food chain. Each organism in food chain is dependent ‘on the next organi as a source of food. Every organic requires energy to live Food chains in an ecosystem help to maintain the biodiversity of nature, ow of nergy and transfer of natin Torexanple, considera simple food chain Grass -+ Grasshopper + Frog, Snake ~> Eagle Atcach successive step only 10% of the energy is transferred and the rest 17% is Aostin the fre of eat Grazing and Detritus Food Chai Grazing Pood Chain Detritus Food Chai J bene with grown planis and] ogi wih dead organic matir Agar and frm there the energy called “detrtar. which mainly Dames Gough various levels of|icude fallen. eaves, plan part foneumers or dead elma bodice which are eorsumed by insects, worms anc ‘eaten 1@ | Ths pe of food cain i rely [Tis ype of food chains dependent Acpertere on te energy captaed [on Uke mount of gar rater by producers frm he San and | road in anotnereaton. hus, the passage of this energy Aivough various opi levee GH] his food chain Invokes wale] Tas food caine invoked o€ 108 of energy trom one topic | desmmposing the complex span evel to another matter and nutrient recycling in the environment for reuse. (| Bape Exanple (Grass — Rat > Snake Dead! leaves + Woodlowse Here, grass is eaten By the sat and | Blsekbird the rat by the Snake, Grass obtain | Here, the dead leaves are soergy by capturing sunlight and | decomposed by woedlouse which passes 10% oF ths energy to the | are being eaten by blackbird sucassive trophic levels GA “Eney flow is aways unidirectional” Explain giving description of or 41m she Dae DELEDUNIMERSTY SUES ; . plinth process of emery daw operating i 2 Oy ung yan ci tf wa ater Sears pe eer) era por Liman aw. Lindemann 192 Binary mone ina Oy eau toe hee om sun severed ick ote Sn. fon explain sehen e & - “i “— raniate to ae yn agnor ik Geter eye in gel ‘need om inden 8) 1 lar he ingame ener Sow nico. one way Ao he eomgy at ape by auto doe nol reach back he Sl nd at whch pesto te frbvores docs ot reach back to the autooph ‘ES xiovesto the oct vel so longe sable the prev ev ‘Tha doen oe way ow of ener he ay tam wl elapse in cae the pri? sou ete sur mee obec Th tee op eed eng Bot ‘ove sas ede hat henry flow poly reduced teach ucene opie fr proce to frre alten eaves: Te est Sem es semen ve apatay hase Tag atte ivy 11.0 geal only 3 pale en eased {he rpc vl SeradaryPodactely ae 1 per eat segegne commons top lve cy tees Compas th etonmenial condition and adversity ofthe dest ‘and Neneut Bogle of nda yo ot? Desert Dees chars by thee rail orm, tack of roa ep aan ay inc ae St healed ihe” roe of rap Animale ‘clogs waloes high ender tad holds arse ot te chest i BCOSYSTEMS m 15 sre now under serious trent. Hotspots ae areas that ar extremely chin pecs, favo highendemism anc are under constant threat du to man pressure (having lost 70% oftheir orginal habitat). The Northen is among the 34 HotSpots of the word dentified in India, the other beng the Westem Ghats Northest India {ona one of the majo regions of ropa forests in nin, erp the specie "eh tropa an forests. The topical sem-evergren and moist deco forest ‘nthe lowland of this rion extend seth and est ina the boomin nd ct ito Southern China and Southeast Asa. ‘Q.6 Discos the ecosystem services, 2015 Dee or ‘What do you understand by econystem services? Waite explanatory nates on (2006 ey As impotance "Am Eeoystem Services. Our heh and well being depends upon the sercs provided by ecsytem and her componens water, so manent Su ean, Therefore, scouystem services are the process Hy whch the nvstinent produce osurcs und by humans sucha clean at wae 00d Shmaterias Some of the sersces wich re provided ous By ecxjer are 1 Eefogen! Vales. Al the species in ecoyeterspartlpate i the merous cctiogealprovees that cor within and between the ensstems. Ths the ‘Sologea ftecan bested as eS Syling of mater and natints, All he components of ecosystem ake fart whether biotic or aba Thy fp in eelton of Water uopen, Phosphor carton te Food’ production, Pans are direct of indecty raed with fod iio, They at he sol soar of ood Elma ably. forest one of the main sources of an which in tum conmolcinaie «dation in polation. Some microorganisms as well as some plants fd animale Have the capac to Beahdown polation hus heping pollton redocten Soi generation and reduction i soi erosion. Diverse ving organise Ish plants and aint epi ie foralon of sol in the feng an. + Production af energy or producers. Green plans corer: slat energy focal energy td pass on hs energy diferent wopic level + Hedaction in sutra calamities Natl calamities ike droughts feos earthquakes etc. are fe the meal of los or dettucton of Drover bly coy as the capably of quick exove Beuenbcen ‘decomposi wrganisms breakdown lé + Decomposers and tion, Micoo own lege ‘polecls into omaler molecule and ths help inthe recycling of ates This proces sknownasdcomposton and the micro-organisms tne known 9 eompaes 2 Socal Vales, over has ben preserved and protected by tational sects tat aod ss recur an oops tht depen would be {prt los tht sce any pants and numa ce conde oly ‘Eedin nda and are worshipper exonple Tus Pepa Cos Soaks are regarded as sacred in Ini. 160 She Dus DELET UNIVE em : include the services provided BY Diodiveny 4. zoe alc, Tse ine Salon, Cannan inching both consampive © drugs and medicines. Productive use SSE et hg ro et = a es ‘Leather Silk, Pape and Palp indus srortance of protecting al i ns ae dpe nes erect pany pain st, “Tha tral landscapes are priceless and provie opportunities for recreation maa cea han re cn SE ee er ae te So NS rns — a a ae spn? Divi pe fon weet en ee om ace were cpm et end sere cee eae erence Sees cee ser mere ee i es ee ne ol acne corral maa ened Sorneses com are eee Sioa Soe iene Te ean pect eel se ae, ve ly 8 pent toh iecree een oe ero Tak tome haw are ce ua mae cies yn Ss ae ut move See yagi Ta om Sic as scod peda ie mts din ftom these, they als incase vas doped, incinde various mammals sich as beavers vet seis found thew lands The amples in the plant Alans Birds sh ne aia econsg Pi 2 Marine Aquatic teorsiows aren HN and hes yn ceases and yates Irene Of ths covery wate de ea he eat ° Two third Iitertdal zone, refs, seabed, etuates and rock pools The marine ecoeystem is ‘more concentrated with silts which make it difficul for freshwater erga to live i. Similarly, marine animals canewt survive in freshwater. Tht body ie sudapted to live in sltwater if they ae placa in less aly wate, the ody ll ‘vel Marine ecosystem can be divided into many zones depending upon waket ‘depth an or shareline features, =" Ocean econystem. Oceans serve a a home o more than five lakh aquaie species. Few creatures of these ecosystems inl shelish, shar tube ‘worms, crab small and large ocean fiche, furl, crustaceans, blue ‘whales, reptiles, marine maanmas, seabirds, plankton, corals and other ccean pants + Coastal system. These ar the open systems of land and water which are jpined together to form the coastal econytems. The coastal ecosystems hhave a dillrent structure and diversity. A wide variety of species of aquatic plants and algae are found at the botiom ofthe coastal cosyte “The fauna is diverse and it mainly consists of crabs ich, insects, Lobsters sail, shrimps ec: Q.8. Desarbe the process of Ecosystem Restoration. ‘Ans. Ecosystem restoration & the "process of assisting the recovery of an corpo that hasbeen degraded, damaged or destroyed This means of sustaining the diversity of Life on eath and re-setablsing an ecologically healthy tionship between nature and culture. Ecosystem restoration should be a fundamental component of conservation and sustainable development programs throughout the world by virtue of it inherent capacity ‘o provide people wih the opportunity to not only repair ecological damage, but also improve the human condition. "Bcosystem Restoration i thos a sgnlintconteibution tothe application of the ecoaystem approsch, eg in informing the negotiation of land use options snd enhancement of healthy ecological networks. The Commission on Ecosystem Management (CEM) has identified ecosystem restoration as one ofits 19 prionty thematic areas For restoration to be succesful, tis essential to have understanding ofthe «4ynamic of the ecosystem being restored, and to ensure the genetic integrity of 1s plants by using locally propagated epecies. For information on selence and practice of ecosystem restoration, the Society for Ecological Restoration (SER) provides the following documents * SER Primer on ecological restoration ia concise statement of restoration principles an includes the most cited defton of what stration i 1 SER guidelines for developing. and managing. restoration projects Sescrbes the procedure for corfting restoration in accord withthe rors ofthe discipline tht were established inthe SER primer. «+ Brologieal restoration ~ a mean of conserving biodiversity and sustaining 3ivlihoeds ie a call to action bythe ecological restoration joint working _roup of SER an the IUCN commission om ecosystem management. + Fowystem restoration in protect ress sh Dag DELET UNIVERSITY SERS Se aes i i ae al oe! ee te vows some (9 [An scooter tat receiv annuals an le in a body of water, fy Ming la cee el ong ek [e) Asthet reasons aia! less than 25 cm tars () Meal reasons (GS Envizonmental health of nearly popelations (Ga) Rogaland harvest particulary for subsistence foto a desert, thus, thee i ow avait of water, (]38% of total geographical area Around TAR of Exe wade compres of dese accounts for ocxans and seus nd 080% for freshwater ects 3 Gx compare scunt ofthe lowing %0 ‘Forest ecosystem and Grassland ecosystem w [Sencaly seen io beeen the {rope of Cancer and Trop of These include lene fake, pond, ote (teams, river), welds ard (0) Desert ecosystem and Aquatic ecosystem ae a ee moor, mrine cays everywhere on (3 benphere and Aosphere loos Expl thar, Gobi Asian det | the eat (0 Frovk nate ecoryten and Marine econyotom (2015 Des, 2017 gh (@)| Highly specialised. and sosve [These ave apm iad spite mae sail humility, mineral |ercrophs pant er | | Grastands are ea of grass, formed] An ecosystem that searveg ann eases fungi, bocteia ewes ss her he rial s|ranfaliean 25cm tamemoa [Fides |Allt Ge aiiy [Living things Wa Gil we Tans ts deve end tear] dest, thus there ielow seein piecney ide Scene etree eee at imme ee etic eon ag" Occupy abot 198 of Eas nf types and sumbers of |stats pe = a S875 ENG Te al apap we organi ate to eat | peti (Gi | These lands are Ie. = }im environment; Limiting | "i are vey Fes, ih specilieed and Game factors resvc growth, __ SZSETE th all plone and [Affe findvduas of spe rds ofaapcsporlnion rial having sta guy Population, “conta, commeniy,ecosyem hame frien Stern gh Soap, bom | aepere ae Sopher a Endangered species and Endemic pies Banger ces nie pos Ting secs eae wom ( Ven hs teen eed to citial adam pee ate ound only i> pater reson ee ee ae ecinpnd ee re: Bengal Mae, Bengal Fos san phat ipifesior 7 [inde as cman of ‘ eae canna cha Ta) |i suggests that all the trophic Teves | fetter ced Tal 2 Siting that eon te ght a ny al tic higher td eas cel ie ia fo esa in” govt __|stetne sa a Toangiaon nd ese Takia Tom due 10 haman sees and. pollution are the ‘esos for the edie Examples” Night Langur, Lon fad Macoque, Brown Ta deity Tt & the mesure of the vary ot eng prsont in eierent TW i on eacidal component oP tre and it ener the sal fo human spaces by providing ood, foe sheer, medicines and other resource to mankind, w Soil Boson and Eutrophication @ [lt remem of upper oust yee ee Pe THs the procs of deterioration of esc ality “GH iis he ey fs fo and tw ss inlingcapucly seeded Tr thi, there pada acess the concentration fF, Nand ther minerals inthe waterbody [has many cueesmchao sod wind nee ts generally nosed by excessive fete wah sway ato water este nthe | oars ly tally scurry when thes cca sly and ea made eutrophieaon where the [exey happens very last (0-10 Elaborate te ftlowing {e) Netint yen (0) Geologie saccesion pote say, 20024 {6 Eelopal Fyre mse Avs) Nain pis rBigrcheica eyes, The movement and exchange forgone and morgen mater hy ogee oye. apo ‘Saclay on te) trough an esonytm rinh aaopesme Ss Scant epte.For any syste oan the shoul ake bes mover GEittels The utmentcyle desres how nur ove es a ‘husmment ins ling ongrisne and are sbsequelyrejcled bak the Piguet "Some impotent eles ae 1 Watery Tey ative angel wae st ate ago ik0 sriving vst poses btn er syce Ta cy espns or UGeconatous moors of ae beeen ts arn ate argh iste eyle tats withthe proses of evaporation oe anspiaon Sun hs sup the wales n cea ae se orig water pos This procs of hanging fpr the pees of move of wes an eave rome al parla rachenen sean owes i one apt ‘Sa aoe mains aw pat wh ter ut he Sfotea ef condertion, On fut alin ie water mn Sipe ih led pti The ar tad oe ete Eko pects inthe round Tus water kor an gro wae ‘Pound we nc pene a asta an ot she ‘eng Ove ie or terete orn toca wae Caton Gye Te abn eye the pre ms from bane eens orga then bck gn ernie rn serge ctr exit fn arbon done CO3, Beneath mr storscarbon ignde on fom cate ae Rear Mune Crton dhe eleed back EX Be 20 Ree ee ee: E I Sits caer earning itrenlioa meionsed een ini Cate ee es oom ce B argme C Siero ew ae ee eet Pale leoeh peel ene vorpere Carbon Cte 8. Oxygen Cycle Creation of oxygen in various forms tough nature is called sheng pe Plans al aa oe cage ore aa wr i th ne water a {CO}. CO, i then taken up by algae and green plans Sd converted i carbohydrates dung the process of photosyass, where ‘nygen is released a «by-product. Te waters f the worl are the main oxygen {generators ofthe tosphere. Teiralgoe replace about 50 per cont ofall oxygen sed Le “ArwospHEREY Oxygen ‘ake prot The plant men y tena rina ant iaomac sted pee anil i Ua emptor freak down ates and tam iogen thea eye asi (0h Esta! secon H's the proves eaph wih ete ed 9 a ieor Cet e ine Sasol eee angel ese, teoteatnprcunemmony ofan eager com Neen tree pee et tresorg tot sare ei cu cory ace ce mentee ka an Cargo een Svat ed by Caen ee Sum inet peaind vant Fee ee See acon dapat cae cme cove eos pecan te Sopot ore sees nit act nges inert re age Trot cise nga cred fn ond ose, Dane ai ay clonnson ya oqo er he r Mur eee aiasarsneiacn peo Tetmay Secon rie son sts on ei Pev nd ih og bys s dneee «Siac ft nies ended ror ee crs Yn cpa anes oS and sn my loon he ae a on sa ome ore starts on exiting i basally on © um fe tara or tea ig scondary steer Perot own ant estep mo chain a comida (o testo Pym Avex sancete df is ea rps eae phic evel pay am of eee = opti eve tay actly ecies Thus hi sar eke oko Benet hs aprngol fava ent tapenade esha Pyramid Tee ‘Sette pe ng Namberthis ype prank shows the numer of vidual i rr aa tan cecgeten, The pyr of raMber varies thom ee yo pyramid Oem \ st = (Upto mane tis penn a Inge nner of proce ‘sete ate yes rumba oferta which ae fur ete Wy ‘eer mambe of camivore. Thuy making th ve wie and lop pon ‘rope yum wn in an oa (0 Spoesnet yd of ne. When a lange tee supports larger ‘unter ef bd who ae eaten by ser mer of wg fon “pnt separ of uray aoe ot (rm rane na mo oe ag i wiht re sapped by os gah ep Seiad ype amber 0 perce. ‘as Wen ror besa eae of prac cain ON AE Pegpitel omngte Presnt in a optic baal nan ‘Sosa a ay ie. The berate Acnes yd 2 oe move fos soe opie kl tthe er ay Stays forming an peg ya ethan,” "nomi ia ears yam of ergy. Ase move fom one top ee to the other there Mn peda rca of energy. Oniy 10% tet Atectersetost leat at Thay pyramid of ey ‘egy always pn Prtlliny (0.11 bapain the following terme i) eavoree (i), Strcams and iver vont {epveshwaereconstem i) Ocens (taophic lve Mf) fod Chain|2015 Dec 2017 Dec 019 No {eh tod web ) Onctomed Hbinocere [2016 Noy {0 Adaline (016 May). Mangrove foes veo ep (i) becturinm [2018 Ma ‘Kas 0) Estee Etre area anor zoe formes between iver coroners tnd lime envionment, At ery bv «pat econ Stray sg hea ren where ewer or vers ard seme res ‘nko hl ater the gown. Eur ae any, the wor mont Tatura provide wae rain and habitat protection. Matshvand mangrove fone acto files ilering ptr suchas ews et, pesticide ents tnd mutt, Tere are tony highly fel rors with et “iced mater bt abo the oat poe east Tatuarealso at orp aking up he ese waters pokectingsream, iver chnnlnsed colors rm caren sch aod roo ‘Sims and River soryeteme atc earaton), Moving waters epesent siren and iver scone in which alle living frm are odaped to {Ife ates oof water The age src ra of ier acount reer ‘oto ae which ead To high mount of ier mated cha ‘open and phowpors owing den he area “he ivi rps pet inteuns rivers are dependent on he caret, lay on na oxygen cone temperature, pres Heli an tien vay nthe seam. Tse conon ary according hs ation an = ‘tthe stam and see "he feo then or sive alo lass: the specks plan andar {c oesheatrecnpeton,Freorater ects osc O80 of he Eats cure ocupying feo the worlds known fohspein. Tere artes Peo frsh ter estes "Lente or tanding water ecoysem. These have stagnant or slow moving water, lakes ponds and pols i Latico toring ater coger, These hve faster moving water 6 Springs stud and ers eaten EIEIO err overed with water cith where land is cover ther (iy Wetands. Wein i 8 plas whee dhe edge Of 9 Take ol uly or seasonally ieee tving ares that frequent rman oS ma ta et ood al of hee ae weg cover approsimately 71% of the ans or Marine Ecogystem. COsu hs, they form the lar Seen ee eam er ee Sense eet oma hea ge Nery gig ee opr an septs rg Te eye fora fea gene mrt early Sa a segs Se mksomepealene tae the sun energy and forms cers, 1 Grommet ee Seva es rior sch prota fat on there ine 2 ESS mance Nets sah as fh wn ft on the ee ecloer meen 4, Dosages Funland Bac in he my oor of ths, (a rep aT el feng fom pte fo erent egariss fe eet aabeaenmccarmcn ara Tha foa sats stmtng pions terme 2 Topic lee Te epic Pies peer Tne pram shoe The pyramidal shape ‘apneic cpu cpl eae mre te tos tes Tad aan ces ins af ech acesive level om tne bef te ‘pou Aswecana ine dpa te food chan apa tal gue ocaten ya Tepecating te phloe chs fares ete yar Eo eatoop vel chute eaten bya ten ha atv camer) copie (Seay cies) pi rman camict) ep ative) op Pana) “There ae generally, 4105) ina seri gly 4 woh leesnapriclr fod chain as energy ‘Food chain Tenner of ‘hin. Each organ in nthe ne epee of ci: Ech orgie in fod cham i depend Food chins ian sont at EVEY onan equies energy toe feng ant nero? Mn Bovey nature ow of COmSTENS 29 Fe rte son cin ss Grape seak- ae Aten suceive stp oly 10% the cy tran ad the rt latin the form fat (@ Food wb The iterlcking stereo tractors fod cians eed food wes Many food Gan cas an ease and tet pracy posit food opr nwt ee Oetpping tp lewis whch are cnn ofc! font Chas at oct bt oon ving gnc per of lp ce Gieaterorncampein stead ein her ate Sones» Ove Sortie at ot nt at ey oor yak ‘Th tans he inernkng of nda Pod we hn muita the sly of the etsy, The eter the rum aera pays morta rl te comma of ving tgs fe Fr cmp dees ie popuaion of atv woud way le 2 nc ne poplin ot Secelvebertvoes Tha inning te cope Fond We ne hare stings 1 eso toe ae 6 an eat sane vine sperm HUCK Re The an aaa steak wh pian ois lack orn wh oe sy open NORTE res Trem of tnccrothe deco du ie ee the Indian rhinoceros lives in wild and theiy oe abt acini rnd regen are Agree pate or ey ee eee Segoe Seapets ey a eg tere biay bey cera = Ere Neng Nate [cup thet lta ta aura nd ty hdr snc ben ce rho eat anak bans te ny on ep ee ee et oe ben seeming UC ee pee bao ter fate: cc ‘headlt isa atcene tency he med Se a ares cee er SAC ETaSE stl SP daa a eee acre ceri yee ret ee ee ee ei ey a mary SE an wd sow heron Tien rn oT Seperate Tichonieau tree er avery clk ba cescewe ted sein Moe oe See Ss we oeaay eee aoa eaves Poy Spa Ga Tarpon nas abs onl hustle ae ‘Sectoid eon tunel te Teen Paneer nie ayia aa Biter a frm ran which Involves ining Sage pine ee ee ee err ‘Salve alematee osenderd etna ca) Way mete Soret ard ent nee a eee a ae throng oe el pope pup yr eae tele tepid Retr ealogel ee’ ores tok ea development and political empowerment of local commaities, or to fester respect Paper neper satiny ‘ihe ce eer ng ene (a) Forest Ecosystem tiie Berend am Bonet Seay (haat tym ansaste oa tudy-Chipko Movement. Chipko is a movement mainh and sfc toe hie te a omens Inge ersten Tae en rack cit Seine lag tong wre re Fink etry are eee is presenti othe Ihaman apd livestock en secoctuas cosmic cee Reman tre dg es a. Th stl oe een hee rent ane ieee over eg rl a ae Tien etapa ieee tee oy es ay act cereal mee ees Case Study ~ Altay Prefecture, Xinjiang, China. Raising livestock s the main sac ter es in, Rg He seman Sermaea een es eee este oie een eee Sareea ee a eee See ma eens ene eee Pos cae ae erect oes ee ea ones See anata end Se ee Steen peat eee ee ee eter ca eee ees peepee rete ee alsa maton ee OS as amen acre se ich Ss se et aiate iar ate een Os ee Se oe ean ees en ilar sore ed hen ee Sephari a ae cee Sy eae a eer Secrest eee recat essere at eee sere es ey tae ee eee ett pan ey pty uate (ata tenga eh screed fev the icacarany since Secretar emt pane ioeeer aa es eset c nrcge Soc ng esac eee nrreton a ae apece ‘ettheeeteeasrncierteema Sete ged, Fn npn eet agen nto ir seer pecesn oer . 2 een oe tod Dall crane eT ah Seer eg ag a8 Svs "ier sn ce et cn sree a ne a se Chen a ee ea oe ee ee eta data ecm ere eestea Siac ay eet Cay cr cet ce Seer ee Natural Resources: Renewable & Non-Renewable Resources omer bey en in scars: ie rolenchmene ne Glee te 38 of | Gigi, Ts thay lon of pers rent 4 ation. Tee seiaton the pot epacty, auaty | Sener rencrscecosned nina a ear of aro sd vate wa “he denrndtin of fry iv La Ge tr a (Q.1, Explain the importance of land as a resource. Also ist the causes and Impact of converting terrestrial land int ther ess. "Ans, Land asa resource becomes tho moat important for us as we dell onthe same, and resources generally comprise al the sources avallabe fom land ike greulturl lane underground rater vascus minerals ke, oa bust, gokdand ecru materia eo Includes fhe land which is avalable or degredation, for buildings an towschips 20 per cent of De eats surface is covered under land resource, It covers around 1300 millon hectares of he are, a eect eetanaeteriniicteecieniieiniianimeeeme etiam sven geomet 2 et ang es ary nn i create i a ero eM Sohsneomtsone Cans ofa change Land se changing withthe changing fete nd open clon Te lowing eee ea ela ane ean i ndcraeon: Annee inindestation asadecrbrisation whe lage mambe of rople fom ral areas moving and misting oon 6 Changing pactcs of epee, Agriculture was he min occupation lint i bt tc etl eee dro tuned popeancen ‘Secbacrsncsn ological and cnly otseron pootoceceret Th ting ti anode land og cance roe oes. Anpath Ladue change pss the reset enone conci eman poplin Sete c teste td eo clits anes 1 Nedivea 1 Fenn ea water ond sof 1 Aste ben ance wih birth of pcuhure tend to deforestation Sia «ines n conection cf catbon dod det ls of oet cover Teds extn of y spe foresee he onsen el hate gration and dvr tan ofthe major challenges (Soh Sinaia ou Seman “Am, Land depadition secs crop producion, veto prada NY a action, Uveock prods ‘erat prodcion The omer Gu wearers omen feel nd rite atten er dee bt wafer SS Ale Ree ee ton trina Ive en atone Lag race aiand ane ou ener wok "NATURAL RESOURCES RENEWABLE & NON-RENEWABLE RESOURCES w 98 Socioeconomic and nronmetl inp of aad 1. Reduced erop yields. Where land’ ea ‘eteeen top sal depth and erp yeh fe sly for igh sill han low cada years For rangelands, » reduction in livestock productivity to 10-50 percent of ts Potentials etimated fr deserted rngelando, 2 Forest productivity is also reduced on dograded land, although this is itgated ty the capacity of some tee species tolerate poor sols andthe recuperatveeifects Upon sof appropiate reforestation. 5 Increased inputs and greater cons The lewl ef poverty of many farmers Js such that they cannot scept the consequence of reduced ys Inte they rust attempt to mntain her ood supple rom the degraded land by meas ‘of increase inputs. This noe widely the caze where tmp ae ade fo ombat sil ertity decline by increased inputs of lerliers. Aner reponse {sto atemnpt to matan veto numbers dort seduced curing opocky of pastres this leading to a vicious cle of farther deradation “2 Reduced responses to input. i now accepted! thot fries are best stlized by application of ow to moderate amounts, wht seskng fo btn Ne ‘exponsee Land degradation, particulny the lowering of sol organi moter tat the oppose fey hat of lowering feline responses SRedated predcirty on iigned land. A speci cate of wer crop yield and reduced sepontes fo its once on henge land whch ae {radepred in the reg, Thee irigaton asters have ben tase thigh ‘Sin, whether f capa a nthe ce of bowel al the age reserve and ‘Sal smes shou ae in the ones of hand-de wells sd earth cams Cnwered productivity, as esl of sail feriity detine watelogaing ancl ‘slnization reduces the beets fom gation, kading to ee efit we of ‘Shplal and labour np “S Lost of flexibility In land management. Reduced crop yields can force farmers fo giow oly bask fo0d crops partcalsely cereals Goch! and ha, 122. ‘Again thor fuck ees, ince omtinaoas cereal prvfcton couse farther Stine in sol ea Gromer risks Degraded lad is less seo, lvs able to recover om even darter suchas drought One othe majors feresion sein strength of tare ok aes sei Tranagemen naling fers soctan o use op sare cpl on erties S Tear o water fer ipaton, A ate ito eforstation se ion of mtr nea deez of ve Bow reine coming ending afer Sine eced ws sulsequene dry prods ee there are downs cigs ‘em ths odes wer aval ner tenis mit “s ‘water table increases irrigation costs, and can snake eee. Lowering of the Prounadwacrtttly unavaabe to farmers with sl landholding, who canoe stord deep tubewell a {38 Shiv Das DELI UNIVE to reclamation. As already ned 9, Dieion of resus ferrets pres 08 {Sor atenyt to mata pos respect fection Thus they may construct gabions acro aie mat a ten ny ne ses a dere tN a opr cat tao Swit Su ran co ve be oped — p le. The effects of land degradation upon productioy ier pl i enc pmeiapae re ae pee “Inewased landleseness. Landlesness among the rural population is a proble ‘ofa vast sale. The causes are many, among which abandonment of degradk i nt epic Lig cp ya murs See ee eer eae peep eeny epee pm ae ieee ety Ea ce ae See eae See ee apna he ieee on au ie comers Hed eee an Sag eceiioec teeta ao re ee Sr a oe sero we aly eae etacer cee are aeee Se eens So a Espen ey vt lien mae tel a eta tl eh seo lee eres ee me ros eee ar tee a etee a a ence ee I rece ay pt na er a cea ese Sra oa ofa eg rd iy dete, he options ae ings ee met Sia een ts oto sre lorlllhir agar income. The ony alteration ote oe ‘work onthe lant thers ran agra capatns nigra te ‘elit dependence on age a Tarp fan el ly os dee where responsi rich fmes op ey ia ae ee apect ones farmers 0 mabe est eon "NATURAL RESOURCES: RENEWABLE c NON-RENEWABLE RESOURCES m 97 conserve ther resources, When diasters osu, they to altenative sours of income, or bose ‘option ae not open to the poor Sep eeran Dee Reape ee cag Scones oma og a san wt eae conse aoc sin wee Sn ee ce ee aay a Stet path eS tee ae, me ee ne omelet orieoatng Sheet gee eater ra ae Sere epee in ae note ee ete Pere seem cere erie ees ode aioe Geenrere ea een ate ore Peeler pened prea ie apart Peper ed ponents Se ear, went na we ee a Se cies ees See a eee oe eee etree ee 9 ee ey a astm ee ice ee aes es rene ta tea ee ee oad oe ti oe Were erat 2 emalang plane do at have enough moi strive ry ope hey teed Sul erosion, The ection in pla ver nets the een of the de woimrensed sul and dct eponre to wind Thi esa the dose rater sorng capaci a, Th poss of Sexerieaton weed 3 he Sol tecomesncessingly a an thee re no more plant oh In place aa dtibute tent ‘Dsetere Deetinion makes ote es worse, Events sch 35 Ahecing dst stra, and potato al acme stronger nares wit ewly tlagade sos Wir any plan sabsing the sa an slowing down he ‘tot nate evel secs and ods iuman stents. Pollated sources of ding wate. Vegetation play an importante cleus hrs an ts anc ie ata fr sting pitas Sicha heavy mts ror water in ir vs bodes, aren sols ck heen ict and Weve moe of thre hal stances enter oar ound Te, povety and starvation, Duet dog conden: and ot of reductive land eal peopl nd themselves expresing fain and poverty, roc ce poten the narvation of eoaies an her Hestock. | 3 Disenindetatlinpas of mining and dam busing onthe en one eae ance and ing f dams east impactson eturvtomen oe bide and che people ofthe euros aren aad co muro 8 sat errno desta ulin es nec ote clei end Parte gat of mint at dan ing ince Maire eh ining and dan bung ee need 0 Defra Fora ena torneo oi ab fe ee a al sch 3 Os eo (Tn con ebadnce and wie fons Land wich ered is considered as waste land. Mining and dam building generally Se end unpoducie and verte (te ae nea fact mining ot fae rat atone ped she wa lcs wih EERE can ere t cain edu Sicha he sey cong evel afin fhe dam rserols wid iBeronieeoye moc an tel ( Submeence oes ens an tobe bul larg arn of Sener nds ole nbvcge nding pen ier! of doren ‘edlew afze ee ret ncedng Node (o) Ha robe Seros hath pibeme sn cc oe to ae, td ar pln Camiaton weer sel dar one el tv ev in pops bo Ratan se! or nope fron on ol curunie wel asin werkee, ban ot peopl ernest wes oad cam mony miata (tom ott ode and fond nscurty. Epil de darn building sls cur every rainy season, attbuted to the release of wat oh ngs dam Theos irae na ae ‘in the lfe support system of the comutinities who rely on the river for daty got Noteniy eed soc alec, slo pool Modventy damaged cing telat font me (Bilton iagenocs pericarp cxpre ming an a he igen pple hon le teal ans ad tina ined Hee cides achat ‘the tribals of the area and their survival in Nawal vival is highly affected. For example adn Andante eegatig era building dams can result in total dislocation ‘odee OFS ‘i on of ital ee tal 6 state Stir Serra Bom, he nye ft ‘Sr al eco sin Nama The dae peacing epson a tease = tos eing tet on he ees oe NATURAL ESOURCES RNEWABLE As NOUURENEWARL RESOURCES m9 {2.00 eta of nd ave ee ames Sao which ifort and and 1A tant agheohandi me Type of esironnenta robles act dam bln Sardar Seroner (Reproduction of migrating hese byte ods ht arm he cr (2 Tengo water and oxen cation my cng ei err eee intern wot einen ng pees (a9 Thepopuntnc ch dares dam wasabi psa. (6) Fae on loge dime whe posing gh i Hore, aera (Mab oe eh 9 mor od of pope fh se. Dae fe guy elute nd asco of pst a spe tre Sen toed Fath wun ee ee ln, fre vars Coon coh nl coprenict gow. alnaaon tems ita dn esate wars 8 eo whee Sacra ing ine: Tee change ale ie sameway =. (6) Seon of ot and acta and fad bn a arenas Dam nd const ng {tnlandapaaal an (ay Anes ttn pope wb pn et arta Sacra Ces tr fon fale mater atone bo pepe me ters tats mapa wh steal ed er eet onemoter Thi ner way fe Bang Soe! Urey atom tte lrg .s canto fd ss pon othe tery and el es career cals mina What erue ht shld Seinen overcome ts protien? in sarang A peony ad ibs S04 Pas Tee ly uarenenbi tay tyropoer nat = ued and opened nscale a sian ota heeneon ronment and pepe le ih han pep wh nt oes os. Crate alate ot pale nea oo Oe mneaf more pate Ow eto he )afestatn oe oe cleanin he ose of dplting font oer nds ips aes Tn fr fr ett ie ¥en ene aca ct in caret ting andthe expansion caves dng Pre Teo dctaction of hag uns of fon human (2010 Mey 40 shy Da DELITUN secctan or the parpe of calivaiog eatin es a ROIS eset tora fe O peas tattoo el > Feng age i senna aon we oe oo eo Ce ne an pein li oo fai, nn a ig a Bie Sere oho 2 eer act ise soe a ey cae A eo Seen ee er ee emote a ne ald wea ne Aa gue nee inte Gwen ec ie ee Soe eco a Fer nas nes du to long periods of cry seasons tea also be Impas on mn cma fins foots epee on forensfor tend handing, gathe Iain palace When he ores wb gon, ee ‘Tiles ist veiioed sme pao Southeast Ala, dforesation omen p aese mtn Gi Eade lon por quality fife Without ees oxygen will [tsp cabo doce an! genous gsc wil occupy te oven rs dite, Duran wi abe nome ‘> elimate change and ital warming (i Bao detoretaon the water ie has teen Gaapted which causes sem wes co, unnpcidpater prapaonse canatiegn bch iat Nave nny on hae Oz Eee th tepid mesures tha eo Be ten he nid snd bythe rn for water oscvaton dn 38 Me ee atcece ene htt “Renu waterways eli Teemu of ately bein ant ating ty water expensive Se mtn ate the pis ie er set erent nea we a wa ‘Taking short showers and planting croup t ea ins ing drought garde ae just nays average pen an bp he many sneaks eed itis importan to fd every opportu sey et Sey opportunity to contre water out homes Fix ‘Use war ses sving cower heads a ty cif ps when broshing your eth shaving. OMT MBS AN Wet and wen [NATURAL RESOURCES: RENEWABLE NON-RENEWABLE RESOURCTS 41 Repice oF apt older, ee water efit fates o appliances. tof innovative water soving devices ae aval om the art that ca rede traer ute by sp to A: Replace your showerhead wah a wer saving devs tr alertiey bathe witht Bucket and mag, When bang be cael to vel the tab. Avold ishing the fet annoy Ways Yo contol ot door ater ee Use ran caches of are 1 colecared store Pinter forse in he lan ad garden un snes dung the oles par the ay. Tae ofthe’ Goveninent=The,fovernonet conserving wate ugh collating ant sring te rin wet and then testing tough process ake {tpt so tat stcan be eed for human consumpon Fe sate Government has ded to have two pecltion tanks fo ech tones sunk by the goveranant arom the State. The goverment ook ti Een in aero consarve water and recharge the orewels Tea toca ner ces it By cesing aware, Roming pr ee Waves people about conereton measures very impr FI oS servton i te abe of ken fom a YOuReE ge re oer nin pets need fo be inplemenie alert on ra ee irs mere tat reqs taeda tention oa Se own a aie I eyed NCOs shoul ake cops ard promt Is conse SIrouph every ool ard soca medium pow le "OYE iain the effet of we and overeplotation of water resources (Ade) Posed resources constitute all the sources of water which are wef ‘Wate demands have been ever increasing due to urbanisation and expansion wy Sigied land. This hos led to overexpoltation of both surface and gro "The problems hindering the use of surface and grounder “Depletion du to extraction of groundwater. { Water-ogging ae sainzation. 1b Pellaton dc to ngcultral instal and other human ative usc and over eplaitation of water ca lead 10 Taf 1So08. Fonds ae deine a abnormal sein the water velo Seams centpvers which may result in overlong “Thre ar three types of ls —— es ett SRR oft sages SEES a not ar swoops nny Spin al em sy Du ELT EINERSTY SRS wee . 3 Peto ine a ery causes ver loads. 1 Aico ee gr ng changes Impact elated to ood Lome ives Se plonge! pred of dent preci oO RROUCETS. Same op singin os fy cameo trie : et gn se ening to wate sexy. 1 Belton ong rail 1 SSE ra erties pan leg to lower precipaton [Rae insu onset wate vai inland wis whch at eney dependent on pecptaton. «Emon pacts These ae the Bess that esl rom Plt and anna pce wide habitat sr and water quay, Tas Corey asl ein + Sil nyse Drought can resin migration of people ths xe ‘oso an ares do sen incase n poplin os teal poverty and social unrest. rer a it» et history on national and international conflicts of wae ‘Ams. Water conflicts may be described as conflicts bet ‘countrie ate bicslip larabelwifteresas ee os of eater cot cdr 1) Demand of water ecures (3) Conte over sco aa Water Cont Cases. Wa liter a er confiets can occur atthe intemational andl Sr esa ce tere population [NATURAL RISOUKCES: RENEWABLE & NON RENEWABLE RESOURCES m 43, Inter State water digpntes i indi: * lotr wae dst i nin of prolong over lng prods ad ‘+ These lang delays are party due to labora judi laborate jd proceedings and Asiterations. Bot more importanly the sdtieton procsengs 306 ften etcumvented and impeded by variety of politcal interests, ‘he following are other examples of tater state ater spates and tribunal (0) Rav Beas water tbr ‘mt = (i) Vamadhara River water dapate (ii) Cauvery water dispate 10. Although india has vast coating, mos socal and polities] problems are dae to water. Discass giving examples 2016 ay ‘Ans. Although India hae a vast coaeline but sill nda faces a sate level compaition on sharing of available freshwater With increasing unplanned Uubenizaion the need foe water has tured into greed now. The ground water resources have been abused, water tnether beng recharged nor sored in ways that optimizes suse Wte is being discharge #0 tho Water bodies emerging Into criss of water "Take example of Hyderabad, it has several aquifers and water bodies. These have boon suppiving Grning water tothe city for well over a hundred yess But population explosion coupled with unplanned construction in all directions has fue in reduction of Water lve in radon auifers, which existed in Ant around the oy. Thala also has watersharng fuse with neighbouring countries. China and Inca ate competing for resources long the Brahmaputra River, which flows through pats of Asi at have been prone to tenors disputes. South Asia ie vate sare. Mass dam Sind diversion of course of fiver are source of Iajor terion between India ad China. ‘Climate change depleting agulfers rapid population growth and urbanisation ave placing pressure on snr water resources within the country and also with ‘ur neighbouring counties. “Chinas dam building agenda has created apprehension within Inia about ‘the isk of flash floods apd landslides alfecting millions of people living in ownstream areas In june 2000, due to lack of hydrologeal data exchange ‘petween the two counties a dom burst in Tibet caused Nosh floods downstream in Arunachal Pradesh "yhoae isaues unnecessarily disturb the relations with other neighbouring counties Although, we are not at war with any country but there i always & spare argument going on caused by man-made reasons dueto such unresolved Sse ike water: roth water isues occur due to the following reasons: linet of water for ager {Redaction in traditional water recharging areas. 1 Sewage and wastewater drainage into traditional water bois Felee of chemin and fuente sto rivers, steams and ponds, reason tine dealing operations in large water bodies that can srhiance water storage capacity during monsoon, 144 m Shiv: Das DELHI UNIVERSITY SERIES « Lack of efficient water management and unmanaged wroer between urban consumers and the agriculture set Q. 11. What are the major sources of energy on ‘renewable sources of energy. ‘energy in different forms like (a) RENEWABLE SOURCES OF ENERGY ‘These can be used over and ot gathering and production. These 1. Solar Energy. It isthe ener panels, solar thermal collectors and materials with favourable thermal mass. ey generate less pollution both in. wing: the sun. It is trapped in solar ‘Advantages: power source of the Sun is absolutely fre. ‘ecology is cos effective and polation fee. rally fequires low maintenance input with a lifespan jeans. aa pu lifespan of 30 to 40 yé ly be hamessed during day time and on sunny days, lls, panels and solar collectors are ex; . pensive, ibe areas of land are needed to capture the Sun's energy. ing used effectively all to heat, enabling year- farms, [NATURAL RESOURCES, RENEWABLE & NON-RENEWABLE RESOURCES @ 45 (@) The wind farm can be used for other purposes as well. The turbines are very tall and thus the land below can be made useful for agricultural Purposes. vantages: an unreliable source as some azeas have poor wind strength. mmmercial wind turbines are associated with noise pollution. id turbines produces a lot less electricity than the average fossil fueled power station. Applications: (i Electricity generation —Wind turbines convert kinetic energy of wind to mechanical energy which is further converted to electrical energy. (ii) Wind powered water pumps—Wind helps to pump water out of the ground. Its very helpful and sometimes acts as a much needed tool in some countries. 3, Hyidel Energu/Hydropower Energy. Its the power derived from the energy running water. Itis the most widely used form of renewable 3 16 per cont of global electricity generation, is constructed, electricity can be produced at a constant rate. m of green house gases during electricity generation, useful forms of power, mainly electricity. 5. Geothermal Energy. Itis the thermal energy generated and stored inthe earth. By of the earth's crust originates from the original formation from radioactive decay of minerals (80%) : ygical material derived from living or recently living ten refers to plants or plant-derived materials. Thesecan either ews combustion to produce heat, or indirectly after converting i to economic extraction, The different non-renewable sources of energy are: 1. Foi Fue rom ow pants ae coming of carbo arene eran come oF em ize animal, in Sega Reed I esp! te Mary Ty erase oT te of coma very fora ayo (ey canbe ety sya and wart wheres mse tg einen oe Disadenagee man ent nln vrs gs nthe nomen Gf Sip vtrand erp» alae Applies Ts power ca, ht homes and give people electricity SPSS S Sac! prowess fom the non. recta np oe 2 Nal angy. sca erates rms he energy that rls wh oc tf odcne nome opin racer eae ‘Advantages Ty Asal amount of adioactve material produce Tot of energy. (i) Nostmanpenc pollatans ae released Dinadvantagee 1) Neches poe plans ar expensive to run. (=) Nacie tena sng tou and reeds tobe safely stored for hundreds or tmnande of yea 1) acer Puc plans re deity one ofthe finest usages of nuclear oe erro . Bef, ey en cs by dying cee Wood energy. Ota fren lig tee, burned 2. Wood a to generate heat and light. GEE iy aca poe an economic form of energy? Discs tos Wat iN . eile Nae energy? Eaton abvanags, diadvatages and [NATURAL RISOUNCIS: HENIWANLE & NON-RENEWABLE RISOURCES m 47 Uranum or Pltonum can be harmed to proce ecticy propel ar power weapons ike the Atm emt = Proce of Nuclear Fs of Us Adoantages: fy A aol! amount of radioactive material produces a lot of energy. Ths ‘clear power isan economical source of energy. Coal, ol and as, Eihoup much more plentiful in Ue wort, do not contain as much ‘ovonta energy as Uru, when equal amounts are compared iy Though Uranium may cst more t ue because Iti arr the money ‘Eval through is use makes it more economical than col, or gas ‘Siilady, though the inital cont of a clear power plants much higher than th of other energy plant the money saved by using nuclear Tower the est of is consuction wih st sx month Sremzemon. After the inal six months of use, the nuclear plant will EePMhoney and make it much more economical than other types of (Shogy plats forthe duration of ts hfe, usally about Forty years (iy Recta economic advantage of clear power hat cot le 10 St constituents tothe ste of the plat. feergy woul Disadontege: ‘Nukes waste hi ae ur matealscan havea devastating impact on people ant Oe ort mua cor cet ma at Chery ickae Pan Line 986. ene cnt tne fhe eer ect, The wet Aster pela wn opposed Yo wae fri eat trae, pact uses gui "espve wher combaned with ony. Therefor Se ichs tea or utr wuld prcae a evaeing ‘explain, leh toi an needs be sey sore fr hands sil 9 w iy Des DHLIT UNIVERSITY SERS ounce pa it a [Nuclear sion proce neat wh ears soni TE Be an se it Ee ala cae oa ot om one ans haan on nck sre gd nthe atin of 9 ei ee eg oy nm aes tee ee See ee a ee cri ts al a ee Seared ne ote mle re (@.15 Eline “Te world’s energy needs would be more than 50% hi in 9950 has toy, av am average srnual growth ate of 16%". or ey cs the energy ema of te wor fa aan al see oe “ari ica a0 moe aren he re of depedon Fatman is needs wil grow aledly” 1 propose that global Tf government sick with curent polices, hen — ‘he worlds energy needs would be more than 80% higher in 2030 than td stan average gromth at of 1.68. Gloel demand for energy has aes inecoral ATU OUI oN NenAN MC i te it 50 ye stp whine deepen ieee FFowsil fuols tll date contin to. orn tea these fe the og Fo a ene 4s tc) are responsible for mare than 80% othe eee

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