E4040 [Signals and Systems ) Mai} — ahilan. eng @gmail-ConmWW Inteoduction +0 signale and systems —> Introduction to signals —> Basic wnlinos time signals > Intredection 10 sy stems —> Properties of Sysiems linearity and time invarvance . > Analyse Hwy, ot FS Signals? # Tt conveys ‘aformation trom one Poimte to ancl dyer AX How it is generated? —> Tt maybe Jenerated by electronit# meins such @& takking , walling 2arthavake — > H tay be Jenerated by natoral means, 4% Enomples oF signals, signalg — Voltages and Gorrents signals — Speech signal — Electrical in a circuit © Elects —s Awustic Mechanical signals — Velocity oF Car (Intensity @& level of a pixel over time ., = —» Video Signals — Stock, market Price over time > represent the signals, pe Hew we con a function of one OF more inde pendent —> Signals are reprecented a8 Vari able» —> It does not necessarily be rePrenehted as time / more Vari dbles- ——> For example, electing charge over an object 1S a function of independent variable, Space - 5 Tn this tovese, we ove exclusively toncerned with the signals, that are fonction Of Single Independent variable, time. gx Clotsifrcatton of Signals G1) Continvous-time Ond discrete-time, Signals (2) Analogue and digital signals (3) Periodic and Apertodic Signals ) Energy and ower Signals (S$) Deterministic andl random SignalsPe Pp 2 (6) Cavsal and non-cavsal signals 8 cy Even and odd signal. de Continvous time signal — A signal which is defined at all the valves of 4°15 lontinvovs Signal ae] Interval may be bounded / infinite. . <= Example ~ Yortage wavefom , video Signal _ Discele-time sigmal eer eee * A signal ig defined only at discrese. time, which is Called discrete-time Signal - a) A 6 Eaample - Anything that digital processes a take, any value inthe the Cohtinvovs xm” ~ Analogue Sigal i Beat of a Signal Ca 4f the ompliiude. , vonge, that 1S called analogue signal: i I s signal —L ae signal (uy Analogue discre (a) Analogue confines — Pigital Signals lf the amplitude of 4 1gnal can take a valves from only a fine number ot values which is called FH digital signals () one of tuso Valves — binary signals @ one of Mvalves - M-ary signals Hr (a) Digikal contiovers Signals (by Digital disete signalDe ) 3 Rerivdic signals A Signal is periodic at) = W(t4T) For ail t- aw) if Jk vepeats itselt aHer a fixed period,T. Te the smallece value of To that satisfies the periodicHy condition ot egustion +s Called the fondamental Period of xl? Eg- Asidt) is a@ periodic signal. 4K Dererminsitrc vs random signals — Tf 4 signal can be expressed iM mathematical form is deterministic nay a. A Signal whose valves cannot be Precisely predicted is randem signal - Tk Can voly be predicted in terms of probabilistic description . ror a. Enample- Moise Signal - AR Even vs odd signals pn ee nes - A Signal is odd it it canbe represehted as 2k) = waey A) - i > 8A al : F Signal is whee it Cah be repre sented as) Al) = =a]2a Covsal_and mon causal signals — A signal ts cavsal if 1€ 1S zero For all Whe egedive igs, - A sgna\ is anticavsal H it zero for all the positive valuec. > A Signal is don-carsal if st has nen zero valves fov positive and hegative time ae) aw) pe aero es fe 200 a 7 (4) Casal signal — (br anti causal Signal (ei non- causal signal mM Energy and Power signalé The total power ot a wontinuoos Signals ate) 1s aaipiball la - The 2 Geer val =f eee -2> ie lim T3B where xe) 18 dedtined So -DA signal Conm+ be power and eneroy, SiBIVAIS. 4 Time shifting ~ if a Fonction’ fie} is time Shitted to obtaine a new fonction, Faye Fe-T) lf 7 is positive, 7€ IS a@ deleyes Sisnal >H T 1% negakve, 1k is a time advanied Stgnaql te) Pia) , e244!) me) o2le-i) é € 4 A i 1 (a) Driginal Sig nay {by Deleyed signal (Time Advaned srg pal 4K Time sealing — His a Compression or expansion ot signal. TE 90). Fe, then Ile) is compressed Version ot Ftd? dh ame FCW), then Gt) is erparted version of f(&) Fut) £Me) ¢ a a ne Ate) te ) Driginal S19 (b) tompecied S1§nal ©) Expanded Signal, we Q&x Time teversal 9) = Fee) ) 40) th ey ons cee { Sea Sores ee @) Original signal (by time veversed Signal. Useful Signal models — pease see Lees A Unit sep function ult) ule) = | to o t

wre The Function vf above Stone] Kober wepouanadey Lx are D2 (t= |) -gact- 3) > wha is the derivative vf Alt) HE) 2 Me 2ule-7 — 2F(e-% a st The exponential fonetton — 2 Sa otjw ee UI aS (engwts nes) Sta T-jwt a Conjugetke. of 5 is f ‘i £ ft SF (st jsinwt) se Sth 5 Stosuee Weed)Ors = = tor wt ae og gee é 2 oe 2 leswe 7 > 4 (le deo (b) O<0 si He Spocial aes df eaponential function (sso, A lonsant eK @ wero, so, Amonotonic eaponential funcefon ev" GI o20, Satwt, 9 sinesoid toswt . ot UW s2Oxfuar, & tos wt, an enponentially Varying sinusoid e-nample~ zc express the signal inderms of unik fonction, Ht) = Wha e BUC) = ule - uléd) — ult-3) out wm se yey 4g We“, Brew aay and ALE] nw) im) « - at Ht Hes —4e “Wel 4 Ou) + SE) atedWg Sysdems ys = : se had Consists oF physica) tompenenrs hardware —cealiz oti on) 1D algoithe that computes the oot; i " pot signal ( Signal (software, raalig ation) ee eee — Let xand y be the ippot and ovtpyt signals respectively of a System. — The Sysem <6 viewed as a Teanstormatinn (mapping ) os a into Y. ~ The tansformation vs represented by mathematica | Function Y=Tx {7} 7 (oriple inpst and mortiple ovipot Srgnals are possible - y a 4 ae re ~ AN Clasidicatton of systems Ce ty Linear ond non-linear systems @ Time variant and time favariant syftems (3) Instantaneous (memory les) and dynamic (with memory } systems. (3) Cavsal and non— Causal Systems (5) Continvoss—Fime. and discrete-time. s¥Stems - (69 Analogue and digital Systems CD Invertible. and non-inverti ble systems (8) Stable and unstable Systemsi a Linear systems TH swooll sansty the. additivity and scaling Property . B & —s 4, i — 4 > Tt ik iS linear System, Ki act Kia, —2 Ki, + Koyo The non-linear Sytem, doer not sattsty sien ( @& Chea tondition . whethor Y(t) = F, (2t)4 3f,(4) os linear 7 HOTS : Yet) = Fae) + 3 (4) Yo lt) = F2(2474 3h4) bhatt? y ‘ey wat aan System ca yee fa, 4t24) 4b fales) 34? fatiys+d 42698 = ac (Fit2tt+ 36,09) 4 b (7+ 3400) = ay. + b Yc dts @ linear Sy Steam (20 YO) = ated Bilt) = U7, yoley = te 1 anna bate) tal u fc eae mm HE YN) = (4 nit? bet) > Amt) hPa? 4g Zab AI MHI UUs yet lihear S¥stem ,AK Time—lavariant and Time-variand SY Hens nel tel AN Teel aut) wey I“\2 —— os eel es _ 7 e “Time —S variant System 1S one, whose. Parameters don Change with +e att) re “7 en} SH +) oe set [ees by aa) yle-T) Tie e Tiseee Egy yuy= ae ala-9 Check Whether System Ht) Ys WE) + Ala-t) is Ve invariant? = da(t-2) 4 Tl2- ©) = [UE be 2)4 Ble ttto) 24 (4-49) Wy bo). (4-do-2) 4 2) (2-Et*97 Therefre , He ts Hime Warianry Sytem - MH U- bo) au) 2 Yolk) = Ge Chen yoo t De 4 1s BS LT] System Yas Lawey , Yelle Eley amler 4b au 5 ye E (amos pata] t x Ailey > yur = tae y ree) Sy Ly wey = £4, (L-to) +4 } 4, (4- to) 9, Ce-#9) _ (Aortaarsnn titi (h-be tle—t0 +4 Therefer, I 1s not LT System .ve ., Je Instantaneous syste (memoy less) ov Dynamic S¥stem CA) Asysiem iS Said to be memory less 4 the Cotpet ot ony time the input at That Some time os depends only 6n Vidd= aa)+ EAE) i i tren Ws > Tf the output depends on pase OF dolore iMput, dynamic System yye Tea) 472(4) Yee) = Arle?) Cavsal and non causal Syl FS _y TH the tukpor depends on Past and Corrent IMpet then it~ oe System YUI= AWO+ Z(E-37 > Th the output depends on future and B Curren japbt, res called Non- causa] sysenn Yee) = WE) + MEA2) Practical real Hime systems Ore causal. x Continvms - He and discrete time Sens > Pherete—time System Process diivete time signals , ant) an yin) E — (ontinysys-time system process tonlinuns time signals we, YlRy @ Stable and unstable system y-olpbemab For a bonded inst if the ovtpst also bounded ,then the syste po ¥Sem 1S Stable -(BIBo stable)S wY& HK Inverttable and nonidvertible Syshems ee A system Produces output Yl) from inpue ae LF avy Can be obtained vsing Some operation oN Yk), then is called invertible System ww Ye) 2 ut+ 4 Otherwie, It TS Non invertible System Yee) = 3 [aco] Worked enamples (0) ave) Coda ae WB Tine reversal al-t) ? ‘i pre) au Time Sealing lot) 7 ava wY Draw a at-b), IF zit) 1S known () Retommended method — Shidt , then scale @ > Fins seek, then shidt aig a itt é Daw a(2-S) @ Sep o> Shite Step 02) Scaling Dro ali~t) wed cirmine the fundamental period of (2) Niinherateya nin larthalnes Deter et govowing signal a ee/S on Neri ary se signal 2k) = #LEAT) if Te is Periodic one 3 BBCtHT) ese(@ 4) (3) (b) we o¢ Suppose 2) FS periodic, and Jet 070 , Is yeey= (ext) iS poriocic 7 Yes, it iS periodic § gt the fondermenia] period of 2K) (6 To, the fundamenial period vt Ya) is eA te St) = Sacade » te tavsal SY chem 7 The integral evalvates from -@ to € which are past values) Theretore it 13 Cavsal tyiern,. Sila nnenagya, yler= Ane) +8 2134), Proot Te 1S Gable Sy Slen~ \yeu) [arena atx) | S Jarrev]s [aay], by Mande wnequa ity LK 2 wav 4 /ase/ < 29748 <8 Therefore any bounded. inpot, potpot fe WS Stable. rs bounded. Theretore Yaya tak) ye) 2 & Ate) Years) = et) alk-ke) Vie py lete? ‘ Therefore, it iS Hime variant signgl.s Cb Coavolotion inte gral The crvolution integral provides an euy mathematical way to eaprerc the output of LT) System based on an arbitrary signal, ate) . The (onvolution inegra) is expressed as, Whee YE 1S ovtpet signal eo yu) = S accphterp dt. ~d AL) iS inpot signal hee) is LTC System . Impulse response. System cai An iyo impoue ingot leads to impulie response ovtpot set s hte-o (bk) The input is Shilted version, ahd The system is time. invariant System. Therefore we 9et Shitted version of output response - soe Sexy h(e-e) (© Mow we vie the scaling part of Vinearity by Scaling the. System by a valve, Fcz7 Which IS conttont with Fes pect 40 system varjable ,t - rat oat a ay (Seen 5e- 7 Bs * Fcxphte-z7 d A» 7 2 fe} f : (a) Mow we can vse the additivity aspect of linearity do add an ifvfinie dumber of each possible t- Sime \ infinite Sim is eaacly integral, Known as ¥ (onvelution integral£ yy — Using Ame Shitting property, we retognize the left hand side a3 the input cignal , fle) . — The tight hand side iS ovtpot srgnal ye) A ppreach a ¥ Lets define the impulse. response. fl Bee E Jw fy (Ht) = } A BEY - oO + Otherwise, . i yn *f Input LT System potput ill -——_————___. ben C hi dm date sho dim, hiked I = fe, sulteina) lin Fin6) dy (t-0 ).8 doo Vim fined ee-rd) 4 too te Fa) me) her) ace ene ee Axo, xer) Oo ( = : Yup. Sf ferhu-wg de -P Wed ’ i ae oe v 4 Here, we have 4wo baie Signals and we will Stas fur het) tv -w \ A am, hl a6) Fanny hens o Mien b3o 2 Jlin F(na) ble napa Aso a a § fee ha-w7 da => tonvolve together yoo Ye) 20 & giv Wade al °v Therefore, the dvtpot sigmat, grey, will be . Ye) - vo HH 4<0 to oH octet Qt Fo ited Wot>a ie] nt) he 7 al ~ te Se t a he generalged form, eh Leen Taoheede, ae) a NK, — > | SYutem|-——> ‘aia Properties 0 Convolytion acer ee free rere eee PS Commutative Property (order ot operands does hut matey) eee Stuehuy = Sfrhiterd de -2 Let a: b-z, ta tan deaidx if 2 1a Fret = Sf fata) 4, (4-2) dx - 2 ; 2 Shia filed da, dD = Foca Att) K Associative Property (order of operator does Noe matter) Fupal fate B10 J = (here fy) * Bey #e Distributive Property Gye Phwhtay = fue his flan swSDE prope fare fry = OC) dhen, faye f(t-T) = CU-T) fiu-t)* tig = C(e-T) and, F,(t-) ¥ (4h) = CUE) 4 Impobe, Property Convolution ot a Function xt) with @ unit impulse ress a Aonceion fF K)- 2 wordt § U8a-Tdz = 2 i) + Cavsality it fey and 29) ave causal, Fiepetrt4), iS also causal - Example: wit) 1 t (bt Mnpot sional (a) Unit Impulse. response. . First, impase response is flipped and Shifted on the © axis, Then, the inpot Signal ors pe ploHed in variable, t- ™ wet? 2 7 4 tt-7 ; ! +t = a ~e ale Wher wat £<2 and LPS the prodoct We can Clearly Sea thet, Of two signals #5 Qeniically zeros Yk)=0Fr ast< 3, & ys S gaz Exomple2!- xrays eta), hier > e-?*uigy A(z) = eo * uz) hu-ze ett Vutt-e) 2 ate hte-e) UE ys £ ne) we? When t<0, YU) 20 ar mw Hiplicet ion (2) iS Terowm Whea 20 ee nue?) ae x“ to ky Yio: S ewe ul-Bjede ® & ee et 3 Te e aE YI) = ie) ult) Unix step Tes pone eee 2 Yue J uchte-wde “oo Suppose, inpol signal is the unit response Ut) 2 yous f woheada -D D e Shu-cpdc o uz is Zewo for F< 0, ‘4 she. System is causal, hle-%) is Zev Tot, and Be cave Sor C-tp <0 or 4 Yd) = Shewda > ‘Unapube. responie. Can be eyeimated using unit Step tespense hey = 494) dt’we Conyolotion fable for wetst pairs For some standard functions, the Gnvolution is 9iven as below a Ata #14) Fu Fak) D fw 5G-T) Fce-T) at we Ae fone =e ee (4) 3) ate) tate) Act b fu eo uy ME Me ) e328 aes) 2 gh —_ a Ard sss Aeon es veneer A Ss) ort ue) eA ucey ta" ucez b bo wey er ue BtreA Sui Se eae ee aT a a 4) to uty e* ued Mewes “Late ee OP 3 ™ uc: tne mint mana ) e ie) ef ee Ae ” ee unt) I At ae Ast are Ave a4) te uct) @ ule) ee brah ule) oan 7 Geay* io ») eS ay aro ueg eng gneh —_— uc) Gant) tL m_ Art Ge 7 ny eee tre uta Ss CY my Eni) amd ae 5 TOD aay OY eat ot way woHe-gyrt, e* tos (Bt8 eA And, ‘ Art Ace iy ek uel eee foes oe ads + eo ee K System descr "pe ion — Input -ootpot relationship of Systems. Yltj= Al) R, RaRe Lek Rent * Mw Ve #9) cayf— Ve We = We +Va4 Ve dyw . 39) +t yrede = xt + + S ) dy | ad 4 a yup = dr) dt d& déZero} -\Npue Yesponse. amd = zero-Stat@ Ye Sponse_ el Se ae toy a ho Tow Lt" xa) Thi sydem can be described a, Ye)= Raw+ Je fxeode “0 This can be extended as . ° yes Raws 4 Srode a fastee + = Veo) e Raw % fuode u 2 Total vesponie = 2ere—inpot response + Zero-State vesponte Zerw- pot responje — The response (votpu) ef system when there? ic no ype inpot (when ne) =0) « Zero~ State response. — Ther vesponse- of the sysiem dor an inpot when the system 1S in zero Stage (absence of all wnitial energy 5 2er0 initial tondition ) Zero inpot response. A syHem is given as QD) Yet) = PCD) xe) om BS (Dry ays Aya Te.-- aP + ae) y wy etonBrbnd-sborbs) oo <> 902) 30» Pro) 9) The zere-inpor responie. ig => Al) ley = O 7 a (Ds ay0"% 4” T= D4 4) YH) =o By letting, yor Ce , where cand A ove constantsThen fe i te DYori = dooce). cae dt Dyce Ir%u) 2 catert ae \ r 8 wat DN yrs a Sot] cAe dey when Sobstitwing this, we get at ae al 5 Oat are dices MPa aes On + tv =0 Ala) = 0 We Can eXPress Ql = (4-day (A-Aa) - - - (A-Ax) = 6 tha BA) as Sactorned Form, Therefore, A has N Solutions, Adv... - AN and all ae dictinck Valves . 3 Therefore, (DY 2 a.DMG ---- Aandt Aw) You) 2 0 At Art Aut N possible solytfons, Cie, Ge, --- Cwe Awe ae zt Wai Gyetrate Oe ee = vc! we) Find the You , the zero-inpit lomponent ofthe response for dhe. LT System described by the following equation , (2% 4942) 9U) = DAK) When the india) tondifion are Vet) = i Yoo& Fov ere — inpst yesponse ,we want to Find the Solotion to (P4397 2) %w = 0 2 The Characteristic equation Sar this system, Anaad a2 = Avr) =o ast aot, Ate ia The zew-inpot response is at aot Vain Ge ¢he To dind unknowns C1,C2 , we vse tHe Fnittal Yolo) =) A ueank londition , Citl2= 0 —Cwe2tr=0 Gar eS Thevdore, the ‘Zero. inpot vesponse et YH) iS Siven by oe Yate) =~ Sen, se-2* U the voois are vepeated, the form of Solution is modified In general, diterentia) equation L (2-4 your = 0 ee vl AG and , rive 2, te Cae, te iy The Solution tor Youg 1S et) al You (ae Gt ct Jetx oi Enample - Find Yolk), the zero-ippor Ompment ot The ras pense Sor q LTV System — (uber VJ= (2085) ze) Yo lol = 3 Yl). 7 The characteristic Polynomial for his system 1S, 5 6449) = es) 7 The repeated roots are, A=-3, Ars-37 ‘The 2ero-inpot velponse iS, -3t Yor = (+ ate We can determine the Cyand G , bywsing inital tondittons. G23, c== Therefore, Yott)s (Gate 7* Conplee Characteristic. robts VF dalp roe, there mut exgts the root aif ees BE (&-jH) Sly. ore e. ee For real System, the response Yolt) must algo real. This 1s Possible. only if Cy and C. are lonjugates -too je J G2 we Dee GSC Or iy t jo INE | ie (eit This gies, wy. Ye ee ~ Ae 2 i «4 -3(B YA) = ye ec iu ae] te Yee 2 ce lor(Fe+o)£ a Exomple - Fin ye) , For LT system pt (P%,u08 aja (+2) m0 when the fnittal tonditton are Yop, 2, Ilo) &°78 The Characteristre equation £5 L My udevos AE Are) 436 2 Ung eb (as batho) = (A 12-56) Ge a9) din -oagy , 42e2Jb Aan, Peg Therfore , —2t Yolt)= Ce tos (gero) j ne Jott). 206 “ws (pee) — 60.2 Sin (6+) By ting milla] tond tion, 22. Cwe W738 = —2etos o - beSing. C tole = 2 © Sine = 3.462 mp poe Rhbs yy) og eee 4 betan! (= )- A, dumm # Yet = be Uw (4k ™s) =.a ey, The Following example dann ctrales that any tombination oF Chavactervstic Modes Can be Sustained by the Systena with ho external input Ve ne) 6A ne | Above, Consiter Bas RL Gircoit, The loop equation iS! (B42) Yley= ates Aenaeegenynstre Tt has a single characteristic root, A= 2, ; 7 -2t Ana Characteristic mode is & There fore, the loop current equation (6 Yay. cenr® Now, ledts tompole. the inpot att) required to Sustain this loo p corrent At) = Lagu 4 Roy de sage de xe +2ce The loop cutrent 15 Sustained by the RL circuit on iS own without Ony exdernal input.i srl IEC => Zewo-state responie assomes thar The System fs in rest slaqe.- 2, all internal variables Ore Zero - => Deriving ond ondersanding ot ~Zero- Stale Tel Ponse depends on knowng the impulie response. hu Jo System => Any input aéty tan be broken (rte ™ay aww rectangular pulses . Each polse produces a Sy fem Yes ponse * aL) € 2) Sine The system is hnear and time invariant, the System Tesponse. Jo ate) (S the Sum ot Hs respontes to all the, impolie Lomponents. => ht is the syrlem recponse. do the, teclangular Pole. at t=o as polte width approaches to Zery, ()) Given that a System iS sPecitied by the following difierentra| equation, determine Ake WS Unt Impulle tesponte., hut), eal [oy E yw » 3ds 4 29H = d aw Blo) YR) = PL2) RIO) HE can be shaun thet the impolve respone het) is given by hee = (PCD) dntry J ue Where, uly if unit steP responie Ant Act Ack Yall - Ge 4+ C2e@ ~——t CveZ The tonstanis Ci are determined by the 4ollowing onditio é a (w-2) ¥ Ynt0) 24 lo). Yn lo) --- Yn lo) =0 F Un lo») = | wey WF Nore YyaStoy is KI deiwattve ot Yat) at 420 TA mUthe oreder of P(D)) i less than W (the order oF @(9) ) Z whith 1's generally the cae for mort stable systems. Enamfe- Pelermine the Impose ves ponse te Sor the system, (273942) yu) = D2 This x Second Order system, N=2,mMel The Charateristic. Polynomial nc ra a4) ey (Ger) Ae, Therfor ETC) = ae teen 5a) Eee eee een The inital tondition ore, ytoy= & 1 Yqlo) = © From thot, cy =4 7 otant Yntehs ote? hos [Pes yw) wep Pcp) = PU) Une = Pn = 50 2-2 * 207% hey s Get 2%) uwP ey “Zero- date. Yeipome. ‘ We inpor ovipet #9 si => he SSRIS enue ener ai webD tf, > net pena) FEVERS Kinet) br wu-aey) | . a ee faduseasaSSSSSSSEESEES Ae aay | } AT>0 BT20? x) BUD oe bey. JS mohe-g dea Knowing hey, we can determine The respone Yt) +o any inpot ate) LT| Yee) . yea hee) hey 2 = f woht-vy de —dD ae)